Global connectivity and ethnic fractionalization: new frontiers of global trade agenda

International trade is an exchange that involves goods and services between countries or international territories, and it signifies a significant share of gross domestic product. Global trading provides opportunities for the country to show its products and services through imports and exports. Whi...

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Autores:: Saniel, Demetria May T.
Aribe Jr., Sales G.
Lapates, Jovelin

Tipo de recurso:: Article of journal

Fecha de publicación:: 2021

Institución:: Corporación Universidad de la Costa

Repositorio:: REDICUC - Repositorio CUC

Idioma:: eng

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dc.title.spa.fl_str_mv	Global connectivity and ethnic fractionalization: new frontiers of global trade agenda
title	Global connectivity and ethnic fractionalization: new frontiers of global trade agenda
spellingShingle	Global connectivity and ethnic fractionalization: new frontiers of global trade agenda Ethnic heterogeneity Fractal analysis Global connectivity index Gross domestic product Global connectivity Globalization International trade World economy
title_short	Global connectivity and ethnic fractionalization: new frontiers of global trade agenda
title_full	Global connectivity and ethnic fractionalization: new frontiers of global trade agenda
title_fullStr	Global connectivity and ethnic fractionalization: new frontiers of global trade agenda
title_full_unstemmed	Global connectivity and ethnic fractionalization: new frontiers of global trade agenda
title_sort	Global connectivity and ethnic fractionalization: new frontiers of global trade agenda
dc.creator.fl_str_mv	Saniel, Demetria May T. Aribe Jr., Sales G. Lapates, Jovelin
dc.contributor.author.spa.fl_str_mv	Saniel, Demetria May T. Aribe Jr., Sales G. Lapates, Jovelin
dc.subject.spa.fl_str_mv	Ethnic heterogeneity Fractal analysis Global connectivity index Gross domestic product Global connectivity Globalization International trade World economy
topic	Ethnic heterogeneity Fractal analysis Global connectivity index Gross domestic product Global connectivity Globalization International trade World economy
description	International trade is an exchange that involves goods and services between countries or international territories, and it signifies a significant share of gross domestic product. Global trading provides opportunities for the country to show its products and services through imports and exports. While this international event gives rise to a world economy, global connectivity and ethnic heterogeneity play a significant role. This paper aims to determine whether the ruggedness of a country supports international trade and global connectivity and whether the ruggedness of ethnic heterogeneity supports global trading. This paper uses the non-experimental quantitative inferential design utilizing Fractal Analysis to determine the self-similarity of countries engaging in international trade in terms of their global connectivity index and ethnic fractionalization. The International Trade data provided by the World Integrated Trade Solutions and the Global Connectivity Index (GCI) data through Huawei Technologies are plotted in a histogram through Minitab Software to determine the fractality and further apply exponential logarithm. Study shows that global connectivity and ethnic fractionalization induce the fractal characteristics of the countries’ international trade ruggedness. Specific to the behavior is that countries with very high international trade also behave similarly with high global connectivity and very low ethnicity fractionalization. As countries sustain a progressive economic stance, their societies maintain very few ethnic groups to promote social cohesion, much less conflict created by many ethnic groups that vary in their concerns. This paper further explains that only countries with digital economic competitiveness and cultural homogeneity survive robust international trade.
publishDate	2021
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv	2021
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv	2022-01-12T14:26:23Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv	2022-01-12T14:26:23Z
dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv	Artículo de revista
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dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv	Ahmad, N., & Amin, S. (2020). Does ethnic polarization stimulate or relegate trade and environmental performance? A global perspective. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 22, 6513-6536. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-019-00497-z Alesina, A., Devleeschauwer, A., Easterly, W., Kurlat, S., & Wacziarg, R. (2003). Fractionalization. Journal of Economic Growth, 8(2), 155-194. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1024471506938 Alesina, A., Di Tella, R., & MacCulloch, R. (2004). Inequality and happiness: Are Europeans and Americans different? Journal of Public Economics, 88(9-10), 2009-2042. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2003.07.006 Alesina, A., & La Ferrara, E. (2005). Ethnic diversity and economic performance. Journal of Economic Literature, 43(3), 762-800. Alkaabi, K., Debbage, K., & Touq, A. B. (2013). The promise of the aerotropolis model in the United Arab Emirates: The role of spatial proximity and global connectivity. The Arab World Geographer, 16(3), 289-312. https://doi.org/10.5555/arwg.16.3.g61n13n43m1p365q Andersson, U., Dasí, Á., Mudambi, R., & Pedersen, T. (2016). Technology, innovation, and knowledge: The importance of ideas and international connectivity. Journal of World Business, 51(1), 153-162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwb.2015.08.017 Bankası, D. (2019). World Integrated Trade Solution (WITS): The World Bank. https://wits.worldbank.org/countrystats.aspx. Berman, A., Marino, A., & Mudambi, R. (2020). The global connectivity of regional innovation systems in Italy: A core–periphery perspective. Regional Studies, 54(5), 677-691. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2019.1672865 Bianchi, S., & Frezza, M. (2017). Fractal stock markets: International evidence of dynamical (in) efficiency. Chaos: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Nonlinear Science, 27(7), 071102. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4987150 Budescu, D. V., & Budescu, M. (2012). How to measure diversity when you must. Psychological Methods, 17(2), 215-227. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0027129 Desjardins, J. (2018, February 23). These are the world’s most traded goods. World Economic Forum. https://www.weforum. org/agenda/2018/02/the-top-importers-andexporters-of-the-world-s-18-most-traded-goods. Dhawan, R., & Zilio, G. (2014). Chinese global connectivity: A decade of rapid change. http://rdhawan.com/papers/Dhawan_Zilio_2014_PAPER.pdf Dyck, R. G. (2006). Fractal planning for integral economic development. Kybernetes: The International Journal of Systems & Cybernetics, 35(7-8), 1037-1047. Duanmu, J. L., & Guney, Y. (2013). Heterogeneous effect of ethnic networks on international trade of Thailand: The role of family ties and ethnic diversity. International Business Review, 22(1), 126-139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibusrev.2012.02.009 Easterly, W., & Levine, R. (1997). Africa’s growth tragedy: Policies and ethnic divisions. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 112(4), 1203-1250. https://doi.org/10.1162/003355300555466 Erdem, Ö., Burdorf, A., & Van Lenthe, F. J. (2017). Ethnic inequalities in psychological distress among urban residents in the Netherlands: A moderating role of neighborhood ethnic diversity? Health & Place, 46, 175-182. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2017.05.014 Fearon, J. D. (2003). Ethnic and cultural diversity by country. Journal of Economic Growth, 8(2), 195-222. Frezza, M., Bianchi, S., & Pianese, A. (2020). Fractal analysis of market (in) efficiency during the COVID-19. Finance Research Letters, 38, 101851. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. frl.2020.101851 Hirte, G., Lessmann, C., & Seidel, A. (2020). International trade, geographic heterogeneity, and interregional inequality. European Economic Review, 127, 103427. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroecorev.2020.103427 Huawei. (2019). Powering intelligent connectivity with global collaboration: Mapping your transformation into a digital economy with GCI 2019. Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. https://www.huawei.com/minisite/gci/assets/files/gci_2019_whitepaper_en.pdf?v=20191217v2 Huawei. (2020). Shaping the new normal with intelligent connectivity: Mapping your transformation into a digital economy with GCI 2020. Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. https://www.huawei.com/minisite/gci/assets/files/gci_2020_whitepaper_en.pdf?v=20201217v2 Hughes, D. (2012). Ethnic identity from the margins: A Christian perspective. William Carey Library. Johnson-Singh, C. M., Rostila, M., de Leon, A. P., Forsell, Y., & Engström, K. (2018). Ethnic heterogeneity, social capital, and psychological distress in Sweden. Health & Place, 52, 70-84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2018.03.006 Karpiarz, M., Fronczak, P., & Fronczak, A. (2014). International trade network: Fractal properties and globalization puzzle. Physical Review Letters, 113(24), 248701. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.113.248701 Kasarda, J. D. (2019). Aerotropolis. The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Urban and Regional Studies, 1-7. Li, K. (2007). Performing the globalized city: Contemporary Hong Kong theatre and global connectivity. Asian Theatre Journal, 24(2), 440-469. Li, D. Y., Nishimura, Y., & Men, M. (2014). Fractal markets: Liquidity and investors on different time horizons. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and Its Applications, 407, 144-151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physa.2014.03.073 Liebovitch, L. S., & Shehadeh, L. A. (2003). Tutorials in contemporary nonlinear method for the behavioral sciences. National Science Foundation. https://www.nsf.gov/pubs/2005/nsf05057/nmbs/nmbs.pdf. Montalvo, J. G., & Reynal-Querol, M. (2005). Ethnic polarization, potential conflict, and civil wars. American Economic Review, 95(3), 796-816. https://doi.org/10.1257/0002828054201468 Nees, C. (2005). Trade, growth, and global connectivity in the New Zealand context (No. 34). NZ Trade Consortium Working Paper. Patac Jr., A. V., & Padua, R. N. (2015). Fractal statistical analysis. SDSSU Multidisciplinary Research Journal, 3, 104-109. Sigler, T., & Martinus, K. (2018). Perth’s global connectivity. The University of Western Australia. https://preview.committeeforperth. com.au/assets/documents/FACTBase-Bulletin60-Perths-Global-Connectivity-June-2018.pdf. Van Der Bly, M. C. (2007). Globalization and the rise of one heterogeneous world culture: A microperspective of a global village. International Journal of Comparative Sociology, 48(2-3), 234- 256. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020715207075401 Wunnava, P. V., Mitra, A., & Prasch, R. E. (2015). Globalization and the ethnic divide: Recent longitudinal evidence. Social Science Quarterly, 96(5), 1475-1492.
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spelling	Saniel, Demetria May T.Aribe Jr., Sales G.Lapates, Jovelin2022-01-12T14:26:23Z2022-01-12T14:26:23Z20210128-77022231-8534https://hdl.handle.net/11323/8971https://doi.org/10.47836/pjssh.29.4.01Corporación Universidad de la CostaREDICUC - Repositorio CUChttps://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/International trade is an exchange that involves goods and services between countries or international territories, and it signifies a significant share of gross domestic product. Global trading provides opportunities for the country to show its products and services through imports and exports. While this international event gives rise to a world economy, global connectivity and ethnic heterogeneity play a significant role. This paper aims to determine whether the ruggedness of a country supports international trade and global connectivity and whether the ruggedness of ethnic heterogeneity supports global trading. This paper uses the non-experimental quantitative inferential design utilizing Fractal Analysis to determine the self-similarity of countries engaging in international trade in terms of their global connectivity index and ethnic fractionalization. The International Trade data provided by the World Integrated Trade Solutions and the Global Connectivity Index (GCI) data through Huawei Technologies are plotted in a histogram through Minitab Software to determine the fractality and further apply exponential logarithm. Study shows that global connectivity and ethnic fractionalization induce the fractal characteristics of the countries’ international trade ruggedness. Specific to the behavior is that countries with very high international trade also behave similarly with high global connectivity and very low ethnicity fractionalization. As countries sustain a progressive economic stance, their societies maintain very few ethnic groups to promote social cohesion, much less conflict created by many ethnic groups that vary in their concerns. This paper further explains that only countries with digital economic competitiveness and cultural homogeneity survive robust international trade.Saniel, Demetria May T.-will be generated-orcid-0000-0002-3758-5407-600Aribe Jr., Sales G.Lapates, Jovelin-will be generated-orcid-0000-0002-4233-4143-600application/pdfengCorporación Universidad de la CostaCC0 1.0 Universalhttp://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Pertanika Journal of Social Science and Humanitieshttp://www.pertanika.upm.edu.my/pjssh/browse/regular-issue?article=JSSH-8116-2021Ethnic heterogeneityFractal analysisGlobal connectivity indexGross domestic productGlobal connectivityGlobalizationInternational tradeWorld economyGlobal connectivity and ethnic fractionalization: new frontiers of global trade agendaArtículo de revistahttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1Textinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARTinfo:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersionAhmad, N., & Amin, S. (2020). Does ethnic polarization stimulate or relegate trade and environmental performance? A global perspective. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 22, 6513-6536. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-019-00497-zAlesina, A., Devleeschauwer, A., Easterly, W., Kurlat, S., & Wacziarg, R. (2003). Fractionalization. Journal of Economic Growth, 8(2), 155-194. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1024471506938Alesina, A., Di Tella, R., & MacCulloch, R. (2004). Inequality and happiness: Are Europeans and Americans different? Journal of Public Economics, 88(9-10), 2009-2042. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2003.07.006Alesina, A., & La Ferrara, E. (2005). Ethnic diversity and economic performance. Journal of Economic Literature, 43(3), 762-800.Alkaabi, K., Debbage, K., & Touq, A. B. (2013). The promise of the aerotropolis model in the United Arab Emirates: The role of spatial proximity and global connectivity. The Arab World Geographer, 16(3), 289-312. https://doi.org/10.5555/arwg.16.3.g61n13n43m1p365qAndersson, U., Dasí, Á., Mudambi, R., & Pedersen, T. (2016). Technology, innovation, and knowledge: The importance of ideas and international connectivity. Journal of World Business, 51(1), 153-162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwb.2015.08.017Bankası, D. (2019). World Integrated Trade Solution (WITS): The World Bank. https://wits.worldbank.org/countrystats.aspx.Berman, A., Marino, A., & Mudambi, R. (2020). The global connectivity of regional innovation systems in Italy: A core–periphery perspective. Regional Studies, 54(5), 677-691. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2019.1672865Bianchi, S., & Frezza, M. (2017). Fractal stock markets: International evidence of dynamical (in) efficiency. Chaos: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Nonlinear Science, 27(7), 071102. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4987150Budescu, D. V., & Budescu, M. (2012). How to measure diversity when you must. Psychological Methods, 17(2), 215-227. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0027129Desjardins, J. (2018, February 23). These are the world’s most traded goods. World Economic Forum. https://www.weforum. org/agenda/2018/02/the-top-importers-andexporters-of-the-world-s-18-most-traded-goods.Dhawan, R., & Zilio, G. (2014). Chinese global connectivity: A decade of rapid change. http://rdhawan.com/papers/Dhawan_Zilio_2014_PAPER.pdfDyck, R. G. (2006). Fractal planning for integral economic development. Kybernetes: The International Journal of Systems & Cybernetics, 35(7-8), 1037-1047.Duanmu, J. L., & Guney, Y. (2013). Heterogeneous effect of ethnic networks on international trade of Thailand: The role of family ties and ethnic diversity. International Business Review, 22(1), 126-139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibusrev.2012.02.009Easterly, W., & Levine, R. (1997). Africa’s growth tragedy: Policies and ethnic divisions. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 112(4), 1203-1250. https://doi.org/10.1162/003355300555466Erdem, Ö., Burdorf, A., & Van Lenthe, F. J. (2017). Ethnic inequalities in psychological distress among urban residents in the Netherlands: A moderating role of neighborhood ethnic diversity? Health & Place, 46, 175-182. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2017.05.014Fearon, J. D. (2003). Ethnic and cultural diversity by country. Journal of Economic Growth, 8(2), 195-222.Frezza, M., Bianchi, S., & Pianese, A. (2020). Fractal analysis of market (in) efficiency during the COVID-19. Finance Research Letters, 38, 101851. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. frl.2020.101851Hirte, G., Lessmann, C., & Seidel, A. (2020). International trade, geographic heterogeneity, and interregional inequality. European Economic Review, 127, 103427. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroecorev.2020.103427Huawei. (2019). Powering intelligent connectivity with global collaboration: Mapping your transformation into a digital economy with GCI 2019. Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. https://www.huawei.com/minisite/gci/assets/files/gci_2019_whitepaper_en.pdf?v=20191217v2Huawei. (2020). Shaping the new normal with intelligent connectivity: Mapping your transformation into a digital economy with GCI 2020. Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. https://www.huawei.com/minisite/gci/assets/files/gci_2020_whitepaper_en.pdf?v=20201217v2Hughes, D. (2012). Ethnic identity from the margins: A Christian perspective. William Carey Library.Johnson-Singh, C. M., Rostila, M., de Leon, A. P., Forsell, Y., & Engström, K. (2018). Ethnic heterogeneity, social capital, and psychological distress in Sweden. Health & Place, 52, 70-84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2018.03.006Karpiarz, M., Fronczak, P., & Fronczak, A. (2014). International trade network: Fractal properties and globalization puzzle. Physical Review Letters, 113(24), 248701. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.113.248701Kasarda, J. D. (2019). Aerotropolis. The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Urban and Regional Studies, 1-7.Li, K. (2007). Performing the globalized city: Contemporary Hong Kong theatre and global connectivity. Asian Theatre Journal, 24(2), 440-469.Li, D. Y., Nishimura, Y., & Men, M. (2014). Fractal markets: Liquidity and investors on different time horizons. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and Its Applications, 407, 144-151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physa.2014.03.073Liebovitch, L. S., & Shehadeh, L. A. (2003). Tutorials in contemporary nonlinear method for the behavioral sciences. National Science Foundation. https://www.nsf.gov/pubs/2005/nsf05057/nmbs/nmbs.pdf.Montalvo, J. G., & Reynal-Querol, M. (2005). Ethnic polarization, potential conflict, and civil wars. American Economic Review, 95(3), 796-816. https://doi.org/10.1257/0002828054201468Nees, C. (2005). Trade, growth, and global connectivity in the New Zealand context (No. 34). NZ Trade Consortium Working Paper.Patac Jr., A. V., & Padua, R. N. (2015). Fractal statistical analysis. SDSSU Multidisciplinary Research Journal, 3, 104-109.Sigler, T., & Martinus, K. (2018). Perth’s global connectivity. The University of Western Australia. https://preview.committeeforperth. com.au/assets/documents/FACTBase-Bulletin60-Perths-Global-Connectivity-June-2018.pdf.Van Der Bly, M. C. (2007). Globalization and the rise of one heterogeneous world culture: A microperspective of a global village. International Journal of Comparative Sociology, 48(2-3), 234- 256. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020715207075401Wunnava, P. V., Mitra, A., & Prasch, R. E. (2015). Globalization and the ethnic divide: Recent longitudinal evidence. 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Global connectivity and ethnic fractionalization: new frontiers of global trade agenda

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