Blockchain for distributed energy resources management and integration
Power grids all over the world are transitioning towards a decentralized structure. Under such a transition, blockchain technology is emerging as a potential solution for technical, deployment and decentralization issues, given its security, integrity, decentralized nature and required infrastructur...
- Autores:
-
Cantillo Luna, Sergio Alejandro
Moreno Chuquen, Ricardo
Chamorro, Harold R.
Sood, Vijay K.
Badsha, Shahriar
Konstantinou, Charalambos
- Tipo de recurso:
- Article of journal
- Fecha de publicación:
- 2022
- Institución:
- Universidad Autónoma de Occidente
- Repositorio:
- RED: Repositorio Educativo Digital UAO
- Idioma:
- eng
- OAI Identifier:
- oai:red.uao.edu.co:10614/14736
- Acceso en línea:
- https://hdl.handle.net/10614/14736
https://red.uao.edu.co/
- Palabra clave:
- Distribución de energía eléctrica
Electric power distribution
Blockchain
Distributed energy resources (DER)
Distributed ledger technologies
Consensus algorithms
- Rights
- openAccess
- License
- Derechos reservados - IEEE, 2022
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Blockchain for distributed energy resources management and integration |
| title |
Blockchain for distributed energy resources management and integration |
| spellingShingle |
Blockchain for distributed energy resources management and integration Distribución de energía eléctrica Electric power distribution Blockchain Distributed energy resources (DER) Distributed ledger technologies Consensus algorithms |
| title_short |
Blockchain for distributed energy resources management and integration |
| title_full |
Blockchain for distributed energy resources management and integration |
| title_fullStr |
Blockchain for distributed energy resources management and integration |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Blockchain for distributed energy resources management and integration |
| title_sort |
Blockchain for distributed energy resources management and integration |
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Cantillo Luna, Sergio Alejandro Moreno Chuquen, Ricardo Chamorro, Harold R. Sood, Vijay K. Badsha, Shahriar Konstantinou, Charalambos |
| dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv |
Cantillo Luna, Sergio Alejandro Moreno Chuquen, Ricardo Chamorro, Harold R. Sood, Vijay K. Badsha, Shahriar Konstantinou, Charalambos |
| dc.subject.armarc.spa.fl_str_mv |
Distribución de energía eléctrica |
| topic |
Distribución de energía eléctrica Electric power distribution Blockchain Distributed energy resources (DER) Distributed ledger technologies Consensus algorithms |
| dc.subject.armarc.eng.fl_str_mv |
Electric power distribution |
| dc.subject.proposal.eng.fl_str_mv |
Blockchain Distributed energy resources (DER) Distributed ledger technologies Consensus algorithms |
| description |
Power grids all over the world are transitioning towards a decentralized structure. Under such a transition, blockchain technology is emerging as a potential solution for technical, deployment and decentralization issues, given its security, integrity, decentralized nature and required infrastructure. Moreover, blockchain technology offers excellent features like non-repudiation and immutability which makes it a promising application for DER integration and management on reliability factors. In this paper, a comprehensive review of blockchain applications for DER management and integration is presented. First, a blockchain-based literature review of research activities in the DER integration area and related tasks including entrepreneurial efforts is carried out. Next, the different opportunities and challenges of DER integration and management in power grids, i.e., centralization, regulatory support, development costs are discussed. Finally, some key research challenges and opportunities of including blockchain technology to DER integration and management issues are presented. |
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2022 |
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2022-06 |
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2023-05-15T14:21:31Z |
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2023-05-15T14:21:31Z |
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Cantillo Luna, S., Moreno Chuquen, R., Chamorro, H.R., Sood, V.K., Badsha, S., Konstantinou, C. (2022). Blockchain for Distributed Energy Resources Management and Integration. IEEE Access. 10, 68598-68617. https://hdl.handle.net/10614/14736 |
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IEEE Access |
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M. U. Gurmani, T. Sultana, A. Ghaffar, M. Azeem, Z. Abubaker, H. Farooq, and N. Javaid, ‘‘Energy trading between prosumer and con sumer in P2P network using blockchain,’’ in Proc. Int. Conf. P2P, Par allel, Grid, Cloud Internet Comput. Cham, Switzerland: Springer, 2019, pp. 875–886 J. Newman and P. MacDougall, ‘‘Increasing DER integration through discrete intraday settlements,’’ Electr. J., vol. 34, no. 4, May 2021, Art. no. 106932, doi: 10.1016/j.tej.2021.106932. Z. Li, S. Bahramirad, A. Paaso, M. Yan, and M. Shahidehpour, ‘‘Blockchain for decentralized transactive energy management system in networked microgrids,’’ Electr. J., vol. 32, no. 4, pp. 58–72, May 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.tej.2019.03.008 E. A. Soto, L. B. Bosman, E. Wollega, and W. D. Leon-Salas, ‘‘Peer-to peer energy trading: A review of the literature,’’ Appl. Energy, vol. 283, Feb. 2021, Art. no. 116268 H. Wang, S. Riaz, and P. Mancarella, ‘‘Integrated techno-economic mod eling, flexibility analysis, and business case assessment of an urban virtual power plant with multi-market co-optimization,’’ Appl. Energy, vol. 259, Feb. 2020, Art. no. 114142, doi: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2019. 114142 M. Khorasany, A. Dorri, R. Razzaghi, and R. Jurdak, ‘‘Lightweight blockchain framework for location-aware peer-to-peer energy trading,’’ Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst., vol. 127, May 2021, Art. no. 106610, doi: 10.1016/j.ijepes.2020.106610 M. E. Honarmand, V. Hosseinnezhad, B. Hayes, and P. Siano, ‘‘Local energy trading in future distribution systems,’’ Energies, vol. 14, no. 11, p. 3110, May 2021. M. J. Thompson, H. Sun, and J. Jiang, ‘‘Blockchain-based peer-to-peer energy trading method,’’ CSEE J. Power Energy Syst., early access, Sep. 10, 2021, doi: 10.17775/CSEEJPES.2021.00010. J. G. Song, E. S. Kang, H. W. Shin, and J. W. Jang, ‘‘A smart contract-based P2P energy trading system with dynamic pricing on ethereum blockchain,’’ Sensors, vol. 21, no. 6, p. 1985, Mar. 2021, doi: 10.3390/s21061985. A. Bischi, M. Basile, D. Poli, C. Vallati, F. Miliani, G. Caposciutti, M. Marracci, G. Dini, and U. Desideri, ‘‘Enabling low-voltage, peer-to-peer, quasi-real-time electricity markets through consortium blockchains,’’ Appl. Energy, vol. 288, Apr. 2021, Art. no. 116365, doi: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.116365. J. Wu and N. Tran, ‘‘Application of blockchain technology in sustainable energy systems: An overview,’’ Sustainability, vol. 10, no. 9, p. 3067, Aug. 2018. T. Wang, H. Hua, Z. Wei, and J. Cao, ‘‘Challenges of blockchain in new generation energy systems and future outlooks,’’ Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst., vol. 135, Feb. 2022, Art. no. 107499. Bashir, Mastering Blockchain: Distributed Ledger Technology, Decen tralization, and Smart Contracts Explained, 2nd ed. Birmingham, U.K.: Packt Publishing, 2018. R. Yang, R. Wakefield, S. Lyu, S. Jayasuriya, F. Han, X. Yi, X. Yang, G. Amarasinghe, and S. Chen, ‘‘Public and private blockchain in construction business process and information integration,’’ Autom. Construct., vol. 118, Oct. 2020, Art. no. 103276, doi: 10.1016/j.autcon.2020.103276. F. Hawlitschek, B. Notheisen, and T. Teubner, ‘‘A 2020 perspec tive on ‘the limits of trust-free systems: A literature review on blockchain technology and trust in the sharing economy,’’’ Elec tron. Commerce Res. Appl., vol. 40, Mar. 2020, Art. no. 100935, doi: 10.1016/j.elerap.2020.100935. F. Vanrykel, D. Ernst, and M. Bourgeois, ‘‘Regulatory challenges for share&charge models,’’ Netw. Ind. Quart., vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 17–21, 2018. A. Aoun, H. Ibrahim, M. Ghandour, and A. Ilinca, ‘‘Blockchain-enabled energy demand side management cap and trade model,’’ Energies, vol. 14, no. 24, p. 8600, Dec. 2021. S. Jain, N. J. Ahuja, P. Srikanth, K. V. Bhadane, B. Nagaiah, A. Kumar, and C. Konstantinou, ‘‘Blockchain and autonomous vehi cles: Recent advances and future directions,’’ IEEE Access, vol. 9, pp. 130264–130328, 2021. I. El-Sayed, K. Khan, X. Dominguez, and P. Arboleya, ‘‘A real pilot platform implementation for blockchain-based peer-to-peer energy trad ing,’’ in Proc. IEEE Power Energy Soc. Gen. Meeting (PESGM), Aug. 2020, pp. 1–5 A. Hasankhani, S. M. Hakimi, M. Bisheh-Niasar, M. Shafie-Khah, and H. Asadolahi, ‘‘Blockchain technology in the future smart grids: A com prehensive review and frameworks,’’ Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst., vol. 129, Jul. 2021, Art. no. 106811, doi: 10.1016/j.ijepes.2021.106811. M. K. Nallapaneni and S. S. Chopra, ‘‘Enhancing the resilience of urban networked community microgrids: Blockchain-enabled flexible energy trading strategy,’’ in Proc. Actionable Sci. Urban Sustain. (AScUS), 2020. |
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Cantillo Luna, Sergio Alejandro Moreno Chuquen, Ricardo1ba55dc18211144016950d3899f50db9Chamorro, Harold R.4b08e14f56fb217874cde66f1d371352Sood, Vijay K.be7ffe4ade6c8866a466709543e7b526Badsha, Shahriar4a891b64714dd874ab3a84e3daf97d92Konstantinou, Charalambos1b4f759985cedf77f987adc03ada5d1b2023-05-15T14:21:31Z2023-05-15T14:21:31Z2022-0621693536https://hdl.handle.net/10614/14736Universidad Autónoma de OccidenteRepositorio Educativo Digital UAOhttps://red.uao.edu.co/Power grids all over the world are transitioning towards a decentralized structure. Under such a transition, blockchain technology is emerging as a potential solution for technical, deployment and decentralization issues, given its security, integrity, decentralized nature and required infrastructure. Moreover, blockchain technology offers excellent features like non-repudiation and immutability which makes it a promising application for DER integration and management on reliability factors. In this paper, a comprehensive review of blockchain applications for DER management and integration is presented. First, a blockchain-based literature review of research activities in the DER integration area and related tasks including entrepreneurial efforts is carried out. Next, the different opportunities and challenges of DER integration and management in power grids, i.e., centralization, regulatory support, development costs are discussed. Finally, some key research challenges and opportunities of including blockchain technology to DER integration and management issues are presented. 20 páginasapplication/pdfengIEEEDerechos reservados - IEEE, 2022https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessAtribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Blockchain for distributed energy resources management and integrationArtículo de revistahttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1Textinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARTinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85Distribución de energía eléctricaElectric power distributionBlockchainDistributed energy resources (DER)Distributed ledger technologiesConsensus algorithms686176859810Cantillo Luna, S., Moreno Chuquen, R., Chamorro, H.R., Sood, V.K., Badsha, S., Konstantinou, C. (2022). Blockchain for Distributed Energy Resources Management and Integration. IEEE Access. 10, 68598-68617. https://hdl.handle.net/10614/14736IEEE AccessM. U. Gurmani, T. Sultana, A. Ghaffar, M. Azeem, Z. Abubaker, H. Farooq, and N. Javaid, ‘‘Energy trading between prosumer and con sumer in P2P network using blockchain,’’ in Proc. Int. Conf. P2P, Par allel, Grid, Cloud Internet Comput. Cham, Switzerland: Springer, 2019, pp. 875–886J. Newman and P. MacDougall, ‘‘Increasing DER integration through discrete intraday settlements,’’ Electr. J., vol. 34, no. 4, May 2021, Art. no. 106932, doi: 10.1016/j.tej.2021.106932.Z. Li, S. Bahramirad, A. Paaso, M. Yan, and M. Shahidehpour, ‘‘Blockchain for decentralized transactive energy management system in networked microgrids,’’ Electr. J., vol. 32, no. 4, pp. 58–72, May 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.tej.2019.03.008E. A. Soto, L. B. Bosman, E. Wollega, and W. D. Leon-Salas, ‘‘Peer-to peer energy trading: A review of the literature,’’ Appl. Energy, vol. 283, Feb. 2021, Art. no. 116268H. Wang, S. Riaz, and P. Mancarella, ‘‘Integrated techno-economic mod eling, flexibility analysis, and business case assessment of an urban virtual power plant with multi-market co-optimization,’’ Appl. Energy, vol. 259, Feb. 2020, Art. no. 114142, doi: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2019. 114142M. Khorasany, A. Dorri, R. Razzaghi, and R. Jurdak, ‘‘Lightweight blockchain framework for location-aware peer-to-peer energy trading,’’ Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst., vol. 127, May 2021, Art. no. 106610, doi: 10.1016/j.ijepes.2020.106610M. E. Honarmand, V. Hosseinnezhad, B. Hayes, and P. Siano, ‘‘Local energy trading in future distribution systems,’’ Energies, vol. 14, no. 11, p. 3110, May 2021.M. J. Thompson, H. Sun, and J. Jiang, ‘‘Blockchain-based peer-to-peer energy trading method,’’ CSEE J. Power Energy Syst., early access, Sep. 10, 2021, doi: 10.17775/CSEEJPES.2021.00010.J. G. Song, E. S. Kang, H. W. Shin, and J. W. Jang, ‘‘A smart contract-based P2P energy trading system with dynamic pricing on ethereum blockchain,’’ Sensors, vol. 21, no. 6, p. 1985, Mar. 2021, doi: 10.3390/s21061985.A. Bischi, M. Basile, D. Poli, C. Vallati, F. Miliani, G. Caposciutti, M. Marracci, G. Dini, and U. Desideri, ‘‘Enabling low-voltage, peer-to-peer, quasi-real-time electricity markets through consortium blockchains,’’ Appl. Energy, vol. 288, Apr. 2021, Art. no. 116365, doi: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.116365.J. Wu and N. Tran, ‘‘Application of blockchain technology in sustainable energy systems: An overview,’’ Sustainability, vol. 10, no. 9, p. 3067, Aug. 2018.T. Wang, H. Hua, Z. Wei, and J. Cao, ‘‘Challenges of blockchain in new generation energy systems and future outlooks,’’ Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst., vol. 135, Feb. 2022, Art. no. 107499.Bashir, Mastering Blockchain: Distributed Ledger Technology, Decen tralization, and Smart Contracts Explained, 2nd ed. Birmingham, U.K.: Packt Publishing, 2018.R. Yang, R. Wakefield, S. Lyu, S. Jayasuriya, F. Han, X. Yi, X. Yang, G. Amarasinghe, and S. Chen, ‘‘Public and private blockchain in construction business process and information integration,’’ Autom. Construct., vol. 118, Oct. 2020, Art. no. 103276, doi: 10.1016/j.autcon.2020.103276.F. Hawlitschek, B. Notheisen, and T. Teubner, ‘‘A 2020 perspec tive on ‘the limits of trust-free systems: A literature review on blockchain technology and trust in the sharing economy,’’’ Elec tron. Commerce Res. Appl., vol. 40, Mar. 2020, Art. no. 100935, doi: 10.1016/j.elerap.2020.100935.F. Vanrykel, D. Ernst, and M. Bourgeois, ‘‘Regulatory challenges for share&charge models,’’ Netw. Ind. Quart., vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 17–21, 2018.A. Aoun, H. Ibrahim, M. Ghandour, and A. Ilinca, ‘‘Blockchain-enabled energy demand side management cap and trade model,’’ Energies, vol. 14, no. 24, p. 8600, Dec. 2021.S. Jain, N. J. Ahuja, P. Srikanth, K. V. Bhadane, B. Nagaiah, A. Kumar, and C. Konstantinou, ‘‘Blockchain and autonomous vehi cles: Recent advances and future directions,’’ IEEE Access, vol. 9, pp. 130264–130328, 2021.I. El-Sayed, K. Khan, X. Dominguez, and P. Arboleya, ‘‘A real pilot platform implementation for blockchain-based peer-to-peer energy trad ing,’’ in Proc. IEEE Power Energy Soc. Gen. Meeting (PESGM), Aug. 2020, pp. 1–5A. Hasankhani, S. M. Hakimi, M. Bisheh-Niasar, M. Shafie-Khah, and H. Asadolahi, ‘‘Blockchain technology in the future smart grids: A com prehensive review and frameworks,’’ Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst., vol. 129, Jul. 2021, Art. no. 106811, doi: 10.1016/j.ijepes.2021.106811.M. K. Nallapaneni and S. S. Chopra, ‘‘Enhancing the resilience of urban networked community microgrids: Blockchain-enabled flexible energy trading strategy,’’ in Proc. Actionable Sci. Urban Sustain. (AScUS), 2020.Comunidad generalPublicationORIGINALBlockchain_for_Distributed_Energy_Resources_Management_and_Integration.pdfBlockchain_for_Distributed_Energy_Resources_Management_and_Integration.pdftexto completo del artículoapplication/pdf2302559https://red.uao.edu.co/bitstreams/97bbc53f-ad10-4274-91a1-87826287ccfc/download37b37f0803daa2a72969e79297a83df3MD51LICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-81665https://red.uao.edu.co/bitstreams/c5fea5e9-d229-422a-8364-b78bb9c23ebc/download20b5ba22b1117f71589c7318baa2c560MD52TEXTBlockchain_for_Distributed_Energy_Resources_Management_and_Integration.pdf.txtBlockchain_for_Distributed_Energy_Resources_Management_and_Integration.pdf.txtExtracted texttext/plain125096https://red.uao.edu.co/bitstreams/739dc628-bf5c-4c09-80d0-73b95ab3f637/downloadbe4a54a8309b5d7b0eb44065542c9fafMD53THUMBNAILBlockchain_for_Distributed_Energy_Resources_Management_and_Integration.pdf.jpgBlockchain_for_Distributed_Energy_Resources_Management_and_Integration.pdf.jpgGenerated Thumbnailimage/jpeg14546https://red.uao.edu.co/bitstreams/46c32383-c884-40e2-90db-8f883492d8eb/download2de3485ab0db5e4a23ae67423b1279bcMD5410614/14736oai:red.uao.edu.co:10614/147362024-04-03 11:28:47.146https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/Derechos reservados - IEEE, 2022open.accesshttps://red.uao.edu.coRepositorio Digital Universidad Autonoma de Occidenterepositorio@uao.edu.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 |