Green walls to treat kitchen greywater in urban areas: Performance from a pilot-scale experiment
An increase in water use in urban areas is forcing scientists and policy makers to find alternative solutions for freshwater management, aimed at attaining integrated water resources management. Here, we tested in a 2 year experiment (June 2017–April 2019) the treatment performance of an innovative...
- Autores:
-
Dal Ferro, Nicola
De Mattia, Chiara
Maucieri, Carmelo
Stevanato, Piergiorgio
Squartini, Andrea
Borin, Maurizio
Gandini Ayerbe, Mario Andrés
- Tipo de recurso:
- Article of journal
- Fecha de publicación:
- 2021
- Institución:
- Universidad Autónoma de Occidente
- Repositorio:
- RED: Repositorio Educativo Digital UAO
- Idioma:
- eng
- OAI Identifier:
- oai:red.uao.edu.co:10614/13924
- Acceso en línea:
- https://hdl.handle.net/10614/13924
https://red.uao.edu.co/
- Palabra clave:
- Calidad del agua
Water quality
Constructed wetlands
Green infrastructures
Microbial analysis
NGS sequencing
Nutrients
Urban areas
- Rights
- openAccess
- License
- Derechos reservados - Elsevier, 2021
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| dc.title.eng.fl_str_mv |
Green walls to treat kitchen greywater in urban areas: Performance from a pilot-scale experiment |
| title |
Green walls to treat kitchen greywater in urban areas: Performance from a pilot-scale experiment |
| spellingShingle |
Green walls to treat kitchen greywater in urban areas: Performance from a pilot-scale experiment Calidad del agua Water quality Constructed wetlands Green infrastructures Microbial analysis NGS sequencing Nutrients Urban areas |
| title_short |
Green walls to treat kitchen greywater in urban areas: Performance from a pilot-scale experiment |
| title_full |
Green walls to treat kitchen greywater in urban areas: Performance from a pilot-scale experiment |
| title_fullStr |
Green walls to treat kitchen greywater in urban areas: Performance from a pilot-scale experiment |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Green walls to treat kitchen greywater in urban areas: Performance from a pilot-scale experiment |
| title_sort |
Green walls to treat kitchen greywater in urban areas: Performance from a pilot-scale experiment |
| dc.creator.fl_str_mv |
Dal Ferro, Nicola De Mattia, Chiara Maucieri, Carmelo Stevanato, Piergiorgio Squartini, Andrea Borin, Maurizio Gandini Ayerbe, Mario Andrés |
| dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv |
Dal Ferro, Nicola De Mattia, Chiara Maucieri, Carmelo Stevanato, Piergiorgio Squartini, Andrea Borin, Maurizio Gandini Ayerbe, Mario Andrés |
| dc.subject.armarc.spa.fl_str_mv |
Calidad del agua |
| topic |
Calidad del agua Water quality Constructed wetlands Green infrastructures Microbial analysis NGS sequencing Nutrients Urban areas |
| dc.subject.armarc.eng.fl_str_mv |
Water quality |
| dc.subject.proposal.eng.fl_str_mv |
Constructed wetlands Green infrastructures Microbial analysis NGS sequencing Nutrients Urban areas |
| description |
An increase in water use in urban areas is forcing scientists and policy makers to find alternative solutions for freshwater management, aimed at attaining integrated water resources management. Here, we tested in a 2 year experiment (June 2017–April 2019) the treatment performance of an innovative wall cascade constructed wetland (WCCW) system. The aimwas to combine themultifunctional benefits of greenwalls (e.g. aesthetic, surface area requirements) with those of constructed wetland systems (e.g. high pollutants removal efficiencies, water recycling) to treat kitchen greywaters. The WCCW was a terraced system of six phytoremediation lines, each ofwhichwas composed of three plastic tanks (3 × 0.04m3), filled with lightweight porousmedia, and vegetated with different ornamental species, namely Mentha aquatica L., Oenanthe javanica (Blume) DC., and Lysimachia nummularia L. Physicochemical (temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen, turbidity) and chemical parameters (chemical oxygen demand, biochemical oxygen demand, anionic surfactants, Kjeldahl, ammoniumand nitric nitrogen, total orthophosphate)weremonitored at a frequency of at least 15 days, depending on the season andWCCWmanagement. Results showed that theWCCWsignificantly reduced the mainwater pollutants (e.g. organic compounds, nutrients), suggesting its potential application in urban environments for water recycling in the context of green infrastructures and ecological sanitation. A culture-independent taxonomic assessment of suspended bacterial communities before and after the treatment showed clear treatment-related shifts, being the functional ecology attributes changed according to changes in greywater chemical parameters. Future research should attempt to optimize theWCCWsystemmanagement by regulating the nutrients balance to avoidmacronutrients deficiency, and setting themost suitablewater flowdynamics (hydraulic retention time, saturation-desaturation cycles) to improve the greywater treatment |
| publishDate |
2021 |
| dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv |
2021-02-25 |
| dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv |
2022-05-27T19:57:25Z |
| dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv |
2022-05-27T19:57:25Z |
| dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv |
Artículo de revista |
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http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1 |
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http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85 |
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http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501 |
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Text |
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489697 |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10614/13924 |
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Universidad Autónoma de Occidente |
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Repositorio Educativo Digital |
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https://red.uao.edu.co/ |
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489697 Universidad Autónoma de Occidente Repositorio Educativo Digital |
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| dc.language.iso.spa.fl_str_mv |
eng |
| language |
eng |
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11 |
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1 |
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757 |
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Dal Ferro, N., De Mattia, C., Gandini, M. A., Maucieri, C., Stevanato, P., Squartini, A., Borin, M. (2021). Green walls to treat kitchen greywater in urban areas: Performance from a pilot-scale experiment. Science of The Total Environment. 757, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144189 |
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Science of the Total Environment |
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Aragno, M., Schlegel, H.G., 1978. Aquaspirillum autotrophicum, a new species of hydrogenoxidizing, facultatively autotrophic bacteria. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 28, 112–116. https://doi.org/10.1099/00207713-28-1-112. Borin, M., Milani, M., Salvato, M., Toscano, A., 2011. Evaluation of Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. evapotranspiration in northern and southern Italy. Ecol. Eng. 37, 721–728. Bortolini, L., Zanin, G., 2018. Hydrological behaviour of rain gardens and plant suitability: a study in the Veneto plain (north-eastern Italy) conditions. Urban For. Urban Green. 34, 121–133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2018.06.007. Bortolini, L.,Maucieri, C., Borin,M., 2018. A tool for the evaluation of irrigation water quality in the arid and semi-arid regions. Agronomy 8 (23). https://doi.org/10.3390/ agronomy8020023. Compeau, G.C., Bartha, R., 1985. Sulfate-reducing bacteria: principal methylators of mercury in anoxic estuarine sediment. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 50, 498–502. https:// doi.org/10.1128/aem.50.2.498-502.1985. da Cunha, J.A.C., Arias, C.A., Carvalho, P., Rysulova, M., Canals, J.M., Pérez, G., Bosch, M.G., Morató, J.F., 2018. “WETWALL” — an innovative design concept for the treatment of wastewater at an urban scale. Desalin. Water Treat. 109, 205–220. https://doi.org/ 10.5004/dwt.2018.22143. Dimitrova, S., Taneva, N., Bojilova, K., Zaharieva, V., Lazarova, S., Koleva, M., Arsov, R., Venelinov, T., 2013. Comparison of spectrophotometric methods using cuvette tests and national standard methods for analysis of wastewater samples. Int. J. Water Resour. Environ. Eng. 5, 482–488. https://doi.org/10.5897/IJWREE2012.0405. Dotro, G., Langergraber, G., Molle, P., Nivala, J., Puigagut, J., Stein, O., von Sperling, M., 2017. Treatment Wetlands. Volume Seven. IWA Publishing, London. Eriksson, E., 2002. Potential and Problems Related to Reuse ofWater in Households. Technical University of Denmark. Foladori, P., Ruaben, J., Ortigara, A.R.C., 2013. Recirculation or artificial aeration in vertical flow constructed wetlands: a comparative study for treating high load wastewater. Bioresour. Technol. 149, 398–405. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2013.09.099. Fowdar, H.S., Hatt, B.E., Breen, P., Cook, P.L.M., Deletic, A., 2017. Designing living walls for greywater treatment. Water Res. 110, 218–232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. watres.2016.12.018. Gagnon, V., Chazarenc, F., Kõiv, M., Brisson, J., 2012. Effect of plant species on water quality at the outlet of a sludge treatment wetland. Water Res. 46, 5305–5315. Ghaitidak, D.M., Yadav, K.D., 2013. Characteristics and treatment of greywater-a review. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-013-1533-0. Ghosh, D., Gopal, B., 2010. Effect of hydraulic retention time on the treatment of secondary effluent in a subsurface flow constructed wetland. Ecol. Eng. 36, 1044–1051. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2010.04.017. Gilbert, R., 1987. Statistical Methods for Environmental Pollution Monitoring. van Nostrand Reinhold, New York. Haynes, R.J., 1990. Active ion uptake and maintenance of cation-anion balance: a critical examination of their role in regulating rhizosphere pH. Plant Soil 126, 247–264. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00012828. Hunter, W.J., 2014. A rhizobium selenitireducens protein showing selenite reductase activity. Curr. Microbiol. 68, 311–316. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00284-013-0474-7. Kadewa, W.W., 2010. Small-Scale Constructed Wetland for Onsite Light Grey Water Treatment and Recycling. Cranfield University. Kadlec, R.H., Wallace, S.D., 2008. Treatment Wetlands. Second edition. CRC press, Boca raton, Florida, USA. Kaiser, H.F., 1960. The application of electronic computers to factor analysis. Educ. Psychol. Meas. 20, 141–151. https://doi.org/10.1177/001316446002000116. Kaiser, H.F., 1974. An index of factorial simplicity. Psychometrika 39, 31–36. https://doi. org/10.1007/BF02291575. Keath, N.A., Brown, R.R., 2009. Extreme events: being prepared for the pitfalls with progressing sustainable urban water management. Water Sci. Technol. 59, 1271–1280. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2009.136. Kim, S.H., Cho, J.S., Park, J.H., Heo, J.S., Ok, Y.S., Delaune, R.D., Seo, D.C., 2016. Long-term performance of vertical-flow and horizontal-flow constructed wetlands as affected by season, N load, and operating stage for treating nitrogen from domestic sewage. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 23, 1108–1119. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-5214-z. Kivaisi, A.K., 2001. The potential for constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment and reuse in developing countries: a review. Ecol. Eng. 16, 545–560. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/S0925-8574(00)00113-0. Latimer, G.W., 2012. Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International. AOAC international, Gaithersburg, MD, USA. Leifson, E., 1962. The bacterial flora of distilled and stored water. III. New species of the genera Corynebacterium, Flavobacterium, Spirillum and Pseudomonas. Int. Bull. Bacteriol. Nomencl. Taxon. 12, 161–170. https://doi.org/10.1099/0096266x-12-4- 161. Li, F., Wichmann, K., Otterpohl, R., 2009. Review of the technological approaches for grey water treatment and reuses. Sci. Total Environ 15, 3439–3449. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.02.004. Manso, M., Castro-Gomes, J., 2015. Green wall systems: a review of their characteristics. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev 41, 863–871. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.07.203. Masi, F., Bresciani, R., Rizzo, A., Edathoot, A., Patwardhan, N., Panse, D., Langergraber, G., 2016. Green walls for greywater treatment and recycling in dense urban areas: a case-study in Pune. J. Water Sanit. Hyg. Dev. 6, 342–347. https://doi.org/10.2166/ washdev.2016.019. Morari, F., Dal Ferro, N., Cocco, E., 2015.Municipal wastewater treatment with Phragmites australis L. and Typha latifolia L. for irrigation reuse. Boron and heavy metals. Water Air Soil Pollut. 226, 56. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-015-2336-3. Morel, A., Diener, S., 2006. GreywaterManagement in Low and Middle-income Countries, Review of Different Treatment Systems for Households or Neighbourhoods. Sandec Report No. 14/06. Swiss Federal Institute for Environmental Science and Technology (EAWAG), Dübendorf, Switzerland. Nicoletto, C., Zanin, G., Sambo, P., Dalla Costa, L., 2019. Quality assessment of typical common bean genotypes cultivated in temperate climate conditions and different growth locations. Sci. Hortic. (Amsterdam) 256, 108599. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.scienta.2019.108599. Nishiyama, T., Ueki, A., Kaku, N., Watanabe, K., Ueki, K., 2009. Bacteroides graminisolvens sp. nov., a xylanolytic anaerobe isolated from a methanogenic reactor treating cattle waste. Int. J. Syst. Evol.Microbiol. 59, 1901–1907. https://doi. org/10.1099/ijs.0.008268-0. Noutsopoulos, C., Andreadakis, A., Kouris, N., Charchousi, D., Mendrinou, P., Galani, A., Mantziaras, I., Koumaki, E., 2018. Greywater characterization and loadings – physicochemical treatment to promote onsite reuse. J. Environ. Manag. 216, 337–346. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.05.094. Panagopoulos, T., González Duque, J.A., Bostenaru Dan, M., 2016. Urban planning with respect to environmental quality and human well-being. Environ. Pollut. 208, 137–144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2015.07.038. Perini, K., Ottelé, M., Haas, E.M., Raiteri, R., 2011. Greening the building envelope, facade greening and living wall systems. Open J. Ecol. 01, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.4236/ oje.2011.11001. Picard, C.R., Fraser, L.H., Steer, D., 2005. The interacting effects of temperature and plant community type on nutrient removal in wetland microcosms. Bioresour. Technol. 96 (9), 1039–1047. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2004.09.007. 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Microbiol. 57, 1823–1827. https://doi.org/10.1099/ ijs.0.65053-0. Zanin, G., Bortolini, L., Borin, M., 2018. Assessing stormwater nutrient and heavy metal plant uptake in an experimental bioretention pond. Land 7, 150. https://doi.org/ 10.3390/land7040150. Zanin, G., Maucieri, C., Dal Ferro, N., Bortolini, L., Borin, M., 2020. Evaluating a controlledrelease fertilizer for plant establishment in floating elements for bioretention ponds. Agronomy 10, 199. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10020199. Zhang, K., Chui, T.F.M., 2019. Linking hydrological and bioecological benefits of green infrastructures across spatial scales – a literature review. Sci. Total Environ. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.355 |
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Dal Ferro, Nicola59ca04ef9e7297377e7a8400833efadcDe Mattia, Chiarac233601fefbd6e3b236bd78aceebb412Maucieri, Carmelo20ff7d7c1cf4d2d57b5a8dc003fe917dStevanato, Piergiorgio176cea71f821d7a924fe47ac2d00feb1Squartini, Andread0ef085f160e147e8dcdef995d3f2170Borin, Maurizioe29e6c4319a07ddcb66881b9b828d142Gandini Ayerbe, Mario Andrésvirtual::1858-12022-05-27T19:57:25Z2022-05-27T19:57:25Z2021-02-25489697https://hdl.handle.net/10614/13924Universidad Autónoma de OccidenteRepositorio Educativo Digitalhttps://red.uao.edu.co/An increase in water use in urban areas is forcing scientists and policy makers to find alternative solutions for freshwater management, aimed at attaining integrated water resources management. Here, we tested in a 2 year experiment (June 2017–April 2019) the treatment performance of an innovative wall cascade constructed wetland (WCCW) system. The aimwas to combine themultifunctional benefits of greenwalls (e.g. aesthetic, surface area requirements) with those of constructed wetland systems (e.g. high pollutants removal efficiencies, water recycling) to treat kitchen greywaters. The WCCW was a terraced system of six phytoremediation lines, each ofwhichwas composed of three plastic tanks (3 × 0.04m3), filled with lightweight porousmedia, and vegetated with different ornamental species, namely Mentha aquatica L., Oenanthe javanica (Blume) DC., and Lysimachia nummularia L. Physicochemical (temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen, turbidity) and chemical parameters (chemical oxygen demand, biochemical oxygen demand, anionic surfactants, Kjeldahl, ammoniumand nitric nitrogen, total orthophosphate)weremonitored at a frequency of at least 15 days, depending on the season andWCCWmanagement. Results showed that theWCCWsignificantly reduced the mainwater pollutants (e.g. organic compounds, nutrients), suggesting its potential application in urban environments for water recycling in the context of green infrastructures and ecological sanitation. A culture-independent taxonomic assessment of suspended bacterial communities before and after the treatment showed clear treatment-related shifts, being the functional ecology attributes changed according to changes in greywater chemical parameters. Future research should attempt to optimize theWCCWsystemmanagement by regulating the nutrients balance to avoidmacronutrients deficiency, and setting themost suitablewater flowdynamics (hydraulic retention time, saturation-desaturation cycles) to improve the greywater treatment12 páginasapplication/pdfengElsevierDerechos reservados - Elsevier, 2021https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessAtribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969720377202#!Green walls to treat kitchen greywater in urban areas: Performance from a pilot-scale experimentArtículo de revistahttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1Textinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARTinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85Calidad del aguaWater qualityConstructed wetlandsGreen infrastructuresMicrobial analysisNGS sequencingNutrientsUrban areas111757Dal Ferro, N., De Mattia, C., Gandini, M. 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Total Environ. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.355Comunidad generalPublication1b7ae0bb-d40b-4d15-94ee-5d8949aad3c5virtual::1858-11b7ae0bb-d40b-4d15-94ee-5d8949aad3c5virtual::1858-10000-0002-6430-2601virtual::1858-1https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0000952028virtual::1858-1LICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-81665https://red.uao.edu.co/bitstreams/ee8cecf6-3083-44c0-8f9d-18251926d7f3/download20b5ba22b1117f71589c7318baa2c560MD5210614/13924oai:red.uao.edu.co:10614/139242024-03-05 11:38:27.303https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/Derechos reservados - Elsevier, 2021metadata.onlyhttps://red.uao.edu.coRepositorio Digital Universidad Autonoma de Occidenterepositorio@uao.edu.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 |