Hydrodynamic characterisation of a garman-type hydrokinetic turbine

This paper presents a numerical study of the effects of the inclination angle of the turbine rotation axis with respect to the main flow direction on the performance of a prototype hydrokinetic turbine of the Garman type. In particular, the torque and force coefficients are evaluated as a function o...

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Autores:
Laín Beatove, Santiago
Contreras Montoya, Leidy Tatiana
López Mejía, Omar Darío
Tipo de recurso:
Article of journal
Fecha de publicación:
2021
Institución:
Universidad Autónoma de Occidente
Repositorio:
RED: Repositorio Educativo Digital UAO
Idioma:
eng
OAI Identifier:
oai:red.uao.edu.co:10614/13876
Acceso en línea:
https://hdl.handle.net/10614/13876
https://red.uao.edu.co/
Palabra clave:
Turbinas hidráulicas
Dinámica de fluidos
Hydraulic turbines
Fluid dynamics
Garman-type hydrokinetic turbine
Computational fluid dynamics
Sliding-mesh transient computation
Transitional turbulence model
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openAccess
License
Derechos reservados - MDPI, 2021
id REPOUAO2_8d408ee6671c68091c9d6afbb4252f87
oai_identifier_str oai:red.uao.edu.co:10614/13876
network_acronym_str REPOUAO2
network_name_str RED: Repositorio Educativo Digital UAO
repository_id_str
dc.title.eng.fl_str_mv Hydrodynamic characterisation of a garman-type hydrokinetic turbine
title Hydrodynamic characterisation of a garman-type hydrokinetic turbine
spellingShingle Hydrodynamic characterisation of a garman-type hydrokinetic turbine
Turbinas hidráulicas
Dinámica de fluidos
Hydraulic turbines
Fluid dynamics
Garman-type hydrokinetic turbine
Computational fluid dynamics
Sliding-mesh transient computation
Transitional turbulence model
title_short Hydrodynamic characterisation of a garman-type hydrokinetic turbine
title_full Hydrodynamic characterisation of a garman-type hydrokinetic turbine
title_fullStr Hydrodynamic characterisation of a garman-type hydrokinetic turbine
title_full_unstemmed Hydrodynamic characterisation of a garman-type hydrokinetic turbine
title_sort Hydrodynamic characterisation of a garman-type hydrokinetic turbine
dc.creator.fl_str_mv Laín Beatove, Santiago
Contreras Montoya, Leidy Tatiana
López Mejía, Omar Darío
dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv Laín Beatove, Santiago
Contreras Montoya, Leidy Tatiana
López Mejía, Omar Darío
dc.subject.armarc.spa.fl_str_mv Turbinas hidráulicas
Dinámica de fluidos
topic Turbinas hidráulicas
Dinámica de fluidos
Hydraulic turbines
Fluid dynamics
Garman-type hydrokinetic turbine
Computational fluid dynamics
Sliding-mesh transient computation
Transitional turbulence model
dc.subject.armarc.eng.fl_str_mv Hydraulic turbines
Fluid dynamics
dc.subject.proposal.eng.fl_str_mv Garman-type hydrokinetic turbine
Computational fluid dynamics
Sliding-mesh transient computation
Transitional turbulence model
description This paper presents a numerical study of the effects of the inclination angle of the turbine rotation axis with respect to the main flow direction on the performance of a prototype hydrokinetic turbine of the Garman type. In particular, the torque and force coefficients are evaluated as a function of the turbine angular velocity and axis operation angle regarding the mainstream direction. To accomplish this purpose, transient simulations are performed using a commercial solver (ANSYSFluent v. 19). Turbulent features of the flow are modelled by the shear stress transport (SST) transitional turbulence model, and results are compared with those obtained with its basic version (i.e., nontransitional), hereafter called standard. The behaviour of the power and force coefficients for the various considered tip speed ratios are presented. Pressure and skin friction coefficients on the blades are analysed at each computed turbine angular speed by means of contour plots and two-dimensional profiles. Moreover, the pressure and viscous contributions to the torque and forces experienced by the hydrokinetic turbine are examined in detail. It is demonstrated that the reason behind the higher power coefficient predictions of the transitional turbulence model, close to 6% at maximum efficiency, regarding its standard counterpart, is the smaller computed viscous torque contribution in the former. As a result, the power coefficient of the inclined turbine is around 35% versus the 45% obtained for the turbine with its rotation axis parallel to flow direction
publishDate 2021
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv 2021-05
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv 2022-05-16T19:20:17Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv 2022-05-16T19:20:17Z
dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv Artículo de revista
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dc.type.content.eng.fl_str_mv Text
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dc.identifier.issn.spa.fl_str_mv 23115521
dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv https://hdl.handle.net/10614/13876
dc.identifier.instname.spa.fl_str_mv Universidad Autónoma de Occidente
dc.identifier.reponame.spa.fl_str_mv Repositorio Educativo Digital
dc.identifier.repourl.spa.fl_str_mv https://red.uao.edu.co/
identifier_str_mv 23115521
Universidad Autónoma de Occidente
Repositorio Educativo Digital
url https://hdl.handle.net/10614/13876
https://red.uao.edu.co/
dc.language.iso.eng.fl_str_mv eng
language eng
dc.relation.citationendpage.spa.fl_str_mv 21
dc.relation.citationissue.spa.fl_str_mv 5
dc.relation.citationstartpage.spa.fl_str_mv 1
dc.relation.citationvolume.spa.fl_str_mv 6
dc.relation.cites.eng.fl_str_mv Laín Behatove, S., Contreras, L.T., López, O.D. Hydrodynamic Characterisation of a Garman-Type Hydrokinetic Turbine. Fluids. (2021). Vol. 6 (5), pp. 1-21. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/351593643_Hydrodynamic_Characterisation_of_a_Garman-Type_Hydrokinetic_Turbine
dc.relation.ispartofjournal.eng.fl_str_mv Fluids
dc.relation.references.none.fl_str_mv 1. 2020 Hydropower Status Report, Sector Trends and Insights; International Hydropower Association: London, UK, 2020; Available online: https://hydropower-assets.s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/publications-docs/2020_hydropower_status_report.pdf (accessed on 25 April 2021).
2. Niebuhr, C.M.; van Dijk, M.; Neary, V.S.; Bhagwan, J.N. A review of hydrokinetic turbines and enhancement techniques for canal installations: Technology, applicability and potential. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2019, 113, 109240. [CrossRef]
3. Güney, M.S.; Kaygusuz, K. Hydrokinetic energy conversion systems: A technology status review. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2010, 14, 2996–3004. [CrossRef]
4. Kirke, B. Hydrokinetic and ultra-low head turbines in rivers: A reality check. Energy Sustain. Dev. 2019, 52, 1–10. [CrossRef]
5. Quaranta, E. Stream water wheels as renewable energy supply in flowing water: Theoretical considerations, performance assessment and design recommendations. Energy Sustain. Dev. 2018, 45, 96–109. [CrossRef]
6. Vermaak, H.J.; Kusakana, K.; Koko, P. Status of micro-hydrokinetic river technology in rural applications: A review of literature. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2014, 29, 625–633. [CrossRef]
7. Loots, I.; van Dijk, M.; Barta, B.; van Vuuren, S.J.; Bhagwan, J.N. A review of low head hydropower technologies and applications in a South African context. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2015, 50, 1254–1268. [CrossRef]
8. Kusakana, K.; Vermaak, H.J. Hydrokinetic power generation for rural electricity supply: Case of South Africa. Renew. Energy 2013, 55, 467–473. [CrossRef]
9. Kirke, B. Hydrokinetic turbines for moderate sized rivers. Energy Sustain. Dev. 2020, 58, 182–195. [CrossRef]
10. Laín, S.; Contreras, L.T.; López, O.D. A review on computational fluid dynamics modeling and simulation of horizontal axis hydrokinetic turbines. J. Braz. Soc. Sci. Eng. 2019, 41, 35. [CrossRef]
11. Van Els, R.H.; Junior, A.C.P.B. The Brazilian experience with hydrokinetic turbines. Energy Procedia 2015, 75, 259–264. [CrossRef]
12. Gaden, D. An Investigation of River Kinetic Turbines: Performance Enhancements, Turbine Modelling Techniques, and an Assessment of Turbulence Models. Master’s Thesis, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada, 2007.
13. Yang, B.; Shu, X. Hydrofoil optimization and experimental validation in helical vertical axis turbine for power generation from marine current. J. Ocean Eng. 2012, 42, 35–46. [CrossRef]
14. Laín, S.; Aliod, R. Study on the Eulerian dispersed phase equations in non-uniform turbulent two-phase flows: Discussion and comparison with experiments. Int. J. Heat Fluid Flow 2000, 21, 374–380. [CrossRef]
15. Laín, S.; García, J.A. Study of four-way coupling on turbulent particle-laden jet flows. Chem. Eng. Sci. 2006, 61, 6765–6785. [CrossRef]
16. Laín, S.; Sommerfeld, M. A study of the pneumatic conveying of non-spherical particles in a turbulent horizontal channel flow. Braz. J. Chem. Eng. 2007, 24, 535–546. [CrossRef]
17. Mannion, B.; Leen, S.; Nash, S. A two and three-dimensional CFD investigation into performance prediction and wake characterisation of a vertical axis turbine. J. Renew. Sustain. Energy 2018, 10, 034503. [CrossRef]
18. Laín, S.; García, M.; Orrego, S.; Quintero, B. CFD Numerical simulations of Francis turbines | Simulación numérica (CFD) de turbinas Francis. Rev. Fac. Ing. Univ. Antioq. 2010, 51, 24–33.
19. Teran, L.A.; Rodríguez, S.A.; Laín, S.; Jung, S. Interaction of particles with a cavitation bubble near a solid wall. Phys. Fluids 2018, 30, 123304. [CrossRef]
20. Sommerfeld, S.; Laín, S. Parameters influencing dilute-phase pneumatic conveying through pipe systems: A computational study by the Euler/Lagrange approach. Can. J. Chem. Eng. 2015, 93, 1–17. [CrossRef]
21. Delafin, P.L.; Nishino, T.; Kolios, A.; Wang, L. Comparison of low-order aerodynamic models and RANS CFD for full scale vertical axis wind turbines. Renew. Energy 2017, 109, 564–575. [CrossRef]
22. Marsh, P.; Ranmuthugala, D.; Penesis, I.; Thomas, G. The influence of turbulence model and two and three-dimensional domain selection on the simulated performance characteristics of vertical axis tidal turbines. Renew. Energy 2017, 105, 106–116. [CrossRef]
23. Al-Dabbagh, M.; Yuce, M. Numerical evaluation of helical hydrokinetic turbines with different solidities under different flow conditions. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2019, 16, 4001–4012. [CrossRef]
24. López, O.; Meneses, D.; Quintero, B.; Laín, S. Computational study of transient flow around Darrieus type cross flow water turbines. J. Sust. Ren. Energy 2016, 8, 014501. [CrossRef]
25. Chiroque, J.; Dávila, C. Microaerogenerador IT-PE-100 Para Electrificación Rural; Soluciones Prácticas-ITDG: Lima, Perú, 2012. (In Spanish)
26. Menter, F.R. Zonal two equation k-turbulence models for aerodynamic flows. In Proceedings of the 23rd Fluid Dynamics, Plasmadynamics, and Lasers Conference, Orlando, FL, USA, 6–9 July 1993.
27. Menter, F.R. Two-equation eddy-viscosity turbulence models for engineering applications. AIAA J. 1994, 32, 269–289. [CrossRef]
28. Langtry, R.B.; Menter, F.R. Correlation-based transition modeling for unstructured parallelized computational fluid dynamics codes. AIAA J. 2009, 47, 2894–2906. [CrossRef]
29. Laín, S.; Taborda, M.A.; López, O.D. Numerical study of the effect of winglets on the performance of a straight blade Darrieus water turbine. Energies 2018, 11, 297. [CrossRef]
30. Salunkhe, S.; El Fajri, O.; Bhushan, S.; Thompson, D.; O’Doherty, D.; O’Doherty, T.; Mason-Jones, A. Validation of Tidal Stream TurbineWake Predictions and Analysis ofWake Recovery Mechanism. J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2019, 7, 363. [CrossRef]
31. Guillaud, N.; Balarac, G.; Goncalves, E.; Zanette, J. Large Eddy Simulations on Vertical Axis Hydrokinetic Turbines -Power coefficient analysis for various solidities. Renew. Energy 2020, 147, 473–486. [CrossRef]
32. Laín, S.; Cortés, P.; López, O.D. Numerical Simulation of the Flow around a Straight Blade Darrieus Water Turbine. Energies 2020, 13, 1137. [CrossRef]
33. Bahaj, A.S.; Batten,W.M.J.; McCann, G. Experimental verifications of numerical predictions for the hydrodynamic performance of horizontal axis marine current turbines. Renew. Energy 2007, 32, 2479–2490. [CrossRef]
34. Wu, H.; Chen, L.; Yu, M.; Li, W.; Chen, B. On design and performance prediction of the horizontal axis water turbine. Ocean Eng. 2012, 50, 23–30. [CrossRef]
35. Marten, D.; Wendler, J.; Pechlivanoglou, G.; Nayeri, C.N.; Paschereit, C.O. Qblade: An open source tool for design and simulation of horizontal and vertical axis wind turbines. Int. J. Emerg. Technol. Adv. Eng. 2013, 3, 264–269.
36. Lee, J.H.; Park, S.; Kim, D.H.; Rhee, S.-H.; Kim, M.C. Computational methods for performance analysis of horizontal axis tidal stream turbines. Appl. Energy 2012, 98, 512–523. [CrossRef]
37. Yuce, M.I.; Muratoglu, A. Hydrokinetic energy conversión systems: A technology status review. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2015, 43, 72–82. [CrossRef]
38. QBlade v0.95—Guidelines for Lifting Line Free Vortex Wake Simulations. Available online: https://goo.gl/htvb34 (accessed on 22 August 2020).
39. Contreras, L.T.; López, O.D.; Laín, S. Computational Fluid Dynamics Modelling and Simulation of an Inclined Horizontal Axis Hydrokinetic Turbine. Energies 2018, 11, 3151. [CrossRef]
40. Kolekar, N.; Banerjee, A. A coupled hydro-structural design optimization for hydrokinetic turbines. J. Renew. Sustain. Energy 2013, 5, 053146. [CrossRef]
41. Rares-Andrei, C.; Florentina, B.; Gabriela, O.; Lucia-Andreea, E. Power prediction method applicable to horizontal axis hydrokinetic turbines. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Energy and Environment (CIEM), Bucharest, Romania, 19–20 October 2017; pp. 221–225.
42. Macias, M.M.; Mendes, R.C.F.; Oliveira, T.F.; Brasil, A.C.P., Jr. On the upscaling approach to wind tunnel experiments of horizontal axis hydrokinetic turbines. J. Braz. Soc. Mech. Sci. Eng. 2020, 42, 539. [CrossRef]
dc.rights.spa.fl_str_mv Derechos reservados - MDPI, 2021
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spelling Laín Beatove, Santiagovirtual::2528-1Contreras Montoya, Leidy Tatianaa9646bffbcc08ad25222afa2be038c2bLópez Mejía, Omar Darío9587264ae58bf04da9c0d781444c27102022-05-16T19:20:17Z2022-05-16T19:20:17Z2021-0523115521https://hdl.handle.net/10614/13876Universidad Autónoma de OccidenteRepositorio Educativo Digitalhttps://red.uao.edu.co/This paper presents a numerical study of the effects of the inclination angle of the turbine rotation axis with respect to the main flow direction on the performance of a prototype hydrokinetic turbine of the Garman type. In particular, the torque and force coefficients are evaluated as a function of the turbine angular velocity and axis operation angle regarding the mainstream direction. To accomplish this purpose, transient simulations are performed using a commercial solver (ANSYSFluent v. 19). Turbulent features of the flow are modelled by the shear stress transport (SST) transitional turbulence model, and results are compared with those obtained with its basic version (i.e., nontransitional), hereafter called standard. The behaviour of the power and force coefficients for the various considered tip speed ratios are presented. Pressure and skin friction coefficients on the blades are analysed at each computed turbine angular speed by means of contour plots and two-dimensional profiles. Moreover, the pressure and viscous contributions to the torque and forces experienced by the hydrokinetic turbine are examined in detail. It is demonstrated that the reason behind the higher power coefficient predictions of the transitional turbulence model, close to 6% at maximum efficiency, regarding its standard counterpart, is the smaller computed viscous torque contribution in the former. As a result, the power coefficient of the inclined turbine is around 35% versus the 45% obtained for the turbine with its rotation axis parallel to flow direction21 páginasapplication/pdfengMDPIDerechos reservados - MDPI, 2021https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessAtribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Hydrodynamic characterisation of a garman-type hydrokinetic turbineArtículo de revistahttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1Textinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARTinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85Turbinas hidráulicasDinámica de fluidosHydraulic turbinesFluid dynamicsGarman-type hydrokinetic turbineComputational fluid dynamicsSliding-mesh transient computationTransitional turbulence model21516Laín Behatove, S., Contreras, L.T., López, O.D. Hydrodynamic Characterisation of a Garman-Type Hydrokinetic Turbine. Fluids. (2021). Vol. 6 (5), pp. 1-21. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/351593643_Hydrodynamic_Characterisation_of_a_Garman-Type_Hydrokinetic_TurbineFluids1. 2020 Hydropower Status Report, Sector Trends and Insights; International Hydropower Association: London, UK, 2020; Available online: https://hydropower-assets.s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/publications-docs/2020_hydropower_status_report.pdf (accessed on 25 April 2021).2. Niebuhr, C.M.; van Dijk, M.; Neary, V.S.; Bhagwan, J.N. A review of hydrokinetic turbines and enhancement techniques for canal installations: Technology, applicability and potential. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2019, 113, 109240. [CrossRef]3. Güney, M.S.; Kaygusuz, K. Hydrokinetic energy conversion systems: A technology status review. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2010, 14, 2996–3004. [CrossRef]4. Kirke, B. Hydrokinetic and ultra-low head turbines in rivers: A reality check. Energy Sustain. Dev. 2019, 52, 1–10. [CrossRef]5. Quaranta, E. Stream water wheels as renewable energy supply in flowing water: Theoretical considerations, performance assessment and design recommendations. Energy Sustain. Dev. 2018, 45, 96–109. [CrossRef]6. Vermaak, H.J.; Kusakana, K.; Koko, P. Status of micro-hydrokinetic river technology in rural applications: A review of literature. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2014, 29, 625–633. [CrossRef]7. Loots, I.; van Dijk, M.; Barta, B.; van Vuuren, S.J.; Bhagwan, J.N. A review of low head hydropower technologies and applications in a South African context. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2015, 50, 1254–1268. [CrossRef]8. Kusakana, K.; Vermaak, H.J. Hydrokinetic power generation for rural electricity supply: Case of South Africa. Renew. Energy 2013, 55, 467–473. [CrossRef]9. Kirke, B. Hydrokinetic turbines for moderate sized rivers. Energy Sustain. Dev. 2020, 58, 182–195. [CrossRef]10. Laín, S.; Contreras, L.T.; López, O.D. A review on computational fluid dynamics modeling and simulation of horizontal axis hydrokinetic turbines. J. Braz. Soc. Sci. Eng. 2019, 41, 35. [CrossRef]11. Van Els, R.H.; Junior, A.C.P.B. The Brazilian experience with hydrokinetic turbines. Energy Procedia 2015, 75, 259–264. [CrossRef]12. Gaden, D. An Investigation of River Kinetic Turbines: Performance Enhancements, Turbine Modelling Techniques, and an Assessment of Turbulence Models. Master’s Thesis, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada, 2007.13. Yang, B.; Shu, X. Hydrofoil optimization and experimental validation in helical vertical axis turbine for power generation from marine current. J. Ocean Eng. 2012, 42, 35–46. [CrossRef]14. Laín, S.; Aliod, R. Study on the Eulerian dispersed phase equations in non-uniform turbulent two-phase flows: Discussion and comparison with experiments. Int. J. Heat Fluid Flow 2000, 21, 374–380. [CrossRef]15. Laín, S.; García, J.A. Study of four-way coupling on turbulent particle-laden jet flows. Chem. Eng. Sci. 2006, 61, 6765–6785. [CrossRef]16. Laín, S.; Sommerfeld, M. A study of the pneumatic conveying of non-spherical particles in a turbulent horizontal channel flow. Braz. J. Chem. Eng. 2007, 24, 535–546. [CrossRef]17. Mannion, B.; Leen, S.; Nash, S. A two and three-dimensional CFD investigation into performance prediction and wake characterisation of a vertical axis turbine. J. Renew. Sustain. Energy 2018, 10, 034503. [CrossRef]18. Laín, S.; García, M.; Orrego, S.; Quintero, B. CFD Numerical simulations of Francis turbines | Simulación numérica (CFD) de turbinas Francis. Rev. Fac. Ing. Univ. Antioq. 2010, 51, 24–33.19. Teran, L.A.; Rodríguez, S.A.; Laín, S.; Jung, S. Interaction of particles with a cavitation bubble near a solid wall. Phys. Fluids 2018, 30, 123304. [CrossRef]20. Sommerfeld, S.; Laín, S. Parameters influencing dilute-phase pneumatic conveying through pipe systems: A computational study by the Euler/Lagrange approach. Can. J. Chem. Eng. 2015, 93, 1–17. [CrossRef]21. Delafin, P.L.; Nishino, T.; Kolios, A.; Wang, L. Comparison of low-order aerodynamic models and RANS CFD for full scale vertical axis wind turbines. Renew. Energy 2017, 109, 564–575. [CrossRef]22. Marsh, P.; Ranmuthugala, D.; Penesis, I.; Thomas, G. The influence of turbulence model and two and three-dimensional domain selection on the simulated performance characteristics of vertical axis tidal turbines. Renew. Energy 2017, 105, 106–116. [CrossRef]23. Al-Dabbagh, M.; Yuce, M. Numerical evaluation of helical hydrokinetic turbines with different solidities under different flow conditions. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2019, 16, 4001–4012. [CrossRef]24. López, O.; Meneses, D.; Quintero, B.; Laín, S. Computational study of transient flow around Darrieus type cross flow water turbines. J. Sust. Ren. Energy 2016, 8, 014501. [CrossRef]25. Chiroque, J.; Dávila, C. Microaerogenerador IT-PE-100 Para Electrificación Rural; Soluciones Prácticas-ITDG: Lima, Perú, 2012. (In Spanish)26. Menter, F.R. Zonal two equation k-turbulence models for aerodynamic flows. In Proceedings of the 23rd Fluid Dynamics, Plasmadynamics, and Lasers Conference, Orlando, FL, USA, 6–9 July 1993.27. Menter, F.R. Two-equation eddy-viscosity turbulence models for engineering applications. AIAA J. 1994, 32, 269–289. [CrossRef]28. Langtry, R.B.; Menter, F.R. Correlation-based transition modeling for unstructured parallelized computational fluid dynamics codes. AIAA J. 2009, 47, 2894–2906. [CrossRef]29. Laín, S.; Taborda, M.A.; López, O.D. Numerical study of the effect of winglets on the performance of a straight blade Darrieus water turbine. Energies 2018, 11, 297. [CrossRef]30. Salunkhe, S.; El Fajri, O.; Bhushan, S.; Thompson, D.; O’Doherty, D.; O’Doherty, T.; Mason-Jones, A. Validation of Tidal Stream TurbineWake Predictions and Analysis ofWake Recovery Mechanism. J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2019, 7, 363. [CrossRef]31. Guillaud, N.; Balarac, G.; Goncalves, E.; Zanette, J. Large Eddy Simulations on Vertical Axis Hydrokinetic Turbines -Power coefficient analysis for various solidities. Renew. Energy 2020, 147, 473–486. [CrossRef]32. Laín, S.; Cortés, P.; López, O.D. Numerical Simulation of the Flow around a Straight Blade Darrieus Water Turbine. Energies 2020, 13, 1137. [CrossRef]33. Bahaj, A.S.; Batten,W.M.J.; McCann, G. Experimental verifications of numerical predictions for the hydrodynamic performance of horizontal axis marine current turbines. Renew. Energy 2007, 32, 2479–2490. [CrossRef]34. Wu, H.; Chen, L.; Yu, M.; Li, W.; Chen, B. On design and performance prediction of the horizontal axis water turbine. Ocean Eng. 2012, 50, 23–30. [CrossRef]35. Marten, D.; Wendler, J.; Pechlivanoglou, G.; Nayeri, C.N.; Paschereit, C.O. 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