Trends in bioactive multilayer films: perspectives in the use of polysaccharides, proteins, and carbohydrates with natural additives for application in food packaging
The harmful effects on the environment caused by the indiscriminate use of synthetic plastics and the inadequate management of post-consumer waste have given rise to efforts to redirect this consumption to bio-based economic models. In this sense, using biopolymers to produce materials is a reality...
- Autores:
-
Bataglin Avila, Luisa
Schnorr, Carlos Eduardo
Silva Oliveira, Luis Felipe
Machado Morais, Marcilio
Costa Moraes, Caroline
ROSA, GABRIELA SILVEIRA DA
Dotto, Guilherme Luiz
Lima, Eder Claudio
NAUSHAD, MU
- Tipo de recurso:
- Article of investigation
- Fecha de publicación:
- 2023
- Institución:
- Corporación Universidad de la Costa
- Repositorio:
- REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
- Idioma:
- eng
- OAI Identifier:
- oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/10581
- Acceso en línea:
- https://hdl.handle.net/11323/10581
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/
- Palabra clave:
- Multilayer packaging
Layer-by-layer
Biopolymers
Bioactive compounds
Electrospinning
- Rights
- openAccess
- License
- Atribución 4.0 Internacional (CC BY 4.0)
| id |
RCUC2_fb9582acd4de0df15ffb5f631236ef3d |
|---|---|
| oai_identifier_str |
oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/10581 |
| network_acronym_str |
RCUC2 |
| network_name_str |
REDICUC - Repositorio CUC |
| repository_id_str |
|
| dc.title.eng.fl_str_mv |
Trends in bioactive multilayer films: perspectives in the use of polysaccharides, proteins, and carbohydrates with natural additives for application in food packaging |
| title |
Trends in bioactive multilayer films: perspectives in the use of polysaccharides, proteins, and carbohydrates with natural additives for application in food packaging |
| spellingShingle |
Trends in bioactive multilayer films: perspectives in the use of polysaccharides, proteins, and carbohydrates with natural additives for application in food packaging Multilayer packaging Layer-by-layer Biopolymers Bioactive compounds Electrospinning |
| title_short |
Trends in bioactive multilayer films: perspectives in the use of polysaccharides, proteins, and carbohydrates with natural additives for application in food packaging |
| title_full |
Trends in bioactive multilayer films: perspectives in the use of polysaccharides, proteins, and carbohydrates with natural additives for application in food packaging |
| title_fullStr |
Trends in bioactive multilayer films: perspectives in the use of polysaccharides, proteins, and carbohydrates with natural additives for application in food packaging |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Trends in bioactive multilayer films: perspectives in the use of polysaccharides, proteins, and carbohydrates with natural additives for application in food packaging |
| title_sort |
Trends in bioactive multilayer films: perspectives in the use of polysaccharides, proteins, and carbohydrates with natural additives for application in food packaging |
| dc.creator.fl_str_mv |
Bataglin Avila, Luisa Schnorr, Carlos Eduardo Silva Oliveira, Luis Felipe Machado Morais, Marcilio Costa Moraes, Caroline ROSA, GABRIELA SILVEIRA DA Dotto, Guilherme Luiz Lima, Eder Claudio NAUSHAD, MU |
| dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv |
Bataglin Avila, Luisa Schnorr, Carlos Eduardo Silva Oliveira, Luis Felipe Machado Morais, Marcilio Costa Moraes, Caroline ROSA, GABRIELA SILVEIRA DA Dotto, Guilherme Luiz Lima, Eder Claudio NAUSHAD, MU |
| dc.subject.proposal.eng.fl_str_mv |
Multilayer packaging Layer-by-layer Biopolymers Bioactive compounds Electrospinning |
| topic |
Multilayer packaging Layer-by-layer Biopolymers Bioactive compounds Electrospinning |
| description |
The harmful effects on the environment caused by the indiscriminate use of synthetic plastics and the inadequate management of post-consumer waste have given rise to efforts to redirect this consumption to bio-based economic models. In this sense, using biopolymers to produce materials is a reality for food packaging companies searching for technologies that allow these materials to compete with those from synthetic sources. This review paper focused on the recent trends in multilayer films with the perspective of using biopolymers and natural additives for application in food packaging. Firstly, the recent developments in the area were presented concisely. Then, the main biopolymers used (gelatin, chitosan, zein, polylactic acid) and main methods for multilayer film preparation were discussed, including the layer-by-layer, casting, compression, extrusion, and electrospinning methods. Furthermore, we highlighted the bioactive compounds and how they are inserted in the multilayer systems to form active biopolymeric food packaging. Furthermore, the advantages and drawbacks of multilayer packaging development are also discussed. Finally, the main trends and challenges in using multilayer systems are presented. Therefore, this review aims to bring updated information in an innovative approach to current research on food packaging materials, focusing on sustainable resources such as biopolymers and natural additives. In addition, it proposes viable production routes for improving the market competitiveness of biopolymer materials against synthetic materials. |
| publishDate |
2023 |
| dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv |
2023-11-08T21:12:41Z |
| dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv |
2023-11-08T21:12:41Z |
| dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv |
2023-04-19 |
| dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv |
Artículo de revista |
| dc.type.coar.spa.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1 |
| dc.type.content.spa.fl_str_mv |
Text |
| dc.type.driver.spa.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/article |
| dc.type.redcol.spa.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ART |
| dc.type.version.spa.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion |
| dc.type.coarversion.spa.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85 |
| format |
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1 |
| status_str |
publishedVersion |
| dc.identifier.citation.spa.fl_str_mv |
Avila, L.B.; Schnorr, C.; Silva, L.F.O.; Morais, M.M.; Moraes, C.C.; da Rosa, G.S.; Dotto, G.L.; Lima, É.C.; Naushad, M. Trends in Bioactive Multilayer Films: Perspectives in the Use of Polysaccharides, Proteins, and Carbohydrates with Natural Additives for Application in Food Packaging. Foods 2023, 12, 1692. https://doi.org/10.3390/ foods12081692 |
| dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv |
https://hdl.handle.net/11323/10581 |
| dc.identifier.doi.none.fl_str_mv |
10.3390/foods12081692 |
| dc.identifier.eissn.spa.fl_str_mv |
2304-8158 |
| dc.identifier.instname.spa.fl_str_mv |
Corporación Universidad de la Costa |
| dc.identifier.reponame.spa.fl_str_mv |
REDICUC - Repositorio CUC |
| dc.identifier.repourl.spa.fl_str_mv |
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/ |
| identifier_str_mv |
Avila, L.B.; Schnorr, C.; Silva, L.F.O.; Morais, M.M.; Moraes, C.C.; da Rosa, G.S.; Dotto, G.L.; Lima, É.C.; Naushad, M. Trends in Bioactive Multilayer Films: Perspectives in the Use of Polysaccharides, Proteins, and Carbohydrates with Natural Additives for Application in Food Packaging. Foods 2023, 12, 1692. https://doi.org/10.3390/ foods12081692 10.3390/foods12081692 2304-8158 Corporación Universidad de la Costa REDICUC - Repositorio CUC |
| url |
https://hdl.handle.net/11323/10581 https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/ |
| dc.language.iso.spa.fl_str_mv |
eng |
| language |
eng |
| dc.relation.ispartofjournal.spa.fl_str_mv |
Foods |
| dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv |
1. Ahmad, A.A.; Sarbon, N.M. A comparative study: Physical, mechanical and antibacterial properties of bio-composite gelatin films as influenced by chitosan and zinc oxide nanoparticles incorporation. Food Biosci. 2021, 43, 101250. [CrossRef] 2. Alias, A.R.; Wan, M.K.; Sarbon, N.M. Emerging materials and technologies of multi-layer film for food packaging application: A review. Food Control 2022, 136, 108875. [CrossRef] 3. Almasi, H.; Jahanbakhsh Oskouie, M.; Saleh, A. A review on techniques utilized for design of controlled release food active packaging. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 2021, 61, 2601–2621. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 4. Andrade-Del Olmo, J.; Pérez-Álvarez, L.; Hernáez, E.; Ruiz-Rubio, L.; Vilas-Vilela, J.L. Antibacterial multilayer of chitosan and (2-carboxyethyl)-β-cyclodextrin onto polylactic acid (PLLA). Food Hydrocoll. 2019, 88, 228–236. [CrossRef] 5. Andrade, J.; González-Martínez, C.; Chiralt, A. Antimicrobial PLA-PVA multilayer films containing phenolic compounds. Food Chem. 2022, 375, 131861. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 6. Anukiruthika, T.; Sethupathy, P.; Wilson, A.; Kashampur, K.; Moses, J.A.; Anandharamakrishnan, C. Multilayer packaging: Advances in preparation techniques and emerging food applications. Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf. 2020, 19, 1156–1186. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 7. Arias, C.I.L.F.; Kubo, M.T.K.; Tadini, C.C.; Augusto, P.E.D. Bio-based multilayer films: A review of the principal methods of production and challenges. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 2021, In press, 1–17. [CrossRef] 8. Arkoun, M.; Daigle, F.; Holley, R.A.; Heuzey, M.C.; Ajji, A. Chitosan-based nanofibers as bioactive meat packaging materials. Packag. Technol. Sci. 2018, 31, 185–195. [CrossRef] 9. Arrieta, M.P.; García, A.D.; López, D.; Fiori, S.; Peponi, L. Antioxidant Bilayers Based on PHBV and Plasticized Electrospun PLA-PHB Fibers Encapsulating Catechin. Nanomaterials 2019, 9, 346. [CrossRef] 10. Avila, L.B.; Fontes, M.R.V.; Zavareze, E.D.R.; Moraes, C.C.; Morais, M.M.; Da Rosa, G.S. Recovery of Bioactive Compounds from Jaboticaba Peels and Application into Zein Ultrafine Fibers Produced by Electrospinning. Polymers 2020, 12, 2916. [CrossRef] 11. Azmir, J.; Zaidul, I.S.M.; Rahman, M.M.; Sharif, K.M.; Mohamed, A.; Sahena, F.; Jahurul, M.H.A.; Ghafoor, K.; Norulaini, N.A.N.; Omar, A.K.M. Techniques for extraction of bioactive compounds from plant materials: A review. J. Food Eng. 2013, 117, 426–436. [CrossRef] 12. Bastante, C.C.; Silva, N.H.C.S.; Cardoso, L.C.; Serrano, C.M.; Martínez de la Ossa, E.J.; Freire, C.S.R.; Vilela, C. Biobased films of nanocellulose and mango leaf extract for active food packaging: Supercritical impregnation versus solvent casting. Food Hydrocoll. 2021, 117, 106709. [CrossRef] 13. Bhargava, N.; Sharanagat, V.S.; Mor, R.S.; Kumar, K. Active and intelligent biodegradable packaging films using food and food waste-derived bioactive compounds: A review. Trends Food Sci. Technol. 2020, 105, 385–401. [CrossRef] 14. Cai, Z.; Shen, C.; Deng, Z.; Wu, D.; Chen, K. Solution blow spinning of multilayer polycaprolactone/curcumin-loaded gelatin/polycaprolactone nanofilm for slow release and bacterial inhibition. Food Hydrocoll. Health 2022, 2, 100062. [CrossRef] 15. Carocho, M.; Barreiro, M.F.; Morales, P.; Ferreira, I.C.F.R. Adding Molecules to Food, Pros and Cons: A Review on Synthetic and Natural Food Additives. Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf. 2014, 13, 377–399. [CrossRef] 16. Cerqueira, M.A.; Fabra, M.J.; Castro-Mayorga, J.L.; Bourbon, A.I.; Pastrana, L.M.; Vicente, A.A.; Lagaron, J.M. Use of Electrospinning to Develop Antimicrobial Biodegradable Multilayer Systems: Encapsulation of Cinnamaldehyde and Their Physicochemical Characterization. Food Bioprocess Technol. 2016, 9, 1874–1884. [CrossRef] 17. Cheikh, D.; Majdoub, H.; Darder, M. An overview of clay-polymer nanocomposites containing bioactive compounds for food packaging applications. Appl. Clay Sci. 2022, 216, 106335. [CrossRef] 18. Chen, C.; Li, C.; Yang, S.; Zhang, Q.; Yang, F.; Tang, Z.; Xie, J. Development of New Multilayer Active Packaging Films with Controlled Release Property Based on Polypropylene/Poly(Vinyl Alcohol)/Polypropylene Incorporated with Tea Polyphenols. J. Food Sci. 2019, 84, 1836–1843. [CrossRef] 19. Chi, W.; Cao, L.; Sun, G.; Meng, F.; Zhang, C.; Li, J. Developing a highly pH-sensitive κ-carrageenan-based intelligent film incorporating grape skin powder via a cleaner process. J. Clean. Prod. 2019, 244, 118862. [CrossRef] 20. da Rosa, G.S.; Vanga, S.K.; Gariepy, Y.; Raghavan, V. Development of Biodegradable Films with Improved Antioxidant Properties Based on the Addition of Carrageenan Containing Olive Leaf Extract for Food Packaging Applications. J. Polym. Environ. 2020, 28, 123–130. [CrossRef] 21. De Villiers, M.M.; Otto, D.P.; Strydom, S.J.; Lvov, Y.M. Introduction to nanocoatings produced by layer-by-layer (LbL) selfassembly. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 2011, 63, 701–715. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 22. Delshadi, R.; Bahrami, A.; Tafti, A.G.; Barba, F.J.; Williams, L.L. Micro and nano-encapsulation of vegetable and essential oils to develop functional food products with improved nutritional profiles. Trends Food Sci. Technol. 2020, 104, 72–83. [CrossRef] 23. Denavi, G.; Tapia-Blácido, D.R.; Añón, M.C.; Sobral, P.J.A.; Mauri, A.N.; Menegalli, F.C. Effects of drying conditions on some physical properties of soy protein films. J. Food Eng. 2009, 90, 341–349. [CrossRef] 24. Di Maio, L.; Marra, F.; Bedane, T.F.; Incarnato, L.; Saguy, S. Oxygen transfer in co-extruded multilayer active films for food packaging. AIChE J. 2017, 63, 5215–5221. [CrossRef] 25. Elshabini, A.A.; Barlow, F.; Wang, P.J. Electronic Packaging: Semiconductor Packages. Ref. Modul. Mater. Sci. Mater. Eng. 2017. [CrossRef] 26. Estevez-Areco, S.; Guz, L.; Candal, R.; Goyanes, S. Active bilayer films based on cassava starch incorporating ZnO nanorods and PVA electrospun mats containing rosemary extract. Food Hydrocoll. 2020, 108, 106054. [CrossRef] 27. Fabra, M.J.; Flores-López, M.L.; Cerqueira, M.A.; de Rodriguez, D.J.; Lagaron, J.M.; Vicente, A.A. Layer-by-Layer Technique to Developing Functional Nanolaminate Films with Antifungal Activity. Food Bioprocess Technol. 2015, 9, 471–480. [CrossRef] 28. Fabra, M.J.; López-Rubio, A.; Lagaron, J.M. Use of the electrohydrodynamic process to develop active/bioactive bilayer films for food packaging applications. Food Hydrocoll. 2016, 55, 11–18. [CrossRef] 29. Fabra, M.J.; López-Rubio, A.; Sentandreu, E.; Lagaron, J.M. Development of multilayer corn starch-based food packaging structures containing β-carotene by means of the electro-hydrodynamic processing. Starch-Stärke 2016, 68, 603–610. [CrossRef] 30. Fidelis, Q.C.; Faraone, I.; Russo, D.; Catunda, F.E.A., Jr.; Vignola, L.; de Carvalho, M.G.; de Tommasi, N.; Milella, L. Chemical and Biological insights of Ouratea hexasperma (A. St.-Hil.) Baill.: A source of bioactive compounds with multifunctional properties. Nat. Prod. Res. 2019, 33, 1500–1503. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 31. Figueroa-Lopez, K.J.; Castro-Mayorga, J.L.; Andrade-Mahecha, M.M.; Cabedo, L.; Lagaron, J.M. Antibacterial and Barrier Properties of Gelatin Coated by Electrospun Polycaprolactone Ultrathin Fibers Containing Black Pepper Oleoresin of Interest in Active Food Biopackaging Applications. Nanomaterials 2018, 8, 199. [CrossRef] 32. Fonseca, L.M.; da Silva, F.T.; Bruni, G.P.; Borges, C.D.; Zavareze, E.D.R.; Dias, A.R.G. Aerogels based on corn starch as carriers for pinhão coat extract (Araucaria angustifolia) rich in phenolic compounds for active packaging. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2021, 169, 362–370. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 33. Fotie, G.; Limbo, S.; Piergiovanni, L. Manufacturing of Food Packaging Based on Nanocellulose: Current Advances and Challenges. Nanomaterials 2020, 10, 1726. [CrossRef] 34. Garrido, T.; Leceta, I.; Cabezudo, S.; Guerrero, P.; de la Caba, K. Tailoring soy protein film properties by selecting casting or compression as processing methods. Eur. Polym. J. 2016, 85, 499–507. [CrossRef] 35. Gontard, N.; Guilbert, S.; Cuq, J.-L. Edible Wheat Gluten Films: Influence of the Main Process Variables on Film Properties using Response Surface Methodology. J. Food Sci. 1992, 57, 190–195. [CrossRef] 36. Granda-Restrepo, D.M.; Soto-Valdez, H.; Peralta, E.; Troncoso-Rojas, R.; Vallejo-Córdoba, B.; Gamez-Meza, N.; Graciano-Verdugo, A.Z. Migration of α-tocopherol from an active multilayer film into whole milk powder. Food Res. Int. 2009, 42, 1396–1402. [CrossRef] 37. Gu, C.-H.; Wang, J.-J.; Yu, Y.; Sun, H.; Shuai, N.; Wei, B. Biodegradable multilayer barrier films based on alginate/polyethyleneimine and biaxially oriented poly(lactic acid). Carbohydr. Polym. 2013, 92, 1579–1585. [CrossRef] 38. Gürler, N.; Pa¸sa, S.; Alma, M.H.; Temel, H. The fabrication of bilayer polylactic acid films from cross-linked starch as eco-friendly biodegradable materials: Synthesis, characterization, mechanical and physical properties. Eur. Polym. J. 2020, 127, 109588. [CrossRef] 39. Haghighi, H.; De Leo, R.; Bedin, E.; Pfeifer, F.; Siesler, H.W.; Pulvirenti, A. Comparative analysis of blend and bilayer films based on chitosan and gelatin enriched with LAE (lauroyl arginate ethyl) with antimicrobial activity for food packaging applications. Food Packag. Shelf Life 2019, 19, 31–39. [CrossRef] 40. Han, J.H. A Review of Food Packaging Technologies and Innovations. In Innovations in Food Packaging; Academic Press: Cambridge, MA, USA, 2014; pp. 3–12. [CrossRef] 41. Jeevahan, J.J.; Chandrasekaran, M.; Venkatesan, S.P.; Sriram, V.; Joseph, G.B.; Mageshwaran, G.; Durairaj, R.B. Scaling up difficulties and commercial aspects of edible films for food packaging: A review. Trends Food Sci. Technol. 2020, 100, 210–222. [CrossRef] 42. Jiang, J.; Watowita, P.S.M.S.L.; Chen, R.; Shi, Y.; Geng, J.-T.; Takahashi, K.; Li, L.; Osako, K. Multilayer gelatin/myofibrillar films containing clove essential oil: Properties, protein-phenolic interactions, and migration of active compounds. Food Packag. Shelf Life 2022, 32, 100842. [CrossRef] 43. Jimenez-Lopez, C.; Fraga, M.; Carpena, M.; García-Oliveira, P.; Echave, J.; Pereira, A.G.; Lourenço-Lopes, C.; Prieto, M.A.; Simal-Gandara, J. Agriculture waste valorisation as a source of antioxidant phenolic compounds within a circular and sustainable bioeconomy. Food Funct. 2020, 11, 4853–4877. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 44. Jurgilevich, A.; Birge, T.; Kentala-Lehtonen, J.; Korhonen-Kurki, K.; Pietikäinen, J.; Saikku, L.; Schösler, H. Transition towards Circular Economy in the Food System. Sustainability 2016, 8, 69. [CrossRef] 45. Kakadellis, S.; Woods, J.; Harris, Z.M. Friend or foe: Stakeholder attitudes towards biodegradable plastic packaging in food waste anaerobic digestion. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 2021, 169, 105529. [CrossRef] 46. Kewlani, P.; Singh, L.; Belwal, T.; Bhatt, I.D. Optimization of ultrasonic-assisted extraction for bioactive compounds in Rubus ellipticus fruits: An important source for nutraceutical and functional foods. Sustain. Chem. Pharm. 2022, 25, 100603. [CrossRef] 47. Kim, Y.T.; Min, B.; Kim, K.W. General Characteristics of Packaging Materials for Food System. In Innovations in Food Packaging; Academic Press: Cambridge, MA, USA, 2014; pp. 13–35. [CrossRef] 48. Koca, N. Layer-by-layer assembly of lysozyme with iota-carrageenan and gum Arabic for surface modification of food packaging materials with improved barrier properties. Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp. 2022, 639, 128391. [CrossRef] 49. Kuai, L.; Liu, F.; Chiou, B.-S.; Avena-Bustillos, R.J.; McHugh, T.H.; Zhong, F. Controlled release of antioxidants from active food packaging: A review. Food Hydrocoll. 2021, 120, 106992. [CrossRef] 50. Kücükpinar, E.; Langowski, H.-C. Adhesion Aspects in Packaging. J. Adhes. Sci. Technol. 2012, 26, 2317–2324. [CrossRef] 51. Kurtz, S.M. Synthesis and Processing of PEEK for Surgical Implants. In PEEK Biomaterials Handbook, 2nd ed.; Elsevier Inc.: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2019. [CrossRef] 52. Leipold, S.; Petit-Boix, A. The circular economy and the bio-based sector—Perspectives of European and German stakeholders. J. Clean. Prod. 2018, 201, 1125–1137. [CrossRef] 53. Lindström, T.; Österberg, F. Evolution of biobased and nanotechnology packaging—A review. Nord. Pulp Pap. Res. J. 2020, 35, 491–515. [CrossRef] 54. Lipton, J.; Weng, G.-M.; Röhr, J.A.; Wang, H.; Taylor, A.D. Layer-by-Layer Assembly of Two-Dimensional Materials: Meticulous Control on the Nanoscale. Matter 2020, 2, 1148–1165. [CrossRef] 55. Liu, Y.; Qin, Y.; Bai, R.; Zhang, X.; Yuan, L.; Liu, J. Preparation of pH-sensitive and antioxidant packaging films based on κ-carrageenan and mulberry polyphenolic extract. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2019, 134, 993–1001. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 56. Madera-Santana, T.J.; Freile-Pelegrin, Y.; Azamar-Barrios, J.A. Physicochemical and morphological properties of plasticized poly(vinyl alcohol)–agar biodegradable films. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2014, 69, 176–184. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 57. Mangaraj, S.; Yadav, A.; Bal, L.M.; Dash, S.K.; Mahanti, N.K. Application of Biodegradable Polymers in Food Packaging Industry: A Comprehensive Review. J. Packag. Technol. Res. 2019, 3, 77–96. [CrossRef] 58. Mao, X.; Liu, Z.; Sun, J.; Lee, S.Y. Metabolic engineering for the microbial production of marine bioactive compounds. Biotechnol. Adv. 2017, 35, 1004–1021. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 59. Martucci, J.F.; Ruseckaite, R.A. Biodegradable three-layer film derived from bovine gelatin. J. Food Eng. 2010, 99, 377–383. [CrossRef] 60. Moalla, S.; Ammar, I.; Fauconnier, M.-L.; Danthine, S.; Blecker, C.; Besbes, S.; Attia, H. Development and characterization of chitosan films carrying Artemisia campestris antioxidants for potential use as active food packaging materials. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2021, 183, 254–266. [CrossRef] 61. Monção, D.C.; Grisi, C.V.B.; de Moura Fernandes, J.; Souza, P.S.; de Souza, A.L. Active packaging for lipid foods and development challenges for marketing. Food Biosci. 2022, 45, 101370. [CrossRef] 62. Moustafa, H.; Youssef, A.M.; Darwish, N.A.; Abou-Kandil, A.I. Eco-friendly polymer composites for green packaging: Future vision and challenges. Compos. Part B Eng. 2019, 172, 16–25. [CrossRef] 63. Muller, J.; González-Martínez, C.; Chiralt, A. Combination of Poly(lactic) Acid and Starch for Biodegradable Food Packaging. Materials 2017, 10, 952. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 64. Kotov, N.A.; Dékány, I.; Fendler, J.H. Ultrathin graphite oxide–polyelectrolyte composites prepared by self-assembly Transition. Adv. Mater. 1996, 8, 637–641. [CrossRef] 65. Nogueira, G.F.; de Oliveira, R.A.; Velasco, J.I.; Fakhouri, F.M. Methods of incorporating plant-derived bioactive compounds into films made with agro-based polymers for application as food packaging: A brief review. Polymers 2020, 12, 2518–2552. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 66. Ordoñez, R.; Atarés, L.; Chiralt, A. Antibacterial properties of cinnamic and ferulic acids incorporated to starch and PLA monolayer and multilayer films. Food Control 2022, 136, 108878. [CrossRef] 67. Oudjedi, K.; Manso, S.; Nerin, C.; Hassissen, N.; Zaidi, F. New active antioxidant multilayer food packaging films containing Algerian Sage and Bay leaves extracts and their application for oxidative stability of fried potatoes. Food Control 2019, 98, 216–226. [CrossRef] 68. Pant, A.F.; Sängerlaub, S.; Müller, K. Gallic Acid as an Oxygen Scavenger in Bio-Based Multilayer Packaging Films. Materials 2017, 10, 489. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 69. Patil, J.V.; Mali, S.S.; Kamble, A.S.; Hong, C.K.; Kim, J.H.; Patil, P.S. Electrospinning: A versatile technique for making of 1D growth of nanostructured nanofibers and its applications: An experimental approach. Appl. Surf. Sci. 2017, 423, 641–674. [CrossRef] 70. Prabha, K.; Ghosh, P.; Abdullah, S.; Joseph, R.M.; Krishnan, R.; Rana, S.S.; Pradhan, R.C. Recent development, challenges, and prospects of extrusion technology. Futur. Foods 2021, 3, 100019. [CrossRef] 71. Quiles-Carrillo, L.; Montanes, N.; Lagaron, J.M.; Balart, R.; Torres-Giner, S. Bioactive Multilayer Polylactide Films with Controlled Release Capacity of Gallic Acid Accomplished by Incorporating Electrospun Nanostructured Coatings and Interlayers. Appl. Sci. 2019, 9, 533. [CrossRef] 72. Reshmy, R.; Philip, E.; Madhavan, A.; Sindhu, R.; Pugazhendhi, A.; Binod, P.; Sirohi, R.; Awasthi, M.K.; Tarafdar, A.; Pandey, A. Advanced biomaterials for sustainable applications in the food industry: Updates and challenges. Environ. Pollut. 2021, 283, 117071. [CrossRef] 73. Rhim, J.-W.; Mohanty, K.A.; Singh, S.P.; Ng, P.K.W. Preparation and Properties of Biodegradable Multilayer Films Based on Soy Protein Isolate and Poly(lactide). Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2006, 45, 3059–3066. [CrossRef] 74. Ribeiro-Santos, R.; Andrade, M.; de Melo, N.R.; Sanches-Silva, A. Use of essential oils in active food packaging: Recent advances and future trends. Trends Food Sci. Technol. 2017, 61, 132–140. [CrossRef] 75. Richardson, J.J.; Björnmalm, M.; Caruso, F. Technology-driven layer-by-layer assembly of nanofilms. Science 2015, 348, aaa2491. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 76. Rodrigues, M.J.; Matkowski, A.; Slusarczyk, S.; Magn ´ é, C.; Poleze, T.; Pereira, C.; Custódio, L. Sea knotgrass (Polygonum maritimum L.) as a potential source of innovative industrial products for skincare applications. Ind. Crop Prod. 2019, 128, 391–398. [CrossRef] 77. Rujni´c-Sokele, M.; Pilipovi´c, A. Challenges and opportunities of biodegradable plastics: A mini review. Waste Manag. Res. 2017, 35, 132–140. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 78. Šeregelj, V.; Cetkovi´c, G.; ´ Canadanovi´c-Brunet, J.; Šaponjac, V.T.; Vuli´c, J.; Stajˇci´c, S. Encapsulation and Degradation Kinetics of ˇ Bioactive Compounds from Sweet Potato Peel During Storage. Food Technol. Biotechnol. 2020, 58, 314–324. [CrossRef] 79. Shinwari, K.J.; Rao, P.S. Stability of bioactive compounds in fruit jam and jelly during processing and storage: A review. Trends Food Sci. Technol. 2018, 75, 181–193. [CrossRef] 80. Shiratori, S.S.; Rubner, M.F. pH-Dependent Thickness Behavior of Sequentially Adsorbed Layers of Weak Polyelectrolytes. Macromolecules 2000, 33, 4213–4219. [CrossRef] 81. da Silva, C.K.; Mastrantonio, D.J.D.S.; Costa, J.A.V.; de Morais, M.G. Innovative pH sensors developed from ultrafine fibers containing açaí (Euterpe oleracea) extract. Food Chem. 2019, 294, 397–404. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 82. Siqueira, L.D.V.; Arias, C.I.L.F.; Maniglia, B.C.; Tadini, C.C. Starch-based biodegradable plastics: Methods of production, challenges and future perspectives. Curr. Opin. Food Sci. 2021, 38, 122–130. [CrossRef] 83. Stoica, M.; Antohi, V.M.; Zlati, M.L.; Stoica, D. The financial impact of replacing plastic packaging by biodegradable biopolymers— A smart solution for the food industry. J. Clean. Prod. 2020, 277, 124013. [CrossRef] 84. Suhag, R.; Kumar, N.; Petkoska, A.T.; Upadhyay, A. Film formation and deposition methods of edible coating on food products: A review. Food Res. Int. 2020, 136, 109582. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 85. Sun, G.; Chi, W.; Xu, S.; Wang, L. Developing a simultaneously antioxidant and pH-responsive κ-carrageenan/hydroxypropyl methylcellulose film blended with Prunus maackii extract. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2020, 155, 1393–1400. [CrossRef] 86. Tampau, A.; González-Martínez, C.; Chiralt, A. Biodegradability and disintegration of multilayer starch films with electrospun PCL fibres encapsulating carvacrol. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 2020, 173, 109100. [CrossRef] 87. Tampau, A.; González-Martínez, C.; Vicente, A.A.; Chiralt, A. Enhancement of PLA-PVA Surface Adhesion in Bilayer Assemblies by PLA Aminolisation. Food Bioprocess Technol. 2020, 13, 1215–1228. [CrossRef] 88. Tanwar, R.; Gupta, V.; Kumar, P.; Kumar, A.; Singh, S.; Gaikwad, K.K. Development and characterization of PVA-starch incorporated with coconut shell extract and sepiolite clay as an antioxidant film for active food packaging applications. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2021, 185, 451–461. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 89. Tatara, R.A. 14 Compression Molding. In Applied Plastics Engineering Handbook, 2nd ed.; Elsevier Inc.: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2017; pp. 291–320. [CrossRef] 90. Thuppahige, V.T.W.; Karim, M.A. A comprehensive review on the properties and functionalities of biodegradable and semibiodegradable food packaging materials. Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf. 2022, 21, 689–718. [CrossRef] 91. Topuz, F.; Uyar, T. Antioxidant, antibacterial and antifungal electrospun nanofibers for food packaging applications. Food Res. Int. 2019, 130, 108927. [CrossRef] 92. Torres-Giner, S.; Martinez-Abad, A.; Ocio, M.J.; Lagaron, J.M. Stabilization of a Nutraceutical Omega-3 Fatty Acid by Encapsulation in Ultrathin Electrosprayed Zein Prolamine. J. Food Sci. 2010, 75, N69–N79. [CrossRef] 93. Tsiaka, T.; Sinanoglou, V.J.; Zoumpoulakis, P. From Natural Sources Using Green and. In Ingredients Extraction by Physico-Chemical Methods in Food; Elsevier Inc.: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2017. [CrossRef] 94. Vanapalli, K.R.; Sharma, H.B.; Ranjan, V.P.; Samal, B.; Bhattacharya, J.; Dubey, B.K.; Goel, S. Challenges and strategies for effective plastic waste management during and post COVID-19 pandemic. Sci. Total. Environ. 2021, 750, 141514. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 95. Velásquez, E.; Vidal, C.P.; Rojas, A.; Guarda, A.; Galotto, M.J.; de Dicastillo, C.L. Natural antimicrobials and antioxidants added to polylactic acid packaging films. Part I: Polymer processing techniques. Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf. 2021, 20, 3388–3403. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 96. Wang, P.; Li, Y.; Zhang, C.; Feng, F.; Zhang, H. Sequential electrospinning of multilayer ethylcellulose/gelatin/ethylcellulose nanofibrous film for sustained release of curcumin. Food Chem. 2020, 308, 125599. [CrossRef] 97. Wang, P.; Zhang, C.; Zou, Y.; Li, Y.; Zhang, H. Immobilization of lysozyme on layer-by-layer self-assembled electrospun films: Characterization and antibacterial activity in milk. Food Hydrocoll. 2020, 113, 106468. [CrossRef] 98. Wang, Q.; Chen, W.; Zhu, W.; McClements, D.J.; Liu, X.; Liu, F. A review of multilayer and composite films and coatings for active biodegradable packaging. npj Sci. Food 2022, 6, 18. [CrossRef] 99. Wijngaard, H.; Hossain, M.B.; Rai, D.K.; Brunton, N. Techniques to extract bioactive compounds from food by-products of plant origin. Food Res. Int. 2012, 46, 505–513. [CrossRef] 100. Winans, K.; Kendall, A.; Deng, H. The history and current applications of the circular economy concept. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2017, 68, 825–833. [CrossRef] 101. Wrona, M.; Blasco, S.; Becerril, R.; Nerin, C.; Sales, E.; Asensio, E. Antioxidant and antimicrobial markers by UPLC®–ESIQ-TOF-MSE of a new multilayer active packaging based on Arctostaphylos uva-ursi. Talanta 2019, 196, 498–509. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 102. Xia, C.; Wang, W.; Wang, L.; Liu, H.; Xiao, J. Multilayer zein/gelatin films with tunable water barrier property and prolonged antioxidant activity. Food Packag. Shelf Life 2019, 19, 76–85. [CrossRef] 103. Zhang, W.; Jiang, H.; Rhim, J.-W.; Cao, J.; Jiang, W. Effective strategies of sustained release and retention enhancement of essential oils in active food packaging films/coatings. Food Chem. 2022, 367, 130671. [CrossRef] |
| dc.relation.citationendpage.spa.fl_str_mv |
17 |
| dc.relation.citationstartpage.spa.fl_str_mv |
1 |
| dc.relation.citationissue.spa.fl_str_mv |
8 |
| dc.relation.citationvolume.spa.fl_str_mv |
12 |
| dc.rights.eng.fl_str_mv |
© 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. |
| dc.rights.license.spa.fl_str_mv |
Atribución 4.0 Internacional (CC BY 4.0) |
| dc.rights.uri.spa.fl_str_mv |
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ |
| dc.rights.accessrights.spa.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess |
| dc.rights.coar.spa.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2 |
| rights_invalid_str_mv |
Atribución 4.0 Internacional (CC BY 4.0) © 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2 |
| eu_rights_str_mv |
openAccess |
| dc.format.extent.spa.fl_str_mv |
17 páginas |
| dc.format.mimetype.spa.fl_str_mv |
application/pdf |
| dc.publisher.spa.fl_str_mv |
Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI) |
| dc.publisher.place.spa.fl_str_mv |
Switzerland |
| dc.source.spa.fl_str_mv |
https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/12/8/1692 |
| institution |
Corporación Universidad de la Costa |
| bitstream.url.fl_str_mv |
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/8b055d2a-8781-4970-b77b-a607264703a9/download https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/dd467944-4daf-4d40-b703-b139adff1167/download https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/1f7edcac-b530-4f4f-9b7b-bca5ab827854/download https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/5b70f37d-17b2-42fb-b19d-70fe090d6365/download |
| bitstream.checksum.fl_str_mv |
27f22557d7932cc4ef2a819adc7d9868 2f9959eaf5b71fae44bbf9ec84150c7a e7ca27346eea310f835f68067c3a19b6 ef68e31c73db73c15df9b1a8f0f7cf0f |
| bitstream.checksumAlgorithm.fl_str_mv |
MD5 MD5 MD5 MD5 |
| repository.name.fl_str_mv |
Repositorio de la Universidad de la Costa CUC |
| repository.mail.fl_str_mv |
repdigital@cuc.edu.co |
| _version_ |
1811760721780801536 |
| spelling |
Atribución 4.0 Internacional (CC BY 4.0)© 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Bataglin Avila, LuisaSchnorr, Carlos EduardoSilva Oliveira, Luis FelipeMachado Morais, MarcilioCosta Moraes, CarolineROSA, GABRIELA SILVEIRA DADotto, Guilherme LuizLima, Eder ClaudioNAUSHAD, MU2023-11-08T21:12:41Z2023-11-08T21:12:41Z2023-04-19Avila, L.B.; Schnorr, C.; Silva, L.F.O.; Morais, M.M.; Moraes, C.C.; da Rosa, G.S.; Dotto, G.L.; Lima, É.C.; Naushad, M. Trends in Bioactive Multilayer Films: Perspectives in the Use of Polysaccharides, Proteins, and Carbohydrates with Natural Additives for Application in Food Packaging. Foods 2023, 12, 1692. https://doi.org/10.3390/ foods12081692https://hdl.handle.net/11323/1058110.3390/foods120816922304-8158Corporación Universidad de la CostaREDICUC - Repositorio CUChttps://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/The harmful effects on the environment caused by the indiscriminate use of synthetic plastics and the inadequate management of post-consumer waste have given rise to efforts to redirect this consumption to bio-based economic models. In this sense, using biopolymers to produce materials is a reality for food packaging companies searching for technologies that allow these materials to compete with those from synthetic sources. This review paper focused on the recent trends in multilayer films with the perspective of using biopolymers and natural additives for application in food packaging. Firstly, the recent developments in the area were presented concisely. Then, the main biopolymers used (gelatin, chitosan, zein, polylactic acid) and main methods for multilayer film preparation were discussed, including the layer-by-layer, casting, compression, extrusion, and electrospinning methods. Furthermore, we highlighted the bioactive compounds and how they are inserted in the multilayer systems to form active biopolymeric food packaging. Furthermore, the advantages and drawbacks of multilayer packaging development are also discussed. Finally, the main trends and challenges in using multilayer systems are presented. Therefore, this review aims to bring updated information in an innovative approach to current research on food packaging materials, focusing on sustainable resources such as biopolymers and natural additives. In addition, it proposes viable production routes for improving the market competitiveness of biopolymer materials against synthetic materials.17 páginasapplication/pdfengMultidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)Switzerlandhttps://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/12/8/1692Trends in bioactive multilayer films: perspectives in the use of polysaccharides, proteins, and carbohydrates with natural additives for application in food packagingArtículo de revistahttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1Textinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARTinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85Foods1. Ahmad, A.A.; Sarbon, N.M. A comparative study: Physical, mechanical and antibacterial properties of bio-composite gelatin films as influenced by chitosan and zinc oxide nanoparticles incorporation. Food Biosci. 2021, 43, 101250. [CrossRef]2. Alias, A.R.; Wan, M.K.; Sarbon, N.M. Emerging materials and technologies of multi-layer film for food packaging application: A review. Food Control 2022, 136, 108875. [CrossRef]3. Almasi, H.; Jahanbakhsh Oskouie, M.; Saleh, A. A review on techniques utilized for design of controlled release food active packaging. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 2021, 61, 2601–2621. [CrossRef] [PubMed]4. Andrade-Del Olmo, J.; Pérez-Álvarez, L.; Hernáez, E.; Ruiz-Rubio, L.; Vilas-Vilela, J.L. Antibacterial multilayer of chitosan and (2-carboxyethyl)-β-cyclodextrin onto polylactic acid (PLLA). Food Hydrocoll. 2019, 88, 228–236. [CrossRef]5. Andrade, J.; González-Martínez, C.; Chiralt, A. Antimicrobial PLA-PVA multilayer films containing phenolic compounds. Food Chem. 2022, 375, 131861. [CrossRef] [PubMed]6. Anukiruthika, T.; Sethupathy, P.; Wilson, A.; Kashampur, K.; Moses, J.A.; Anandharamakrishnan, C. Multilayer packaging: Advances in preparation techniques and emerging food applications. Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf. 2020, 19, 1156–1186. [CrossRef] [PubMed]7. Arias, C.I.L.F.; Kubo, M.T.K.; Tadini, C.C.; Augusto, P.E.D. Bio-based multilayer films: A review of the principal methods of production and challenges. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 2021, In press, 1–17. [CrossRef]8. Arkoun, M.; Daigle, F.; Holley, R.A.; Heuzey, M.C.; Ajji, A. Chitosan-based nanofibers as bioactive meat packaging materials. Packag. Technol. Sci. 2018, 31, 185–195. [CrossRef]9. Arrieta, M.P.; García, A.D.; López, D.; Fiori, S.; Peponi, L. Antioxidant Bilayers Based on PHBV and Plasticized Electrospun PLA-PHB Fibers Encapsulating Catechin. Nanomaterials 2019, 9, 346. [CrossRef]10. Avila, L.B.; Fontes, M.R.V.; Zavareze, E.D.R.; Moraes, C.C.; Morais, M.M.; Da Rosa, G.S. Recovery of Bioactive Compounds from Jaboticaba Peels and Application into Zein Ultrafine Fibers Produced by Electrospinning. Polymers 2020, 12, 2916. [CrossRef]11. Azmir, J.; Zaidul, I.S.M.; Rahman, M.M.; Sharif, K.M.; Mohamed, A.; Sahena, F.; Jahurul, M.H.A.; Ghafoor, K.; Norulaini, N.A.N.; Omar, A.K.M. Techniques for extraction of bioactive compounds from plant materials: A review. J. Food Eng. 2013, 117, 426–436. [CrossRef]12. Bastante, C.C.; Silva, N.H.C.S.; Cardoso, L.C.; Serrano, C.M.; Martínez de la Ossa, E.J.; Freire, C.S.R.; Vilela, C. Biobased films of nanocellulose and mango leaf extract for active food packaging: Supercritical impregnation versus solvent casting. Food Hydrocoll. 2021, 117, 106709. [CrossRef]13. Bhargava, N.; Sharanagat, V.S.; Mor, R.S.; Kumar, K. Active and intelligent biodegradable packaging films using food and food waste-derived bioactive compounds: A review. Trends Food Sci. Technol. 2020, 105, 385–401. [CrossRef]14. Cai, Z.; Shen, C.; Deng, Z.; Wu, D.; Chen, K. Solution blow spinning of multilayer polycaprolactone/curcumin-loaded gelatin/polycaprolactone nanofilm for slow release and bacterial inhibition. Food Hydrocoll. Health 2022, 2, 100062. [CrossRef]15. Carocho, M.; Barreiro, M.F.; Morales, P.; Ferreira, I.C.F.R. Adding Molecules to Food, Pros and Cons: A Review on Synthetic and Natural Food Additives. Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf. 2014, 13, 377–399. [CrossRef]16. Cerqueira, M.A.; Fabra, M.J.; Castro-Mayorga, J.L.; Bourbon, A.I.; Pastrana, L.M.; Vicente, A.A.; Lagaron, J.M. Use of Electrospinning to Develop Antimicrobial Biodegradable Multilayer Systems: Encapsulation of Cinnamaldehyde and Their Physicochemical Characterization. Food Bioprocess Technol. 2016, 9, 1874–1884. [CrossRef]17. Cheikh, D.; Majdoub, H.; Darder, M. An overview of clay-polymer nanocomposites containing bioactive compounds for food packaging applications. Appl. Clay Sci. 2022, 216, 106335. [CrossRef]18. Chen, C.; Li, C.; Yang, S.; Zhang, Q.; Yang, F.; Tang, Z.; Xie, J. Development of New Multilayer Active Packaging Films with Controlled Release Property Based on Polypropylene/Poly(Vinyl Alcohol)/Polypropylene Incorporated with Tea Polyphenols. J. Food Sci. 2019, 84, 1836–1843. [CrossRef]19. Chi, W.; Cao, L.; Sun, G.; Meng, F.; Zhang, C.; Li, J. Developing a highly pH-sensitive κ-carrageenan-based intelligent film incorporating grape skin powder via a cleaner process. J. Clean. Prod. 2019, 244, 118862. [CrossRef]20. da Rosa, G.S.; Vanga, S.K.; Gariepy, Y.; Raghavan, V. Development of Biodegradable Films with Improved Antioxidant Properties Based on the Addition of Carrageenan Containing Olive Leaf Extract for Food Packaging Applications. J. Polym. Environ. 2020, 28, 123–130. [CrossRef]21. De Villiers, M.M.; Otto, D.P.; Strydom, S.J.; Lvov, Y.M. Introduction to nanocoatings produced by layer-by-layer (LbL) selfassembly. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 2011, 63, 701–715. [CrossRef] [PubMed]22. Delshadi, R.; Bahrami, A.; Tafti, A.G.; Barba, F.J.; Williams, L.L. Micro and nano-encapsulation of vegetable and essential oils to develop functional food products with improved nutritional profiles. Trends Food Sci. Technol. 2020, 104, 72–83. [CrossRef]23. Denavi, G.; Tapia-Blácido, D.R.; Añón, M.C.; Sobral, P.J.A.; Mauri, A.N.; Menegalli, F.C. Effects of drying conditions on some physical properties of soy protein films. J. Food Eng. 2009, 90, 341–349. [CrossRef]24. Di Maio, L.; Marra, F.; Bedane, T.F.; Incarnato, L.; Saguy, S. Oxygen transfer in co-extruded multilayer active films for food packaging. AIChE J. 2017, 63, 5215–5221. [CrossRef]25. Elshabini, A.A.; Barlow, F.; Wang, P.J. Electronic Packaging: Semiconductor Packages. Ref. Modul. Mater. Sci. Mater. Eng. 2017. [CrossRef]26. Estevez-Areco, S.; Guz, L.; Candal, R.; Goyanes, S. Active bilayer films based on cassava starch incorporating ZnO nanorods and PVA electrospun mats containing rosemary extract. Food Hydrocoll. 2020, 108, 106054. [CrossRef]27. Fabra, M.J.; Flores-López, M.L.; Cerqueira, M.A.; de Rodriguez, D.J.; Lagaron, J.M.; Vicente, A.A. Layer-by-Layer Technique to Developing Functional Nanolaminate Films with Antifungal Activity. Food Bioprocess Technol. 2015, 9, 471–480. [CrossRef]28. Fabra, M.J.; López-Rubio, A.; Lagaron, J.M. Use of the electrohydrodynamic process to develop active/bioactive bilayer films for food packaging applications. Food Hydrocoll. 2016, 55, 11–18. [CrossRef]29. Fabra, M.J.; López-Rubio, A.; Sentandreu, E.; Lagaron, J.M. Development of multilayer corn starch-based food packaging structures containing β-carotene by means of the electro-hydrodynamic processing. Starch-Stärke 2016, 68, 603–610. [CrossRef]30. Fidelis, Q.C.; Faraone, I.; Russo, D.; Catunda, F.E.A., Jr.; Vignola, L.; de Carvalho, M.G.; de Tommasi, N.; Milella, L. Chemical and Biological insights of Ouratea hexasperma (A. St.-Hil.) Baill.: A source of bioactive compounds with multifunctional properties. Nat. Prod. Res. 2019, 33, 1500–1503. [CrossRef] [PubMed]31. Figueroa-Lopez, K.J.; Castro-Mayorga, J.L.; Andrade-Mahecha, M.M.; Cabedo, L.; Lagaron, J.M. Antibacterial and Barrier Properties of Gelatin Coated by Electrospun Polycaprolactone Ultrathin Fibers Containing Black Pepper Oleoresin of Interest in Active Food Biopackaging Applications. Nanomaterials 2018, 8, 199. [CrossRef]32. Fonseca, L.M.; da Silva, F.T.; Bruni, G.P.; Borges, C.D.; Zavareze, E.D.R.; Dias, A.R.G. Aerogels based on corn starch as carriers for pinhão coat extract (Araucaria angustifolia) rich in phenolic compounds for active packaging. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2021, 169, 362–370. [CrossRef] [PubMed]33. Fotie, G.; Limbo, S.; Piergiovanni, L. Manufacturing of Food Packaging Based on Nanocellulose: Current Advances and Challenges. Nanomaterials 2020, 10, 1726. [CrossRef]34. Garrido, T.; Leceta, I.; Cabezudo, S.; Guerrero, P.; de la Caba, K. Tailoring soy protein film properties by selecting casting or compression as processing methods. Eur. Polym. J. 2016, 85, 499–507. [CrossRef]35. Gontard, N.; Guilbert, S.; Cuq, J.-L. Edible Wheat Gluten Films: Influence of the Main Process Variables on Film Properties using Response Surface Methodology. J. Food Sci. 1992, 57, 190–195. [CrossRef]36. Granda-Restrepo, D.M.; Soto-Valdez, H.; Peralta, E.; Troncoso-Rojas, R.; Vallejo-Córdoba, B.; Gamez-Meza, N.; Graciano-Verdugo, A.Z. Migration of α-tocopherol from an active multilayer film into whole milk powder. Food Res. Int. 2009, 42, 1396–1402. [CrossRef]37. Gu, C.-H.; Wang, J.-J.; Yu, Y.; Sun, H.; Shuai, N.; Wei, B. Biodegradable multilayer barrier films based on alginate/polyethyleneimine and biaxially oriented poly(lactic acid). Carbohydr. Polym. 2013, 92, 1579–1585. [CrossRef]38. Gürler, N.; Pa¸sa, S.; Alma, M.H.; Temel, H. The fabrication of bilayer polylactic acid films from cross-linked starch as eco-friendly biodegradable materials: Synthesis, characterization, mechanical and physical properties. Eur. Polym. J. 2020, 127, 109588. [CrossRef]39. Haghighi, H.; De Leo, R.; Bedin, E.; Pfeifer, F.; Siesler, H.W.; Pulvirenti, A. Comparative analysis of blend and bilayer films based on chitosan and gelatin enriched with LAE (lauroyl arginate ethyl) with antimicrobial activity for food packaging applications. Food Packag. Shelf Life 2019, 19, 31–39. [CrossRef]40. Han, J.H. A Review of Food Packaging Technologies and Innovations. In Innovations in Food Packaging; Academic Press: Cambridge, MA, USA, 2014; pp. 3–12. [CrossRef]41. Jeevahan, J.J.; Chandrasekaran, M.; Venkatesan, S.P.; Sriram, V.; Joseph, G.B.; Mageshwaran, G.; Durairaj, R.B. Scaling up difficulties and commercial aspects of edible films for food packaging: A review. Trends Food Sci. Technol. 2020, 100, 210–222. [CrossRef]42. Jiang, J.; Watowita, P.S.M.S.L.; Chen, R.; Shi, Y.; Geng, J.-T.; Takahashi, K.; Li, L.; Osako, K. Multilayer gelatin/myofibrillar films containing clove essential oil: Properties, protein-phenolic interactions, and migration of active compounds. Food Packag. Shelf Life 2022, 32, 100842. [CrossRef]43. Jimenez-Lopez, C.; Fraga, M.; Carpena, M.; García-Oliveira, P.; Echave, J.; Pereira, A.G.; Lourenço-Lopes, C.; Prieto, M.A.; Simal-Gandara, J. Agriculture waste valorisation as a source of antioxidant phenolic compounds within a circular and sustainable bioeconomy. Food Funct. 2020, 11, 4853–4877. [CrossRef] [PubMed]44. Jurgilevich, A.; Birge, T.; Kentala-Lehtonen, J.; Korhonen-Kurki, K.; Pietikäinen, J.; Saikku, L.; Schösler, H. Transition towards Circular Economy in the Food System. Sustainability 2016, 8, 69. [CrossRef]45. Kakadellis, S.; Woods, J.; Harris, Z.M. Friend or foe: Stakeholder attitudes towards biodegradable plastic packaging in food waste anaerobic digestion. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 2021, 169, 105529. [CrossRef]46. Kewlani, P.; Singh, L.; Belwal, T.; Bhatt, I.D. Optimization of ultrasonic-assisted extraction for bioactive compounds in Rubus ellipticus fruits: An important source for nutraceutical and functional foods. Sustain. Chem. Pharm. 2022, 25, 100603. [CrossRef]47. Kim, Y.T.; Min, B.; Kim, K.W. General Characteristics of Packaging Materials for Food System. In Innovations in Food Packaging; Academic Press: Cambridge, MA, USA, 2014; pp. 13–35. [CrossRef]48. Koca, N. Layer-by-layer assembly of lysozyme with iota-carrageenan and gum Arabic for surface modification of food packaging materials with improved barrier properties. Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp. 2022, 639, 128391. [CrossRef]49. Kuai, L.; Liu, F.; Chiou, B.-S.; Avena-Bustillos, R.J.; McHugh, T.H.; Zhong, F. Controlled release of antioxidants from active food packaging: A review. Food Hydrocoll. 2021, 120, 106992. [CrossRef]50. Kücükpinar, E.; Langowski, H.-C. Adhesion Aspects in Packaging. J. Adhes. Sci. Technol. 2012, 26, 2317–2324. [CrossRef]51. Kurtz, S.M. Synthesis and Processing of PEEK for Surgical Implants. In PEEK Biomaterials Handbook, 2nd ed.; Elsevier Inc.: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2019. [CrossRef]52. Leipold, S.; Petit-Boix, A. The circular economy and the bio-based sector—Perspectives of European and German stakeholders. J. Clean. Prod. 2018, 201, 1125–1137. [CrossRef]53. Lindström, T.; Österberg, F. Evolution of biobased and nanotechnology packaging—A review. Nord. Pulp Pap. Res. J. 2020, 35, 491–515. [CrossRef]54. Lipton, J.; Weng, G.-M.; Röhr, J.A.; Wang, H.; Taylor, A.D. Layer-by-Layer Assembly of Two-Dimensional Materials: Meticulous Control on the Nanoscale. Matter 2020, 2, 1148–1165. [CrossRef]55. Liu, Y.; Qin, Y.; Bai, R.; Zhang, X.; Yuan, L.; Liu, J. Preparation of pH-sensitive and antioxidant packaging films based on κ-carrageenan and mulberry polyphenolic extract. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2019, 134, 993–1001. [CrossRef] [PubMed]56. Madera-Santana, T.J.; Freile-Pelegrin, Y.; Azamar-Barrios, J.A. Physicochemical and morphological properties of plasticized poly(vinyl alcohol)–agar biodegradable films. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2014, 69, 176–184. [CrossRef] [PubMed]57. Mangaraj, S.; Yadav, A.; Bal, L.M.; Dash, S.K.; Mahanti, N.K. Application of Biodegradable Polymers in Food Packaging Industry: A Comprehensive Review. J. Packag. Technol. Res. 2019, 3, 77–96. [CrossRef]58. Mao, X.; Liu, Z.; Sun, J.; Lee, S.Y. Metabolic engineering for the microbial production of marine bioactive compounds. Biotechnol. Adv. 2017, 35, 1004–1021. [CrossRef] [PubMed]59. Martucci, J.F.; Ruseckaite, R.A. Biodegradable three-layer film derived from bovine gelatin. J. Food Eng. 2010, 99, 377–383. [CrossRef]60. Moalla, S.; Ammar, I.; Fauconnier, M.-L.; Danthine, S.; Blecker, C.; Besbes, S.; Attia, H. Development and characterization of chitosan films carrying Artemisia campestris antioxidants for potential use as active food packaging materials. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2021, 183, 254–266. [CrossRef]61. Monção, D.C.; Grisi, C.V.B.; de Moura Fernandes, J.; Souza, P.S.; de Souza, A.L. Active packaging for lipid foods and development challenges for marketing. Food Biosci. 2022, 45, 101370. [CrossRef]62. Moustafa, H.; Youssef, A.M.; Darwish, N.A.; Abou-Kandil, A.I. Eco-friendly polymer composites for green packaging: Future vision and challenges. Compos. Part B Eng. 2019, 172, 16–25. [CrossRef]63. Muller, J.; González-Martínez, C.; Chiralt, A. Combination of Poly(lactic) Acid and Starch for Biodegradable Food Packaging. Materials 2017, 10, 952. [CrossRef] [PubMed]64. Kotov, N.A.; Dékány, I.; Fendler, J.H. Ultrathin graphite oxide–polyelectrolyte composites prepared by self-assembly Transition. Adv. Mater. 1996, 8, 637–641. [CrossRef]65. Nogueira, G.F.; de Oliveira, R.A.; Velasco, J.I.; Fakhouri, F.M. Methods of incorporating plant-derived bioactive compounds into films made with agro-based polymers for application as food packaging: A brief review. Polymers 2020, 12, 2518–2552. [CrossRef] [PubMed]66. Ordoñez, R.; Atarés, L.; Chiralt, A. Antibacterial properties of cinnamic and ferulic acids incorporated to starch and PLA monolayer and multilayer films. Food Control 2022, 136, 108878. [CrossRef]67. Oudjedi, K.; Manso, S.; Nerin, C.; Hassissen, N.; Zaidi, F. New active antioxidant multilayer food packaging films containing Algerian Sage and Bay leaves extracts and their application for oxidative stability of fried potatoes. Food Control 2019, 98, 216–226. [CrossRef]68. Pant, A.F.; Sängerlaub, S.; Müller, K. Gallic Acid as an Oxygen Scavenger in Bio-Based Multilayer Packaging Films. Materials 2017, 10, 489. [CrossRef] [PubMed]69. Patil, J.V.; Mali, S.S.; Kamble, A.S.; Hong, C.K.; Kim, J.H.; Patil, P.S. Electrospinning: A versatile technique for making of 1D growth of nanostructured nanofibers and its applications: An experimental approach. Appl. Surf. Sci. 2017, 423, 641–674. [CrossRef]70. Prabha, K.; Ghosh, P.; Abdullah, S.; Joseph, R.M.; Krishnan, R.; Rana, S.S.; Pradhan, R.C. Recent development, challenges, and prospects of extrusion technology. Futur. Foods 2021, 3, 100019. [CrossRef]71. Quiles-Carrillo, L.; Montanes, N.; Lagaron, J.M.; Balart, R.; Torres-Giner, S. Bioactive Multilayer Polylactide Films with Controlled Release Capacity of Gallic Acid Accomplished by Incorporating Electrospun Nanostructured Coatings and Interlayers. Appl. Sci. 2019, 9, 533. [CrossRef]72. Reshmy, R.; Philip, E.; Madhavan, A.; Sindhu, R.; Pugazhendhi, A.; Binod, P.; Sirohi, R.; Awasthi, M.K.; Tarafdar, A.; Pandey, A. Advanced biomaterials for sustainable applications in the food industry: Updates and challenges. Environ. Pollut. 2021, 283, 117071. [CrossRef]73. Rhim, J.-W.; Mohanty, K.A.; Singh, S.P.; Ng, P.K.W. Preparation and Properties of Biodegradable Multilayer Films Based on Soy Protein Isolate and Poly(lactide). Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2006, 45, 3059–3066. [CrossRef]74. Ribeiro-Santos, R.; Andrade, M.; de Melo, N.R.; Sanches-Silva, A. Use of essential oils in active food packaging: Recent advances and future trends. Trends Food Sci. Technol. 2017, 61, 132–140. [CrossRef]75. Richardson, J.J.; Björnmalm, M.; Caruso, F. Technology-driven layer-by-layer assembly of nanofilms. Science 2015, 348, aaa2491. [CrossRef] [PubMed]76. Rodrigues, M.J.; Matkowski, A.; Slusarczyk, S.; Magn ´ é, C.; Poleze, T.; Pereira, C.; Custódio, L. Sea knotgrass (Polygonum maritimum L.) as a potential source of innovative industrial products for skincare applications. Ind. Crop Prod. 2019, 128, 391–398. [CrossRef]77. Rujni´c-Sokele, M.; Pilipovi´c, A. Challenges and opportunities of biodegradable plastics: A mini review. Waste Manag. Res. 2017, 35, 132–140. [CrossRef] [PubMed]78. Šeregelj, V.; Cetkovi´c, G.; ´ Canadanovi´c-Brunet, J.; Šaponjac, V.T.; Vuli´c, J.; Stajˇci´c, S. Encapsulation and Degradation Kinetics of ˇ Bioactive Compounds from Sweet Potato Peel During Storage. Food Technol. Biotechnol. 2020, 58, 314–324. [CrossRef]79. Shinwari, K.J.; Rao, P.S. Stability of bioactive compounds in fruit jam and jelly during processing and storage: A review. Trends Food Sci. Technol. 2018, 75, 181–193. [CrossRef]80. Shiratori, S.S.; Rubner, M.F. pH-Dependent Thickness Behavior of Sequentially Adsorbed Layers of Weak Polyelectrolytes. Macromolecules 2000, 33, 4213–4219. [CrossRef]81. da Silva, C.K.; Mastrantonio, D.J.D.S.; Costa, J.A.V.; de Morais, M.G. Innovative pH sensors developed from ultrafine fibers containing açaí (Euterpe oleracea) extract. Food Chem. 2019, 294, 397–404. [CrossRef] [PubMed]82. Siqueira, L.D.V.; Arias, C.I.L.F.; Maniglia, B.C.; Tadini, C.C. Starch-based biodegradable plastics: Methods of production, challenges and future perspectives. Curr. Opin. Food Sci. 2021, 38, 122–130. [CrossRef]83. Stoica, M.; Antohi, V.M.; Zlati, M.L.; Stoica, D. The financial impact of replacing plastic packaging by biodegradable biopolymers— A smart solution for the food industry. J. Clean. Prod. 2020, 277, 124013. [CrossRef]84. Suhag, R.; Kumar, N.; Petkoska, A.T.; Upadhyay, A. Film formation and deposition methods of edible coating on food products: A review. Food Res. Int. 2020, 136, 109582. [CrossRef] [PubMed]85. Sun, G.; Chi, W.; Xu, S.; Wang, L. Developing a simultaneously antioxidant and pH-responsive κ-carrageenan/hydroxypropyl methylcellulose film blended with Prunus maackii extract. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2020, 155, 1393–1400. [CrossRef]86. Tampau, A.; González-Martínez, C.; Chiralt, A. Biodegradability and disintegration of multilayer starch films with electrospun PCL fibres encapsulating carvacrol. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 2020, 173, 109100. [CrossRef]87. Tampau, A.; González-Martínez, C.; Vicente, A.A.; Chiralt, A. Enhancement of PLA-PVA Surface Adhesion in Bilayer Assemblies by PLA Aminolisation. Food Bioprocess Technol. 2020, 13, 1215–1228. [CrossRef]88. Tanwar, R.; Gupta, V.; Kumar, P.; Kumar, A.; Singh, S.; Gaikwad, K.K. Development and characterization of PVA-starch incorporated with coconut shell extract and sepiolite clay as an antioxidant film for active food packaging applications. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2021, 185, 451–461. [CrossRef] [PubMed]89. Tatara, R.A. 14 Compression Molding. In Applied Plastics Engineering Handbook, 2nd ed.; Elsevier Inc.: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2017; pp. 291–320. [CrossRef]90. Thuppahige, V.T.W.; Karim, M.A. A comprehensive review on the properties and functionalities of biodegradable and semibiodegradable food packaging materials. Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf. 2022, 21, 689–718. [CrossRef]91. Topuz, F.; Uyar, T. Antioxidant, antibacterial and antifungal electrospun nanofibers for food packaging applications. Food Res. Int. 2019, 130, 108927. [CrossRef]92. Torres-Giner, S.; Martinez-Abad, A.; Ocio, M.J.; Lagaron, J.M. Stabilization of a Nutraceutical Omega-3 Fatty Acid by Encapsulation in Ultrathin Electrosprayed Zein Prolamine. J. Food Sci. 2010, 75, N69–N79. [CrossRef]93. Tsiaka, T.; Sinanoglou, V.J.; Zoumpoulakis, P. From Natural Sources Using Green and. In Ingredients Extraction by Physico-Chemical Methods in Food; Elsevier Inc.: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2017. [CrossRef]94. Vanapalli, K.R.; Sharma, H.B.; Ranjan, V.P.; Samal, B.; Bhattacharya, J.; Dubey, B.K.; Goel, S. Challenges and strategies for effective plastic waste management during and post COVID-19 pandemic. Sci. Total. Environ. 2021, 750, 141514. [CrossRef] [PubMed]95. Velásquez, E.; Vidal, C.P.; Rojas, A.; Guarda, A.; Galotto, M.J.; de Dicastillo, C.L. Natural antimicrobials and antioxidants added to polylactic acid packaging films. Part I: Polymer processing techniques. Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf. 2021, 20, 3388–3403. [CrossRef] [PubMed]96. Wang, P.; Li, Y.; Zhang, C.; Feng, F.; Zhang, H. Sequential electrospinning of multilayer ethylcellulose/gelatin/ethylcellulose nanofibrous film for sustained release of curcumin. Food Chem. 2020, 308, 125599. [CrossRef]97. Wang, P.; Zhang, C.; Zou, Y.; Li, Y.; Zhang, H. Immobilization of lysozyme on layer-by-layer self-assembled electrospun films: Characterization and antibacterial activity in milk. Food Hydrocoll. 2020, 113, 106468. [CrossRef]98. Wang, Q.; Chen, W.; Zhu, W.; McClements, D.J.; Liu, X.; Liu, F. A review of multilayer and composite films and coatings for active biodegradable packaging. npj Sci. Food 2022, 6, 18. [CrossRef]99. Wijngaard, H.; Hossain, M.B.; Rai, D.K.; Brunton, N. Techniques to extract bioactive compounds from food by-products of plant origin. Food Res. Int. 2012, 46, 505–513. [CrossRef]100. Winans, K.; Kendall, A.; Deng, H. The history and current applications of the circular economy concept. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2017, 68, 825–833. [CrossRef]101. Wrona, M.; Blasco, S.; Becerril, R.; Nerin, C.; Sales, E.; Asensio, E. Antioxidant and antimicrobial markers by UPLC®–ESIQ-TOF-MSE of a new multilayer active packaging based on Arctostaphylos uva-ursi. Talanta 2019, 196, 498–509. [CrossRef] [PubMed]102. Xia, C.; Wang, W.; Wang, L.; Liu, H.; Xiao, J. Multilayer zein/gelatin films with tunable water barrier property and prolonged antioxidant activity. Food Packag. Shelf Life 2019, 19, 76–85. [CrossRef]103. Zhang, W.; Jiang, H.; Rhim, J.-W.; Cao, J.; Jiang, W. Effective strategies of sustained release and retention enhancement of essential oils in active food packaging films/coatings. Food Chem. 2022, 367, 130671. [CrossRef]171812Multilayer packagingLayer-by-layerBiopolymersBioactive compoundsElectrospinningPublicationORIGINALTrends in Bioactive Multilayer Films.pdfTrends in Bioactive Multilayer Films.pdfArtículoapplication/pdf1277391https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/8b055d2a-8781-4970-b77b-a607264703a9/download27f22557d7932cc4ef2a819adc7d9868MD51LICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-814828https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/dd467944-4daf-4d40-b703-b139adff1167/download2f9959eaf5b71fae44bbf9ec84150c7aMD52TEXTTrends in Bioactive Multilayer Films.pdf.txtTrends in Bioactive Multilayer Films.pdf.txtExtracted texttext/plain83942https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/1f7edcac-b530-4f4f-9b7b-bca5ab827854/downloade7ca27346eea310f835f68067c3a19b6MD53THUMBNAILTrends in Bioactive Multilayer Films.pdf.jpgTrends in Bioactive Multilayer Films.pdf.jpgGenerated Thumbnailimage/jpeg16430https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/5b70f37d-17b2-42fb-b19d-70fe090d6365/downloadef68e31c73db73c15df9b1a8f0f7cf0fMD5411323/10581oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/105812024-09-17 10:48:09.667https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/© 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.open.accesshttps://repositorio.cuc.edu.coRepositorio de la Universidad de la Costa CUCrepdigital@cuc.edu.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 |