Development and assessment of an integrated ecological modelling framework to assess the effect of investments in wastewater treatment on water quality

Worldwide, large investments in wastewater treatment are made to improve water quality. However, the impacts of these investments on river water quality are often not quantified. To assess water quality, the European Water Framework Directive (WFD) requires an integrated approach. The aim of this st...

Full description

Autores:
Holguin Gonzalez, Javier Ernesto
Boets, Pieter
Everaert, Gert
Lock, Koen
Gobeyn, Sacha
Benedetti, Lorenzo
Nopens, Ingmar
Pauwels, Ine S.
Amerlinck, Youri
Goethals, Peter L. M.
Tipo de recurso:
Article of journal
Fecha de publicación:
2014
Institución:
Universidad Autónoma de Occidente
Repositorio:
RED: Repositorio Educativo Digital UAO
Idioma:
eng
OAI Identifier:
oai:red.uao.edu.co:10614/12174
Acceso en línea:
http://red.uao.edu.co//handle/10614/12174
https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2014.316
Palabra clave:
Calidad del agua
Water quality
Decision support
Ecological water quality
Integrated modelling
River assessment
Wastewater treatment
Rights
openAccess
License
Derechos Reservados - Universidad Autónoma de Occidente
id REPOUAO2_54a205e48bae26d4f7d096949c0040d3
oai_identifier_str oai:red.uao.edu.co:10614/12174
network_acronym_str REPOUAO2
network_name_str RED: Repositorio Educativo Digital UAO
repository_id_str
dc.title.eng.fl_str_mv Development and assessment of an integrated ecological modelling framework to assess the effect of investments in wastewater treatment on water quality
title Development and assessment of an integrated ecological modelling framework to assess the effect of investments in wastewater treatment on water quality
spellingShingle Development and assessment of an integrated ecological modelling framework to assess the effect of investments in wastewater treatment on water quality
Calidad del agua
Water quality
Decision support
Ecological water quality
Integrated modelling
River assessment
Wastewater treatment
title_short Development and assessment of an integrated ecological modelling framework to assess the effect of investments in wastewater treatment on water quality
title_full Development and assessment of an integrated ecological modelling framework to assess the effect of investments in wastewater treatment on water quality
title_fullStr Development and assessment of an integrated ecological modelling framework to assess the effect of investments in wastewater treatment on water quality
title_full_unstemmed Development and assessment of an integrated ecological modelling framework to assess the effect of investments in wastewater treatment on water quality
title_sort Development and assessment of an integrated ecological modelling framework to assess the effect of investments in wastewater treatment on water quality
dc.creator.fl_str_mv Holguin Gonzalez, Javier Ernesto
Boets, Pieter
Everaert, Gert
Lock, Koen
Gobeyn, Sacha
Benedetti, Lorenzo
Nopens, Ingmar
Pauwels, Ine S.
Amerlinck, Youri
Goethals, Peter L. M.
dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv Holguin Gonzalez, Javier Ernesto
Boets, Pieter
Everaert, Gert
Lock, Koen
Gobeyn, Sacha
Benedetti, Lorenzo
Nopens, Ingmar
Pauwels, Ine S.
Amerlinck, Youri
Goethals, Peter L. M.
dc.subject.armarc.spa.fl_str_mv Calidad del agua
topic Calidad del agua
Water quality
Decision support
Ecological water quality
Integrated modelling
River assessment
Wastewater treatment
dc.subject.armarc.eng.fl_str_mv Water quality
dc.subject.proposal.eng.fl_str_mv Decision support
Ecological water quality
Integrated modelling
River assessment
Wastewater treatment
description Worldwide, large investments in wastewater treatment are made to improve water quality. However, the impacts of these investments on river water quality are often not quantified. To assess water quality, the European Water Framework Directive (WFD) requires an integrated approach. The aim of this study was to develop an integrated ecological modelling framework for the River Drava (Croatia) that includes physical-chemical and hydromorphological characteristics as well as the ecological river water quality status. The developed submodels and the integrated model showed accurate predictions when comparing the modelled results to the observations. Dissolved oxygen and nitrogen concentrations (ammonium and organic nitrogen) were the most important variables in determining the ecological water quality (EWQ). The result of three potential investment scenarios of the wastewater treatment infrastructure in the city of Varaždin on the EWQ of the River Drava was assessed. From this scenario-based analysis, it was concluded that upgrading the existing wastewater treatment plant with nitrogen and phosphorus removal will be insufficient to reach a good EWQ. Therefore, other point and diffuse pollution sources in the area should also be monitored and remediated to meet the European WFD standard
publishDate 2014
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv 2014-07
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv 2020-03-25T20:59:45Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv 2020-03-25T20:59:45Z
dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv Artículo de revista
dc.type.coar.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1
dc.type.coarversion.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85
dc.type.coar.eng.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501
dc.type.content.eng.fl_str_mv Text
dc.type.driver.eng.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/article
dc.type.redcol.eng.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARTREF
dc.type.version.eng.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
format http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501
status_str publishedVersion
dc.identifier.issn.none.fl_str_mv 0273-1223
dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv http://red.uao.edu.co//handle/10614/12174
dc.identifier.doi.eng.fl_str_mv https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2014.316
dc.identifier.instname.spa.fl_str_mv Universidad Autónoma de Occidente
dc.identifier.reponame.spa.fl_str_mv Repositorio Educativo Digital
identifier_str_mv 0273-1223
Universidad Autónoma de Occidente
Repositorio Educativo Digital
url http://red.uao.edu.co//handle/10614/12174
https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2014.316
dc.language.iso.eng.fl_str_mv eng
language eng
dc.relation.spa.fl_str_mv Water Science & Technology. Volumen 70, No. 11, (julio 2014); páginas 1798–1807
dc.relation.citationendpage.none.fl_str_mv 1807
dc.relation.citationissue.none.fl_str_mv 11
dc.relation.citationstartpage.none.fl_str_mv 1798
dc.relation.citationvolume.none.fl_str_mv 70
dc.relation.cites.spa.fl_str_mv Holguin González, J. E.; Boets, P.; Everaert, G.; Lock, K.; Gobeyn, S.; Benedetti, L.; Nopens, I., Pauwels, I. S.; Amerlinck, y Goethals, P. L. M. (2014). Development and assessment of an integrated ecological modelling framework to assess the effect of investments in wastewater treatment on water quality. Water Science & Technology. 70(11); 1798–1807. http://red.uao.edu.co//handle/10614/12174
dc.relation.ispartofjournal.eng.fl_str_mv Water Science And Technology
dc.relation.references.none.fl_str_mv Benedetti, L., Meirlaen, J., Sforzi, F., Facchi, A., Gandol fi, C. &Vanrolleghem, P. A.Dynamic integrated water quality
Benedetti, L., Langeveld, J., Comeau, A., Corominas, L., Daigger,G., Martin, C., Mikkelsen, P. S., Vezzaro, L., Weijers, S. &Vanrolleghem, P. A. Modelling and monitoring of integrated urban wastewater systems: review on status andperspectives. Water Science and Technology 68, 1203–1215
Boets, P., Pauwels, I. S., Lock, K. & Goethals, P. L. M. Usingan integrated modelling approach for risk assessment of the killer shrimp Dikerogammarus villosus . River Research and Applications 30 , 403–412
Bovee, K. D., Lamb, B. L., Bartholow, J. M., Stalnaker, C. B.,Taylor, J. & Henriksen, J. Stream habitat analysis usingthe Instream Flow Incremental Methodology. U.S.Geological Survey, Biological Resources DisciplineInformation and Technology Report USGS/BRD-1998-0004
Chapman, D. Water quality assessments. A Guide to the useof biota, sediments and water in environmental monitoring .Chapman & Hall, London, UK, 651 pp
Devesa, F., Comas, J., Turon, C., Freixó, A., Carrasco, F. & Poch,M. Scenario analysis for the role of sanitationinfrastructures in integrated urban wastewater management . Environmental Modelling and Software 24, 371–380
EEA-EuropeanEnvironmentAgency EnvironmentalIndicators:Typology and Overview. European Environment Agency,Technical Report No. 25, Copenhagen, Denmark, 19 pp
Gabriels, W., Lock, K., De Pauw, N. & Goethals, P. L. M. Multimetric Macroinvertebrate Index Flanders (MMIF) for biological assessment of rivers and lakes in Flanders(Belgium). Limnologica 40, 199–207.1806 J. E. Holguin-Gonzalez et al. |An integrated ecological modelling framework for water managers Water Science & Technology |70.11/2014
Henze, M., Gujer, W., Mino, T. & van Loosdrecht, M. Activated Sludge Models ASM1, ASM2, ASM2D and ASM3. Scientific and technical report No. 9, IWA Publishing,London, UK, 121 pp
Hvitved-Jacobsen, T. The impact of combined sewer over flowon the dissolved oxygen concentration of a river.Water Research. 16, 1099–1105
MathWorks MATLAB technical documentation, http://www.mathworks.com/ (accessed 7 June 2010)
Pahl-Wostl, C., Conca, K., Kramer, A., Maestu, J. & Schmidt, F. Missing links in global water governance: a processes-oriented analysis. Ecological Society 18, 33.
Quinlan, J. R. Learning with continuous classes. Proceedings5th Australian Joint Conference on Arti ficial Intelligence .World Scientific, Singapore, pp. 343–348
Rekolainen, S., Kämäri, J. & Hiltunen, M. A conceptualframework for identifying the need and role of models in theimplementation of the Water Framework Directive. InternationalJournalofRiver BasinManagement 1, 347–352
Vanhooren, H., Meirlaen, J., Amerlinck, Y., Claeys, F.,Vangheluwe, H. & Vanrolleghem, P. WEST:modelling biological wastewater treatment.Journal of Hydroinformatics 5, 27–50
Varkom d.d., MOSTforWATER, Ghent University. ECO-TEHPROJECT, Final Technical Report WATROPEC Project,Vara ž din, Croatia.
von der Ohe, P. C., De Deckere, E., Prub, A., Muñoz, I., Wolfram,G., Villagrasa, M., Ginebreda, A., Hein, M. & Brack, W. Toward an integrated assessment of the ecological andchemical status of European river basins. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management 5, 50–61
dc.rights.spa.fl_str_mv Derechos Reservados - Universidad Autónoma de Occidente
dc.rights.coar.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
dc.rights.uri.eng.fl_str_mv https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
dc.rights.accessrights.eng.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
dc.rights.creativecommons.spa.fl_str_mv Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)
rights_invalid_str_mv Derechos Reservados - Universidad Autónoma de Occidente
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
eu_rights_str_mv openAccess
dc.format.eng.fl_str_mv application/pdf
dc.format.extent.none.fl_str_mv 10 páginas
dc.publisher.eng.fl_str_mv IWA Publishing
institution Universidad Autónoma de Occidente
bitstream.url.fl_str_mv https://red.uao.edu.co/bitstreams/baf117b1-f7cb-49d7-b6f2-48b1ed568e06/download
https://red.uao.edu.co/bitstreams/a18c6e7d-a1b3-4c0e-83fb-5faa92420aaa/download
https://red.uao.edu.co/bitstreams/b450fdc5-82b6-4150-9d90-2784a09a4f90/download
https://red.uao.edu.co/bitstreams/8b636acc-4788-42e2-815b-7b789dd0c795/download
https://red.uao.edu.co/bitstreams/94a00df2-7561-46bc-99b1-f2f4a917bd39/download
bitstream.checksum.fl_str_mv 4460e5956bc1d1639be9ae6146a50347
20b5ba22b1117f71589c7318baa2c560
256dd35e541b12636a265332c2b87026
cd1538d29c0cb39e9557bff25919b43d
4d5b5e91fe781176a7b819ec6046f96b
bitstream.checksumAlgorithm.fl_str_mv MD5
MD5
MD5
MD5
MD5
repository.name.fl_str_mv Repositorio Digital Universidad Autonoma de Occidente
repository.mail.fl_str_mv repositorio@uao.edu.co
_version_ 1828230164980432896
spelling Holguin Gonzalez, Javier Ernestovirtual::2331-1Boets, Pieterf5aa66614679e9a44ae101ef5fffd7d4Everaert, Gert6e74ac4c583c6b310a9825a53f67ffacLock, Koen5bf93d5c6dda4ad1c237fcbc330fb673Gobeyn, Sacha9af7faa9a83d440394c337241e03cd7dBenedetti, Lorenzob55dfd0d5e5303cd67c24f1d1a002465Nopens, Ingmarfbdeb94495422718474fdd8955973759Pauwels, Ine S.b8f1672686603be3763cbdc117357bb5300Amerlinck, Youri22e484be1248649966c9480b7effd3ff300Goethals, Peter L. M.46f06b51fcba2d7202eb0057e718ae773002020-03-25T20:59:45Z2020-03-25T20:59:45Z2014-070273-1223http://red.uao.edu.co//handle/10614/12174https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2014.316Universidad Autónoma de OccidenteRepositorio Educativo DigitalWorldwide, large investments in wastewater treatment are made to improve water quality. However, the impacts of these investments on river water quality are often not quantified. To assess water quality, the European Water Framework Directive (WFD) requires an integrated approach. The aim of this study was to develop an integrated ecological modelling framework for the River Drava (Croatia) that includes physical-chemical and hydromorphological characteristics as well as the ecological river water quality status. The developed submodels and the integrated model showed accurate predictions when comparing the modelled results to the observations. Dissolved oxygen and nitrogen concentrations (ammonium and organic nitrogen) were the most important variables in determining the ecological water quality (EWQ). The result of three potential investment scenarios of the wastewater treatment infrastructure in the city of Varaždin on the EWQ of the River Drava was assessed. From this scenario-based analysis, it was concluded that upgrading the existing wastewater treatment plant with nitrogen and phosphorus removal will be insufficient to reach a good EWQ. Therefore, other point and diffuse pollution sources in the area should also be monitored and remediated to meet the European WFD standardapplication/pdf10 páginasengIWA PublishingWater Science & Technology. Volumen 70, No. 11, (julio 2014); páginas 1798–1807180711179870Holguin González, J. E.; Boets, P.; Everaert, G.; Lock, K.; Gobeyn, S.; Benedetti, L.; Nopens, I., Pauwels, I. S.; Amerlinck, y Goethals, P. L. M. (2014). Development and assessment of an integrated ecological modelling framework to assess the effect of investments in wastewater treatment on water quality. Water Science & Technology. 70(11); 1798–1807. http://red.uao.edu.co//handle/10614/12174Water Science And TechnologyBenedetti, L., Meirlaen, J., Sforzi, F., Facchi, A., Gandol fi, C. &Vanrolleghem, P. A.Dynamic integrated water qualityBenedetti, L., Langeveld, J., Comeau, A., Corominas, L., Daigger,G., Martin, C., Mikkelsen, P. S., Vezzaro, L., Weijers, S. &Vanrolleghem, P. A. Modelling and monitoring of integrated urban wastewater systems: review on status andperspectives. Water Science and Technology 68, 1203–1215Boets, P., Pauwels, I. S., Lock, K. & Goethals, P. L. M. Usingan integrated modelling approach for risk assessment of the killer shrimp Dikerogammarus villosus . River Research and Applications 30 , 403–412Bovee, K. D., Lamb, B. L., Bartholow, J. M., Stalnaker, C. B.,Taylor, J. & Henriksen, J. Stream habitat analysis usingthe Instream Flow Incremental Methodology. U.S.Geological Survey, Biological Resources DisciplineInformation and Technology Report USGS/BRD-1998-0004Chapman, D. Water quality assessments. A Guide to the useof biota, sediments and water in environmental monitoring .Chapman & Hall, London, UK, 651 ppDevesa, F., Comas, J., Turon, C., Freixó, A., Carrasco, F. & Poch,M. Scenario analysis for the role of sanitationinfrastructures in integrated urban wastewater management . Environmental Modelling and Software 24, 371–380EEA-EuropeanEnvironmentAgency EnvironmentalIndicators:Typology and Overview. European Environment Agency,Technical Report No. 25, Copenhagen, Denmark, 19 ppGabriels, W., Lock, K., De Pauw, N. & Goethals, P. L. M. Multimetric Macroinvertebrate Index Flanders (MMIF) for biological assessment of rivers and lakes in Flanders(Belgium). Limnologica 40, 199–207.1806 J. E. Holguin-Gonzalez et al. |An integrated ecological modelling framework for water managers Water Science & Technology |70.11/2014Henze, M., Gujer, W., Mino, T. & van Loosdrecht, M. Activated Sludge Models ASM1, ASM2, ASM2D and ASM3. Scientific and technical report No. 9, IWA Publishing,London, UK, 121 ppHvitved-Jacobsen, T. The impact of combined sewer over flowon the dissolved oxygen concentration of a river.Water Research. 16, 1099–1105MathWorks MATLAB technical documentation, http://www.mathworks.com/ (accessed 7 June 2010)Pahl-Wostl, C., Conca, K., Kramer, A., Maestu, J. & Schmidt, F. Missing links in global water governance: a processes-oriented analysis. Ecological Society 18, 33.Quinlan, J. R. Learning with continuous classes. Proceedings5th Australian Joint Conference on Arti ficial Intelligence .World Scientific, Singapore, pp. 343–348Rekolainen, S., Kämäri, J. & Hiltunen, M. A conceptualframework for identifying the need and role of models in theimplementation of the Water Framework Directive. InternationalJournalofRiver BasinManagement 1, 347–352Vanhooren, H., Meirlaen, J., Amerlinck, Y., Claeys, F.,Vangheluwe, H. & Vanrolleghem, P. WEST:modelling biological wastewater treatment.Journal of Hydroinformatics 5, 27–50Varkom d.d., MOSTforWATER, Ghent University. ECO-TEHPROJECT, Final Technical Report WATROPEC Project,Vara ž din, Croatia.von der Ohe, P. C., De Deckere, E., Prub, A., Muñoz, I., Wolfram,G., Villagrasa, M., Ginebreda, A., Hein, M. & Brack, W. Toward an integrated assessment of the ecological andchemical status of European river basins. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management 5, 50–61Derechos Reservados - Universidad Autónoma de Occidentehttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessAtribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Development and assessment of an integrated ecological modelling framework to assess the effect of investments in wastewater treatment on water qualityArtículo de revistahttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1Textinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARTREFinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85Calidad del aguaWater qualityDecision supportEcological water qualityIntegrated modellingRiver assessmentWastewater treatmentPublicationfca751bd-8d1e-4f05-88e4-aa1856a4e9a9virtual::2331-1fca751bd-8d1e-4f05-88e4-aa1856a4e9a9virtual::2331-1https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=rq0x3Y0AAAAJ&hl=envirtual::2331-10000-0002-1875-8245virtual::2331-1https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0000521701virtual::2331-1CC-LICENSElicense_rdflicense_rdfapplication/rdf+xml; charset=utf-8805https://red.uao.edu.co/bitstreams/baf117b1-f7cb-49d7-b6f2-48b1ed568e06/download4460e5956bc1d1639be9ae6146a50347MD52LICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-81665https://red.uao.edu.co/bitstreams/a18c6e7d-a1b3-4c0e-83fb-5faa92420aaa/download20b5ba22b1117f71589c7318baa2c560MD53ORIGINALDevelopment and assessment of an integrated ecological modelling framework to assess the effect of investments in wastewater treatment on water quality.pdfDevelopment and assessment of an integrated ecological modelling framework to assess the effect of investments in wastewater treatment on water quality.pdfTexto archivo completo del artículo de revista, PDFapplication/pdf369433https://red.uao.edu.co/bitstreams/b450fdc5-82b6-4150-9d90-2784a09a4f90/download256dd35e541b12636a265332c2b87026MD54TEXTDevelopment and assessment of an integrated ecological modelling framework to assess the effect of investments in wastewater treatment on water quality.pdf.txtDevelopment and assessment of an integrated ecological modelling framework to assess the effect of investments in wastewater treatment on water quality.pdf.txtExtracted texttext/plain43216https://red.uao.edu.co/bitstreams/8b636acc-4788-42e2-815b-7b789dd0c795/downloadcd1538d29c0cb39e9557bff25919b43dMD55THUMBNAILDevelopment and assessment of an integrated ecological modelling framework to assess the effect of investments in wastewater treatment on water quality.pdf.jpgDevelopment and assessment of an integrated ecological modelling framework to assess the effect of investments in wastewater treatment on water quality.pdf.jpgGenerated Thumbnailimage/jpeg14165https://red.uao.edu.co/bitstreams/94a00df2-7561-46bc-99b1-f2f4a917bd39/download4d5b5e91fe781176a7b819ec6046f96bMD5610614/12174oai:red.uao.edu.co:10614/121742024-03-06 11:49:16.064https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/Derechos Reservados - Universidad Autónoma de Occidenteopen.accesshttps://red.uao.edu.coRepositorio Digital Universidad Autonoma de Occidenterepositorio@uao.edu.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

Publicaciones similares