Corrosion-erosion effect on TiN/TiAlN multilayers

The goal of this work is to study electrochemical behavior under corrosion-erosion conditions for [TiN/ TiAlN]n multilayer coatings with bilayer number (n) of 2, 6, 12, and 24 and/or bilayer period (K) of 1500, 500, 250, 150, and 125 nm deposited by a magnetron sputtering technique on Si (100) and A...

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Autores:
Cabrera Cifuentes, Gerardo
Caicedo Angulo, Julio César
Aperador, William
Amaya, César
Escobar, C.
Tipo de recurso:
Article of journal
Fecha de publicación:
2011
Institución:
Universidad Autónoma de Occidente
Repositorio:
RED: Repositorio Educativo Digital UAO
Idioma:
spa
OAI Identifier:
oai:red.uao.edu.co:10614/11901
Acceso en línea:
http://red.uao.edu.co//handle/10614/11901
Palabra clave:
Corrosion-erosion
Hard coatings
Multilayers
Tafel
Metales - Corrosión por esfuerzo
Metals - Stress corrosion
Rights
openAccess
License
Derechos Reservados - Universidad Autónoma de Occidente
id REPOUAO2_6d149acd0de237f5065e03ce1066b2a4
oai_identifier_str oai:red.uao.edu.co:10614/11901
network_acronym_str REPOUAO2
network_name_str RED: Repositorio Educativo Digital UAO
repository_id_str
dc.title.eng.fl_str_mv Corrosion-erosion effect on TiN/TiAlN multilayers
title Corrosion-erosion effect on TiN/TiAlN multilayers
spellingShingle Corrosion-erosion effect on TiN/TiAlN multilayers
Corrosion-erosion
Hard coatings
Multilayers
Tafel
Metales - Corrosión por esfuerzo
Metals - Stress corrosion
title_short Corrosion-erosion effect on TiN/TiAlN multilayers
title_full Corrosion-erosion effect on TiN/TiAlN multilayers
title_fullStr Corrosion-erosion effect on TiN/TiAlN multilayers
title_full_unstemmed Corrosion-erosion effect on TiN/TiAlN multilayers
title_sort Corrosion-erosion effect on TiN/TiAlN multilayers
dc.creator.fl_str_mv Cabrera Cifuentes, Gerardo
Caicedo Angulo, Julio César
Aperador, William
Amaya, César
Escobar, C.
dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv Cabrera Cifuentes, Gerardo
Caicedo Angulo, Julio César
Aperador, William
Amaya, César
Escobar, C.
dc.subject.eng.fl_str_mv Corrosion-erosion
Hard coatings
Multilayers
Tafel
topic Corrosion-erosion
Hard coatings
Multilayers
Tafel
Metales - Corrosión por esfuerzo
Metals - Stress corrosion
dc.subject.armarc.spa.fl_str_mv Metales - Corrosión por esfuerzo
dc.subject.armarc.eng.fl_str_mv Metals - Stress corrosion
description The goal of this work is to study electrochemical behavior under corrosion-erosion conditions for [TiN/ TiAlN]n multilayer coatings with bilayer number (n) of 2, 6, 12, and 24 and/or bilayer period (K) of 1500, 500, 250, 150, and 125 nm deposited by a magnetron sputtering technique on Si (100) and AISI 1045 steel substrates. The Ti-N and Ti-Al-N structures for multilayer coatings were evaluated via x-ray diffraction analysis. Silica particles were used as the abrasive material in corrosion-erosion tests within the 0.5 M H2SO4 solution at impact angles of 30 and 90 over the surface. The electrochemical characterization was carried out using the polarization resistance technique (Tafel) to observe changes in corrosion rates as a function of the bilayer number (n) or bilayer period (K) and impact angle. Corrosion rate values of 359 mpy of uncoated steel substrate and 103 mpy for substrate coated with n = 24 (K = 125 nm) under an impact angle of 30 were found. On the other hand, with an impact angle of 90 the corrosion rate exhibited 646 mpy on uncoated steel substrate and 210 mpy for substrate coated with n = 24 (K = 125 nm). This behavior was related to the curves of mass loss for both coated samples and the surface damage was analyzed via SEM images for the two different impact angles. These results indicate that TiN/TiAlN multilayer coatings deposited on AISI 1045 steel are a practical solution for applications in erosive corrosive environment
publishDate 2011
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv 2011-12-16
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv 2020-02-14T20:22:12Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv 2020-02-14T20:22:12Z
dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv Artículo de revista
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dc.identifier.issn.spa.fl_str_mv 1059-9495
1544-1024
dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv http://red.uao.edu.co//handle/10614/11901
dc.identifier.doi.spa.fl_str_mv 10.1007/s11665-011-0093-z
identifier_str_mv 1059-9495
1544-1024
10.1007/s11665-011-0093-z
url http://red.uao.edu.co//handle/10614/11901
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language spa
dc.relation.eng.fl_str_mv Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance. Volumen 21, (Septiembre 2012); 1949-1955
dc.relation.citationendpage.none.fl_str_mv 1955
dc.relation.citationstartpage.none.fl_str_mv 1949
dc.relation.citationvolume.none.fl_str_mv 21
dc.relation.cites.eng.fl_str_mv Caicedo, J.C., Cabrera, G., Aperador, W. et al. Corrosion-Erosion Effect on TiN/TiAlN Multilayers. J. of Materi Eng and Perform 21, 1949–1955 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-011-0093-z
dc.relation.ispartofjournal.eng.fl_str_mv Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance
dc.relation.references.none.fl_str_mv L.R. Katipelli, A. Agarwal, and N.B. Dahotre, Interfacial Strength of Laser Surface Engineered TiC Coating on 6061 Al Using Four-Point Bend Test, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2000, 289, p 34.
U. Helmersson, S. Todovora, S.A. Barnett, J.S. Sundgren, H. Markett, and J.E. Greene, Growth of Single‐Crystal TiN/VN Strained‐Layer Superlattices With Extremely High Mechanical Hardness, J. Appl. Phys., 1987, 62, p 481.
C.J. Tabares, L. Rebouta, B. Almeida, J. Bessa e Sousa, M.F. da Silva, and J.C. Soares, Deposition and Characterization of Multilayered TiN/ZrN Coatings, Thin Solid Films, 1998, 317, p 124.
T.S. Li, H. Li, and F. Pan, Microstructure and Nanoindentation Hardness of Ti/TiN Multilayered Films, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2001, 137, p 225.
J. Smolik and K. Zdunek, Effect of Interlayer Composition on the Tribological Properties of TiC/Ti(Cx, N1−x)/TiN Anti-Abrasive Multi-Layer Coatings, Vacuum, 1999, 55, p 147.
J.C. Caicedo, C. Amaya, L. Yate, W. Aperador, G. Zambrano, M.E. Gómez, J. Alvarado-Rivera, J. Muñoz-Saldaña, and P. Prieto, Effect of Applied Bias Voltage on Corrosion-Resistance for TiC1−xNx and Ti1−xNbxC1−yNy Coatings, Appl. Surf. Sci., 2010, 256, p 2876.
L. Yate, J.C. Caicedo, A. Hurtado Macias, F.J. Espinoza-Beltrán, G. Zambrano, J. Muñoz-Saldaña, and P. Prieto, Composition and Mechanical Properties of AlC, AlN and AlCN thin Films Obtained by r.f. Magnetron Sputtering, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2009, 203, p 1904.
J.E. Sanchéz, O.M. Sanchéz, L. Ipaz, W. Aperador, J.C. Caicedo, C. Amaya, M.A. Hernández Landaverde, F. Espinoza Beltran, J. Muñoz-Saldaña, and G. Zambrano, Mechanical, Tribological, and Electrochemical Behavior of Cr1−xAlxN Coatings Deposited by r.f. Reactive Magnetron Co-Sputtering Method, Appl. Surf. Sci., 2010, 256, p 2380.
C. Amaya, W. Aperador, J.C. Caicedo, F.J. Espinoza-Beltrán, J. Muñoz-Saldaña, G. Zambrano, and P. Prieto, Corrosion study of Alumina/Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia (Al2O3/YSZ) Nanostructured Thermal Barrier Coatings (TBC) Exposed to High Temperature Treatment, Corros. Sci., 2009, 51, p 2994.
M. Grizalez, E. Martínez, J.C. Caicedo, J. Heiras, and P. Prieto, Occurrence of Ferroelectricity in Epitaxial BiMnO3 Thin Films, Microelectron. J., 2008, 39, p 1308.
J.C. Caicedo, C. Amaya, L. Yate, O. Nos, M.E. Gómez, and P. Prieto, Hard coating Performance Enhancement by Using [Ti/TiN]n, [Zr/ZrN]n and [TiN/ZrN]n Multilayer System, Mater. Sci. Eng. B, 2010, 171, p 56.
J.C. Caicedo, C. Amaya, L. Yate, G. Zambrano, M.E. Gómez, J. Alvarado-Rivera, J. Muñoz-Saldaña, and P. Prieto, TiCN/TiNbCN Multilayer Coatings with Enhanced Mechanical Properties, Appl Surf. Sci., 2010, 256, p 5898.
S.-K. Tien, J.-G. Duh, and J.-W. Lee, Oxidation Behavior of Sputtered CrN/AlN Multilayer Coatings During Heat Treatment, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2007, 201, p 5138.
J. Lin, J.J. Moore, B. Mishra, M. Pinkas, X. Zhang, and W.D. Sproul, CrN/AlN Superlattice Coatings Synthesized by Pulsed Closed Field Unbalanced Magnetron Sputtering with Different CrN Layer Thicknesses, Thin Solid Films, 2009, 517, p 5798.
A. Vladescu, A. Kiss, M. Braic, M. Balaceanu, C. Iordachel, L. Buia, and V. Braic, Nanostructured Multilayer Nitride Coatings for Biocompatible Materials, European Cells and Materials., 2006, 11(Suppl. 2), p 36.
C.-H. Hsu, M.-L. Chen, and K.-L. Lai, Corrosion Resistance of TiN/TiAlN-Coated ADI, by Cathodic Arc Deposition, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2006, 421, p 182–190.
Y.P. Purandare, M.M. Stack, and P.Eh. Hovsepian, Velocity Effects on Erosion-Corrosion of CrN/NbN “Superlattice” PVD Coatings, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2006, 201, p 361–370.
M.M. Stack, Y. Purandare, and P. Hovsepian, Impact Angle Effects on the Erosion-Corrosion of Superlattice CrN/NbN PVD Coatings, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2004, 188, p 556–565.
M.G. Fontana, Corrosion Engineering, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1986.
Z.J. Liu, P.W. Shum, and Y.G. Shen, Hardening Mechanisms of Nanocrystalline Ti–Al–N Solid Solution Films, Thin Solid Films, 2004, 468, p 161.
ASTM G 102-Standard Practice for Calculation of Corrosion Rates and Related Information from Electrochemical Measurements.
M. Stern and A.L. Geary, Electrochemical Polarization: I. A Theoretical Analysis of the Shape of Polarization Curves, J. Electrochem. Soc., 1957, 104(1), p 56–63.
V.K. William Harish, C. Barshilia, V. Ezhil Selvi, Kalavati, and K.S. Rajam, Electrochemical Behavior of Single Layer CrN, TiN, TiAlN Coatings and Nanolayered TiAlN/CrN Multilayer Coatings Prepared by Reactive Direct Current Magnetron Sputtering, Thin Solid Films, 2006, 514, p 204–211.
A. Afrasiabi, M. Saremi, and A. Kobayashi, A Comparative Study on Hot Corrosion Resistance of Three Types of Thermal Barrier Coatings: YSZ, YSZ + Al2O3 and YSZ/Al2O, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2008, 478, p 264–269
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dc.coverage.spatial.none.fl_str_mv Universidad Autónoma de Occidente. Calle 25 115-85. Km 2 vía Cali-Jamundí
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spelling Cabrera Cifuentes, Gerardoc9235f9d536564685c5affa20f3c4dbeCaicedo Angulo, Julio Césarb9644f328410bc67c6386bd4d11e6617Aperador, William22f23595993c3e95414c1bb06d41b3b1Amaya, César2d4071592475e5ceadf02e3456c9bca1Escobar, C.6d6b5e22c0415fee91bc2ed325452bedUniversidad Autónoma de Occidente. Calle 25 115-85. Km 2 vía Cali-Jamundí2020-02-14T20:22:12Z2020-02-14T20:22:12Z2011-12-161059-94951544-1024http://red.uao.edu.co//handle/10614/1190110.1007/s11665-011-0093-zThe goal of this work is to study electrochemical behavior under corrosion-erosion conditions for [TiN/ TiAlN]n multilayer coatings with bilayer number (n) of 2, 6, 12, and 24 and/or bilayer period (K) of 1500, 500, 250, 150, and 125 nm deposited by a magnetron sputtering technique on Si (100) and AISI 1045 steel substrates. The Ti-N and Ti-Al-N structures for multilayer coatings were evaluated via x-ray diffraction analysis. Silica particles were used as the abrasive material in corrosion-erosion tests within the 0.5 M H2SO4 solution at impact angles of 30 and 90 over the surface. The electrochemical characterization was carried out using the polarization resistance technique (Tafel) to observe changes in corrosion rates as a function of the bilayer number (n) or bilayer period (K) and impact angle. Corrosion rate values of 359 mpy of uncoated steel substrate and 103 mpy for substrate coated with n = 24 (K = 125 nm) under an impact angle of 30 were found. On the other hand, with an impact angle of 90 the corrosion rate exhibited 646 mpy on uncoated steel substrate and 210 mpy for substrate coated with n = 24 (K = 125 nm). This behavior was related to the curves of mass loss for both coated samples and the surface damage was analyzed via SEM images for the two different impact angles. These results indicate that TiN/TiAlN multilayer coatings deposited on AISI 1045 steel are a practical solution for applications in erosive corrosive environmentapplication/pdf7 páginasspaSpringerJournal of Materials Engineering and Performance. Volumen 21, (Septiembre 2012); 1949-19551955194921Caicedo, J.C., Cabrera, G., Aperador, W. et al. Corrosion-Erosion Effect on TiN/TiAlN Multilayers. J. of Materi Eng and Perform 21, 1949–1955 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-011-0093-zJournal of Materials Engineering and PerformanceL.R. Katipelli, A. Agarwal, and N.B. Dahotre, Interfacial Strength of Laser Surface Engineered TiC Coating on 6061 Al Using Four-Point Bend Test, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2000, 289, p 34.U. Helmersson, S. Todovora, S.A. Barnett, J.S. Sundgren, H. Markett, and J.E. Greene, Growth of Single‐Crystal TiN/VN Strained‐Layer Superlattices With Extremely High Mechanical Hardness, J. Appl. Phys., 1987, 62, p 481.C.J. Tabares, L. Rebouta, B. Almeida, J. Bessa e Sousa, M.F. da Silva, and J.C. Soares, Deposition and Characterization of Multilayered TiN/ZrN Coatings, Thin Solid Films, 1998, 317, p 124.T.S. Li, H. Li, and F. Pan, Microstructure and Nanoindentation Hardness of Ti/TiN Multilayered Films, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2001, 137, p 225.J. Smolik and K. Zdunek, Effect of Interlayer Composition on the Tribological Properties of TiC/Ti(Cx, N1−x)/TiN Anti-Abrasive Multi-Layer Coatings, Vacuum, 1999, 55, p 147.J.C. Caicedo, C. Amaya, L. Yate, W. Aperador, G. Zambrano, M.E. Gómez, J. Alvarado-Rivera, J. Muñoz-Saldaña, and P. Prieto, Effect of Applied Bias Voltage on Corrosion-Resistance for TiC1−xNx and Ti1−xNbxC1−yNy Coatings, Appl. Surf. Sci., 2010, 256, p 2876.L. Yate, J.C. Caicedo, A. Hurtado Macias, F.J. Espinoza-Beltrán, G. Zambrano, J. Muñoz-Saldaña, and P. Prieto, Composition and Mechanical Properties of AlC, AlN and AlCN thin Films Obtained by r.f. Magnetron Sputtering, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2009, 203, p 1904.J.E. Sanchéz, O.M. Sanchéz, L. Ipaz, W. Aperador, J.C. Caicedo, C. Amaya, M.A. Hernández Landaverde, F. Espinoza Beltran, J. Muñoz-Saldaña, and G. Zambrano, Mechanical, Tribological, and Electrochemical Behavior of Cr1−xAlxN Coatings Deposited by r.f. Reactive Magnetron Co-Sputtering Method, Appl. Surf. Sci., 2010, 256, p 2380.C. Amaya, W. Aperador, J.C. Caicedo, F.J. Espinoza-Beltrán, J. Muñoz-Saldaña, G. Zambrano, and P. Prieto, Corrosion study of Alumina/Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia (Al2O3/YSZ) Nanostructured Thermal Barrier Coatings (TBC) Exposed to High Temperature Treatment, Corros. Sci., 2009, 51, p 2994.M. Grizalez, E. Martínez, J.C. Caicedo, J. Heiras, and P. Prieto, Occurrence of Ferroelectricity in Epitaxial BiMnO3 Thin Films, Microelectron. J., 2008, 39, p 1308.J.C. Caicedo, C. Amaya, L. Yate, O. Nos, M.E. Gómez, and P. Prieto, Hard coating Performance Enhancement by Using [Ti/TiN]n, [Zr/ZrN]n and [TiN/ZrN]n Multilayer System, Mater. Sci. Eng. B, 2010, 171, p 56.J.C. Caicedo, C. Amaya, L. Yate, G. Zambrano, M.E. Gómez, J. Alvarado-Rivera, J. Muñoz-Saldaña, and P. Prieto, TiCN/TiNbCN Multilayer Coatings with Enhanced Mechanical Properties, Appl Surf. Sci., 2010, 256, p 5898.S.-K. Tien, J.-G. Duh, and J.-W. Lee, Oxidation Behavior of Sputtered CrN/AlN Multilayer Coatings During Heat Treatment, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2007, 201, p 5138.J. Lin, J.J. Moore, B. Mishra, M. Pinkas, X. Zhang, and W.D. Sproul, CrN/AlN Superlattice Coatings Synthesized by Pulsed Closed Field Unbalanced Magnetron Sputtering with Different CrN Layer Thicknesses, Thin Solid Films, 2009, 517, p 5798.A. Vladescu, A. Kiss, M. Braic, M. Balaceanu, C. Iordachel, L. Buia, and V. Braic, Nanostructured Multilayer Nitride Coatings for Biocompatible Materials, European Cells and Materials., 2006, 11(Suppl. 2), p 36.C.-H. Hsu, M.-L. Chen, and K.-L. Lai, Corrosion Resistance of TiN/TiAlN-Coated ADI, by Cathodic Arc Deposition, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2006, 421, p 182–190.Y.P. Purandare, M.M. Stack, and P.Eh. Hovsepian, Velocity Effects on Erosion-Corrosion of CrN/NbN “Superlattice” PVD Coatings, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2006, 201, p 361–370.M.M. Stack, Y. Purandare, and P. Hovsepian, Impact Angle Effects on the Erosion-Corrosion of Superlattice CrN/NbN PVD Coatings, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2004, 188, p 556–565.M.G. Fontana, Corrosion Engineering, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1986.Z.J. Liu, P.W. Shum, and Y.G. Shen, Hardening Mechanisms of Nanocrystalline Ti–Al–N Solid Solution Films, Thin Solid Films, 2004, 468, p 161.ASTM G 102-Standard Practice for Calculation of Corrosion Rates and Related Information from Electrochemical Measurements.M. Stern and A.L. Geary, Electrochemical Polarization: I. A Theoretical Analysis of the Shape of Polarization Curves, J. Electrochem. Soc., 1957, 104(1), p 56–63.V.K. William Harish, C. Barshilia, V. Ezhil Selvi, Kalavati, and K.S. Rajam, Electrochemical Behavior of Single Layer CrN, TiN, TiAlN Coatings and Nanolayered TiAlN/CrN Multilayer Coatings Prepared by Reactive Direct Current Magnetron Sputtering, Thin Solid Films, 2006, 514, p 204–211.A. Afrasiabi, M. Saremi, and A. Kobayashi, A Comparative Study on Hot Corrosion Resistance of Three Types of Thermal Barrier Coatings: YSZ, YSZ + Al2O3 and YSZ/Al2O, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2008, 478, p 264–269Derechos Reservados - Universidad Autónoma de Occidentehttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessAtribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Corrosion-erosionHard coatingsMultilayersTafelMetales - Corrosión por esfuerzoMetals - Stress corrosionCorrosion-erosion effect on TiN/TiAlN multilayersArtículo de revistahttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1Textinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARTREFinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85PublicationCC-LICENSElicense_rdflicense_rdfapplication/rdf+xml; charset=utf-8805https://dspace7-uao.metacatalogo.com/bitstreams/47952f64-5b85-4c1e-83db-9653334d9a1d/download4460e5956bc1d1639be9ae6146a50347MD52LICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-81665https://dspace7-uao.metacatalogo.com/bitstreams/ce26b476-6741-4885-9dd9-dcf23e1d6cd6/download20b5ba22b1117f71589c7318baa2c560MD5310614/11901oai:dspace7-uao.metacatalogo.com:10614/119012024-01-19 17:32:08.483https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/Derechos Reservados - Universidad Autónoma de Occidentemetadata.onlyhttps://dspace7-uao.metacatalogo.comRepositorio UAOrepositorio@uao.edu.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