Dynamics of a neural circuit that mediates social and nonsocial behaviors

We describe a neural network model of the mouse amygdala and hypothalamus that is able to support competitive interactions between social and grooming behaviors, as well as basic findings about how these behaviors are modulated by light stimulation. The model is built on attractor network dynamics a...

Full description

Autores:
Hurtado López, Julián
Ramírez Moreno, David Fernando
Tipo de recurso:
Article of journal
Fecha de publicación:
2019
Institución:
Universidad Autónoma de Occidente
Repositorio:
RED: Repositorio Educativo Digital UAO
Idioma:
eng
OAI Identifier:
oai:red.uao.edu.co:10614/11576
Acceso en línea:
http://hdl.handle.net/10614/11576
https://www.worldscientific.com/doi/abs/10.1142/S0218127419501384
https://doi.org/10.1142/S0218127419501384
Palabra clave:
Bifurcation analysis
Boundary equilibrium bifurcation
Decision-making mechanisms
Mounting and attack circuits
Grooming circuits
Network analysis
Cladistic analysis
Análisis de redes
Análisis cladistico
Branching processes
Procesos de ramificación
Rights
restrictedAccess
License
Derechos Reservados - Universidad Autónoma de Occidente
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repository_id_str
dc.title.eng.fl_str_mv Dynamics of a neural circuit that mediates social and nonsocial behaviors
title Dynamics of a neural circuit that mediates social and nonsocial behaviors
spellingShingle Dynamics of a neural circuit that mediates social and nonsocial behaviors
Bifurcation analysis
Boundary equilibrium bifurcation
Decision-making mechanisms
Mounting and attack circuits
Grooming circuits
Network analysis
Cladistic analysis
Análisis de redes
Análisis cladistico
Branching processes
Procesos de ramificación
title_short Dynamics of a neural circuit that mediates social and nonsocial behaviors
title_full Dynamics of a neural circuit that mediates social and nonsocial behaviors
title_fullStr Dynamics of a neural circuit that mediates social and nonsocial behaviors
title_full_unstemmed Dynamics of a neural circuit that mediates social and nonsocial behaviors
title_sort Dynamics of a neural circuit that mediates social and nonsocial behaviors
dc.creator.fl_str_mv Hurtado López, Julián
Ramírez Moreno, David Fernando
dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv Hurtado López, Julián
dc.contributor.author.spa.fl_str_mv Ramírez Moreno, David Fernando
dc.subject.eng.fl_str_mv Bifurcation analysis
Boundary equilibrium bifurcation
Decision-making mechanisms
Mounting and attack circuits
Grooming circuits
topic Bifurcation analysis
Boundary equilibrium bifurcation
Decision-making mechanisms
Mounting and attack circuits
Grooming circuits
Network analysis
Cladistic analysis
Análisis de redes
Análisis cladistico
Branching processes
Procesos de ramificación
dc.subject.lemb.eng.fl_str_mv Network analysis
Cladistic analysis
dc.subject.lemb.spa.fl_str_mv Análisis de redes
Análisis cladistico
dc.subject.armarc.eng.fl_str_mv Branching processes
dc.subject.armarc.spa.fl_str_mv Procesos de ramificación
description We describe a neural network model of the mouse amygdala and hypothalamus that is able to support competitive interactions between social and grooming behaviors, as well as basic findings about how these behaviors are modulated by light stimulation. The model is built on attractor network dynamics and involves mutual inhibition among different populations of neurons. Simulation results are found to be consistent with some experimental observations such as scalable control of social behaviors and opponent control of social and nonsocial behaviors. Bifurcation analysis is applied in order to understand the dynamical basis of state transitions and to show the dynamics emergent from the model. We conclude that this study also provides some mechanistic insights of behavioral state transitions
publishDate 2019
dc.date.accessioned.spa.fl_str_mv 2019-11-26T15:39:50Z
dc.date.available.spa.fl_str_mv 2019-11-26T15:39:50Z
dc.date.issued.spa.fl_str_mv 2019
dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv Artículo de revista
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dc.type.content.spa.fl_str_mv Text
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dc.identifier.citation.spa.fl_str_mv Hurtado-López, J., & Ramirez-Moreno, D. F. (2019). Dynamics of a Neural Circuit that Mediates Social and Nonsocial Behaviors. International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos, 29(10), 1950138
dc.identifier.issn.spa.fl_str_mv 2181274
dc.identifier.uri.spa.fl_str_mv http://hdl.handle.net/10614/11576
https://www.worldscientific.com/doi/abs/10.1142/S0218127419501384
dc.identifier.doi.spa.fl_str_mv https://doi.org/10.1142/S0218127419501384
identifier_str_mv Hurtado-López, J., & Ramirez-Moreno, D. F. (2019). Dynamics of a Neural Circuit that Mediates Social and Nonsocial Behaviors. International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos, 29(10), 1950138
2181274
url http://hdl.handle.net/10614/11576
https://www.worldscientific.com/doi/abs/10.1142/S0218127419501384
https://doi.org/10.1142/S0218127419501384
dc.language.iso.eng.fl_str_mv eng
language eng
dc.relation.none.fl_str_mv International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos in Applied Sciences and Engineering, volumen 29, número 10, páginas 1950138-, 2019
dc.rights.spa.fl_str_mv Derechos Reservados - Universidad Autónoma de Occidente
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dc.rights.creativecommons.spa.fl_str_mv Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)
rights_invalid_str_mv Derechos Reservados - Universidad Autónoma de Occidente
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_16ec
eu_rights_str_mv restrictedAccess
dc.format.spa.fl_str_mv application/pdf
dc.format.extent.spa.fl_str_mv páginas 1950138-
dc.coverage.spatial.spa.fl_str_mv Universidad Autónoma de Occidente. Calle 25 115-85. Km 2 vía Cali-Jamundí
dc.publisher.eng.fl_str_mv World Scientific Publishing Co.
dc.source.spa.fl_str_mv instname:Universidad Autónoma de Occidente
reponame:Repositorio Institucional UAO
instname_str Universidad Autónoma de Occidente
institution Universidad Autónoma de Occidente
reponame_str Repositorio Institucional UAO
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dc.source.bibliographiccitation.spa.fl_str_mv Altmann, J. [1974] “ Observational study of behavior: Sampling methods,” Behaviour 49, 227–266
Bergan, J. F., Ben-Shaul, Y. & Dulac, C. [2014] “ Sex-specific processing of social cues in the medial amygdala,” eLife 3, e02743
Berton, O., Ramos, A., Chaouloff, F. & Morméde, P. [1997] “ Behavioral reactivity to social and nonsocial stimulations: A multivariate analysis of six inbred rat strains,” Behav. Genet. 27, 155–166
Choi, G. B., Dong, H.-W., Murphy, A. J., Valenzuela, D. M., Yancopoulos, G. D., Swanson, L. W. & Anderson, D. J. [2005] “ Lhx6 delineates a pathway mediating innate reproductive behaviors from the amygdala to the hypothalamus,” Neuron 46, 647–660. Crossref
Dhooge, A., Govaerts, W. & Kuznetsov, Y. A. [2003] “ Matcont: A matlab package for numerical bifurcation analysis of ODEs,” ACM Trans. Math. Softw. 29, 141–164. Crossref, ISI
Di Bernardo, M., Budd, C., Champneys, A. & Kowalczyk, P. [2008a] Piecewise-Smooth Dynamical Systems: Theory and Applications, Applied Mathematical Sciences (Springer)
Di Bernardo, M., Budd, C. J., Champneys, A. R., Kowalczyk, P., Nordmark, A. B., Tost, G. O. & Piiroinen, P. T. [2008b] “ Bifurcations in nonsmooth dynamical systems,” SIAM Rev. 50, 629–701. Crossref, ISI
Dowling, J. E. [2001] Neurons and Networks: An Introduction to Behavioral Neuroscience (Belknap Press of Harvard University Press)
Hong, W., Kim, D.-W. & Anderson, D. J. [2014] “ Antagonistic control of social versus repetitive self-grooming behaviors by separable amygdala neuronal subsets,” Cell 158, 1348–1361
Hurtado-López, J. & Ramirez-Moreno, D. F. [2013] “ Nonlinear dynamics of an oscillatory neural network acting as a motor central pattern generator,” Int. J. Bifurcation and Chaos 23, 1350142-1–12
Hurtado-López, J., Ramírez-Moreno, D. F. & Sejnowski, T. J. [2017] “ Decision-making neural circuits mediating social behaviors. An attractor network model,” J. Comput. Neurosci., in press, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10827-017-0654-8
Izhikevich, E. M. [2000] “ Neural excitability, spiking and bursting,” Int. J. Bifurcation and Chaos 10, 1171–1266. Link, ISI
Kennedy, A., Asahina, K., Hoopfer, E., Inagaki, H., Jung, Y., Lee, H., Remedios, R. & Anderson, D. J. [2015] “ Internal states and behavioral decision-making: Toward an integration of emotion and cognition,” Cold Spring Harb. Symp. Quant. Biol. 79, 199–210
Komorowska, J. & Pellis, S. M. [2004] “ Regulatory mechanisms underlying novelty-induced grooming in the laboratory rat,” Behav. Process. 67, 287–293
Kruk, M. R., Westphal, K. G., Erp, A. M. V., van Asperen, J., Cave, B. J., Slater, E., de Koning, J. & Haller, J. [1998] “ The hypothalamus: Cross-roads of endocrine and behavioural regulation in grooming and aggression,” Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 23, 163–177
Lee, H., Kim, D.-W., Remedios, R., Anthony, T. E., Chang, A., Madisen, L., Zeng, H. & Anderson, D. J. [2014] “ Scalable control of mounting and attack by ESR1 + neurons in the ventromedial hypothalamus,” Nature 509, 627–632
Lin, D., Boyle, M. P., Dollar, P., Lee, H., Lein, E. S., Perona, P. & Anderson, D. J. [2011] “ Functional identification of an aggression locus in the mouse hypothalamus,” Nature 470, 221–226
Nelson, R. J. & Trainor, B. C. [2007] “ Neural mechanisms of aggression,” Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 8, 536–546
Newman, S. W. [1999] “ The medial extended amygdala in male reproductive behavior a node in the mammalian social behavior network,” Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 877, 242–257
Roeling, T., Veening, J., Peters, J., Vermelis, M. & Nieuwenhuys, R. [1993] “ Efferent connections of the hypothalamic ‘grooming area’ in the rat,” Neuroscience 56, 199–225
Sokolowski, K. & Corbin, J. G. [2012] “ Wired for behavior: From development to function of innate limbic system circuitry,” Front. Molecul. Neurosci
Swanson, L. W. [2000] “ Cerebral hemisphere regulation of motivated behavior1,” Brain Res. 886, 113–164, towards 2010, A Brain Odyssey, The 3rd Brain Research Interactive
Tinbergen, N. [1989] The Study of Instinct (Clarendon Press)
Wang, X.-J. [2009] “ Attractor network models,” Encyclopedia of Neuroscience, ed. Squire, L. R. (Academic Press, Oxford), pp. 667–679
Wood, R. I. & Newman, S. W. [1995] “ The medial amygdaloid nucleus and medial preoptic area mediate steroidal control of sexual behavior in the male syrian hamster,” Hormon. Behav. 29, 338–353
Wood, R. I. [1996] “ Estradiol, but not dihydrotestosterone, in the medial amygdala facilitates male hamster sex behavior,” Physiol. Behav. 59, 833–841
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spelling Hurtado López, Juliánvirtual::2359-1Ramírez Moreno, David Fernandoa0bd2409b1c9dc3bfa7262e1a12b7262-1Universidad Autónoma de Occidente. Calle 25 115-85. Km 2 vía Cali-Jamundí2019-11-26T15:39:50Z2019-11-26T15:39:50Z2019Hurtado-López, J., & Ramirez-Moreno, D. F. (2019). Dynamics of a Neural Circuit that Mediates Social and Nonsocial Behaviors. International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos, 29(10), 19501382181274http://hdl.handle.net/10614/11576https://www.worldscientific.com/doi/abs/10.1142/S0218127419501384https://doi.org/10.1142/S0218127419501384We describe a neural network model of the mouse amygdala and hypothalamus that is able to support competitive interactions between social and grooming behaviors, as well as basic findings about how these behaviors are modulated by light stimulation. The model is built on attractor network dynamics and involves mutual inhibition among different populations of neurons. Simulation results are found to be consistent with some experimental observations such as scalable control of social behaviors and opponent control of social and nonsocial behaviors. Bifurcation analysis is applied in order to understand the dynamical basis of state transitions and to show the dynamics emergent from the model. We conclude that this study also provides some mechanistic insights of behavioral state transitionsapplication/pdfpáginas 1950138-engWorld Scientific Publishing Co.International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos in Applied Sciences and Engineering, volumen 29, número 10, páginas 1950138-, 2019Derechos Reservados - Universidad Autónoma de Occidentehttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/restrictedAccessAtribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_16ecinstname:Universidad Autónoma de Occidentereponame:Repositorio Institucional UAOAltmann, J. [1974] “ Observational study of behavior: Sampling methods,” Behaviour 49, 227–266Bergan, J. F., Ben-Shaul, Y. & Dulac, C. [2014] “ Sex-specific processing of social cues in the medial amygdala,” eLife 3, e02743Berton, O., Ramos, A., Chaouloff, F. & Morméde, P. [1997] “ Behavioral reactivity to social and nonsocial stimulations: A multivariate analysis of six inbred rat strains,” Behav. Genet. 27, 155–166Choi, G. B., Dong, H.-W., Murphy, A. J., Valenzuela, D. M., Yancopoulos, G. D., Swanson, L. W. & Anderson, D. J. [2005] “ Lhx6 delineates a pathway mediating innate reproductive behaviors from the amygdala to the hypothalamus,” Neuron 46, 647–660. CrossrefDhooge, A., Govaerts, W. & Kuznetsov, Y. A. [2003] “ Matcont: A matlab package for numerical bifurcation analysis of ODEs,” ACM Trans. Math. Softw. 29, 141–164. Crossref, ISIDi Bernardo, M., Budd, C., Champneys, A. & Kowalczyk, P. [2008a] Piecewise-Smooth Dynamical Systems: Theory and Applications, Applied Mathematical Sciences (Springer)Di Bernardo, M., Budd, C. J., Champneys, A. R., Kowalczyk, P., Nordmark, A. B., Tost, G. O. & Piiroinen, P. T. [2008b] “ Bifurcations in nonsmooth dynamical systems,” SIAM Rev. 50, 629–701. Crossref, ISIDowling, J. E. [2001] Neurons and Networks: An Introduction to Behavioral Neuroscience (Belknap Press of Harvard University Press)Hong, W., Kim, D.-W. & Anderson, D. J. [2014] “ Antagonistic control of social versus repetitive self-grooming behaviors by separable amygdala neuronal subsets,” Cell 158, 1348–1361Hurtado-López, J. & Ramirez-Moreno, D. F. [2013] “ Nonlinear dynamics of an oscillatory neural network acting as a motor central pattern generator,” Int. J. Bifurcation and Chaos 23, 1350142-1–12Hurtado-López, J., Ramírez-Moreno, D. F. & Sejnowski, T. J. [2017] “ Decision-making neural circuits mediating social behaviors. An attractor network model,” J. Comput. Neurosci., in press, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10827-017-0654-8Izhikevich, E. M. [2000] “ Neural excitability, spiking and bursting,” Int. J. Bifurcation and Chaos 10, 1171–1266. Link, ISIKennedy, A., Asahina, K., Hoopfer, E., Inagaki, H., Jung, Y., Lee, H., Remedios, R. & Anderson, D. J. [2015] “ Internal states and behavioral decision-making: Toward an integration of emotion and cognition,” Cold Spring Harb. Symp. Quant. Biol. 79, 199–210Komorowska, J. & Pellis, S. M. [2004] “ Regulatory mechanisms underlying novelty-induced grooming in the laboratory rat,” Behav. Process. 67, 287–293Kruk, M. R., Westphal, K. G., Erp, A. M. V., van Asperen, J., Cave, B. J., Slater, E., de Koning, J. & Haller, J. [1998] “ The hypothalamus: Cross-roads of endocrine and behavioural regulation in grooming and aggression,” Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 23, 163–177Lee, H., Kim, D.-W., Remedios, R., Anthony, T. E., Chang, A., Madisen, L., Zeng, H. & Anderson, D. J. [2014] “ Scalable control of mounting and attack by ESR1 + neurons in the ventromedial hypothalamus,” Nature 509, 627–632Lin, D., Boyle, M. P., Dollar, P., Lee, H., Lein, E. S., Perona, P. & Anderson, D. J. [2011] “ Functional identification of an aggression locus in the mouse hypothalamus,” Nature 470, 221–226Nelson, R. J. & Trainor, B. C. [2007] “ Neural mechanisms of aggression,” Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 8, 536–546Newman, S. W. [1999] “ The medial extended amygdala in male reproductive behavior a node in the mammalian social behavior network,” Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 877, 242–257Roeling, T., Veening, J., Peters, J., Vermelis, M. & Nieuwenhuys, R. [1993] “ Efferent connections of the hypothalamic ‘grooming area’ in the rat,” Neuroscience 56, 199–225Sokolowski, K. & Corbin, J. G. [2012] “ Wired for behavior: From development to function of innate limbic system circuitry,” Front. Molecul. NeurosciSwanson, L. W. [2000] “ Cerebral hemisphere regulation of motivated behavior1,” Brain Res. 886, 113–164, towards 2010, A Brain Odyssey, The 3rd Brain Research InteractiveTinbergen, N. [1989] The Study of Instinct (Clarendon Press)Wang, X.-J. [2009] “ Attractor network models,” Encyclopedia of Neuroscience, ed. Squire, L. R. (Academic Press, Oxford), pp. 667–679Wood, R. I. & Newman, S. W. [1995] “ The medial amygdaloid nucleus and medial preoptic area mediate steroidal control of sexual behavior in the male syrian hamster,” Hormon. Behav. 29, 338–353Wood, R. I. [1996] “ Estradiol, but not dihydrotestosterone, in the medial amygdala facilitates male hamster sex behavior,” Physiol. Behav. 59, 833–841Bifurcation analysisBoundary equilibrium bifurcationDecision-making mechanismsMounting and attack circuitsGrooming circuitsNetwork analysisCladistic analysisAnálisis de redesAnálisis cladisticoBranching processesProcesos de ramificaciónDynamics of a neural circuit that mediates social and nonsocial behaviorsArtículo de revistahttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1Textinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARTREFinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85Publication77636374-92e2-4d63-9b49-bdb0a2ea1182virtual::2359-177636374-92e2-4d63-9b49-bdb0a2ea1182virtual::2359-1https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=7Pqx31YAAAAJ&hl=esvirtual::2359-10000-0002-3773-0598virtual::2359-1https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0000828963virtual::2359-1CC-LICENSElicense_rdflicense_rdfapplication/rdf+xml; charset=utf-8805https://red.uao.edu.co/bitstreams/14e650e7-58da-4229-af6a-41c1fe8e2c91/download4460e5956bc1d1639be9ae6146a50347MD52LICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-81665https://red.uao.edu.co/bitstreams/b35c6e77-5df1-43c5-8ad9-b2a16d099436/download20b5ba22b1117f71589c7318baa2c560MD5310614/11576oai:red.uao.edu.co:10614/115762024-03-06 15:02:58.712https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/Derechos Reservados - Universidad Autónoma de Occidentemetadata.onlyhttps://red.uao.edu.coRepositorio Digital Universidad Autonoma de Occidenterepositorio@uao.edu.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