Analysis of the methodology to obtain several key indicators performance (KIP), by energy retrofitting of the actual building to the district heating fuelled by biomass, focusing on nZEB goal: case of study

In order to achieve the objectives of the European 20/20/20 strategy, and to obtain a greater energy efficiency, integration of renewable energies and the reduction of carbon emissions, a District Heating (DH) system has been designed by the University of Valladolid (UVa), Spain, one of the most imp...

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Autores:
Castrillón Mendoza, Rosaura del Pilar
San José, Julio
Rey Hernández, Javier M.
Rey-Martínez, Francisco Javier
velasco, eloy
Tipo de recurso:
Article of journal
Fecha de publicación:
2019
Institución:
Universidad Autónoma de Occidente
Repositorio:
RED: Repositorio Educativo Digital UAO
Idioma:
eng
OAI Identifier:
oai:red.uao.edu.co:10614/11557
Acceso en línea:
http://hdl.handle.net/10614/11557
https://doi.org/10.3390/en12010093
Palabra clave:
Energía biomásica
Biomass energy
district heating
Biomass
Energy management in renovated building
Rights
openAccess
License
Derechos Reservados - Universidad Autónoma de Occidente
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repository_id_str
dc.title.eng.fl_str_mv Analysis of the methodology to obtain several key indicators performance (KIP), by energy retrofitting of the actual building to the district heating fuelled by biomass, focusing on nZEB goal: case of study
title Analysis of the methodology to obtain several key indicators performance (KIP), by energy retrofitting of the actual building to the district heating fuelled by biomass, focusing on nZEB goal: case of study
spellingShingle Analysis of the methodology to obtain several key indicators performance (KIP), by energy retrofitting of the actual building to the district heating fuelled by biomass, focusing on nZEB goal: case of study
Energía biomásica
Biomass energy
district heating
Biomass
Energy management in renovated building
title_short Analysis of the methodology to obtain several key indicators performance (KIP), by energy retrofitting of the actual building to the district heating fuelled by biomass, focusing on nZEB goal: case of study
title_full Analysis of the methodology to obtain several key indicators performance (KIP), by energy retrofitting of the actual building to the district heating fuelled by biomass, focusing on nZEB goal: case of study
title_fullStr Analysis of the methodology to obtain several key indicators performance (KIP), by energy retrofitting of the actual building to the district heating fuelled by biomass, focusing on nZEB goal: case of study
title_full_unstemmed Analysis of the methodology to obtain several key indicators performance (KIP), by energy retrofitting of the actual building to the district heating fuelled by biomass, focusing on nZEB goal: case of study
title_sort Analysis of the methodology to obtain several key indicators performance (KIP), by energy retrofitting of the actual building to the district heating fuelled by biomass, focusing on nZEB goal: case of study
dc.creator.fl_str_mv Castrillón Mendoza, Rosaura del Pilar
San José, Julio
Rey Hernández, Javier M.
Rey-Martínez, Francisco Javier
velasco, eloy
dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv Castrillón Mendoza, Rosaura del Pilar
San José, Julio
Rey Hernández, Javier M.
Rey-Martínez, Francisco Javier
velasco, eloy
dc.subject.lemb.spa.fl_str_mv Energía biomásica
topic Energía biomásica
Biomass energy
district heating
Biomass
Energy management in renovated building
dc.subject.lemb.eng.fl_str_mv Biomass energy
dc.subject.proposal.eng.fl_str_mv district heating
Biomass
Energy management in renovated building
description In order to achieve the objectives of the European 20/20/20 strategy, and to obtain a greater energy efficiency, integration of renewable energies and the reduction of carbon emissions, a District Heating (DH) system has been designed by the University of Valladolid (UVa), Spain, one of the most important DH fed by biomass fuel in Spain, supplying heating and domestic hot water (DHW) to 31 buildings in Valladolid, the majority of them, educational buildings on the University Campus. The aims of this paper were to study the change from an energy system fueled by natural gas to District Heating by biomass in a building on the campus of the University of Valladolid—the School of Engineering (EII)—studying its consumption from its connection to the District Heating system. An energy management methodology such as ISO 50001 is carried out, applied to efficiency systems in buildings, thus establishing new criteria of sustainability and economic value. In this paper, energy management will also be analyzed in accordance with the proposed tools of an Energy Management System (EMS) applied to the EII building, through the measurement of energy parameters, calculation of thermal consumption, thermal energy savings as a result of the change from system to District Heating by biomass, economic savings, reduction of environmental impact and indicators of thermal efficiency I100 and CUSUM indicator. Finally, the primary renewable and non-renewable energy efficiency indicators for the new District Heating system will be determined. The concept of the near Zero Energy Buildings is defined in the European Union (EU) in order to analyze an approach to an nZEB which results from replacing the natural gas heating system by a biomass District Heating system
publishDate 2019
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv 2019-11-20T21:54:01Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv 2019-11-20T21:54:01Z
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv 2019
dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv Artículo de revista
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identifier_str_mv 1996-1073 (en línea)
url http://hdl.handle.net/10614/11557
https://doi.org/10.3390/en12010093
dc.language.iso.eng.fl_str_mv eng
language eng
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dc.relation.cites.eng.fl_str_mv Mendoza, R. C., Hernández, J. M. R., Gómez, E. V., Alonso, J. F. S. J., & Martínez, F. J. R. (2018). Analysis of the Methodology to Obtain Several Key Indicators Performance (KIP), by Energy Retrofitting of the Actual Building to the District Heating Fuelled by Biomass, Focusing on nZEB Goal: Case of Study. Energies, 12(1), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.3390/en12010093
dc.relation.ispartofjournal.eng.fl_str_mv Energies
dc.relation.references.none.fl_str_mv 1. Mazhar, A.R.; Liu, S.; Shukla, A. A state of art review on the district heating systems. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2018, 96, 420–439. [CrossRef]
2. Gao, L.; Cui, X.; Ni, J.; Lei, W.; Huang, T.; Bai, C.; Yang, J. Technologies in Smart District Heating System. Energy Procedia 2017, 142, 1829–1834. [CrossRef]
3. Lund, H.; Duic, N.; Østergaard, P.A.; Mathiesen, B.V. Future district heating systems and technologies: On the role of smart energy systems and 4th generation district heating. Energy 2018, 165, 614–619. [CrossRef]
4. Werner, S. District heating and cooling in Sweden. Energy 2017, 126, 419–429. [CrossRef]
5. Lygnerud, K.; Werner, S. Risk assessment of industrial excess heat recovery in district heating systems. Energy 2018, 151, 430–441. [CrossRef]
6. Schmidt, D. Low Temperature District Heating for Future Energy Systems. Energy Procedia 2018, 149, 595–604. [CrossRef]
7. Turski, M.; Sekret, R. Buildings and a district heating network as thermal energy storages in the district heating system. Energy Build. 2018, 179, 49–56. [CrossRef]
8. Fallahnejad, M.; Hartner, M.; Kranzl, L.; Fritz, S. Impact of distribution and transmission investment costs of district heating systems on district heating potential. Energy Procedia 2018, 149, 141–150. [CrossRef]
9. Lidberg, T.; Gustafsson, M.; Myhren, J.A.; Olofsson, T.; Ödlund (former Trygg), L. Environmental impact of energy refurbishment of buildings within different district heating systems. Appl. Energy 2018, 227, 231–238. [CrossRef]
10. Bücker, D.; Jell, P.; Botsch, R. Performance monitoring of rural district heating systems. Energy Procedia 2018, 149, 5–14. [CrossRef]
11. Wu, W.; Skye, H.M. Net-zero nation: HVAC and PV systems for residential net-zero energy buildings across the United States. Energy Convers. Manag. 2018, 177, 605–628. [CrossRef]
12. Zinzi, M.; Pagliaro, F.; Agnoli, S.; Bisegna, F.; Iatauro, D. Assessing the overheating risks in Italian existing school buildings renovated with nZEB targets. Energy Procedia 2017, 142, 2517–2524. [CrossRef]
13. Nielsen, S.; Möller, B. Excess heat production of future net zero energy buildings within district heating areas in Denmark. Energy 2012, 48, 23–31. [CrossRef]
14. Sekki, T.; Airaksinen, M.; Saari, A. Effect of energy measures on the values of energy efficiency indicators in Finnish daycare and school buildings. Energy Build. 2017, 139, 124–132. [CrossRef]
15. Abu Bakar, N.N.; Hassan, M.Y.; Abdullah, H.; Rahman, H.A.; Abdullah, M.P.; Hussin, F.; Bandi, M. Energy efficiency index as an indicator for measuring building energy performance: A review. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2015, 44, 1–11. [CrossRef]
16. Maslesa, E.; Jensen, P.A.; Birkved, M. Indicators for quantifying environmental building performance: A systematic literature review. J. Build. Eng. 2018, 19, 552–560. [CrossRef]
17. International Organization for Standardization (ISO). Available online: https://www.iso.org/ (accessed on 14 September 2018).
18. Van derHoeven,M. Energy Efficiency Indicators: Essentials for PolicyMaking. Available online: https://webstore.iea.org/energy-efficiency-indicators-essentials-for-policy-making (accessed on 5 November 2018).
19. González, A.J.; Castrillón, R.; Quispe, E.C. Energy Efficiency Improvement in the Cement Industry through Energy Management. In Proceedings of the 2012 IEEE-IAS/PCA 54th Cement Industry Technical Conference, San Antonio, TX, USA, 14–17 May 2012. [CrossRef]
20. Benedetti, M.; Cesarotti, V.; Introna, V. From energy targets setting to energy-aware operations control and back: An advanced methodology for energy efficient manufacturing. J. Clean. Prod. 2017, 167, 1518–1533. [CrossRef]
21. Al-Saadi, S.N.J.; Ramaswamy, M.; Al-Rashdi, H.; Al-Mamari, M.; Al-Abri, M. Energy Management Strategies for a Governmental Building in Oman. Energy Procedia 2017, 141, 206–210. [CrossRef]
22. Afroz, Z.; Higgins, G.; Urmee, T.; Shafiullah, G. Technological Advancement of Energy Management Facility of Institutional Buildings: A Case Study. Energy Procedia 2017, 142, 3088–3095. [CrossRef]
23. Castrillon, R.; González, A. Metodología Para la Planificación Energética a Partir de la Norma ISO 50001; Editorial Universidad Autónoma de Occidente: Cali, Colombia, 2018; ISBN 978-958-8994-59-8.
24. Rey-Hernández, J.M.; Velasco-Gómez, E.; San José-Alonso, J.F.; Tejero-González, A.; Rey-Martínez, F.J. Energy analysis at a near zero energy building. A case-study in Spain. Energies 2018, 11, 857. [CrossRef]
25. CTE (Spanish Technical Building Code). Available online: http://www.codigotecnico.org (accessed on 15 September 2018).
26. European Directives. Available online: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/ (accessed on 14 September 2018).
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spelling Castrillón Mendoza, Rosaura del Pilarvirtual::1271-1San José, Julio8813dc4f941114c2fd278c0832aaa1bfRey Hernández, Javier M.a215a870b0b0a7b3c822e6a3de651d0aRey-Martínez, Francisco Javier5dd37f97688762fed5c230c2ff7274a5velasco, eloy4f535f4a19d2660e58e749fb97c363d3Universidad Autónoma de Occidente. Calle 25 115-85. Km 2 vía Cali-Jamundí2019-11-20T21:54:01Z2019-11-20T21:54:01Z20191996-1073 (en línea)http://hdl.handle.net/10614/11557https://doi.org/10.3390/en12010093In order to achieve the objectives of the European 20/20/20 strategy, and to obtain a greater energy efficiency, integration of renewable energies and the reduction of carbon emissions, a District Heating (DH) system has been designed by the University of Valladolid (UVa), Spain, one of the most important DH fed by biomass fuel in Spain, supplying heating and domestic hot water (DHW) to 31 buildings in Valladolid, the majority of them, educational buildings on the University Campus. The aims of this paper were to study the change from an energy system fueled by natural gas to District Heating by biomass in a building on the campus of the University of Valladolid—the School of Engineering (EII)—studying its consumption from its connection to the District Heating system. An energy management methodology such as ISO 50001 is carried out, applied to efficiency systems in buildings, thus establishing new criteria of sustainability and economic value. In this paper, energy management will also be analyzed in accordance with the proposed tools of an Energy Management System (EMS) applied to the EII building, through the measurement of energy parameters, calculation of thermal consumption, thermal energy savings as a result of the change from system to District Heating by biomass, economic savings, reduction of environmental impact and indicators of thermal efficiency I100 and CUSUM indicator. Finally, the primary renewable and non-renewable energy efficiency indicators for the new District Heating system will be determined. The concept of the near Zero Energy Buildings is defined in the European Union (EU) in order to analyze an approach to an nZEB which results from replacing the natural gas heating system by a biomass District Heating systemapplication/pdf20 páginasengMDPIDerechos Reservados - Universidad Autónoma de Occidentehttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessAtribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2reponame:Repositorio Institucional UAOAnalysis of the methodology to obtain several key indicators performance (KIP), by energy retrofitting of the actual building to the district heating fuelled by biomass, focusing on nZEB goal: case of studyArtículo de revistahttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1Textinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARTREFinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85Energía biomásicaBiomass energydistrict heatingBiomassEnergy management in renovated building112Mendoza, R. C., Hernández, J. M. R., Gómez, E. V., Alonso, J. F. S. J., & Martínez, F. J. R. (2018). Analysis of the Methodology to Obtain Several Key Indicators Performance (KIP), by Energy Retrofitting of the Actual Building to the District Heating Fuelled by Biomass, Focusing on nZEB Goal: Case of Study. Energies, 12(1), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.3390/en12010093Energies1. Mazhar, A.R.; Liu, S.; Shukla, A. A state of art review on the district heating systems. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2018, 96, 420–439. [CrossRef]2. Gao, L.; Cui, X.; Ni, J.; Lei, W.; Huang, T.; Bai, C.; Yang, J. Technologies in Smart District Heating System. Energy Procedia 2017, 142, 1829–1834. [CrossRef]3. Lund, H.; Duic, N.; Østergaard, P.A.; Mathiesen, B.V. Future district heating systems and technologies: On the role of smart energy systems and 4th generation district heating. Energy 2018, 165, 614–619. [CrossRef]4. Werner, S. District heating and cooling in Sweden. Energy 2017, 126, 419–429. [CrossRef]5. Lygnerud, K.; Werner, S. Risk assessment of industrial excess heat recovery in district heating systems. Energy 2018, 151, 430–441. [CrossRef]6. Schmidt, D. Low Temperature District Heating for Future Energy Systems. Energy Procedia 2018, 149, 595–604. [CrossRef]7. Turski, M.; Sekret, R. Buildings and a district heating network as thermal energy storages in the district heating system. Energy Build. 2018, 179, 49–56. [CrossRef]8. Fallahnejad, M.; Hartner, M.; Kranzl, L.; Fritz, S. Impact of distribution and transmission investment costs of district heating systems on district heating potential. Energy Procedia 2018, 149, 141–150. [CrossRef]9. Lidberg, T.; Gustafsson, M.; Myhren, J.A.; Olofsson, T.; Ödlund (former Trygg), L. Environmental impact of energy refurbishment of buildings within different district heating systems. Appl. Energy 2018, 227, 231–238. [CrossRef]10. Bücker, D.; Jell, P.; Botsch, R. Performance monitoring of rural district heating systems. Energy Procedia 2018, 149, 5–14. [CrossRef]11. Wu, W.; Skye, H.M. Net-zero nation: HVAC and PV systems for residential net-zero energy buildings across the United States. Energy Convers. Manag. 2018, 177, 605–628. [CrossRef]12. Zinzi, M.; Pagliaro, F.; Agnoli, S.; Bisegna, F.; Iatauro, D. Assessing the overheating risks in Italian existing school buildings renovated with nZEB targets. Energy Procedia 2017, 142, 2517–2524. [CrossRef]13. Nielsen, S.; Möller, B. Excess heat production of future net zero energy buildings within district heating areas in Denmark. Energy 2012, 48, 23–31. [CrossRef]14. Sekki, T.; Airaksinen, M.; Saari, A. Effect of energy measures on the values of energy efficiency indicators in Finnish daycare and school buildings. Energy Build. 2017, 139, 124–132. [CrossRef]15. Abu Bakar, N.N.; Hassan, M.Y.; Abdullah, H.; Rahman, H.A.; Abdullah, M.P.; Hussin, F.; Bandi, M. Energy efficiency index as an indicator for measuring building energy performance: A review. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2015, 44, 1–11. [CrossRef]16. Maslesa, E.; Jensen, P.A.; Birkved, M. Indicators for quantifying environmental building performance: A systematic literature review. J. Build. Eng. 2018, 19, 552–560. [CrossRef]17. International Organization for Standardization (ISO). Available online: https://www.iso.org/ (accessed on 14 September 2018).18. Van derHoeven,M. Energy Efficiency Indicators: Essentials for PolicyMaking. Available online: https://webstore.iea.org/energy-efficiency-indicators-essentials-for-policy-making (accessed on 5 November 2018).19. González, A.J.; Castrillón, R.; Quispe, E.C. Energy Efficiency Improvement in the Cement Industry through Energy Management. In Proceedings of the 2012 IEEE-IAS/PCA 54th Cement Industry Technical Conference, San Antonio, TX, USA, 14–17 May 2012. [CrossRef]20. Benedetti, M.; Cesarotti, V.; Introna, V. From energy targets setting to energy-aware operations control and back: An advanced methodology for energy efficient manufacturing. J. Clean. Prod. 2017, 167, 1518–1533. [CrossRef]21. Al-Saadi, S.N.J.; Ramaswamy, M.; Al-Rashdi, H.; Al-Mamari, M.; Al-Abri, M. Energy Management Strategies for a Governmental Building in Oman. Energy Procedia 2017, 141, 206–210. [CrossRef]22. Afroz, Z.; Higgins, G.; Urmee, T.; Shafiullah, G. Technological Advancement of Energy Management Facility of Institutional Buildings: A Case Study. Energy Procedia 2017, 142, 3088–3095. [CrossRef]23. Castrillon, R.; González, A. Metodología Para la Planificación Energética a Partir de la Norma ISO 50001; Editorial Universidad Autónoma de Occidente: Cali, Colombia, 2018; ISBN 978-958-8994-59-8.24. Rey-Hernández, J.M.; Velasco-Gómez, E.; San José-Alonso, J.F.; Tejero-González, A.; Rey-Martínez, F.J. Energy analysis at a near zero energy building. A case-study in Spain. Energies 2018, 11, 857. [CrossRef]25. CTE (Spanish Technical Building Code). Available online: http://www.codigotecnico.org (accessed on 15 September 2018).26. European Directives. Available online: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/ (accessed on 14 September 2018).Publicationfe76be56-3153-45da-89c5-fc9953b918d9virtual::1271-1fe76be56-3153-45da-89c5-fc9953b918d9virtual::1271-1https://scholar.google.es/citations?user=6O9VfcAAAAAJ&hl=esvirtual::1271-10000-0002-0421-7739virtual::1271-1https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0000144886virtual::1271-1CC-LICENSElicense_rdflicense_rdfapplication/rdf+xml; charset=utf-8805https://red.uao.edu.co/bitstreams/fcf9f54d-3300-4c1c-812c-e82cd3778b0e/download4460e5956bc1d1639be9ae6146a50347MD52LICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-81665https://red.uao.edu.co/bitstreams/5b184c3c-c238-4628-a547-528bd046b061/download20b5ba22b1117f71589c7318baa2c560MD53ORIGINALAnalysis of the methodology to obtain several Key Indicators Performance (KIP), by energy retrofitting of the actual building to the district heating fuelled by biomass, focusing on nZEB goal Case of study.pdfAnalysis of the methodology to obtain several Key Indicators Performance (KIP), by energy retrofitting of the actual building to the district heating fuelled by biomass, focusing on nZEB goal Case of study.pdfTexto archivo completo del artículo de revista, PDFapplication/pdf5471092https://red.uao.edu.co/bitstreams/4d667e53-c333-469a-8ecb-f927cffa3cb7/download87c18749f2ed4af015b910cacf3a991cMD54TEXTAnalysis of the methodology to obtain several Key Indicators Performance (KIP), by energy retrofitting of the actual building to the district heating fuelled by biomass, focusing on nZEB goal Case of study.pdf.txtAnalysis of the methodology to obtain several Key Indicators Performance (KIP), by energy retrofitting of the actual building to the district heating fuelled by biomass, focusing on nZEB goal Case of study.pdf.txtExtracted texttext/plain85190https://red.uao.edu.co/bitstreams/339e289e-b374-47bb-87ca-8965b2bfa4dc/download4a776ed8598f91210b511b51095c9f57MD55THUMBNAILAnalysis of the methodology to obtain several Key Indicators Performance (KIP), by energy retrofitting of the actual building to the district heating fuelled by biomass, focusing on nZEB goal Case of study.pdf.jpgAnalysis of the methodology to obtain several Key Indicators Performance (KIP), by energy retrofitting of the actual building to the district heating fuelled by biomass, focusing on nZEB goal Case of study.pdf.jpgGenerated Thumbnailimage/jpeg15523https://red.uao.edu.co/bitstreams/7bac26d9-0d62-457d-b72c-4509cf3dd74e/download3626258d5376da9775bd056039c53e11MD5610614/11557oai:red.uao.edu.co:10614/115572024-03-01 16:44:19.018https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/Derechos Reservados - Universidad Autónoma de Occidenteopen.accesshttps://red.uao.edu.coRepositorio Digital Universidad Autonoma de Occidenterepositorio@uao.edu.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