Viscoelastic performance of biocomposites

The viscoelastic behavior and performance to creep of biocomposites made from fique natural fiber and low-density polyethylene-aluminum (LDPE–Al) obtained from recycled long-life packages were studied. A relationship was observed between the creep mechanical responses of biocomposites with respect t...

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Autores:
Hidalgo Salazar, Miguel Ángel
Tipo de recurso:
Part of book
Fecha de publicación:
2016
Institución:
Universidad Autónoma de Occidente
Repositorio:
RED: Repositorio Educativo Digital UAO
Idioma:
eng
OAI Identifier:
oai:red.uao.edu.co:10614/13204
Acceso en línea:
https://hdl.handle.net/10614/13204
http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/66148
Palabra clave:
Materiales
Materials
Biocomposites
DMA
Natural fiber
Fique fiber
Viscoelastic behavior
Mathematical models
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openAccess
License
Derechos reservados - InTechOpen, 2021
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oai_identifier_str oai:red.uao.edu.co:10614/13204
network_acronym_str REPOUAO2
network_name_str RED: Repositorio Educativo Digital UAO
repository_id_str
dc.title.eng.fl_str_mv Viscoelastic performance of biocomposites
title Viscoelastic performance of biocomposites
spellingShingle Viscoelastic performance of biocomposites
Materiales
Materials
Biocomposites
DMA
Natural fiber
Fique fiber
Viscoelastic behavior
Mathematical models
title_short Viscoelastic performance of biocomposites
title_full Viscoelastic performance of biocomposites
title_fullStr Viscoelastic performance of biocomposites
title_full_unstemmed Viscoelastic performance of biocomposites
title_sort Viscoelastic performance of biocomposites
dc.creator.fl_str_mv Hidalgo Salazar, Miguel Ángel
dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv Hidalgo Salazar, Miguel Ángel
dc.subject.armarc.spa.fl_str_mv Materiales
topic Materiales
Materials
Biocomposites
DMA
Natural fiber
Fique fiber
Viscoelastic behavior
Mathematical models
dc.subject.armarc.eng.fl_str_mv Materials
dc.subject.proposal.eng.fl_str_mv Biocomposites
DMA
Natural fiber
Fique fiber
Viscoelastic behavior
Mathematical models
description The viscoelastic behavior and performance to creep of biocomposites made from fique natural fiber and low-density polyethylene-aluminum (LDPE–Al) obtained from recycled long-life packages were studied. A relationship was observed between the creep mechanical responses of biocomposites with respect to natural fibers. Additionally, the four and six parameters of the mathematical model were calculated from the creep curves. A very good agreement between the experimental data and the theoretical curves was obtained in the fluency region. The relationship between interfacial fiber or filler and the polymer matrix is an indicator of mechanical performance of biocomposite, regardless of the application that you want to give. It is known that the mechanical and viscoelastic properties depend on the application time of loading, the type of load, temperature, micromechanics relationship between the natural fiber and the matrix, the type of anchor prevailing for the transfer effort to micro- and nano-levels and cannot be treated mathematically only by the laws of solids or fluids, viscoelastic behavior of biocomposites. It is possible to obtain mathematical models that fit different rheological phenomena; for example, creep and stress relaxation can be modeled and correlated with biocomposite experiment using dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA).
publishDate 2016
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv 2016-11-30
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv 2021-09-14T12:35:11Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv 2021-09-14T12:35:11Z
dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv Capítulo - Parte de Libro
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dc.type.coar.eng.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_3248
dc.type.content.eng.fl_str_mv Text
dc.type.driver.eng.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/bookPart
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dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv https://hdl.handle.net/10614/13204
dc.identifier.doi.spa.fl_str_mv http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/66148
url https://hdl.handle.net/10614/13204
http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/66148
dc.language.iso.eng.fl_str_mv eng
language eng
dc.relation.citationedition.spa.fl_str_mv 1
dc.relation.citationendpage.spa.fl_str_mv 331
dc.relation.citationstartpage.spa.fl_str_mv 303
dc.relation.ispartofbook.none.fl_str_mv Composites from renewable and sustainable materials
dc.relation.references.none.fl_str_mv [1] Väisänen T, Haapala A, Lappalainen R, Tomppo L. Utilization of agricultural and forest industry waste and residues in natural fiber-polymer composites: A review. Waste Manag. 2016; 54:62–73.
[2] Thakur VK, Thakur MK, Gupta RK. Review: raw natural fiber-based polymer composites, Int. J. Polym. Anal. Charact. 2014; 19:256–271.
[3] Rana A, Mitra B, Banerjee A. Short jute fiber-reinforced polypropylene composites: dynamic mechanical study. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 1999; 71:531–539.
[4] Puglia D, Biagiotti J, Kenny J. A review on natural fibre-based composites—Part II: application of natural reinforcements in composite materials for automotive industry. J. Nat. Fibers. 2005; 1:23–65.
[5] Prithivirajan, R, Jayabal S, Bharathiraja G. Bio-based composites from waste agricultural residues: mechanical and morphological properties. Cellulose Chem. Technol. 2015; 49, 65–68.
[6] Xu Y, Wu Q, Lei Y, Yao F. Creep behavior of bagasse fibre reinforced polymer composites. Bioresour. Technol. 2010; 101:3280–3286.
[7] Suardana NPG, Piao Y, Lim JK. Mechanical properties of hemp fibers and hemp/PP composites: effects of chemical surface treatment. Mater. Phys. Mech. 2011; 11:1–8.
[8] OmraniE, MenezesP L, RohatgiP K. State of the art on tribological behavior of polymer matrix composites reinforced with naturalfibersin the green materials world. Int. J. Eng. Sci. Technol. 2016; 19(2):717–736.
[9] Ahmad F, Choi HS, Park MK. A review: natural fiber composites selection in view of mechanical, light weight, and economic properties. Macromol. Mater. Eng. 2015; 300:10–24.
[10] Acha BA, Reboredo MM, Marcovich NE. Creep and dynamic mechanical behavior of PP–jute composites: effect of the interfacial adhesion. Compos. Part A: Appl. Sci. Manuf. 2007; 38:1507–1516.
[11] Premalal HG, Ismail H, Baharin A. Comparison of the mechanical properties of rice husk powder filled polypropylene composites with talc filled polypropylene composites. Polym. Test.2002; 21:833–839.
[12] Nuñez AJ, Marcovich NE, Aranguren MI. Short-term and long-term creep of polypropylene– wood flour composites. Polym. Eng. Sci. 2004; 44(8):1594–1603.
[13] Reddy N, Yang Y. Preparation and characterization of long natural cellulose fibers from wheat straw. J. Agric. Food. Chem. 2007; 55:8570–8575.
[14] Delvasto S, Toro E, Perdomo F, Mejía R. An appropriate vacuum technology for manufacture of corrugated fique fibre reinforced cementitious sheets. Constr. Build. Mater. 2010; 24:187–192.
[15] Gurunathan T, Mohanty S, Nayak SK. A review of the recent developments in biocomposites based on natural fibres and their application perspectives. Compos. Part A. 2015; 77:1e25.
[16] Sood M, Dharmpal D, Gupta VK. Effect of fiber chemical treatment on mechanical properties of sisal fiber/recycled HDPE composite. Mater. Today: Proc. 2015; 2(4–5): 3149–3155.
[17] Gómez C, Vázquez A. Flexural properties loss of unidirectional epoxy/fique composites immersed in water and alkaline medium for construction application. Compos. Part B: Eng. 2012; 43(8):3120–3130.
[18] Greco F, Leonetti L, Nevone Blasi P. Adaptive multiscale modeling of fiber reinforced composite materials subjected to transverse micro cracking. Compos. Struct. 2014; 113:249–63.
[19] Ramesh M, Atreya TSA, Aswin US, Eashwar H, Deepa C. Processing and mechanical property evaluation of banana fiber reinforced polymer composites. Procedia Eng. 2014; 97:563–572.
[20] N Uddin, Developments in Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (FRP) Composites for Civil Engineering, 1st ed. Woodhead Publishing; 2013. p. 18-26.
[21] Venkateshwaran N, Elaya Perumal A, Arunsundaranayagam D. Fiber surface treatment and its effect on mechanical and visco-elastic behaviour of banana/epoxy composite. Mater. Design. 2013; 47:151–159.
[22] Chin CW, Yousif BF. Potential of kenaf fibres as reinforcement for tribological applications. Wear. 2009; 267(9–10):1550–1557.
[23] Zhan J, Song L, Nie S, Hu Y. Combustion properties and thermal degradation behavior of polylactide with an effective intumescent flame retardant. Polym. Degrad. Stabil. 2009; 94(3):291–296.
[24] Kim SJ, Moon JB, Kim GH, Ha CS. Mechanical properties of polypropylene/natural fiber composites: comparison of wood fiber and cotton fiber. Polym. Test. 2008; 27:801– 806.
[25] Le Troedec M, Sedan D, Peyratout C et al., “Influence of various chemical treatments on the composition and structure of hemp fibres.” Compos. Part A: Appl. Sci. Manuf. 2008; 39(3):514–522.
[26] John MJ, Francis B, Varughese KT, Thomas S. Effect of chemical modification on properties of hybrid fiber biocomposites. Compos. Part A: Appl. Sci. Manuf. 2008; 39(2): 352–363.
[27] D. Dai, M. Fan. Wood fibres as reinforcements in natural fibre composites: structure, properties, processing and applications. In: A. Hodzic and R. Shanks, editors. Natural Fibre Composites Materials, Processes and Applications. Woodhead Publishing Limited: 2014. p.3–65. DOI:10.1533/9780857099228.1.3
[28] May-Pat A, Valadez-González A, Herrera-Franco PJ. Effect of fiber surface treatments on the essential work of fracture of HDPE-continuous henequen fiber-reinforced composites.” Polym. Test. 2013; 32(3):1114–1122.
[29] Kumari R, Ito H, Takatani M, Uchiyama M, Okamoto T. Fundamental studies on wood/ cellulose-plastic composites: effects of composition and cellulose dimension on the properties of cellulose/PP composite. J. Wood. Sci. 2007; 53:470–80.
[30] Bocz K, Szolnoki B, Marosi A, T´abi T, Wladyka-Przybylak M, Marosi G. Flax fibre reinforced PLA/TPS biocomposites flame retarded with multifunctional additive system. Polym. Degrad. Stabil. 2014; 106:63–73.
[31] Tawakkal ISMA, Cran MJ, Bigger SW, Effect of kenaf fibre loading and thymol concentration on the mechanical and thermal properties of PLA/kenaf/thymol composites. Ind. Crops Prod. 2014; 61:74–83.
[32] Graupner N, Herrmann AS, M¨ussig J. Natural and man-made cellulose fibre-reinforced poly (lactic acid) (PLA) composites: an overview about mechanical characteristics and application areas. Compos. Part A: Appl. Sci. Manuf. 2009; 40(6–7):810–821.
[33] Rong MZ, Zhang, MQ, Liu Y, Yang GC and Zeng HM. “The effect of fiber treatment on the mechanical properties of unidirectional sisal-reinforced epoxy composites.” Compos. Sci. Technol. 2001; 61(10):1437–1447.
[34] Faruk O, Bledzki AK, Fink HP. Sain M. Biocomposites reinforced with natural fibers: 2000–2010.” Prog. Polym. Sci. 2012; 37(11):1552–1596.
[35] Hidalgo Salazar MA, Munoz Velez MF, Quintana KJ. Mechanical analysis of polyethylene aluminum composite reinforced with short fique fibers available a in twodimensional arrangement; Revista Latinoamericana De Metalurgia Y Materiales. 2012; 31(1): 89–95.
[36] Shinoj S, Visvanathan R, Panigrahi S, Kochubabu M. Oil palm fiber (OPF) and its composites: a review. Ind. Crops Prod. 2011; 33(1):7–22.
[37] Miguel A. Hidalgo-Salazar, Mario F. Muñoz, and José H. Mina. Influence of incorporation of natural fibers on the physical, mechanical, and thermal properties of composites LDPE-Al reinforced with fique fibers: International Journal of Polymer Science. Volume 2015 (2015), Article ID 386325, 8 pages. DOI:10.1155/2015/386325
[38] Jawaid M. Abdul Khalil HPS. Cellulosic/synthetic fibre reinforced polymer hybrid composites: a review. Carbohydr. Polym. 2011; 86(1):1–18.
[39] Väisänen T, Haapala A, Lappalainen R, Tomppo L. Utilization of agricultural and forest industry waste and residues in natural fiber-polymer composites. Waste Manage. 2016; 54:62–73.
[40] Frédérique T, Vincent P, Violaine GR, Boubakar ML. Nonlinear tensile behaviour of elementary hemp fibres. Part II: Modelling using an anisotropic viscoelastic constitutive law in a material rotating frame. Compos. Part A: Appl. Sci. Manuf. 2015; 68:346–355.
[41] Hidalgo MA, Muñoz MF, Quintana KJ. Mechanical behavior of polyethylene aluminum composite reinforced with continuous agro fique fibers. Revista Latinoamericana de Metalurgia y Materiales. 2011; 31(2):187–194.
[42] Delvasto S, de Gutiérrez R, Váldez Y. Comparative study of the pull-out behavior of fique fibers in mortars of Portland cement. In: Brazilian Conference on Non-conventional Materials and Technologies (NOCMAT): Affordable Housing and Infrastructure; 2004; Brazil
[43] Gañán P, Mondragon I. Fique fiber-reinforced polyester composites: effects of fiber surface treatments on mechanical behavior. J. Mater. Sci. 2004; 39(9):3121–3128.
[44] Li Y, Shen YO. The use of sisal and henequen fibres as reinforcements in composites. In: Omar Faruk and Mohini Sain, editors. Biofiber Reinforcements in Composite Materials. Elsevier Ltd: 2015: p. 165–210. DOI:10.1533/9781782421276.2.165
[45] Aziz SH, Ansell MP. The effect of alkalization and fibre alignment on the mechanical and thermal properties of kenaf and hemp bast fibre composites: Part 1—Polyester resin matrix. Compos. Sci. Technol. 2004; 64:1219–30.
[46] Saba N, Jawaid M, Alothman OY, Paridah MT. A review on dynamic mechanical properties of natural fibre reinforced polymer composites. Constr. Build. Mater.. March 2016; 106(1):149–159.
[47] Maurya HO, Gupta MK, Srivastava RK, Singh H. Study on the mechanical properties of epoxy composite using short sisal fibre. Mater. Today: Proc. 2015; 2(4–5):1347–1355.
[48] Herrera-Franco PJ, Valadez-González A. A study of the mechanical properties of short natural-fiber reinforced composites. Compos. Part B: Eng. 2005; 36: 597–608.
[49] Cheung HY, Ho MP, Lau KT, Cardona F, Hui D. Natural fibre-reinforced composites for bioengineering and environmental engineering applications. Compos. Part B: Eng. 2009; 40:655e63.
[50] Martins C, Pinto V, Rui Guedes M, Marques AT. Creep and stress relaxation behaviour of pla-cl fibres—a linear modelling approach. Procedia Eng. 2015; 114:768–775.
[51] Dobah Y, Bourchak M, Bezazi A, Belaadi A. Static and fatigue strength characterization of sisal fiber reinforced polyester composite material. In: 9th International Conference on Composite Science and Technology: 2020 - Scientific and Industrial Challenges (ICCST/9); 24–26 April 2013; Sorrento, Naples, Italy.
[52] Jabbar A, Militky J, Madhukar Kale B, Rwawiire S, Nawabb Y, Baheti V. Modeling and analysis of the creep behavior of jute/green epoxy composites incorporated with chemically treated pulverized nano/micro jute fibers. Ind. Crops Prod. 2016; 84:230– 240.
[53] Kiguchi M. Latest market status of wood and wood plastic composites in North America and Europe. In: The Second Wood and Wood Plastic Composites Seminar in the 23rd Wood Composite Symposium, Kyoto, Japan; 2007. pp. 61–73.
[54] Belaadi A, Bezazi A, Maache M, Scarpa F. Fatigue in sisal fiber reinforced polyester composites: hysteresis and energy dissipation. Procedia Eng. 2014; 74:325–328.
[55] Haq S, Srivastava R. Measuring the influence of materials composition n nano scale roughness for wood plastic composites by AFM. Measurement. 2016; 91:541–547.
[56] Fibre properties and crashworthiness parameters of natural fibre-reinforced composite structure: A literature review. Compos. Struct. 2016; 148:59–73.
[57] Ascione L, Berardi V, D’Aponte A. Creep phenomena in FRP materials. Mech. Res. Commun. 2012; 43:15–21.
[58] Miguel A. Hidalgo-Salazar, José H. Mina, Pedro J. Herrera-Franco: The effect of interfacial adhesion on the creep behaviour of LDPE–Al–Fique composite materials. Composites Part B: Engineering. 2013; 55: 345–351. DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesb. 2013.06.032
[59] Pothan LA, Oommen Z, Thomas S. Dynamic mechanical analysis of banana fiber reinforced polyester composites. Compos. Sci. Technol. 2003; 63:283–93.
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spelling Hidalgo Salazar, Miguel Ángelvirtual::2128-12021-09-14T12:35:11Z2021-09-14T12:35:11Z2016-11-30https://hdl.handle.net/10614/13204http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/66148The viscoelastic behavior and performance to creep of biocomposites made from fique natural fiber and low-density polyethylene-aluminum (LDPE–Al) obtained from recycled long-life packages were studied. A relationship was observed between the creep mechanical responses of biocomposites with respect to natural fibers. Additionally, the four and six parameters of the mathematical model were calculated from the creep curves. A very good agreement between the experimental data and the theoretical curves was obtained in the fluency region. The relationship between interfacial fiber or filler and the polymer matrix is an indicator of mechanical performance of biocomposite, regardless of the application that you want to give. It is known that the mechanical and viscoelastic properties depend on the application time of loading, the type of load, temperature, micromechanics relationship between the natural fiber and the matrix, the type of anchor prevailing for the transfer effort to micro- and nano-levels and cannot be treated mathematically only by the laws of solids or fluids, viscoelastic behavior of biocomposites. It is possible to obtain mathematical models that fit different rheological phenomena; for example, creep and stress relaxation can be modeled and correlated with biocomposite experiment using dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA).Primera edición29 páginasapplication/pdfengInTechOpenJaneza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, CroatiaDerechos reservados - InTechOpen, 2021https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessAtribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Viscoelastic performance of biocompositesCapítulo - Parte de Librohttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_3248Textinfo:eu-repo/semantics/bookPartinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85MaterialesMaterialsBiocompositesDMANatural fiberFique fiberViscoelastic behaviorMathematical models1331303Composites from renewable and sustainable materials[1] Väisänen T, Haapala A, Lappalainen R, Tomppo L. Utilization of agricultural and forest industry waste and residues in natural fiber-polymer composites: A review. Waste Manag. 2016; 54:62–73.[2] Thakur VK, Thakur MK, Gupta RK. Review: raw natural fiber-based polymer composites, Int. J. Polym. Anal. Charact. 2014; 19:256–271.[3] Rana A, Mitra B, Banerjee A. Short jute fiber-reinforced polypropylene composites: dynamic mechanical study. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 1999; 71:531–539.[4] Puglia D, Biagiotti J, Kenny J. A review on natural fibre-based composites—Part II: application of natural reinforcements in composite materials for automotive industry. J. Nat. Fibers. 2005; 1:23–65.[5] Prithivirajan, R, Jayabal S, Bharathiraja G. Bio-based composites from waste agricultural residues: mechanical and morphological properties. Cellulose Chem. Technol. 2015; 49, 65–68.[6] Xu Y, Wu Q, Lei Y, Yao F. Creep behavior of bagasse fibre reinforced polymer composites. Bioresour. Technol. 2010; 101:3280–3286.[7] Suardana NPG, Piao Y, Lim JK. Mechanical properties of hemp fibers and hemp/PP composites: effects of chemical surface treatment. Mater. Phys. Mech. 2011; 11:1–8.[8] OmraniE, MenezesP L, RohatgiP K. State of the art on tribological behavior of polymer matrix composites reinforced with naturalfibersin the green materials world. Int. J. Eng. Sci. Technol. 2016; 19(2):717–736.[9] Ahmad F, Choi HS, Park MK. A review: natural fiber composites selection in view of mechanical, light weight, and economic properties. Macromol. Mater. Eng. 2015; 300:10–24.[10] Acha BA, Reboredo MM, Marcovich NE. Creep and dynamic mechanical behavior of PP–jute composites: effect of the interfacial adhesion. Compos. Part A: Appl. Sci. Manuf. 2007; 38:1507–1516.[11] Premalal HG, Ismail H, Baharin A. Comparison of the mechanical properties of rice husk powder filled polypropylene composites with talc filled polypropylene composites. Polym. Test.2002; 21:833–839.[12] Nuñez AJ, Marcovich NE, Aranguren MI. Short-term and long-term creep of polypropylene– wood flour composites. Polym. Eng. Sci. 2004; 44(8):1594–1603.[13] Reddy N, Yang Y. Preparation and characterization of long natural cellulose fibers from wheat straw. J. Agric. Food. Chem. 2007; 55:8570–8575.[14] Delvasto S, Toro E, Perdomo F, Mejía R. An appropriate vacuum technology for manufacture of corrugated fique fibre reinforced cementitious sheets. Constr. Build. Mater. 2010; 24:187–192.[15] Gurunathan T, Mohanty S, Nayak SK. A review of the recent developments in biocomposites based on natural fibres and their application perspectives. Compos. Part A. 2015; 77:1e25.[16] Sood M, Dharmpal D, Gupta VK. Effect of fiber chemical treatment on mechanical properties of sisal fiber/recycled HDPE composite. Mater. Today: Proc. 2015; 2(4–5): 3149–3155.[17] Gómez C, Vázquez A. Flexural properties loss of unidirectional epoxy/fique composites immersed in water and alkaline medium for construction application. Compos. Part B: Eng. 2012; 43(8):3120–3130.[18] Greco F, Leonetti L, Nevone Blasi P. Adaptive multiscale modeling of fiber reinforced composite materials subjected to transverse micro cracking. Compos. Struct. 2014; 113:249–63.[19] Ramesh M, Atreya TSA, Aswin US, Eashwar H, Deepa C. Processing and mechanical property evaluation of banana fiber reinforced polymer composites. Procedia Eng. 2014; 97:563–572.[20] N Uddin, Developments in Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (FRP) Composites for Civil Engineering, 1st ed. Woodhead Publishing; 2013. p. 18-26.[21] Venkateshwaran N, Elaya Perumal A, Arunsundaranayagam D. Fiber surface treatment and its effect on mechanical and visco-elastic behaviour of banana/epoxy composite. Mater. Design. 2013; 47:151–159.[22] Chin CW, Yousif BF. Potential of kenaf fibres as reinforcement for tribological applications. Wear. 2009; 267(9–10):1550–1557.[23] Zhan J, Song L, Nie S, Hu Y. Combustion properties and thermal degradation behavior of polylactide with an effective intumescent flame retardant. Polym. Degrad. Stabil. 2009; 94(3):291–296.[24] Kim SJ, Moon JB, Kim GH, Ha CS. Mechanical properties of polypropylene/natural fiber composites: comparison of wood fiber and cotton fiber. Polym. Test. 2008; 27:801– 806.[25] Le Troedec M, Sedan D, Peyratout C et al., “Influence of various chemical treatments on the composition and structure of hemp fibres.” Compos. Part A: Appl. Sci. Manuf. 2008; 39(3):514–522.[26] John MJ, Francis B, Varughese KT, Thomas S. Effect of chemical modification on properties of hybrid fiber biocomposites. Compos. Part A: Appl. Sci. Manuf. 2008; 39(2): 352–363.[27] D. Dai, M. Fan. Wood fibres as reinforcements in natural fibre composites: structure, properties, processing and applications. In: A. Hodzic and R. Shanks, editors. Natural Fibre Composites Materials, Processes and Applications. Woodhead Publishing Limited: 2014. p.3–65. DOI:10.1533/9780857099228.1.3[28] May-Pat A, Valadez-González A, Herrera-Franco PJ. Effect of fiber surface treatments on the essential work of fracture of HDPE-continuous henequen fiber-reinforced composites.” Polym. Test. 2013; 32(3):1114–1122.[29] Kumari R, Ito H, Takatani M, Uchiyama M, Okamoto T. Fundamental studies on wood/ cellulose-plastic composites: effects of composition and cellulose dimension on the properties of cellulose/PP composite. J. Wood. Sci. 2007; 53:470–80.[30] Bocz K, Szolnoki B, Marosi A, T´abi T, Wladyka-Przybylak M, Marosi G. Flax fibre reinforced PLA/TPS biocomposites flame retarded with multifunctional additive system. Polym. Degrad. Stabil. 2014; 106:63–73.[31] Tawakkal ISMA, Cran MJ, Bigger SW, Effect of kenaf fibre loading and thymol concentration on the mechanical and thermal properties of PLA/kenaf/thymol composites. Ind. Crops Prod. 2014; 61:74–83.[32] Graupner N, Herrmann AS, M¨ussig J. 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