Diseño de un reactor biológico de electrohidrogénesis para la reducción de materia orgánica y producción de hidrógeno a partir de lixiviados generados en sitios de disposición final de residuos sólidos municipales
Vinculado a la tendencia de disposición de residuos sólidos municipales en sitios de disposición final, se relaciona la generación de lixiviados; que, en consideración con una emisión al medio ambiente, indica una contaminación hídrica y edáfica, la cual afecta las condiciones socioambientales en la...
- Autores:
-
Giraldo Isaza, Laura Vanessa
- Tipo de recurso:
- Trabajo de grado de pregrado
- Fecha de publicación:
- 2019
- Institución:
- Universidad Autónoma de Occidente
- Repositorio:
- RED: Repositorio Educativo Digital UAO
- Idioma:
- spa
- OAI Identifier:
- oai:red.uao.edu.co:10614/11595
- Acceso en línea:
- http://red.uao.edu.co//handle/10614/11595
- Palabra clave:
- Ingenieria Ambiental
Lixiviación de suelos
Bioreactores
Hidrógeno
Electrohidrogénesis
Residuos sólidos municipales
Soil leaching
Bioreactors
Hydrogen
Electrohydrogenesis reactor
- Rights
- openAccess
- License
- Derechos Reservados - Universidad Autónoma de Occidente
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| dc.title.spa.fl_str_mv |
Diseño de un reactor biológico de electrohidrogénesis para la reducción de materia orgánica y producción de hidrógeno a partir de lixiviados generados en sitios de disposición final de residuos sólidos municipales |
| title |
Diseño de un reactor biológico de electrohidrogénesis para la reducción de materia orgánica y producción de hidrógeno a partir de lixiviados generados en sitios de disposición final de residuos sólidos municipales |
| spellingShingle |
Diseño de un reactor biológico de electrohidrogénesis para la reducción de materia orgánica y producción de hidrógeno a partir de lixiviados generados en sitios de disposición final de residuos sólidos municipales Ingenieria Ambiental Lixiviación de suelos Bioreactores Hidrógeno Electrohidrogénesis Residuos sólidos municipales Soil leaching Bioreactors Hydrogen Electrohydrogenesis reactor |
| title_short |
Diseño de un reactor biológico de electrohidrogénesis para la reducción de materia orgánica y producción de hidrógeno a partir de lixiviados generados en sitios de disposición final de residuos sólidos municipales |
| title_full |
Diseño de un reactor biológico de electrohidrogénesis para la reducción de materia orgánica y producción de hidrógeno a partir de lixiviados generados en sitios de disposición final de residuos sólidos municipales |
| title_fullStr |
Diseño de un reactor biológico de electrohidrogénesis para la reducción de materia orgánica y producción de hidrógeno a partir de lixiviados generados en sitios de disposición final de residuos sólidos municipales |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Diseño de un reactor biológico de electrohidrogénesis para la reducción de materia orgánica y producción de hidrógeno a partir de lixiviados generados en sitios de disposición final de residuos sólidos municipales |
| title_sort |
Diseño de un reactor biológico de electrohidrogénesis para la reducción de materia orgánica y producción de hidrógeno a partir de lixiviados generados en sitios de disposición final de residuos sólidos municipales |
| dc.creator.fl_str_mv |
Giraldo Isaza, Laura Vanessa |
| dc.contributor.advisor.none.fl_str_mv |
Vásquez Sarria, Nancy |
| dc.contributor.author.spa.fl_str_mv |
Giraldo Isaza, Laura Vanessa |
| dc.subject.spa.fl_str_mv |
Ingenieria Ambiental Lixiviación de suelos Bioreactores Hidrógeno Electrohidrogénesis Residuos sólidos municipales |
| topic |
Ingenieria Ambiental Lixiviación de suelos Bioreactores Hidrógeno Electrohidrogénesis Residuos sólidos municipales Soil leaching Bioreactors Hydrogen Electrohydrogenesis reactor |
| dc.subject.eng.fl_str_mv |
Soil leaching Bioreactors Hydrogen Electrohydrogenesis reactor |
| description |
Vinculado a la tendencia de disposición de residuos sólidos municipales en sitios de disposición final, se relaciona la generación de lixiviados; que, en consideración con una emisión al medio ambiente, indica una contaminación hídrica y edáfica, la cual afecta las condiciones socioambientales en las localidades aledañas al relleno. Para abordar una solución a esta problemática, en este proyecto se realizó el diseño de un reactor de electrohidrogénesis con el fin de disminuir la concentración de materia orgánica presente en los lixiviados, integrado a una reconversión de este elemento en energía en forma de H2, buscando complementar la actual gestión de residuos sólidos con un aprovechamiento energético. Dentro de este marco, se evaluaron las características fisicoquímicas de los lixiviados a tratar; donde el lixiviado maduro fue extraído del antiguo botadero a cielo abierto de Navarro y la emisión fresca y media del relleno sanitario Colomba-Guabal, donde fueron evaluadas las condiciones de biodegradabilidad, pH, contenido de nutrientes y definición de eficiencias requeridas de tratamiento. En este sentido, para la formulación de la estrategia de tratamiento, se analizaron condiciones operacionales, estructurales y biológicas para definir el diseño de reactor; ajustadas a las condiciones de los lixiviados estudiados. De igual forma, se evaluaron los parámetros críticos de operación, en donde los criterios de diseño mostraron que las variables más importantes para la definición de este tipo de sistemas son las eficiencias de reducción de materia orgánica esperadas (DQO), la disposición y componentes de los electrodos, los componentes eléctricos de la célula y las variables de control operacional como el pH, la temperatura, el tipo de flujo y las condiciones biológicas asociadas al inóculo |
| publishDate |
2019 |
| dc.date.accessioned.spa.fl_str_mv |
2019-11-27T20:41:43Z |
| dc.date.available.spa.fl_str_mv |
2019-11-27T20:41:43Z |
| dc.date.issued.spa.fl_str_mv |
2019-08-06 |
| dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv |
Trabajo de grado - Pregrado |
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http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85 |
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http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_7a1f |
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Text |
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info:eu-repo/semantics/bachelorThesis |
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https://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/TP |
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info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion |
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http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_7a1f |
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publishedVersion |
| dc.identifier.uri.spa.fl_str_mv |
http://red.uao.edu.co//handle/10614/11595 |
| url |
http://red.uao.edu.co//handle/10614/11595 |
| dc.language.iso.spa.fl_str_mv |
spa |
| language |
spa |
| dc.rights.spa.fl_str_mv |
Derechos Reservados - Universidad Autónoma de Occidente |
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http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2 |
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https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ |
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info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess |
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Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) |
| rights_invalid_str_mv |
Derechos Reservados - Universidad Autónoma de Occidente https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2 |
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openAccess |
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application/pdf |
| dc.format.extent.spa.fl_str_mv |
114 páginas |
| dc.coverage.spatial.spa.fl_str_mv |
Universidad Autónoma de Occidente. Calle 25 115-85. Km 2 vía Cali-Jamundí |
| dc.publisher.program.spa.fl_str_mv |
Ingeniería Ambiental |
| dc.publisher.department.spa.fl_str_mv |
Departamento de Energética y Mecánica |
| dc.publisher.faculty.spa.fl_str_mv |
Facultad de Ingeniería |
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instname:Universidad Autónoma de Occidente reponame:Repositorio Institucional UAO |
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Universidad Autónoma de Occidente |
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Universidad Autónoma de Occidente |
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Repositorio Institucional UAO |
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Repositorio Institucional UAO |
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Recuperado de: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/295547315_Characteriza tion_of_Essential_Nutrients_and_Heavy_Metals_during_Municipal_Solid_Waste_Composting. Mårtensson, A. M., Aulin, C., Wahlberg, O. y Ågren, S. (enero, 2002). Effect of humic substances on the mobility of toxic metals in a mature landfill. Waste management and research, 17, (4). 296-304. doi: 10.1034/j.1399-3070.1999.00053.x. Martin, E., Savadogo, O., Guiot, S. R. y Tartakovsky, B. (septiembre, 2010). The influence of operational conditions on the performance of a microbial fuel cell seeded with mesophilic anaerobic sludge. Biochemical engineering journal, 51 (3), 132-139. doi: 10.1016/j.bej.2010.06.006. Mejía, A. A. R., Vásquez, J. A. y González, A. L. (junio, 2012). Bacterias, fuente de energía para el futuro. Tecnura, 16 (32), 117-142. Doi: 10.14483/udistrital.jour.tecnura.2012.2.a10. Moilanen, D. E., Piletic, I. R. y Fayer, M. D. (marzo, 2007). Water dynamics in nafion fuel cell membranes: the effects of confinement and structural changes on the hydrogen bond network. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 111 (25), 8884-8891. Doi: 10.1021/jp067460k. Mohan, S. V., y Pandey, A. (2013). Biohydrogen Production. Biohydrogen. 1–24. doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-59555-3.00001-5 Moravia, W. G., Amaral, M. C., y Lange, L. C. (enero, 2013). Evaluation of landfill leachate treatment by advanced oxidative process by Fenton’s reagent combined with membrane separation system. Waste Management, 33, (1). 89-101. doi: 10.1016/j.wasman.2012.08.009. Mukherjee, S., Mukhopadhyay, S., Hashim, M. A., y Sen Gupta, B. (enero, 2015). Contemporary environmental issues of landfill leachate: assessment and remedies. Crítical reviews in environmental science and technology, 45, (5). 472-590. doi: 10.1080/10643389.2013.876524. Nam, J. Y. y Logan, B. E. (diciembre, 2012). Optimization of catholyte concentration and anolyte pHs in two chamber microbial electrolysis cells. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 37(24), 18622-18628. doi: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2012.09.140. Nam, J. Y., Tokash, J. C. y Logan, B. E. (agosto, 2011). Comparison of microbial electrolysis cells operated with added voltage or by setting the anode potential. international journal of hydrogen energy, 36 (17), 10550-10556. doi: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2011.05.148. Nien, P. C., Lee, C. Y., Ho, K. C., Adav, S. S., Liu, L., Wang, A., Ren, L. y Lee, D. J. (abril, 2011). Power overshoot in two-chambered microbial fuel cell (MFC). Bioresource technology, 102 (7), 4742-4746. Doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2010.12.015. Nimje, V. R., Chen, C. Y., Chen, C. C., Jean, J. S., Reddy, A. S., Fan, C. W., Pan, K.Y, Liu, H.T. y Chen, J. L. (mayo, 2009). Stable and high energy generation by a strain of Bacillus subtilis in a microbial fuel cell. 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Biochemical engineering journal, 73, 53-64. doi: 10.1016/j.bej.2013.01.012. Öman, C. B. y Junestedt, C. (2008). Chemical characterization of landfill leachates – 400 parameters and compounds. Waste Management, 28(10), 1876–1891. doi: 10.1016/j.wasman.2007.06.018. Özkaya, B., Cetinkaya, A. Y., Cakmakci, M., Karadağ, D. y Sahinkaya, E. (abril, 2013). Electricity generation from young landfill leachate in a microbial fuel cell with a new electrode material. Bioprocess and biosystems engineering, 36(4), 399-405. doi: 10.1007/s00449-012-0796-z. Pant, D., Van Bogaert, G., Diels, L., y Vanbroekhoven, K. (marzo, 2010). A review of the substrates used in microbial fuel cells (MFCs) for sustainable energy production. Bioresource technology, 101, (6) .1533-1543. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2009.10.017. Patil, S. A., Harnisch, F., Koch, C., Hübschmann, T., Fetzer, I., Carmona-Martínez, A. A., Müller, S. y Schröder, U. (octubre, 2011). Electroactive mixed culture derived biofilms in microbial bioelectrochemical systems: the role of pH on biofilm formation, performance and composition. Bioresource technology, 102 (20), 9683-9690. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2011.07.087. Peng, Y. (mayo, 2017). Perspectives on technology for landfill leachate treatment. Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 10, (S. 2). 2567-S2574. doi: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2013.09.031. Poddar, S. y Khurana, S. (junio, 2011). Geobacter: the electric microbe! efficient microbial fuel cells to generate clean, cheap electricity. Indian journal of microbiology, 51 (2), 240-241. doi: 10.1007/s12088-011-0180-8. Política Nacional para la Gestión Integrada de Residuos Sólidos, CONPES 3874 (2016). Recuperado de: https://www.dnp.gov.co/CrecimientoVerde/Documents /Documentos%20CONPES/Publicados/CONPES%203874%20%20GESTIÓN%20INTEGRAL%20DE%20RESIDUOS%20SÓLIDOS.pdf. Rajaram, V., Siddiqui, F. Z., y Khan, M. E. (2011). From landfill gas to energy: Technologies and challenges. CRC press. doi: 10.1201/b11598. Renou, S., Givaudan, J. G., Poulain, S., Dirassouyan, F., y Moulin, P. (febrero, 2008). Landfill leachate treatment: review and opportunity. Journal of hazardous materials, 150, (3). 468-493. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.09.077. Reinhart, D. R. y Basel Al-Yousfi, A. (julio, 1996). The Impact of Leachate Recirculation On Municipal Solid Waste Landfill Operating Characteristics. Waste Management & Research, 14 (4), 337–346. doi:10.1177/0734242x9601400402. Resolución 0631 de 2015. (marzo, 2017). DO: 49.486 (2015). Resolución 0330 de 2017. (junio, 2017). DO: 50.267 (2017). Rodríguez, M. G. (2003). Cálculos avanzados en procesos de descontaminación de aguas (Vol. 9). Editorial CSIC-CSIC Press. Recuperado de: https://www.research gate.net/publication/44723979_Procesos_de_descontaminacion_de_aguas_calculos_avanzados_informatizados_Manuel_Gil_Rodriguez. Sacco, N. J., Bonetto, M. C., y Cortón, E. (febrero, 2017). Isolation and characterization of a novel electrogenic bacterium, Dietzia sp. RNV-4. PloS one, 12, (2). e0169955. doi :10.1371/journal. pone.0169955. Santoro, C., Arbizzani, C., Erable, B., y Ieropoulos, I. (julio, 2017). Microbial fuel cells: From fundamentals to applications. A review. Journal of Power Sources, 356. 225–244. doi: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2017.03.109. Scott, K. y Yu, E. H. (Eds.). (2015). Microbial electrochemical and fuel cells: fundamentals and applications. Woodhead Publishing. Recuperado de: https://www.sciencedirect.com/book/9781782423751/microbial-electrochemical-and-fuel-cells. Schiopu, A. M., y Gavrilescu, M. (noviembre, 2010). Options for the treatment and management of municipal landfill leachate: common and specific issues. CLEAN–Soil, Air, Water, 38, (12). 1101-1110. doi: 10.1002/clen.200900184. Schröder, U. (mayo, 2007). Anodic electron transfer mechanisms in microbial fuel cells and their energy efficiency. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 9, (21). 2619-2629. doi: 10.1039/B703627M. Singh, L., y Kalia, V. C. (Eds.). (2017). Waste Biomass Management-A Holistic Approach. Springer. Sonawane, J. M., Adeloju, S. B., y Ghosh, P. C. (septiembre, 2017). Landfill leachate: A promising substrate for microbial fuel cells. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 42, (37). 23794-23798. doi: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2017.03.137. Sun, G., Thygesen, A., Ale, M. T., Mensah, M., Poulsen, F. W., y Meyer, A. S. (marzo, 2014). The significance of the initiation process parameters and reactor design for maximizing the efficiency of microbial fuel cells. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 98(6), 2415–2427.doi:10.1007/s00253-013-5486-5. Sun, G., Thygesen, A. y Meyer, A. S. (junio, 2015). Acetate is a superior substrate for microbial fuel cell initiation preceding bioethanol effluent utilization. Applied microbiology and biotechnology, 99(11), 4905-4915. doi: 10.1007/s00253-015-6513-5. Superintendencia de Servicios Públicos Domiciliarios (SSPD). (2018). Disposición Final de Residuos Sólidos, Informe Nacional 2016. Recuperado de: https://www.superservicios.gov.co/noticias/disposición-final-residuos-sólidos-informe-nacional-2016. Superintendencia de Servicios Públicos Domiciliarios (SSPD). (2019). Disposición Final de Residuos Sólidos, Informe Nacional 2017. Recuperado de: https://www.superservicios.gov.co/publicaciones/acueducto-alcantarillado-y-aseo/disposición-final-residuos-sólidos-informe-2017. Tchobanoglous, G.; Theisen, H. y Vigil, S. (1994). Gestión integral de residuos sólidos. Ciudad de México. McGraw-Hill/ Interamericana de España S.A. Recuperado de: https://www.urbe.edu/UDWLibrary/InfoBook.do?id=4451. Tharali, A. D., Sain, N., y Osborne, W. J. (octubre, 2016). Microbial fuel cells in bioelectricity production. Frontiers in Life Science, 9 (4), 252–266. doi:10.1080/21553769.2016.1230787 Thygesen, A., Poulsen, F. W., Angelidaki, I., Min, B. y Bjerre, A. B. (noviembre, 2011). Electricity generation by microbial fuel cells fuelled with wheat straw hydrolysate. Biomass and bioenergy, 35(11), 4732-4739. doi: 10.1016/j.biombioe.2011.09.026. Torres Lozada, P., Barba Ho, L., Ojeda, C., Martínez, J., y Castaño, Y. (diciembre, 2014). Influencia de la edad de lixiviados sobre su composición fisicoquímica y su potencial de toxicidad. Revista U.D.C.A, 17(1), 245-255. Recuperado de: https://revistas.udca.edu.co/index.php/ruadc/article/view/960. Torretta, V., Ferronato, N., Katsoyiannis, I., Tolkou, A., y Airoldi, M. (enero, 2017). Novel and conventional technologies for landfill leachates treatment: A review. Sustainability, 9, (1). 9. doi: 10.3390/su9010009. Tsai, Y.-P. (marzo, 2005). Impact of flow velocity on the dynamic behaviour of biofilm bacteria. Biofouling, 21(5-6), 267–277.doi:10.1080/08927010500398633 Von Sperling, M. (2015). Activated Sludge and Aerobic Biofilm Reactors. IWA. 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F., Rismani-Yazdi, H., Bibby, K., Peccia, J., Regan, J.M. y Logan, B. E. (noviembre, 2012). Convergent development of anodic bacterial communities in microbial fuel cells. The ISME Journal, 6 (11), 2002-2013. doi: 10.1038/ismej.2012.42. You, S. J., Zhao, Q. L., Jiang, J. Q., Zhang, J. N., y Zhao, S. Q. (marzo, 2006). Sustainable approach for leachate treatment: electricity generation in microbial fuel cell. Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A, 41, (12). 2721-2734. doi: 10.1080/10934520600966284. Youcai, Z. (julio, 2018). Pollution Control Technology for Leachate from Municipal Solid Waste: Landfills, Incineration Plants, and Transfer Stations. Butterworth-Heinemann. Recuperado de: https://www.elsevier.com/books/pollution-control-technology-for-leachate-from-municipal-solid-waste/youcai/978-0-12-815813-5. Yu, A.C., Loo, J.F., Yu, S., Kong, S.K. y Chan, T.F. (enero, 2014). Monitoring bacterial growth using tunable resistive pulse sensing with a pore-based technique. 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Vásquez Sarria, Nancyvirtual::5122-1Giraldo Isaza, Laura Vanessa33d525ce1418b60147bd23a5d855a6ecIngeniero AmbientalUniversidad Autónoma de Occidente. Calle 25 115-85. Km 2 vía Cali-Jamundí2019-11-27T20:41:43Z2019-11-27T20:41:43Z2019-08-06http://red.uao.edu.co//handle/10614/11595Vinculado a la tendencia de disposición de residuos sólidos municipales en sitios de disposición final, se relaciona la generación de lixiviados; que, en consideración con una emisión al medio ambiente, indica una contaminación hídrica y edáfica, la cual afecta las condiciones socioambientales en las localidades aledañas al relleno. Para abordar una solución a esta problemática, en este proyecto se realizó el diseño de un reactor de electrohidrogénesis con el fin de disminuir la concentración de materia orgánica presente en los lixiviados, integrado a una reconversión de este elemento en energía en forma de H2, buscando complementar la actual gestión de residuos sólidos con un aprovechamiento energético. Dentro de este marco, se evaluaron las características fisicoquímicas de los lixiviados a tratar; donde el lixiviado maduro fue extraído del antiguo botadero a cielo abierto de Navarro y la emisión fresca y media del relleno sanitario Colomba-Guabal, donde fueron evaluadas las condiciones de biodegradabilidad, pH, contenido de nutrientes y definición de eficiencias requeridas de tratamiento. En este sentido, para la formulación de la estrategia de tratamiento, se analizaron condiciones operacionales, estructurales y biológicas para definir el diseño de reactor; ajustadas a las condiciones de los lixiviados estudiados. De igual forma, se evaluaron los parámetros críticos de operación, en donde los criterios de diseño mostraron que las variables más importantes para la definición de este tipo de sistemas son las eficiencias de reducción de materia orgánica esperadas (DQO), la disposición y componentes de los electrodos, los componentes eléctricos de la célula y las variables de control operacional como el pH, la temperatura, el tipo de flujo y las condiciones biológicas asociadas al inóculoRelated to the prevailing trend of disposition of municipal solid waste in landfills, the landfill leachate generation occurs; that, in consideration of a direct emission to the environment, indicates a water and soil contamination, which affects the social and environmental conditions in the localities surrounding the landfill. In order to address a solution to the exposed problematic, the design of an electrohydrogenesis reactor was formulated for reducing the concentration of organic matter concentrated in the suspension, integrated to a reconversion of this element into energy; in the manner of H2, seeking to complement the current solid waste management with an energy use. Within this framework, the physicochemical characteristics of the leached to be treated were evaluated; where the mature leachate was extracted from the old open-air dump of Navarro and the fresh and medium emission from the Colomba-Guabal landfill, where the conditions of biodegradability, pH, nutrient content and definition of required treatment efficiencies were evaluated. In this sense, for the formulation of this treatment strategy, operational, structural and biological conditions were analyzed to define the reactor design; adjusted to the conditions of the leachates studied. Likewise, the crítical operation parameters were evaluated, where the design criteria showed that the most important variables for the definition of this type of systems are the expected efficiencies of reduction of organic matter (COD), the disposition and components of the electrodes, the electrical components of the cell and the variables of operational control such as pH, temperature, type of flow and biological conditions associated with the inoculumProyecto de grado (Ingeniero Ambiental)-Universidad Autónoma de Occidente, 2019PregradoIngeniero(a) Ambientalapplication/pdf114 páginasspaDerechos Reservados - Universidad Autónoma de Occidentehttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessAtribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2instname:Universidad Autónoma de Occidentereponame:Repositorio Institucional UAOActividades complementarias de tratamiento y disposición final de residuos sólidos en el servicio público de aseo, Decreto 1784 de 2017. DO: 50.405 (2017). Aelterman, P., Rabaey, K., Pham, T.H., Boon, N. y Verstraete, W. (mayo, 2006). Continuous electricity generation at high voltages and currents using stacked microbial fuel cells. Environmental Science and Technology, 40, (10), 3388–3394. doi: 10.1021/es0525511. Aelterman, P., Versichele, M., Marzorati, M., Boon, N. y Verstraete, W. (diciembre, 2008). Loading rate and external resistance control the electricity generation of microbial fuel cells with different three-dimensional anodes. Bioresource Technology, 99(18), 8895–8902. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2008.04.061 Adhikari, B. y Khanal, S. N. (enero, 2015). Qualitative study of landfill leachate from different ages of landfill sites of various countries including Nepal. Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology, 9(1), 2319-2399. Recuperado de: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Qualitative-Study-of-Land fill-Leachate-from-Ages-of-Adhikari Khanal/733aa8686cd11f21fa21052d2e4fcfdbf8 a0b123. Adhikari, B., Khanal, S., Giri, D. y Lamichhane, J. (diciembre, 2014). Seasonal variation of pH, BOD, COD and BOD/COD ratio in different ages of landfill leachate in Nepal. Journal of Biomolecule Reconstruction, 11, (2), 89-99. Akman, D., Cirik, K., Ozdemir, S., Ozkaya, B. y Cinar, O. (diciembre, 2013). Bioelectricity generation in continuously-fed microbial fuel cell: effects of anode electrode material and hydraulic retention time. Bioresource technology, 149, 459-464. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2013.09.102. Ammary, B. Y. (abril, 2004). Nutrients requirements in biological industrial wastewater treatment. African Journal of Biotechnology, 3(4), 236-238. Recuperado de: https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/bitstream/1807/4122/1/jb04045.pdf. Andreoli, C. V., Von Sperling, M., Fernandes, F. y Ronteltap, M. (2007). Sludge treatment and disposal. IWA publishing. Recuperado de: https://iwaponline.com/ebooks/book/1/Sludge-Treatment-and-Disposal. Behera, B. K., y Varma, A. (2016). Microbial resources for sustainable energy. Springer. Recuperado de: https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783319337760. Bermek, H., Catal, T., Akan, S. S., Ulutaş, M. S., Kumru, M., Özgüven, M., Liu, H., Özçelik, B. y Akarsubaşı, A. T. (abril, 2014). Olive mill wastewater treatment in single-chamber air-cathode microbial fuel cells. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 30, (4). 1177-1185. doi: 10.1007/s11274-013-1541-8. Bhalla, B., Saini, M. S. y Jha, M. K. (agosto, 2013). Effect of age and seasonal variations on leachate characteristics of municipal solid waste landfill. International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology, 2(8), 223-232. doi: 10.15623/ijret.2013.0208037. Borole, A.P., Reguera, G., Ringeisen, B., Wang, Z.W., Feng, Y. y Kim, B.H. (octubre, 2011) Electroactive biofilms: current status and future research needs. Energy & Environmental Science, 4. 4813–4834. doi:10.1039/ C1EE02511B. Call, D. F., y Logan, B. E. (julio, 2011). 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