Implementation of the ultrasonic through-transmission technique for the elastic characterization of fiber-reinforced laminated composite
Los compuestos laminados son usados en aplicaciones donde una alta relación resistencia/peso es requerida. Las industrias aeronáutica, naval y automotriz usan estos materiales para reducir el peso de sus vehículos y ahorrar combustible. Sin embargo, los materiales compuestos laminados son anisotrópi...
- Autores:
-
Franco Guzmán, Ediguer Enrique
Ealo Cuello, Joao Luis
Meza Valencia, Carlos Alberto
- Tipo de recurso:
- Article of journal
- Fecha de publicación:
- 2019
- Institución:
- Universidad Autónoma de Occidente
- Repositorio:
- RED: Repositorio Educativo Digital UAO
- Idioma:
- eng
- OAI Identifier:
- oai:red.uao.edu.co:10614/11530
- Palabra clave:
- Materiales - Propiedades mecánicas
Material - Mechanical properties
Composite material
Ultrasound
Through-transmission technique
Material compuesto
Ecuación de Chistoffel
Tensor de rigidez
Ultrasonido
Técnica de la transmisión ultrasónica
Christoffel's equation
Stiffness tensor
- Rights
- openAccess
- License
- Derechos Reservados - Universidad Autónoma de Occidente
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Implementation of the ultrasonic through-transmission technique for the elastic characterization of fiber-reinforced laminated composite |
| dc.title.alternative.spa.fl_str_mv |
Implementación de la técnica de la transmisión ultrasónica para la caracterización de compuestos laminados reforzados con fibras |
| title |
Implementation of the ultrasonic through-transmission technique for the elastic characterization of fiber-reinforced laminated composite |
| spellingShingle |
Implementation of the ultrasonic through-transmission technique for the elastic characterization of fiber-reinforced laminated composite Materiales - Propiedades mecánicas Material - Mechanical properties Composite material Ultrasound Through-transmission technique Material compuesto Ecuación de Chistoffel Tensor de rigidez Ultrasonido Técnica de la transmisión ultrasónica Christoffel's equation Stiffness tensor |
| title_short |
Implementation of the ultrasonic through-transmission technique for the elastic characterization of fiber-reinforced laminated composite |
| title_full |
Implementation of the ultrasonic through-transmission technique for the elastic characterization of fiber-reinforced laminated composite |
| title_fullStr |
Implementation of the ultrasonic through-transmission technique for the elastic characterization of fiber-reinforced laminated composite |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Implementation of the ultrasonic through-transmission technique for the elastic characterization of fiber-reinforced laminated composite |
| title_sort |
Implementation of the ultrasonic through-transmission technique for the elastic characterization of fiber-reinforced laminated composite |
| dc.creator.fl_str_mv |
Franco Guzmán, Ediguer Enrique Ealo Cuello, Joao Luis Meza Valencia, Carlos Alberto |
| dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv |
Franco Guzmán, Ediguer Enrique Ealo Cuello, Joao Luis Meza Valencia, Carlos Alberto |
| dc.subject.armarc.spa.fl_str_mv |
Materiales - Propiedades mecánicas |
| topic |
Materiales - Propiedades mecánicas Material - Mechanical properties Composite material Ultrasound Through-transmission technique Material compuesto Ecuación de Chistoffel Tensor de rigidez Ultrasonido Técnica de la transmisión ultrasónica Christoffel's equation Stiffness tensor |
| dc.subject.armarc.eng.fl_str_mv |
Material - Mechanical properties |
| dc.subject.proposal.eng.fl_str_mv |
Composite material Ultrasound Through-transmission technique |
| dc.subject.proposal.spa.fl_str_mv |
Material compuesto Ecuación de Chistoffel Tensor de rigidez Ultrasonido Técnica de la transmisión ultrasónica Christoffel's equation Stiffness tensor |
| description |
Los compuestos laminados son usados en aplicaciones donde una alta relación resistencia/peso es requerida. Las industrias aeronáutica, naval y automotriz usan estos materiales para reducir el peso de sus vehículos y ahorrar combustible. Sin embargo, los materiales compuestos laminados son anisotrópicos y sus propiedades varían ampliamente debido a procesos de manufactura no estandarizados. La caracterización elástica de estos materiales usando ensayos mecánicos no es fácil, por lo general las pruebas son destructivas y, en la mayoría de los casos, no es posible obtener todas las constantes elásticas. Por tanto, técnicas de caracterización alternativas son requeridas para asegurar la calidad de las piezas fabricadas y el estudio de nuevos materiales. En este trabajo se reporta la implementación de la técnica de la transmisión ultrasónica y la caracterización de algunos materiales de ingeniería. Muestras de materiales isotrópicos y compuestos laminados de fibra de carbono y vidrio en matriz polimérica fueron caracterizados por ultrasonido y ensayos mecánicos. Se reporta una metodología alternativa para el cálculo de los atrasos |
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2019 |
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2019-11-19T18:55:08Z |
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2019-11-19T18:55:08Z |
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2019 |
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Artículo de revista |
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Meza, C., Franco, E., & Ealo, J. (2019). Implementación de la técnica de la transmisión ultrasónica para la caracterización de compuestos laminados reforzados con fibras. DYNA, 86(208), 153-161. doi:https://doi.org/10.15446/dyna.v86n208.70279 |
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Dyna |
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[1] Adamowski, J.C., Buiochi, F. and Higuti, R., Ultrasonic material characterization using diffraction-free pvdf receivers. Physics Procedia, 3(1), pp. 593-603, 2010. DOI: 10.1016/j.phpro.2010.01.076 [2] Zimmer, J.E. and Cost, J.R., Determination of the elastic constants of a unidirectional fiber composite using ultrasonic velocity measurements. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 47(3), pp. 795-803, 1970. DOI: 10.1121/1.1911962 [3] Franco, E.E., Meza, J.M. and Buiochi, F., Measurement of elastic properties of materials by the ultrasonic through-trasnmission technique. Revista Dyna, 78(168), pp. 59-64, 2011. http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0012-73532011000400007&lng=en&tlng=en [4] Sun, M., Optimal recovery of elastic properties for anisotropic materials through ultrasonic measurement. PhD thesis, University of Maine, Orono, Maine, USA, 2002. [5] Rose, J.L., Ultrasonic waves in solid media. Pennsylvania: Cambridge University Press, 2004. DOI: 10.1017/CBO9781107273610 [6] Rokhlin, S.I. and Wang, W., Double through-transmission bulk wave method for ultrasonic phase velocity measurement and determination of elastic constants of composite materials. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 91(6), pp. 3303-3312, 1992. DOI: 10.1121/1.402847 [7] Rokhlin, S., Chimenti, D. and Nag, P., Physical Ultrasonics of Composites. New York: Oxford University Press, 2011. [8] Rokhlin, S.I. and Wang, W., Critical angle measurement of elastic constants in composite material. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 86(5), pp. 1876-1882, 1989. DOI: 10.1121/1.398566 [9] Markham, M.F., Measurement of the elastic constants of fiber composites by ultrasonics. Composites, 11, pp. 145-149, 1970. DOI: 10.1016/0010-4361(69)90059-7 [10] Van Buskirk, W.C., Cowin, S.C. and Carter Jr., R., A theory of acoustic measurement of the elastic constants of a general anisotropic solid. Journal of Materials Science, 21(8), pp. 2759-2762, 1986. DOI: 10.1007/BF00551484 [11] Castellano, A., Foti, P., Fraddosio, A., Marzano, S. and Piccioni, M.D., Mechanical characterization of cfrp composites by ultrasonic immersion tests: Experimental and numerical approaches. Composites: Part B, 66(5), pp. 299-310, 2014. DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2014.04.024 [12] Aristegui, C. and Baste, S., Optimal recovery of the elasticity tensor of general anisotropic materials from ultrasonic velocity data. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 101(2), pp. 813-833, 1997. DOI: 10.1121/1.418040 [13] Balasubramanian, K. and Whitney, S.C., Ultrasonic through-transmission characterization of thick fiber-reinforced composites. NDT & E International, 29(4), pp. 225-236, 1996. DOI: 10.1016/S0963-8695(96)00014-X [14] Hosten, B., Stiffness matrix invariants to validate the characterization of composite materials with ultrasonic methods. Ultrasonics, 30(6), pp. 365-370, 1992. DOI: 10.1016/0041-624X(92)90092-Z [15] Meza, C.A., Pazos-Ospina, J.F., Franco, E.E., Ealo, J.L., Collazos-Burbano, D.A. and Casanova G.F., Ultrasonic determination of the elastic constants of epoxy-natural fiber composites. Physics Procedia, 70, pp. 467-470, 2015. DOI: 10.1016/j.phpro.2015.08.287 [16] Bader, T.K., Dastoorian, F., Ebrahimi, G., Unger, G., Lahayne, O., Hellmich, C. and Pichler, B., Combined ultrasonic-mechanical characterization of orthotropic elastic properties of an unrefined bagasse fiber-polypropylene composite. Composites Part B: Engineering, 95, pp. 96-104, 2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2016.03.070 [17] Baste, S. and Morvan, J.M., Under load strain partition of a ceramic matrix composite using an ultrasonic method. Experimental Mechanics, 36(2), pp. 148-154, 1996. DOI: 10.1007/BF02328711 [18] Mat, A.N., Jaafar, R., Kadri, S., Hadi, M.I. and Rohani, S., Elastic constant determination of hardwoods using ultrasonic insertion technique. Ultrasonics, 75, pp. 194-198, 2017. DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2016.11.025 [19] Meza, J.M., Franco, E.E., Farias, M.C., Buiochi, F., Souza, R.M. y Cruz, J., Medición del módulo de elasticidad en materiales de ingeniería utilizando la técnica de indentación instrumentada y de ultrasonido. Revista de Metalurgia, 44(168), pp. 52-65, 2008. DOI: 10.3989/revmetalm.2008.v44.i1.95 [20] Bower, A.F. Applied Mechanics of Solids. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2009. [21] Daniel, I.M. and Ishai, O., Engineering Mechanics of Composite Materials. New York : Oxford University Press, 2006. [22] Mouhat, F. and Coudert, F.X., Necessary and sufficient elastic stability conditions in various crystal systems. Physical review B, 90 (224104), 2014. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevB.90.224104 [23] Auld, B.A. Acoustic Field and Waves in Solids. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1973. |
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Franco Guzmán, Ediguer Enriquevirtual::1794-1Ealo Cuello, Joao Luis24a30fbef7f2d59cfb7b7ba8153e5a20Meza Valencia, Carlos Alberto91e6cc7bf314d961d42cc8d8c3c5d812Universidad Autónoma de Occidente. Calle 25 115-85. Km 2 vía Cali-Jamundí2019-11-19T18:55:08Z2019-11-19T18:55:08Z20192346-2183 (en línea)0012-7353 (impresa)http://hdl.handle.net/10614/11530https://doi.org/10.15446/dyna.v86n208.70279Los compuestos laminados son usados en aplicaciones donde una alta relación resistencia/peso es requerida. Las industrias aeronáutica, naval y automotriz usan estos materiales para reducir el peso de sus vehículos y ahorrar combustible. Sin embargo, los materiales compuestos laminados son anisotrópicos y sus propiedades varían ampliamente debido a procesos de manufactura no estandarizados. La caracterización elástica de estos materiales usando ensayos mecánicos no es fácil, por lo general las pruebas son destructivas y, en la mayoría de los casos, no es posible obtener todas las constantes elásticas. Por tanto, técnicas de caracterización alternativas son requeridas para asegurar la calidad de las piezas fabricadas y el estudio de nuevos materiales. En este trabajo se reporta la implementación de la técnica de la transmisión ultrasónica y la caracterización de algunos materiales de ingeniería. Muestras de materiales isotrópicos y compuestos laminados de fibra de carbono y vidrio en matriz polimérica fueron caracterizados por ultrasonido y ensayos mecánicos. Se reporta una metodología alternativa para el cálculo de los atrasosLaminated composites are widely used in applications when a high strength-to-weight ratio is required. Aeronautic, naval and automotive industries use these materials to reduce the weight of the vehicles and, consequently, fuel consumption. However, the fiber-reinforced laminated materials are anisotropic and the elastic properties can vary widely due to non-standardized manufacturing processes. The elastic characterization using mechanical tests is not easy, destructive and, in most cases, not all the elastic constants can be obtained. Therefore, alternative techniques are required to assure the quality of the mechanical parts and the evaluation of new materials. In this work, the implementation of the ultrasonic through-transmission technique and the characterization of some engineering materials is reported. Isotropic materials and laminated composites of carbon fiber and glass fiber in a polymer matrix were characterized by ultrasound and mechanical tests. An improved methodology for the transit time delay calculation is reportedapplication/pdf9 páginasengUniversidad Nacional de Colombia. Sede Medellín. Facultad de MinasDerechos Reservados - Universidad Autónoma de Occidentehttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessAtribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2reponame:Repositorio Institucional UAOImplementation of the ultrasonic through-transmission technique for the elastic characterization of fiber-reinforced laminated compositeImplementación de la técnica de la transmisión ultrasónica para la caracterización de compuestos laminados reforzados con fibrasArtículo de revistahttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1Textinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARTREFinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85Materiales - Propiedades mecánicasMaterial - Mechanical propertiesComposite materialUltrasoundThrough-transmission techniqueMaterial compuestoEcuación de ChistoffelTensor de rigidezUltrasonidoTécnica de la transmisión ultrasónicaChristoffel's equationStiffness tensor16120815386Meza, C., Franco, E., & Ealo, J. (2019). Implementación de la técnica de la transmisión ultrasónica para la caracterización de compuestos laminados reforzados con fibras. DYNA, 86(208), 153-161. doi:https://doi.org/10.15446/dyna.v86n208.70279Dyna[1] Adamowski, J.C., Buiochi, F. and Higuti, R., Ultrasonic material characterization using diffraction-free pvdf receivers. Physics Procedia, 3(1), pp. 593-603, 2010. DOI: 10.1016/j.phpro.2010.01.076[2] Zimmer, J.E. and Cost, J.R., Determination of the elastic constants of a unidirectional fiber composite using ultrasonic velocity measurements. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 47(3), pp. 795-803, 1970. DOI: 10.1121/1.1911962[3] Franco, E.E., Meza, J.M. and Buiochi, F., Measurement of elastic properties of materials by the ultrasonic through-trasnmission technique. Revista Dyna, 78(168), pp. 59-64, 2011. http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0012-73532011000400007&lng=en&tlng=en[4] Sun, M., Optimal recovery of elastic properties for anisotropic materials through ultrasonic measurement. PhD thesis, University of Maine, Orono, Maine, USA, 2002.[5] Rose, J.L., Ultrasonic waves in solid media. Pennsylvania: Cambridge University Press, 2004. DOI: 10.1017/CBO9781107273610[6] Rokhlin, S.I. and Wang, W., Double through-transmission bulk wave method for ultrasonic phase velocity measurement and determination of elastic constants of composite materials. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 91(6), pp. 3303-3312, 1992. DOI: 10.1121/1.402847[7] Rokhlin, S., Chimenti, D. and Nag, P., Physical Ultrasonics of Composites. New York: Oxford University Press, 2011.[8] Rokhlin, S.I. and Wang, W., Critical angle measurement of elastic constants in composite material. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 86(5), pp. 1876-1882, 1989. DOI: 10.1121/1.398566[9] Markham, M.F., Measurement of the elastic constants of fiber composites by ultrasonics. Composites, 11, pp. 145-149, 1970. DOI: 10.1016/0010-4361(69)90059-7[10] Van Buskirk, W.C., Cowin, S.C. and Carter Jr., R., A theory of acoustic measurement of the elastic constants of a general anisotropic solid. Journal of Materials Science, 21(8), pp. 2759-2762, 1986. DOI: 10.1007/BF00551484[11] Castellano, A., Foti, P., Fraddosio, A., Marzano, S. and Piccioni, M.D., Mechanical characterization of cfrp composites by ultrasonic immersion tests: Experimental and numerical approaches. Composites: Part B, 66(5), pp. 299-310, 2014. DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2014.04.024[12] Aristegui, C. and Baste, S., Optimal recovery of the elasticity tensor of general anisotropic materials from ultrasonic velocity data. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 101(2), pp. 813-833, 1997. DOI: 10.1121/1.418040[13] Balasubramanian, K. and Whitney, S.C., Ultrasonic through-transmission characterization of thick fiber-reinforced composites. NDT & E International, 29(4), pp. 225-236, 1996. DOI: 10.1016/S0963-8695(96)00014-X[14] Hosten, B., Stiffness matrix invariants to validate the characterization of composite materials with ultrasonic methods. Ultrasonics, 30(6), pp. 365-370, 1992. DOI: 10.1016/0041-624X(92)90092-Z[15] Meza, C.A., Pazos-Ospina, J.F., Franco, E.E., Ealo, J.L., Collazos-Burbano, D.A. and Casanova G.F., Ultrasonic determination of the elastic constants of epoxy-natural fiber composites. Physics Procedia, 70, pp. 467-470, 2015. DOI: 10.1016/j.phpro.2015.08.287[16] Bader, T.K., Dastoorian, F., Ebrahimi, G., Unger, G., Lahayne, O., Hellmich, C. and Pichler, B., Combined ultrasonic-mechanical characterization of orthotropic elastic properties of an unrefined bagasse fiber-polypropylene composite. Composites Part B: Engineering, 95, pp. 96-104, 2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2016.03.070[17] Baste, S. and Morvan, J.M., Under load strain partition of a ceramic matrix composite using an ultrasonic method. Experimental Mechanics, 36(2), pp. 148-154, 1996. DOI: 10.1007/BF02328711[18] Mat, A.N., Jaafar, R., Kadri, S., Hadi, M.I. and Rohani, S., Elastic constant determination of hardwoods using ultrasonic insertion technique. Ultrasonics, 75, pp. 194-198, 2017. DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2016.11.025[19] Meza, J.M., Franco, E.E., Farias, M.C., Buiochi, F., Souza, R.M. y Cruz, J., Medición del módulo de elasticidad en materiales de ingeniería utilizando la técnica de indentación instrumentada y de ultrasonido. Revista de Metalurgia, 44(168), pp. 52-65, 2008. DOI: 10.3989/revmetalm.2008.v44.i1.95[20] Bower, A.F. Applied Mechanics of Solids. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2009.[21] Daniel, I.M. and Ishai, O., Engineering Mechanics of Composite Materials. New York : Oxford University Press, 2006.[22] Mouhat, F. and Coudert, F.X., Necessary and sufficient elastic stability conditions in various crystal systems. Physical review B, 90 (224104), 2014. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevB.90.224104[23] Auld, B.A. Acoustic Field and Waves in Solids. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1973.Publicationff78380a-274b-4973-8760-dee857b38a0dvirtual::1794-1ff78380a-274b-4973-8760-dee857b38a0dvirtual::1794-1https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=4paPIoAAAAAJ&hl=esvirtual::1794-10000-0001-7518-704Xvirtual::1794-1https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0001243730virtual::1794-1CC-LICENSElicense_rdflicense_rdfapplication/rdf+xml; charset=utf-8805https://red.uao.edu.co/bitstreams/0958f4ba-f53d-4928-b63c-624666f26fa3/download4460e5956bc1d1639be9ae6146a50347MD52LICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-81665https://red.uao.edu.co/bitstreams/d3f9c6d2-032d-4e05-86b6-a526230ee596/download20b5ba22b1117f71589c7318baa2c560MD53ORIGINALImplementation of the ultrasonic through-transmission technique for the elastic characterization of fiber-reinforced laminated composites.pdfImplementation of the ultrasonic through-transmission technique for the elastic characterization of fiber-reinforced laminated composites.pdfTexto archivo completo del artículo de revista, PDFapplication/pdf501535https://red.uao.edu.co/bitstreams/65bdf15e-1f0b-4a85-807d-0094127c14bb/downloaddb46b042c5a91a4dbbc9b3302e7e485eMD54TEXTImplementation of the ultrasonic through-transmission technique for the elastic characterization of fiber-reinforced laminated composites.pdf.txtImplementation of the ultrasonic through-transmission technique for the elastic characterization of fiber-reinforced laminated composites.pdf.txtExtracted texttext/plain43495https://red.uao.edu.co/bitstreams/9ec60778-636e-4052-bb24-6652bc7484e3/downloadd55933636d4a482575911f2d35745ff3MD55THUMBNAILImplementation of the ultrasonic through-transmission technique for the elastic characterization of fiber-reinforced laminated composites.pdf.jpgImplementation of the ultrasonic through-transmission technique for the elastic characterization of fiber-reinforced laminated composites.pdf.jpgGenerated Thumbnailimage/jpeg16582https://red.uao.edu.co/bitstreams/86ef7287-3c32-4bd1-bd22-25ff5460e000/download4fd0221ebddf40e517abecd0126fbe28MD5610614/11530oai:red.uao.edu.co:10614/115302024-03-05 10:48:06.149https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/Derechos Reservados - Universidad Autónoma de Occidenteopen.accesshttps://red.uao.edu.coRepositorio Digital Universidad Autonoma de Occidenterepositorio@uao.edu.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 |