Dynamics of a neural circuit that mediates social and nonsocial behaviors
We describe a neural network model of the mouse amygdala and hypothalamus that is able to support competitive interactions between social and grooming behaviors, as well as basic findings about how these behaviors are modulated by light stimulation. The model is built on attractor network dynamics a...
- Autores:
-
Hurtado López, Julián
Ramírez Moreno, David Fernando
- Tipo de recurso:
- Article of journal
- Fecha de publicación:
- 2019
- Institución:
- Universidad Autónoma de Occidente
- Repositorio:
- RED: Repositorio Educativo Digital UAO
- Idioma:
- eng
- OAI Identifier:
- oai:red.uao.edu.co:10614/11576
- Acceso en línea:
- http://hdl.handle.net/10614/11576
https://www.worldscientific.com/doi/abs/10.1142/S0218127419501384
https://doi.org/10.1142/S0218127419501384
- Palabra clave:
- Bifurcation analysis
Boundary equilibrium bifurcation
Decision-making mechanisms
Mounting and attack circuits
Grooming circuits
Network analysis
Cladistic analysis
Análisis de redes
Análisis cladistico
Branching processes
Procesos de ramificación
- Rights
- restrictedAccess
- License
- Derechos Reservados - Universidad Autónoma de Occidente
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dc.title.eng.fl_str_mv |
Dynamics of a neural circuit that mediates social and nonsocial behaviors |
title |
Dynamics of a neural circuit that mediates social and nonsocial behaviors |
spellingShingle |
Dynamics of a neural circuit that mediates social and nonsocial behaviors Bifurcation analysis Boundary equilibrium bifurcation Decision-making mechanisms Mounting and attack circuits Grooming circuits Network analysis Cladistic analysis Análisis de redes Análisis cladistico Branching processes Procesos de ramificación |
title_short |
Dynamics of a neural circuit that mediates social and nonsocial behaviors |
title_full |
Dynamics of a neural circuit that mediates social and nonsocial behaviors |
title_fullStr |
Dynamics of a neural circuit that mediates social and nonsocial behaviors |
title_full_unstemmed |
Dynamics of a neural circuit that mediates social and nonsocial behaviors |
title_sort |
Dynamics of a neural circuit that mediates social and nonsocial behaviors |
dc.creator.fl_str_mv |
Hurtado López, Julián Ramírez Moreno, David Fernando |
dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv |
Hurtado López, Julián |
dc.contributor.author.spa.fl_str_mv |
Ramírez Moreno, David Fernando |
dc.subject.eng.fl_str_mv |
Bifurcation analysis Boundary equilibrium bifurcation Decision-making mechanisms Mounting and attack circuits Grooming circuits |
topic |
Bifurcation analysis Boundary equilibrium bifurcation Decision-making mechanisms Mounting and attack circuits Grooming circuits Network analysis Cladistic analysis Análisis de redes Análisis cladistico Branching processes Procesos de ramificación |
dc.subject.lemb.eng.fl_str_mv |
Network analysis Cladistic analysis |
dc.subject.lemb.spa.fl_str_mv |
Análisis de redes Análisis cladistico |
dc.subject.armarc.eng.fl_str_mv |
Branching processes |
dc.subject.armarc.spa.fl_str_mv |
Procesos de ramificación |
description |
We describe a neural network model of the mouse amygdala and hypothalamus that is able to support competitive interactions between social and grooming behaviors, as well as basic findings about how these behaviors are modulated by light stimulation. The model is built on attractor network dynamics and involves mutual inhibition among different populations of neurons. Simulation results are found to be consistent with some experimental observations such as scalable control of social behaviors and opponent control of social and nonsocial behaviors. Bifurcation analysis is applied in order to understand the dynamical basis of state transitions and to show the dynamics emergent from the model. We conclude that this study also provides some mechanistic insights of behavioral state transitions |
publishDate |
2019 |
dc.date.accessioned.spa.fl_str_mv |
2019-11-26T15:39:50Z |
dc.date.available.spa.fl_str_mv |
2019-11-26T15:39:50Z |
dc.date.issued.spa.fl_str_mv |
2019 |
dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv |
Artículo de revista |
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http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1 |
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dc.identifier.citation.spa.fl_str_mv |
Hurtado-López, J., & Ramirez-Moreno, D. F. (2019). Dynamics of a Neural Circuit that Mediates Social and Nonsocial Behaviors. International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos, 29(10), 1950138 |
dc.identifier.issn.spa.fl_str_mv |
2181274 |
dc.identifier.uri.spa.fl_str_mv |
http://hdl.handle.net/10614/11576 https://www.worldscientific.com/doi/abs/10.1142/S0218127419501384 |
dc.identifier.doi.spa.fl_str_mv |
https://doi.org/10.1142/S0218127419501384 |
identifier_str_mv |
Hurtado-López, J., & Ramirez-Moreno, D. F. (2019). Dynamics of a Neural Circuit that Mediates Social and Nonsocial Behaviors. International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos, 29(10), 1950138 2181274 |
url |
http://hdl.handle.net/10614/11576 https://www.worldscientific.com/doi/abs/10.1142/S0218127419501384 https://doi.org/10.1142/S0218127419501384 |
dc.language.iso.eng.fl_str_mv |
eng |
language |
eng |
dc.relation.none.fl_str_mv |
International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos in Applied Sciences and Engineering, volumen 29, número 10, páginas 1950138-, 2019 |
dc.rights.spa.fl_str_mv |
Derechos Reservados - Universidad Autónoma de Occidente |
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http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_16ec |
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https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ |
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Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) |
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Derechos Reservados - Universidad Autónoma de Occidente https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_16ec |
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páginas 1950138- |
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World Scientific Publishing Co. |
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Altmann, J. [1974] “ Observational study of behavior: Sampling methods,” Behaviour 49, 227–266 Bergan, J. F., Ben-Shaul, Y. & Dulac, C. [2014] “ Sex-specific processing of social cues in the medial amygdala,” eLife 3, e02743 Berton, O., Ramos, A., Chaouloff, F. & Morméde, P. [1997] “ Behavioral reactivity to social and nonsocial stimulations: A multivariate analysis of six inbred rat strains,” Behav. Genet. 27, 155–166 Choi, G. B., Dong, H.-W., Murphy, A. J., Valenzuela, D. M., Yancopoulos, G. D., Swanson, L. W. & Anderson, D. J. [2005] “ Lhx6 delineates a pathway mediating innate reproductive behaviors from the amygdala to the hypothalamus,” Neuron 46, 647–660. Crossref Dhooge, A., Govaerts, W. & Kuznetsov, Y. A. [2003] “ Matcont: A matlab package for numerical bifurcation analysis of ODEs,” ACM Trans. Math. Softw. 29, 141–164. Crossref, ISI Di Bernardo, M., Budd, C., Champneys, A. & Kowalczyk, P. [2008a] Piecewise-Smooth Dynamical Systems: Theory and Applications, Applied Mathematical Sciences (Springer) Di Bernardo, M., Budd, C. J., Champneys, A. R., Kowalczyk, P., Nordmark, A. B., Tost, G. O. & Piiroinen, P. T. [2008b] “ Bifurcations in nonsmooth dynamical systems,” SIAM Rev. 50, 629–701. Crossref, ISI Dowling, J. E. [2001] Neurons and Networks: An Introduction to Behavioral Neuroscience (Belknap Press of Harvard University Press) Hong, W., Kim, D.-W. & Anderson, D. J. [2014] “ Antagonistic control of social versus repetitive self-grooming behaviors by separable amygdala neuronal subsets,” Cell 158, 1348–1361 Hurtado-López, J. & Ramirez-Moreno, D. F. [2013] “ Nonlinear dynamics of an oscillatory neural network acting as a motor central pattern generator,” Int. J. Bifurcation and Chaos 23, 1350142-1–12 Hurtado-López, J., Ramírez-Moreno, D. F. & Sejnowski, T. J. [2017] “ Decision-making neural circuits mediating social behaviors. An attractor network model,” J. Comput. Neurosci., in press, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10827-017-0654-8 Izhikevich, E. M. [2000] “ Neural excitability, spiking and bursting,” Int. J. Bifurcation and Chaos 10, 1171–1266. Link, ISI Kennedy, A., Asahina, K., Hoopfer, E., Inagaki, H., Jung, Y., Lee, H., Remedios, R. & Anderson, D. J. [2015] “ Internal states and behavioral decision-making: Toward an integration of emotion and cognition,” Cold Spring Harb. Symp. Quant. Biol. 79, 199–210 Komorowska, J. & Pellis, S. M. [2004] “ Regulatory mechanisms underlying novelty-induced grooming in the laboratory rat,” Behav. Process. 67, 287–293 Kruk, M. R., Westphal, K. G., Erp, A. M. V., van Asperen, J., Cave, B. J., Slater, E., de Koning, J. & Haller, J. [1998] “ The hypothalamus: Cross-roads of endocrine and behavioural regulation in grooming and aggression,” Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 23, 163–177 Lee, H., Kim, D.-W., Remedios, R., Anthony, T. E., Chang, A., Madisen, L., Zeng, H. & Anderson, D. J. [2014] “ Scalable control of mounting and attack by ESR1 + neurons in the ventromedial hypothalamus,” Nature 509, 627–632 Lin, D., Boyle, M. P., Dollar, P., Lee, H., Lein, E. S., Perona, P. & Anderson, D. J. [2011] “ Functional identification of an aggression locus in the mouse hypothalamus,” Nature 470, 221–226 Nelson, R. J. & Trainor, B. C. [2007] “ Neural mechanisms of aggression,” Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 8, 536–546 Newman, S. W. [1999] “ The medial extended amygdala in male reproductive behavior a node in the mammalian social behavior network,” Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 877, 242–257 Roeling, T., Veening, J., Peters, J., Vermelis, M. & Nieuwenhuys, R. [1993] “ Efferent connections of the hypothalamic ‘grooming area’ in the rat,” Neuroscience 56, 199–225 Sokolowski, K. & Corbin, J. G. [2012] “ Wired for behavior: From development to function of innate limbic system circuitry,” Front. Molecul. Neurosci Swanson, L. W. [2000] “ Cerebral hemisphere regulation of motivated behavior1,” Brain Res. 886, 113–164, towards 2010, A Brain Odyssey, The 3rd Brain Research Interactive Tinbergen, N. [1989] The Study of Instinct (Clarendon Press) Wang, X.-J. [2009] “ Attractor network models,” Encyclopedia of Neuroscience, ed. Squire, L. R. (Academic Press, Oxford), pp. 667–679 Wood, R. I. & Newman, S. W. [1995] “ The medial amygdaloid nucleus and medial preoptic area mediate steroidal control of sexual behavior in the male syrian hamster,” Hormon. Behav. 29, 338–353 Wood, R. I. [1996] “ Estradiol, but not dihydrotestosterone, in the medial amygdala facilitates male hamster sex behavior,” Physiol. Behav. 59, 833–841 |
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Hurtado López, Juliánvirtual::2359-1Ramírez Moreno, David Fernandoa0bd2409b1c9dc3bfa7262e1a12b7262-1Universidad Autónoma de Occidente. Calle 25 115-85. Km 2 vía Cali-Jamundí2019-11-26T15:39:50Z2019-11-26T15:39:50Z2019Hurtado-López, J., & Ramirez-Moreno, D. F. (2019). Dynamics of a Neural Circuit that Mediates Social and Nonsocial Behaviors. International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos, 29(10), 19501382181274http://hdl.handle.net/10614/11576https://www.worldscientific.com/doi/abs/10.1142/S0218127419501384https://doi.org/10.1142/S0218127419501384We describe a neural network model of the mouse amygdala and hypothalamus that is able to support competitive interactions between social and grooming behaviors, as well as basic findings about how these behaviors are modulated by light stimulation. The model is built on attractor network dynamics and involves mutual inhibition among different populations of neurons. Simulation results are found to be consistent with some experimental observations such as scalable control of social behaviors and opponent control of social and nonsocial behaviors. Bifurcation analysis is applied in order to understand the dynamical basis of state transitions and to show the dynamics emergent from the model. We conclude that this study also provides some mechanistic insights of behavioral state transitionsapplication/pdfpáginas 1950138-engWorld Scientific Publishing Co.International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos in Applied Sciences and Engineering, volumen 29, número 10, páginas 1950138-, 2019Derechos Reservados - Universidad Autónoma de Occidentehttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/restrictedAccessAtribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_16ecinstname:Universidad Autónoma de Occidentereponame:Repositorio Institucional UAOAltmann, J. [1974] “ Observational study of behavior: Sampling methods,” Behaviour 49, 227–266Bergan, J. F., Ben-Shaul, Y. & Dulac, C. [2014] “ Sex-specific processing of social cues in the medial amygdala,” eLife 3, e02743Berton, O., Ramos, A., Chaouloff, F. & Morméde, P. [1997] “ Behavioral reactivity to social and nonsocial stimulations: A multivariate analysis of six inbred rat strains,” Behav. Genet. 27, 155–166Choi, G. B., Dong, H.-W., Murphy, A. J., Valenzuela, D. M., Yancopoulos, G. D., Swanson, L. W. & Anderson, D. J. [2005] “ Lhx6 delineates a pathway mediating innate reproductive behaviors from the amygdala to the hypothalamus,” Neuron 46, 647–660. CrossrefDhooge, A., Govaerts, W. & Kuznetsov, Y. A. [2003] “ Matcont: A matlab package for numerical bifurcation analysis of ODEs,” ACM Trans. Math. Softw. 29, 141–164. Crossref, ISIDi Bernardo, M., Budd, C., Champneys, A. & Kowalczyk, P. [2008a] Piecewise-Smooth Dynamical Systems: Theory and Applications, Applied Mathematical Sciences (Springer)Di Bernardo, M., Budd, C. J., Champneys, A. R., Kowalczyk, P., Nordmark, A. B., Tost, G. O. & Piiroinen, P. T. [2008b] “ Bifurcations in nonsmooth dynamical systems,” SIAM Rev. 50, 629–701. Crossref, ISIDowling, J. E. [2001] Neurons and Networks: An Introduction to Behavioral Neuroscience (Belknap Press of Harvard University Press)Hong, W., Kim, D.-W. & Anderson, D. J. [2014] “ Antagonistic control of social versus repetitive self-grooming behaviors by separable amygdala neuronal subsets,” Cell 158, 1348–1361Hurtado-López, J. & Ramirez-Moreno, D. F. [2013] “ Nonlinear dynamics of an oscillatory neural network acting as a motor central pattern generator,” Int. J. Bifurcation and Chaos 23, 1350142-1–12Hurtado-López, J., Ramírez-Moreno, D. F. & Sejnowski, T. J. [2017] “ Decision-making neural circuits mediating social behaviors. An attractor network model,” J. Comput. Neurosci., in press, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10827-017-0654-8Izhikevich, E. M. [2000] “ Neural excitability, spiking and bursting,” Int. J. Bifurcation and Chaos 10, 1171–1266. Link, ISIKennedy, A., Asahina, K., Hoopfer, E., Inagaki, H., Jung, Y., Lee, H., Remedios, R. & Anderson, D. J. [2015] “ Internal states and behavioral decision-making: Toward an integration of emotion and cognition,” Cold Spring Harb. Symp. Quant. Biol. 79, 199–210Komorowska, J. & Pellis, S. M. [2004] “ Regulatory mechanisms underlying novelty-induced grooming in the laboratory rat,” Behav. Process. 67, 287–293Kruk, M. R., Westphal, K. G., Erp, A. M. V., van Asperen, J., Cave, B. J., Slater, E., de Koning, J. & Haller, J. [1998] “ The hypothalamus: Cross-roads of endocrine and behavioural regulation in grooming and aggression,” Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 23, 163–177Lee, H., Kim, D.-W., Remedios, R., Anthony, T. E., Chang, A., Madisen, L., Zeng, H. & Anderson, D. J. [2014] “ Scalable control of mounting and attack by ESR1 + neurons in the ventromedial hypothalamus,” Nature 509, 627–632Lin, D., Boyle, M. P., Dollar, P., Lee, H., Lein, E. S., Perona, P. & Anderson, D. J. [2011] “ Functional identification of an aggression locus in the mouse hypothalamus,” Nature 470, 221–226Nelson, R. J. & Trainor, B. C. [2007] “ Neural mechanisms of aggression,” Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 8, 536–546Newman, S. W. [1999] “ The medial extended amygdala in male reproductive behavior a node in the mammalian social behavior network,” Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 877, 242–257Roeling, T., Veening, J., Peters, J., Vermelis, M. & Nieuwenhuys, R. [1993] “ Efferent connections of the hypothalamic ‘grooming area’ in the rat,” Neuroscience 56, 199–225Sokolowski, K. & Corbin, J. G. [2012] “ Wired for behavior: From development to function of innate limbic system circuitry,” Front. Molecul. NeurosciSwanson, L. W. [2000] “ Cerebral hemisphere regulation of motivated behavior1,” Brain Res. 886, 113–164, towards 2010, A Brain Odyssey, The 3rd Brain Research InteractiveTinbergen, N. [1989] The Study of Instinct (Clarendon Press)Wang, X.-J. [2009] “ Attractor network models,” Encyclopedia of Neuroscience, ed. Squire, L. R. (Academic Press, Oxford), pp. 667–679Wood, R. I. & Newman, S. W. [1995] “ The medial amygdaloid nucleus and medial preoptic area mediate steroidal control of sexual behavior in the male syrian hamster,” Hormon. Behav. 29, 338–353Wood, R. I. [1996] “ Estradiol, but not dihydrotestosterone, in the medial amygdala facilitates male hamster sex behavior,” Physiol. Behav. 59, 833–841Bifurcation analysisBoundary equilibrium bifurcationDecision-making mechanismsMounting and attack circuitsGrooming circuitsNetwork analysisCladistic analysisAnálisis de redesAnálisis cladisticoBranching processesProcesos de ramificaciónDynamics of a neural circuit that mediates social and nonsocial behaviorsArtículo de revistahttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1Textinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARTREFinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85Publication77636374-92e2-4d63-9b49-bdb0a2ea1182virtual::2359-177636374-92e2-4d63-9b49-bdb0a2ea1182virtual::2359-1https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=7Pqx31YAAAAJ&hl=esvirtual::2359-10000-0002-3773-0598virtual::2359-1https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0000828963virtual::2359-1CC-LICENSElicense_rdflicense_rdfapplication/rdf+xml; charset=utf-8805https://red.uao.edu.co/bitstreams/14e650e7-58da-4229-af6a-41c1fe8e2c91/download4460e5956bc1d1639be9ae6146a50347MD52LICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-81665https://red.uao.edu.co/bitstreams/b35c6e77-5df1-43c5-8ad9-b2a16d099436/download20b5ba22b1117f71589c7318baa2c560MD5310614/11576oai:red.uao.edu.co:10614/115762024-03-06 15:02:58.712https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/Derechos Reservados - Universidad Autónoma de Occidentemetadata.onlyhttps://red.uao.edu.coRepositorio Digital Universidad Autonoma de Occidenterepositorio@uao.edu.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 |