Effect of the shot peening process on the fatigue strength of SAE 5160 steel

The fatigue behaviour of SAE 5160 steel was evaluated before and after applying a shot peening process by using different Almen intensities and surface coverings (uncovered, partial coverage and total coverage). In the high-cycle fatigue tests, maximum stresses of 0.8Sut, 0.7Sut and 0.6Sut were appl...

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Autores:
Jaramillo Suárez, Héctor Enrique
Avila Díaz, Julián Arnaldo
Alba de Sánchez, Nelly Cecilia
Tipo de recurso:
Article of journal
Fecha de publicación:
2018
Institución:
Universidad Autónoma de Occidente
Repositorio:
RED: Repositorio Educativo Digital UAO
Idioma:
eng
OAI Identifier:
oai:red.uao.edu.co:10614/11497
Acceso en línea:
http://hdl.handle.net/10614/11497
https://doi.org/10.1177/0954406218816349
Palabra clave:
Acero de alta resistencia
Steel, high strength
Fatiga de materiales
Materials - Fatigue
Fatigue strength
Shot peening
Vickers microhardness
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restrictedAccess
License
Derechos Reservados - Universidad Autónoma de Occidente
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oai_identifier_str oai:red.uao.edu.co:10614/11497
network_acronym_str REPOUAO2
network_name_str RED: Repositorio Educativo Digital UAO
repository_id_str
dc.title.eng.fl_str_mv Effect of the shot peening process on the fatigue strength of SAE 5160 steel
title Effect of the shot peening process on the fatigue strength of SAE 5160 steel
spellingShingle Effect of the shot peening process on the fatigue strength of SAE 5160 steel
Acero de alta resistencia
Steel, high strength
Fatiga de materiales
Materials - Fatigue
Fatigue strength
Shot peening
Vickers microhardness
title_short Effect of the shot peening process on the fatigue strength of SAE 5160 steel
title_full Effect of the shot peening process on the fatigue strength of SAE 5160 steel
title_fullStr Effect of the shot peening process on the fatigue strength of SAE 5160 steel
title_full_unstemmed Effect of the shot peening process on the fatigue strength of SAE 5160 steel
title_sort Effect of the shot peening process on the fatigue strength of SAE 5160 steel
dc.creator.fl_str_mv Jaramillo Suárez, Héctor Enrique
Avila Díaz, Julián Arnaldo
Alba de Sánchez, Nelly Cecilia
dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv Jaramillo Suárez, Héctor Enrique
Avila Díaz, Julián Arnaldo
Alba de Sánchez, Nelly Cecilia
dc.subject.lemb.spa.fl_str_mv Acero de alta resistencia
topic Acero de alta resistencia
Steel, high strength
Fatiga de materiales
Materials - Fatigue
Fatigue strength
Shot peening
Vickers microhardness
dc.subject.lemb.eng.fl_str_mv Steel, high strength
dc.subject.armarc.spa.fl_str_mv Fatiga de materiales
dc.subject.armarc.eng.fl_str_mv Materials - Fatigue
dc.subject.proposal.eng.fl_str_mv Fatigue strength
Shot peening
Vickers microhardness
description The fatigue behaviour of SAE 5160 steel was evaluated before and after applying a shot peening process by using different Almen intensities and surface coverings (uncovered, partial coverage and total coverage). In the high-cycle fatigue tests, maximum stresses of 0.8Sut, 0.7Sut and 0.6Sut were applied in the three-point bending test on an Instron 8872 servo-hydraulic machine at a frequency of 10 Hz and a constant stress ratio of Smin/Smax = 0.2 for all tests. The fatigue tests were performed based on the ASTM E8, the specimens were classified into six groups for each stress evaluated, and each group consisted of three standardised specimens (ASTM E466). Also, yield strength, ultimate strength, hardness and microhardness were obtained. The Wilcoxon’s non-parametric test was used to statistically compare all the mechanical properties obtained from the base material with those obtained after the application of the shot peening, for the different surface coverings and Almen intensities. The results showed that the shot peening process significantly increases the fatigue strength of the material, with a 94% increase in fatigue strength of the fully coated specimens. However, no significant increase in fatigue strength was found due to a change in the Almen intensity value. A high correlation factor was found between the increase in the ultimate resistance and the increase in Almen intensity; however, for the yield stress the correlation was medium and inverse. For hardness and microhardness, the correlation factor was very low. Finally, the microhardness values revealed a 3% increase in Vickers microhardness of the shot peening specimens compared to the untreated specimens
publishDate 2018
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv 2018
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv 2019-11-14T16:48:10Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv 2019-11-14T16:48:10Z
dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv Artículo de revista
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dc.relation.cites.eng.fl_str_mv Jaramillo S, H. E., de Sánchez, N. A., & Avila D, J. A. (2019). Effect of the shot peening process on the fatigue strength of SAE 5160 steel. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science, 233(12), 4328-4335.
dc.relation.ispartofjournal.eng.fl_str_mv Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science
dc.relation.references.none.fl_str_mv Schijve, J. (2008) Fatigue of structures and materials. Cited 497 times. New York, Springer Science & Business Media
Wagner, L. (2003) Shot peening. Cited 29 times. 1st ed, Weinheim-Cambridge, Wiley-VCH
Peyre, P., Scherpereel, X., Berthe, L., Carboni, C., Fabbro, R., Béranger, G., Lemaitre, C. Surface modifications induced in 316L steel by laser peening and shot-peening. Influence on pitting corrosion resistance (2000) Materials Science and Engineering A, 280 (2), pp. 294-302. Cited 237 times. doi: 10.1016/S0921-5093(99)00698-X
Bosch, R. (2000) Automotive handbook. Cited 566 times. 5th ed, Stuttgart- Warrendale, PA, Society of Automotive Engineers
Chaudhary, K. (2017) Shot peening: process, equipment and applications New Delhi, Educreation Publishing
Harada, Y., Fukauara, K., Kohamada, S. Effects of microshot peening on surface characteristics of high-speed tool Steel (2008) Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 201 (1-3), pp. 319-324. Cited 17 times. doi: 10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2007.11.247
Sines, G., Waisman, J.L. (1959) Metal fatigue. Cited 174 times. New York, McGraw-Hill
Ofsthun, M. When fatigue quality enhancers do not enhance fatigue quality (2003) International Journal of Fatigue, 25 (9-11), pp. 1223-1228. Cited 25 times. doi: 10.1016/S0142-1123(03)00122-1
Thieuleux, J.Y. 'Shotgun' method can improve PM steel fatigue life (2004) Metal Powder Report, 59 (7), pp. 48-50+52. Cited 3 times. http://www.elsevier.com/journals/metal-powder-report/0026-0657 doi: 10.1016/S0026-0657(04)00209-7
Dorr, T., Wagner, L. Effect of shot peening on residual life of fatigue pre-damaged 2024 AI (1996) Conference Proceedings: ICSP-6, pp. 174-183. Cited 7 times. San Francisco, CA, USA
Feng, Z., Zhang, J., Chen, X. Fatigue crack propagation behaviours in shot peened layers of metals (1996) Conference Proceedings: ICSP-6, San Francisco, CA, USA, pp. 432-437. Cited 3 times
Rahmatalla, M., Al-Rimawi, M., Al-Hadid, T. Effect of shot peening on stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of 7075-T6 aluminium alloy (1996) Conference Proceedings: ICSP-6, pp. 184-191. Cited 4 times. San Francisco, CA, USA
Lamaire, E., Leguernic, Y., Roch, F. Shot peening to prevent intergranular corrosion of ferritic stainless Steel (1996) Conference Proceedings: ICSP-6, San Francisco, CA, USA, pp. 61-72. Cited 4 times
(2004) Annual book of ASTM standards, pp. 56-72. Cited 33 times. West Conshohocken, PA, ASTM
(2007) Standard practice for conducting force controlled constant amplitude axial fatigue tests of metallic materials. Cited 356 times. West Conshohocken, PA, ASTM International
(2017) Standard Test Methods for Rockwell Hardness of Metallic Materials. Cited 265 times. West Conshohocken, PA, ASTM International
(2017) Standard Test Methods for Vickers Hardness and Knoop Hardness of Metallic Materials. Cited 25 times. West Conshohocken, PA, ASTM International
(2017) Standard Guide for Preparation of Metallographic Specimens. Cited 256 times. West Conshohocken, PA, ASTM International
Corder, G.W., Foreman, D.I. Nonparametric Statistics for Non-Statisticians: A Step-by-Step Approach (2011) Nonparametric Statistics for Non-Statisticians: A Step-by-Step Approach, pp. 1-536. Cited 565 times. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/book/10.1002/9781118165881 ISBN: 978-111816588-1; 978-047045461-9 doi: 10.1002/9781118165881
Marsh, K.J. (1993) Shot peening: techniques and applications. Cited 82 times. Warley, Engineering Materials Advisory Services Ltd
Kubit, A., Bucior, M., Zielecki, W., Stachowicz, F. The impact of heat treatment and shot peening on the fatigue strength of 51CrV4 steel (Open Access) (2016) Procedia Structural Integrity, 2, pp. 3330-3336. Cited 10 times. www.journals.elsevier.com/procedia-structural-integrity doi: 10.1016/j.prostr.2016.06.415
Prevey, P.S., Cammett, J.T. The effect of shot peening coverage on residual stress, cold work and fatigue in a Ni-Cr-Mo low alloy Steel (2006) Shot peening, pp. 295-304. Cited 33 times. and,., In:,., Hoboken, NJ, :, Wiley-Blackwell
Fuhr, J.P., Basha, M., Wollmann, M., Wagner, L. Coverage and Peening Angle Effects in Shot Peening on HCF Performance of Ti-6Al-4V (Open Access) (2018) Procedia Engineering, 213, pp. 682-690. Cited 3 times. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/18777058 doi: 10.1016/j.proeng.2018.02.064
Ochi, Y., Masaki, K., Matsumura, T., Sekino, T. Effect of shot-peening treatment on high cycle fatigue property of ductile cast iron (2001) International Journal of Fatigue, 23 (5), pp. 441-448. Cited 93 times. doi: 10.1016/S0142-1123(00)00110-9
Tekeli, S. Enhancement of fatigue strength of SAE 9245 steel by shot peening (2002) Materials Letters, 57 (3), pp. 604-608. Cited 80 times. doi: 10.1016/S0167-577X(02)00838-8
Torres, M.A.S., Voorwald, H.J.C. An evaluation of shot peening, residual stress and stress relaxation on the fatigue life of AISI 4340 steel (2002) International Journal of Fatigue, 24 (8), pp. 877-886. Cited 340 times. doi: 10.1016/S0142-1123(01)00205-5
Todinov, M.T. Residual stresses at the surface of automotive suspension springs (2000) Journal of Materials Science, 35 (13), pp. 3313-3320. Cited 20 times. doi: 10.1023/A:1004887708822
Mattson, R.L., Roberts, J.G. The effect of residual stresses induced by strain-peening upon fatigue strength (1960) SAE Technical Papers http://papers.sae.org/ doi: 10.4271/600018
Ruy, M.C., Tarpani, J.R., Milan, M.T. The effect of warm shot peening on the fatigue performance of a SAE 5160 spring Steel (2013) ICF11, pp. 4733-4739. Italy
Flavenot, J.F. (1995) Handbook of measurement of residual stresses. Lilburn, GA. Cited 4 times. Uer Saddle River, NJ, Fairmont Press
dc.rights.spa.fl_str_mv Derechos Reservados - Universidad Autónoma de Occidente
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spelling Jaramillo Suárez, Héctor Enriquevirtual::2381-1Avila Díaz, Julián Arnaldode0a32822982b5f9719ee4dd8c7d060cAlba de Sánchez, Nelly Cecilia2793e3a51a82a454e83e94b5b61af113Universidad Autónoma de Occidente. Calle 25 115-85. Km 2 vía Cali-Jamundí2019-11-14T16:48:10Z2019-11-14T16:48:10Z20180954-4062http://hdl.handle.net/10614/11497https://doi.org/10.1177/0954406218816349The fatigue behaviour of SAE 5160 steel was evaluated before and after applying a shot peening process by using different Almen intensities and surface coverings (uncovered, partial coverage and total coverage). In the high-cycle fatigue tests, maximum stresses of 0.8Sut, 0.7Sut and 0.6Sut were applied in the three-point bending test on an Instron 8872 servo-hydraulic machine at a frequency of 10 Hz and a constant stress ratio of Smin/Smax = 0.2 for all tests. The fatigue tests were performed based on the ASTM E8, the specimens were classified into six groups for each stress evaluated, and each group consisted of three standardised specimens (ASTM E466). Also, yield strength, ultimate strength, hardness and microhardness were obtained. The Wilcoxon’s non-parametric test was used to statistically compare all the mechanical properties obtained from the base material with those obtained after the application of the shot peening, for the different surface coverings and Almen intensities. The results showed that the shot peening process significantly increases the fatigue strength of the material, with a 94% increase in fatigue strength of the fully coated specimens. However, no significant increase in fatigue strength was found due to a change in the Almen intensity value. A high correlation factor was found between the increase in the ultimate resistance and the increase in Almen intensity; however, for the yield stress the correlation was medium and inverse. For hardness and microhardness, the correlation factor was very low. Finally, the microhardness values revealed a 3% increase in Vickers microhardness of the shot peening specimens compared to the untreated specimensapplication/pdf8 páginasengSageDerechos Reservados - Universidad Autónoma de Occidentehttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/restrictedAccessAtribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_16echttps://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0954406218816349Effect of the shot peening process on the fatigue strength of SAE 5160 steelArtículo de revistahttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1Textinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARTREFinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85Acero de alta resistenciaSteel, high strengthFatiga de materialesMaterials - FatigueFatigue strengthShot peeningVickers microhardness4335124328233Jaramillo S, H. E., de Sánchez, N. A., & Avila D, J. A. (2019). Effect of the shot peening process on the fatigue strength of SAE 5160 steel. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science, 233(12), 4328-4335.Journal of Mechanical Engineering ScienceSchijve, J. (2008) Fatigue of structures and materials. Cited 497 times. New York, Springer Science & Business MediaWagner, L. (2003) Shot peening. Cited 29 times. 1st ed, Weinheim-Cambridge, Wiley-VCHPeyre, P., Scherpereel, X., Berthe, L., Carboni, C., Fabbro, R., Béranger, G., Lemaitre, C. Surface modifications induced in 316L steel by laser peening and shot-peening. Influence on pitting corrosion resistance (2000) Materials Science and Engineering A, 280 (2), pp. 294-302. Cited 237 times. doi: 10.1016/S0921-5093(99)00698-XBosch, R. (2000) Automotive handbook. Cited 566 times. 5th ed, Stuttgart- Warrendale, PA, Society of Automotive EngineersChaudhary, K. (2017) Shot peening: process, equipment and applications New Delhi, Educreation PublishingHarada, Y., Fukauara, K., Kohamada, S. Effects of microshot peening on surface characteristics of high-speed tool Steel (2008) Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 201 (1-3), pp. 319-324. Cited 17 times. doi: 10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2007.11.247Sines, G., Waisman, J.L. (1959) Metal fatigue. Cited 174 times. New York, McGraw-HillOfsthun, M. When fatigue quality enhancers do not enhance fatigue quality (2003) International Journal of Fatigue, 25 (9-11), pp. 1223-1228. Cited 25 times. doi: 10.1016/S0142-1123(03)00122-1Thieuleux, J.Y. 'Shotgun' method can improve PM steel fatigue life (2004) Metal Powder Report, 59 (7), pp. 48-50+52. Cited 3 times. http://www.elsevier.com/journals/metal-powder-report/0026-0657 doi: 10.1016/S0026-0657(04)00209-7Dorr, T., Wagner, L. Effect of shot peening on residual life of fatigue pre-damaged 2024 AI (1996) Conference Proceedings: ICSP-6, pp. 174-183. Cited 7 times. San Francisco, CA, USAFeng, Z., Zhang, J., Chen, X. Fatigue crack propagation behaviours in shot peened layers of metals (1996) Conference Proceedings: ICSP-6, San Francisco, CA, USA, pp. 432-437. Cited 3 timesRahmatalla, M., Al-Rimawi, M., Al-Hadid, T. Effect of shot peening on stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of 7075-T6 aluminium alloy (1996) Conference Proceedings: ICSP-6, pp. 184-191. Cited 4 times. San Francisco, CA, USALamaire, E., Leguernic, Y., Roch, F. Shot peening to prevent intergranular corrosion of ferritic stainless Steel (1996) Conference Proceedings: ICSP-6, San Francisco, CA, USA, pp. 61-72. Cited 4 times(2004) Annual book of ASTM standards, pp. 56-72. Cited 33 times. West Conshohocken, PA, ASTM(2007) Standard practice for conducting force controlled constant amplitude axial fatigue tests of metallic materials. Cited 356 times. West Conshohocken, PA, ASTM International(2017) Standard Test Methods for Rockwell Hardness of Metallic Materials. Cited 265 times. West Conshohocken, PA, ASTM International(2017) Standard Test Methods for Vickers Hardness and Knoop Hardness of Metallic Materials. Cited 25 times. West Conshohocken, PA, ASTM International(2017) Standard Guide for Preparation of Metallographic Specimens. Cited 256 times. West Conshohocken, PA, ASTM InternationalCorder, G.W., Foreman, D.I. Nonparametric Statistics for Non-Statisticians: A Step-by-Step Approach (2011) Nonparametric Statistics for Non-Statisticians: A Step-by-Step Approach, pp. 1-536. Cited 565 times. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/book/10.1002/9781118165881 ISBN: 978-111816588-1; 978-047045461-9 doi: 10.1002/9781118165881Marsh, K.J. (1993) Shot peening: techniques and applications. Cited 82 times. Warley, Engineering Materials Advisory Services LtdKubit, A., Bucior, M., Zielecki, W., Stachowicz, F. The impact of heat treatment and shot peening on the fatigue strength of 51CrV4 steel (Open Access) (2016) Procedia Structural Integrity, 2, pp. 3330-3336. Cited 10 times. www.journals.elsevier.com/procedia-structural-integrity doi: 10.1016/j.prostr.2016.06.415Prevey, P.S., Cammett, J.T. The effect of shot peening coverage on residual stress, cold work and fatigue in a Ni-Cr-Mo low alloy Steel (2006) Shot peening, pp. 295-304. Cited 33 times. and,., In:,., Hoboken, NJ, :, Wiley-BlackwellFuhr, J.P., Basha, M., Wollmann, M., Wagner, L. Coverage and Peening Angle Effects in Shot Peening on HCF Performance of Ti-6Al-4V (Open Access) (2018) Procedia Engineering, 213, pp. 682-690. Cited 3 times. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/18777058 doi: 10.1016/j.proeng.2018.02.064Ochi, Y., Masaki, K., Matsumura, T., Sekino, T. Effect of shot-peening treatment on high cycle fatigue property of ductile cast iron (2001) International Journal of Fatigue, 23 (5), pp. 441-448. Cited 93 times. doi: 10.1016/S0142-1123(00)00110-9Tekeli, S. Enhancement of fatigue strength of SAE 9245 steel by shot peening (2002) Materials Letters, 57 (3), pp. 604-608. Cited 80 times. doi: 10.1016/S0167-577X(02)00838-8Torres, M.A.S., Voorwald, H.J.C. An evaluation of shot peening, residual stress and stress relaxation on the fatigue life of AISI 4340 steel (2002) International Journal of Fatigue, 24 (8), pp. 877-886. Cited 340 times. doi: 10.1016/S0142-1123(01)00205-5Todinov, M.T. Residual stresses at the surface of automotive suspension springs (2000) Journal of Materials Science, 35 (13), pp. 3313-3320. Cited 20 times. doi: 10.1023/A:1004887708822Mattson, R.L., Roberts, J.G. The effect of residual stresses induced by strain-peening upon fatigue strength (1960) SAE Technical Papers http://papers.sae.org/ doi: 10.4271/600018Ruy, M.C., Tarpani, J.R., Milan, M.T. The effect of warm shot peening on the fatigue performance of a SAE 5160 spring Steel (2013) ICF11, pp. 4733-4739. ItalyFlavenot, J.F. (1995) Handbook of measurement of residual stresses. Lilburn, GA. Cited 4 times. Uer Saddle River, NJ, Fairmont PressPublicationada2f35e-57bd-4bbb-91d3-e197573bfab8virtual::2381-1ada2f35e-57bd-4bbb-91d3-e197573bfab8virtual::2381-1https://scholar.google.com.co/citations?user=GEzrsjQAAAAJ&hl=esvirtual::2381-10000-0002-7324-9478virtual::2381-1https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0000144967virtual::2381-1CC-LICENSElicense_rdflicense_rdfapplication/rdf+xml; charset=utf-8805https://red.uao.edu.co/bitstreams/423a6106-087c-45b5-b4cb-24bb3b829680/download4460e5956bc1d1639be9ae6146a50347MD52LICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-81665https://red.uao.edu.co/bitstreams/64aff5ad-4585-477b-83c9-92f2e41e0458/download20b5ba22b1117f71589c7318baa2c560MD5310614/11497oai:red.uao.edu.co:10614/114972024-03-06 16:34:58.709https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/Derechos Reservados - Universidad Autónoma de Occidentemetadata.onlyhttps://red.uao.edu.coRepositorio Digital Universidad Autonoma de Occidenterepositorio@uao.edu.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