Induction motors with copper rotor: a new opportunity for increasing motor efficiency
The copper rotor induction motor (CURIM) was recently introduced because it has lower rotor fusion losses than the aluminum rotor (ALRIM). Furthermore, with CURIM, it is easier to reach IE4 and IE5 efficiency levels. The CURIM is advantageous for compact motors, escalators, and electric vehicle appl...
- Autores:
-
Quispe Oqueña, Enrique Ciro
ViegoFelipe, Percy R.
Sousa Santos, Vladimir
GómezSarduy, Julio R.
MonteagudoYanes, José P.
- Tipo de recurso:
- Article of journal
- Fecha de publicación:
- 2023
- Institución:
- Universidad Autónoma de Occidente
- Repositorio:
- RED: Repositorio Educativo Digital UAO
- Idioma:
- eng
- OAI Identifier:
- oai:red.uao.edu.co:10614/15810
- Acceso en línea:
- https://hdl.handle.net/10614/15810
https://red.uao.edu.co/
- Palabra clave:
- Copper rotor induction motor
Economic feasibility
Electric motors
Energy efficiency
High-efficiency motors
- Rights
- openAccess
- License
- Derechos reservados - Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science (IAES), 2023
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Induction motors with copper rotor: a new opportunity for increasing motor efficiency |
| title |
Induction motors with copper rotor: a new opportunity for increasing motor efficiency |
| spellingShingle |
Induction motors with copper rotor: a new opportunity for increasing motor efficiency Copper rotor induction motor Economic feasibility Electric motors Energy efficiency High-efficiency motors |
| title_short |
Induction motors with copper rotor: a new opportunity for increasing motor efficiency |
| title_full |
Induction motors with copper rotor: a new opportunity for increasing motor efficiency |
| title_fullStr |
Induction motors with copper rotor: a new opportunity for increasing motor efficiency |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Induction motors with copper rotor: a new opportunity for increasing motor efficiency |
| title_sort |
Induction motors with copper rotor: a new opportunity for increasing motor efficiency |
| dc.creator.fl_str_mv |
Quispe Oqueña, Enrique Ciro ViegoFelipe, Percy R. Sousa Santos, Vladimir GómezSarduy, Julio R. MonteagudoYanes, José P. |
| dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv |
Quispe Oqueña, Enrique Ciro ViegoFelipe, Percy R. Sousa Santos, Vladimir GómezSarduy, Julio R. MonteagudoYanes, José P. |
| dc.subject.proposal.eng.fl_str_mv |
Copper rotor induction motor Economic feasibility Electric motors Energy efficiency High-efficiency motors |
| topic |
Copper rotor induction motor Economic feasibility Electric motors Energy efficiency High-efficiency motors |
| description |
The copper rotor induction motor (CURIM) was recently introduced because it has lower rotor fusion losses than the aluminum rotor (ALRIM). Furthermore, with CURIM, it is easier to reach IE4 and IE5 efficiency levels. The CURIM is advantageous for compact motors, escalators, and electric vehicle applications. However, CURIMs present slip, power factor, temperature increase, and torque decrease problems that must be analyzed. This study compared the economic feasibility of using CURIM with ALRIM by applying discount techniques. A case study was carried out in a sugar company with a cyclical operation, where 5.5 kW motors will be installed in the intermediate conductors of the mill's feeders. The facility works three shifts between 3 and 6 months. The cost increase (CI) of CURIM over ALRIM was between 1.1 and 1.5 times. With 3,600 h/year and 4,000 h/year of operation, the CI greater than 10%, it was found that the payback is more than four years, and the net present value (NPV) grows linearly |
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2023 |
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2024-09-11T14:08:32Z |
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2024-09-11T14:08:32Z |
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Viego Felipe, P. R., et. al (2023) Induction motors with copper rotor: a new opportunity for increasing motor efficiency. International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE). 13(3), junio. pp2409-2418. DOI: 10.11591/ijece.v13i3.pp2409-2418 |
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20888708 |
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DOI: 10.11591/ijece.v13i3.pp2409-2418 |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10614/15810 |
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Universidad Autónoma de Occidente |
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Respositorio Educativo Digital UAO |
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https://red.uao.edu.co/ |
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Viego Felipe, P. R., et. al (2023) Induction motors with copper rotor: a new opportunity for increasing motor efficiency. International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE). 13(3), junio. pp2409-2418. DOI: 10.11591/ijece.v13i3.pp2409-2418 20888708 DOI: 10.11591/ijece.v13i3.pp2409-2418 Universidad Autónoma de Occidente Respositorio Educativo Digital UAO |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10614/15810 https://red.uao.edu.co/ |
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eng |
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eng |
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International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) |
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[1] D. Liang, J. Yu, X. Yang, and V. Zhou, “Copper rotor motors in China,” in 2013 International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems (ICEMS), Oct. 2013, pp. 2031–2034, doi: 10.1109/ICEMS.2013.6713191. [2] D. Liang, L. Gao, and V. Zhou, “Recent trend development for high performance copper rotor motors in China,” in 2018 21st International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems (ICEMS), Oct. 2018, pp. 2571–2575, doi: 10.23919/ICEMS.2018.8549253. [3] S. Lie and C. Di Pietro, “Copper die-cast rotor efficiency improvement and economic consideration,” IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 419–424, 1995, doi: 10.1109/60.464863. [4] D. Liang, X. Yang, J. Yu, and V. Zhou, “Experience in China on the die-casting of copper rotors for induction motors,” in 2012 XXth International Conference on Electrical Machines, Sep. 2012, pp. 256–260, doi: 10.1109/ICElMach.2012.6349874. [5] D. T. Peters, J. G. Cowie, E. F. Brush, and D. J. Van Son, “Copper in the squirrel cage for improved motor performance,” in IEEE International Electric Machines and Drives Conference 2003, IEMDC’03, vol. 2, 2002, pp. 1265–1271, doi: 10.1109/IEMDC.2003.1210402. [6] S. Yamamoto, “Overview of the latest research and development for copper die-cast squirrel-cage rotors,” in 2018 International Power Electronics Conference (IPEC-Niigata 2018 -ECCE Asia), May 2018, pp. 1949–1954, doi: 10.23919/IPEC.2018.8507971. [7] D. Liang and V. Zhou, “Recent market and technical trends in copper rotors for high-efficiency induction motors,” in 2018 International Power Electronics Conference (IPEC-Niigata 2018 -ECCE Asia), May 2018, pp. 1943–1948, doi: 10.23919/IPEC.2018.8507879. [8] M. Thieman, R. Kamm, and J. Jorstad, “Copper motor rotors: Energy saving efficiency, now also economic feasibility,” in 2007 Electrical Insulation Conference and Electrical Manufacturing Expo, Oct. 2007, pp. 328–333, doi: 10.1109/EEIC.2007.4562637. [9] R. Yabiku, R. Fialho, L. Teran, A. Santos, E. Rangel, and D. Dutra, “A comparative study between copper and aluminum induction squirrel cage constructions,” in 2010 Record of Conference Papers Industry Applications Society 57th Annual Petroleum and Chemical Industry Conference (PCIC), Sep. 2010, pp. 1–9, doi: 10.1109/PCIC.2010.5666832 [10] ANSI, “Motors and generators,” NEMA, 2016, Accessed Feb. 02, 2022. [Online]. Available: https://www.nema.org/docs/defaultsource/ standards-document-library/ansi_nema-mg-1-2016-contents-and-foreword.pdf?sfvrsn=f27547b8_1 [11] D. T. Peters, E. F. Brush, and J. L. Kirtley, “Die-cast copper rotors as strategy for improving induction motor efficiency,” in 2007 Electrical Insulation Conference and Electrical Manufacturing Expo, Oct. 2007, pp. 322–327, doi: 10.1109/EEIC.2007.4562636. [12] Q. Zhang, H. Liu, Z. Zhang, and T. Song, “A cast copper rotor induction motor for small commercial EV traction: Electromagnetic design, analysis, and experimental tests,” CES Transactions on Electrical Machines and Systems, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 417–424, Dec. 2018, doi: 10.30941/CESTEMS.2018.00053. [13] M. Popescu, N. Riviere, G. Volpe, M. Villani, G. Fabri, and L. di Leonardo, “A copper rotor induction motor solution for electrical vehicles traction system,” in 2019 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE), Sep. 2019, pp. 3924–3930, doi: 10.1109/ECCE.2019.8912248. [14] V. Mallard, G. Parent, C. Demian, J.-F. Brudny, and A. Delamotte, “Increasing the energy efficiency of induction machines by the use of grain-oriented magnetic materials and die casting copper squirrel cage in the rotor,” IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, vol. 55, no. 2, pp. 1280–1289, Mar. 2019, doi: 10.1109/TIA.2018.2873532. [15] A. Marfoli, M. Di Nardo, M. Degano, C. Gerada, and W. Chen, “Rotor design optimization of squirrel cage induction motor-part I: problem statement,” IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, vol. 36, no. 2, pp. 1271–1279, Jun. 2021, doi: 10.1109/TEC.2020.3019934. [16] M. Di Nardo, A. Marfoli, M. Degano, C. Gerada, and W. Chen, “Rotor design optimization of squirrel cage induction motor-part II: results discussion,” IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, vol. 36, no. 2, pp. 1280–1288, Jun. 2021, doi: 10.1109/TEC.2020.3020263. [17] D. Fodorean, C.-V. Pop, and D.-C. Popa, “Electromagnetic and structural analysis of an induction motor with copper rotor bars used in automotive applications,” in 2021 IEEE 6th International Forum on Research and Technology for Society and Industry (RTSI), Sep. 2021, pp. 340–345, doi: 10.1109/RTSI50628.2021.9597235. [18] A. T. De Almeida, F. J. T. E. Ferreira, and A. Q. Duarte, “Technical and economical considerations on super high-efficiency three-phase motors,” IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, vol. 50, no. 2, pp. 1274–1285, Mar. 2014, doi: 10.1109/TIA.2013.2272548. [19] P. R. Viego, J. R. Gómez, and E. A. Padrón, “New syncronous high-efficiency motors,” Universidad y Sociedad, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 205–211, 2020. Accessed Jan. 21, 2022. [Online]. Available: http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S2218- 36202020000200205&lng=es&tlng=es [20] P. R. Viego-Felipe, J. R. Gómez-Sarduy, V. Sousa-Santos, and E. C. Quispe-Oqueña, “Permanent magnet assisted synchronous reluctance motors: A new advance in electric motors development,” (in Spanish), Ingeniería, investigación y tecnología, vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 269–279, Jul. 2018, doi: 10.22201/fi.25940732e.2018.19n3.023. [21] P. R. Viego, V. Sousa, J. R. Gómez, and E. C. Quispe, “Direct-on-line-start permanent-magnet-assisted synchronous reluctance motors with ferrite magnets for driving constant loads,” International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE), vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 651–659, Feb. 2020, doi: 10.11591/ijece.v10i1.pp651-659. [22] G. C. Mechler, “Manufacturing and cost analysis for aluminum and copper die cast induction motors for GM’s powertrain and R&D Divisions,” Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2010. [23] A. Marfoli, M. DiNardo, M. Degano, C. Gerada, and W. Jara, “Squirrel cage induction motor: a design-based comparison between aluminium and copper cages,” IEEE Open Journal of Industry Applications, vol. 2, pp. 110–120, 2021, doi: 10.1109/OJIA.2021.3073820. [24] H.-R. Noh, H.-S. Shin, C.-M. Kim, and K.-C. Kim, “A study on the effect of rotor bars of induction motor for electric vehicle,” in 2021 24th International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems (ICEMS), Oct. 2021, pp. 1415–1418, doi: 10.23919/ICEMS52562.2021.9634599. [25] Ministerio de Justicia, “System for the formation of electricity rates for the collection of electricity service: Gaceta Ofic ial No. 26,” (in Spanish) Gaceta Oficial No. 26 (Extraordinaria), La Habana, Cuba, 2021. Accessed: Apr. 13, 2021. [Online]. Available: https://www.gacetaoficial.gob.cu/sites/default/files/goc-2021-ex26_0_0.pdf. [26] J. C. Andreas, Energy-efficient electric motors: selection and application. United States: Marcel Dekker, Inc.,New York, NY, 1982. [27] M. J. Landt and A. D. Reed, “Project evaluation,” in Archaeological Data Recovery in the Piceance and Wyoming Basins of Northwestern Colorado and Southwestern Wyoming, Archaeopress Publishing Ltd, 2018, pp. 333–336. [28] Siemens Industry, “General purpose low voltage cast iron frame motors,” Siemens Industry, USA, 2011. Accessed Dec. 13, 2021. [Online]. Available: https://assets.new.siemens.com/siemens/assets/api/uuid:ff39a5d9-875a-4f16-bf17-79beae7a11c7/nemageneral- purpose-motors-cast-iron-gp100-brochure.pdf [29] R. Saidur and T. M. I. Mahlia, “Energy, economic and environmental benefits of using high-efficiency motors to replace standard motors for the Malaysian industries,” Energy Policy, vol. 38, no. 8, pp. 4617–4625, Aug. 2010, doi: 10.1016/j.enpol.2010.04.017. [30] B. Cassoret, J. Manata, V. Mallard, and D. Roger, “Comparative life cycle assessment of induction machines made with copper‐cage or aluminium‐cage rotors,” IET Electric Power Applications, vol. 13, no. 6, pp. 712–719, Jun. 2019, doi: 10.1049/ietepa. 2018.5401. |
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Quispe Oqueña, Enrique Cirovirtual::5678-1ViegoFelipe, Percy R.Sousa Santos, VladimirGómezSarduy, Julio R.MonteagudoYanes, José P.2024-09-11T14:08:32Z2024-09-11T14:08:32Z2023Viego Felipe, P. R., et. al (2023) Induction motors with copper rotor: a new opportunity for increasing motor efficiency. International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE). 13(3), junio. pp2409-2418. DOI: 10.11591/ijece.v13i3.pp2409-241820888708DOI: 10.11591/ijece.v13i3.pp2409-2418https://hdl.handle.net/10614/15810Universidad Autónoma de OccidenteRespositorio Educativo Digital UAOhttps://red.uao.edu.co/The copper rotor induction motor (CURIM) was recently introduced because it has lower rotor fusion losses than the aluminum rotor (ALRIM). Furthermore, with CURIM, it is easier to reach IE4 and IE5 efficiency levels. The CURIM is advantageous for compact motors, escalators, and electric vehicle applications. However, CURIMs present slip, power factor, temperature increase, and torque decrease problems that must be analyzed. This study compared the economic feasibility of using CURIM with ALRIM by applying discount techniques. A case study was carried out in a sugar company with a cyclical operation, where 5.5 kW motors will be installed in the intermediate conductors of the mill's feeders. The facility works three shifts between 3 and 6 months. The cost increase (CI) of CURIM over ALRIM was between 1.1 and 1.5 times. With 3,600 h/year and 4,000 h/year of operation, the CI greater than 10%, it was found that the payback is more than four years, and the net present value (NPV) grows linearly10 páginasapplication/pdfengInstitute of Advanced Engineering and Science (IAES)Derechos reservados - Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science (IAES), 2023https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessAtribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Induction motors with copper rotor: a new opportunity for increasing motor efficiencyArtículo de revistahttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1Textinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARTinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a8524183240913International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE)[1] D. Liang, J. Yu, X. Yang, and V. Zhou, “Copper rotor motors in China,” in 2013 International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems (ICEMS), Oct. 2013, pp. 2031–2034, doi: 10.1109/ICEMS.2013.6713191.[2] D. Liang, L. Gao, and V. Zhou, “Recent trend development for high performance copper rotor motors in China,” in 2018 21st International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems (ICEMS), Oct. 2018, pp. 2571–2575, doi: 10.23919/ICEMS.2018.8549253.[3] S. Lie and C. Di Pietro, “Copper die-cast rotor efficiency improvement and economic consideration,” IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 419–424, 1995, doi: 10.1109/60.464863.[4] D. Liang, X. Yang, J. Yu, and V. Zhou, “Experience in China on the die-casting of copper rotors for induction motors,” in 2012 XXth International Conference on Electrical Machines, Sep. 2012, pp. 256–260, doi: 10.1109/ICElMach.2012.6349874.[5] D. T. Peters, J. G. Cowie, E. F. Brush, and D. J. Van Son, “Copper in the squirrel cage for improved motor performance,” in IEEE International Electric Machines and Drives Conference 2003, IEMDC’03, vol. 2, 2002, pp. 1265–1271, doi: 10.1109/IEMDC.2003.1210402.[6] S. Yamamoto, “Overview of the latest research and development for copper die-cast squirrel-cage rotors,” in 2018 International Power Electronics Conference (IPEC-Niigata 2018 -ECCE Asia), May 2018, pp. 1949–1954, doi: 10.23919/IPEC.2018.8507971.[7] D. Liang and V. Zhou, “Recent market and technical trends in copper rotors for high-efficiency induction motors,” in 2018 International Power Electronics Conference (IPEC-Niigata 2018 -ECCE Asia), May 2018, pp. 1943–1948, doi: 10.23919/IPEC.2018.8507879.[8] M. Thieman, R. Kamm, and J. Jorstad, “Copper motor rotors: Energy saving efficiency, now also economic feasibility,” in 2007 Electrical Insulation Conference and Electrical Manufacturing Expo, Oct. 2007, pp. 328–333, doi: 10.1109/EEIC.2007.4562637.[9] R. Yabiku, R. Fialho, L. Teran, A. Santos, E. Rangel, and D. Dutra, “A comparative study between copper and aluminum induction squirrel cage constructions,” in 2010 Record of Conference Papers Industry Applications Society 57th Annual Petroleum and Chemical Industry Conference (PCIC), Sep. 2010, pp. 1–9, doi: 10.1109/PCIC.2010.5666832[10] ANSI, “Motors and generators,” NEMA, 2016, Accessed Feb. 02, 2022. [Online]. Available: https://www.nema.org/docs/defaultsource/ standards-document-library/ansi_nema-mg-1-2016-contents-and-foreword.pdf?sfvrsn=f27547b8_1[11] D. T. Peters, E. F. Brush, and J. L. Kirtley, “Die-cast copper rotors as strategy for improving induction motor efficiency,” in 2007 Electrical Insulation Conference and Electrical Manufacturing Expo, Oct. 2007, pp. 322–327, doi: 10.1109/EEIC.2007.4562636.[12] Q. Zhang, H. Liu, Z. Zhang, and T. Song, “A cast copper rotor induction motor for small commercial EV traction: Electromagnetic design, analysis, and experimental tests,” CES Transactions on Electrical Machines and Systems, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 417–424, Dec. 2018, doi: 10.30941/CESTEMS.2018.00053.[13] M. Popescu, N. Riviere, G. Volpe, M. Villani, G. Fabri, and L. di Leonardo, “A copper rotor induction motor solution for electrical vehicles traction system,” in 2019 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE), Sep. 2019, pp. 3924–3930, doi: 10.1109/ECCE.2019.8912248.[14] V. Mallard, G. Parent, C. Demian, J.-F. Brudny, and A. Delamotte, “Increasing the energy efficiency of induction machines by the use of grain-oriented magnetic materials and die casting copper squirrel cage in the rotor,” IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, vol. 55, no. 2, pp. 1280–1289, Mar. 2019, doi: 10.1109/TIA.2018.2873532.[15] A. Marfoli, M. Di Nardo, M. Degano, C. Gerada, and W. Chen, “Rotor design optimization of squirrel cage induction motor-part I: problem statement,” IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, vol. 36, no. 2, pp. 1271–1279, Jun. 2021, doi: 10.1109/TEC.2020.3019934.[16] M. Di Nardo, A. Marfoli, M. Degano, C. Gerada, and W. Chen, “Rotor design optimization of squirrel cage induction motor-part II: results discussion,” IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, vol. 36, no. 2, pp. 1280–1288, Jun. 2021, doi: 10.1109/TEC.2020.3020263.[17] D. Fodorean, C.-V. Pop, and D.-C. Popa, “Electromagnetic and structural analysis of an induction motor with copper rotor bars used in automotive applications,” in 2021 IEEE 6th International Forum on Research and Technology for Society and Industry (RTSI), Sep. 2021, pp. 340–345, doi: 10.1109/RTSI50628.2021.9597235.[18] A. T. De Almeida, F. J. T. E. Ferreira, and A. Q. Duarte, “Technical and economical considerations on super high-efficiency three-phase motors,” IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, vol. 50, no. 2, pp. 1274–1285, Mar. 2014, doi: 10.1109/TIA.2013.2272548.[19] P. R. Viego, J. R. Gómez, and E. A. Padrón, “New syncronous high-efficiency motors,” Universidad y Sociedad, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 205–211, 2020. Accessed Jan. 21, 2022. [Online]. Available: http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S2218- 36202020000200205&lng=es&tlng=es[20] P. R. Viego-Felipe, J. R. Gómez-Sarduy, V. Sousa-Santos, and E. C. Quispe-Oqueña, “Permanent magnet assisted synchronous reluctance motors: A new advance in electric motors development,” (in Spanish), Ingeniería, investigación y tecnología, vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 269–279, Jul. 2018, doi: 10.22201/fi.25940732e.2018.19n3.023.[21] P. R. Viego, V. Sousa, J. R. Gómez, and E. C. 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Roger, “Comparative life cycle assessment of induction machines made with copper‐cage or aluminium‐cage rotors,” IET Electric Power Applications, vol. 13, no. 6, pp. 712–719, Jun. 2019, doi: 10.1049/ietepa. 2018.5401.Copper rotor induction motorEconomic feasibilityElectric motorsEnergy efficiencyHigh-efficiency motorsComunidad generalPublicationc6bf35c2-a499-44cd-abc3-eb4b458d7de5virtual::5678-1c6bf35c2-a499-44cd-abc3-eb4b458d7de5virtual::5678-1https://scholar.google.com.co/citations?user=8WM_SB8AAAAJ&hl=envirtual::5678-1https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3223-1834virtual::5678-1https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0000144304virtual::5678-1ORIGINALInduction_motors_with_copper_rotor_a_new_opportunity_for_increasing_motor_efficiency.pdfInduction_motors_with_copper_rotor_a_new_opportunity_for_increasing_motor_efficiency.pdfTexto archivo completo del artículo de revistaapplication/pdf611727https://red.uao.edu.co/bitstreams/ca0dae88-bf6c-4e25-9d1a-2ce02a7bb468/download38c68248ac7d0747703f9469dbdd7e8cMD51LICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-81672https://red.uao.edu.co/bitstreams/0b9e24b6-6b3f-4385-b30e-8b2c7a242061/download6987b791264a2b5525252450f99b10d1MD52TEXTInduction_motors_with_copper_rotor_a_new_opportunity_for_increasing_motor_efficiency.pdf.txtInduction_motors_with_copper_rotor_a_new_opportunity_for_increasing_motor_efficiency.pdf.txtExtracted texttext/plain45749https://red.uao.edu.co/bitstreams/874e9e82-c883-4580-b85a-d46fc88d2fc2/downloada946d3d9957b54d0f74fe307ca7ca027MD53THUMBNAILInduction_motors_with_copper_rotor_a_new_opportunity_for_increasing_motor_efficiency.pdf.jpgInduction_motors_with_copper_rotor_a_new_opportunity_for_increasing_motor_efficiency.pdf.jpgGenerated Thumbnailimage/jpeg14000https://red.uao.edu.co/bitstreams/cb9e6216-fdca-4d4e-b1b9-e632eb0d7f7d/download6d80f9a6835ef1c5b06afd25b5b78e43MD5410614/15810oai:red.uao.edu.co:10614/158102024-09-13 03:00:56.696https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/Derechos reservados - Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science (IAES), 2023open.accesshttps://red.uao.edu.coRepositorio Digital Universidad Autonoma de Occidenterepositorio@uao.edu.coPHA+RUwgQVVUT1IgYXV0b3JpemEgYSBsYSBVbml2ZXJzaWRhZCBBdXTDs25vbWEgZGUgT2NjaWRlbnRlLCBkZSBmb3JtYSBpbmRlZmluaWRhLCBwYXJhIHF1ZSBlbiBsb3MgdMOpcm1pbm9zIGVzdGFibGVjaWRvcyBlbiBsYSBMZXkgMjMgZGUgMTk4MiwgbGEgTGV5IDQ0IGRlIDE5OTMsIGxhIERlY2lzacOzbiBhbmRpbmEgMzUxIGRlIDE5OTMsIGVsIERlY3JldG8gNDYwIGRlIDE5OTUgeSBkZW3DoXMgbGV5ZXMgeSBqdXJpc3BydWRlbmNpYSB2aWdlbnRlIGFsIHJlc3BlY3RvLCBoYWdhIHB1YmxpY2FjacOzbiBkZSBlc3RlIGNvbiBmaW5lcyBlZHVjYXRpdm9zLiBQQVJBR1JBRk86IEVzdGEgYXV0b3JpemFjacOzbiBhZGVtw6FzIGRlIHNlciB2w6FsaWRhIHBhcmEgbGFzIGZhY3VsdGFkZXMgeSBkZXJlY2hvcyBkZSB1c28gc29icmUgbGEgb2JyYSBlbiBmb3JtYXRvIG8gc29wb3J0ZSBtYXRlcmlhbCwgdGFtYmnDqW4gcGFyYSBmb3JtYXRvIGRpZ2l0YWwsIGVsZWN0csOzbmljbywgdmlydHVhbCwgcGFyYSB1c29zIGVuIHJlZCwgSW50ZXJuZXQsIGV4dHJhbmV0LCBpbnRyYW5ldCwgYmlibGlvdGVjYSBkaWdpdGFsIHkgZGVtw6FzIHBhcmEgY3VhbHF1aWVyIGZvcm1hdG8gY29ub2NpZG8gbyBwb3IgY29ub2Nlci4gRUwgQVVUT1IsIGV4cHJlc2EgcXVlIGVsIGRvY3VtZW50byAodHJhYmFqbyBkZSBncmFkbywgcGFzYW50w61hLCBjYXNvcyBvIHRlc2lzKSBvYmpldG8gZGUgbGEgcHJlc2VudGUgYXV0b3JpemFjacOzbiBlcyBvcmlnaW5hbCB5IGxhIGVsYWJvcsOzIHNpbiBxdWVicmFudGFyIG5pIHN1cGxhbnRhciBsb3MgZGVyZWNob3MgZGUgYXV0b3IgZGUgdGVyY2Vyb3MsIHkgZGUgdGFsIGZvcm1hLCBlbCBkb2N1bWVudG8gKHRyYWJham8gZGUgZ3JhZG8sIHBhc2FudMOtYSwgY2Fzb3MgbyB0ZXNpcykgZXMgZGUgc3UgZXhjbHVzaXZhIGF1dG9yw61hIHkgdGllbmUgbGEgdGl0dWxhcmlkYWQgc29icmUgw6lzdGUuIFBBUkFHUkFGTzogZW4gY2FzbyBkZSBwcmVzZW50YXJzZSBhbGd1bmEgcmVjbGFtYWNpw7NuIG8gYWNjacOzbiBwb3IgcGFydGUgZGUgdW4gdGVyY2VybywgcmVmZXJlbnRlIGEgbG9zIGRlcmVjaG9zIGRlIGF1dG9yIHNvYnJlIGVsIGRvY3VtZW50byAoVHJhYmFqbyBkZSBncmFkbywgUGFzYW50w61hLCBjYXNvcyBvIHRlc2lzKSBlbiBjdWVzdGnDs24sIEVMIEFVVE9SLCBhc3VtaXLDoSBsYSByZXNwb25zYWJpbGlkYWQgdG90YWwsIHkgc2FsZHLDoSBlbiBkZWZlbnNhIGRlIGxvcyBkZXJlY2hvcyBhcXXDrSBhdXRvcml6YWRvczsgcGFyYSB0b2RvcyBsb3MgZWZlY3RvcywgbGEgVW5pdmVyc2lkYWQgIEF1dMOzbm9tYSBkZSBPY2NpZGVudGUgYWN0w7phIGNvbW8gdW4gdGVyY2VybyBkZSBidWVuYSBmZS4gVG9kYSBwZXJzb25hIHF1ZSBjb25zdWx0ZSB5YSBzZWEgZW4gbGEgYmlibGlvdGVjYSBvIGVuIG1lZGlvIGVsZWN0csOzbmljbyBwb2Ryw6EgY29waWFyIGFwYXJ0ZXMgZGVsIHRleHRvIGNpdGFuZG8gc2llbXByZSBsYSBmdWVudGUsIGVzIGRlY2lyIGVsIHTDrXR1bG8gZGVsIHRyYWJham8geSBlbCBhdXRvci4gRXN0YSBhdXRvcml6YWNpw7NuIG5vIGltcGxpY2EgcmVudW5jaWEgYSBsYSBmYWN1bHRhZCBxdWUgdGllbmUgRUwgQVVUT1IgZGUgcHVibGljYXIgdG90YWwgbyBwYXJjaWFsbWVudGUgbGEgb2JyYS48L3A+Cg== |