Application of Pb–Fe spinel-activated carbon for phenol removal from aqueous solutions: fixed-bed adsorption studies
Fixed-bed studies for phenol uptake from water were carried out using a novel Pb–Fe spinel-activated carbon adsorbent. A characterization phase including TGA, FTIR, SEM, and BET analyses was performed for the developed active carbon. In column studies, the influence of initial phenol concentration,...
- Autores:
-
Allahkarami, Esmaeil
Dehghan Monfared, Abolfazl
Silva Oliveira, Luis Felipe
Dotto, Guilherme Luiz
- Tipo de recurso:
- Article of investigation
- Fecha de publicación:
- 2023
- Institución:
- Corporación Universidad de la Costa
- Repositorio:
- REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
- Idioma:
- eng
- OAI Identifier:
- oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/10394
- Acceso en línea:
- https://hdl.handle.net/11323/10394
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/
- Palabra clave:
- Continuous adsorption
Fixed-bed column
Pb–Fe spinel-activated carbon
Modeling
Phenol
- Rights
- embargoedAccess
- License
- Atribución 4.0 Internacional (CC BY 4.0)
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Application of Pb–Fe spinel-activated carbon for phenol removal from aqueous solutions: fixed-bed adsorption studies |
| title |
Application of Pb–Fe spinel-activated carbon for phenol removal from aqueous solutions: fixed-bed adsorption studies |
| spellingShingle |
Application of Pb–Fe spinel-activated carbon for phenol removal from aqueous solutions: fixed-bed adsorption studies Continuous adsorption Fixed-bed column Pb–Fe spinel-activated carbon Modeling Phenol |
| title_short |
Application of Pb–Fe spinel-activated carbon for phenol removal from aqueous solutions: fixed-bed adsorption studies |
| title_full |
Application of Pb–Fe spinel-activated carbon for phenol removal from aqueous solutions: fixed-bed adsorption studies |
| title_fullStr |
Application of Pb–Fe spinel-activated carbon for phenol removal from aqueous solutions: fixed-bed adsorption studies |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Application of Pb–Fe spinel-activated carbon for phenol removal from aqueous solutions: fixed-bed adsorption studies |
| title_sort |
Application of Pb–Fe spinel-activated carbon for phenol removal from aqueous solutions: fixed-bed adsorption studies |
| dc.creator.fl_str_mv |
Allahkarami, Esmaeil Dehghan Monfared, Abolfazl Silva Oliveira, Luis Felipe Dotto, Guilherme Luiz |
| dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv |
Allahkarami, Esmaeil Dehghan Monfared, Abolfazl Silva Oliveira, Luis Felipe Dotto, Guilherme Luiz |
| dc.subject.proposal.eng.fl_str_mv |
Continuous adsorption Fixed-bed column Pb–Fe spinel-activated carbon Modeling Phenol |
| topic |
Continuous adsorption Fixed-bed column Pb–Fe spinel-activated carbon Modeling Phenol |
| description |
Fixed-bed studies for phenol uptake from water were carried out using a novel Pb–Fe spinel-activated carbon adsorbent. A characterization phase including TGA, FTIR, SEM, and BET analyses was performed for the developed active carbon. In column studies, the influence of initial phenol concentration, column bed height, and the solution flow rate was investigated at natural pH. Adsorption of phenol onto Pb–Fe spinel-activated carbon composite and pristine activated carbon was analyzed in the form of breakthrough curves. Under optimum conditions, the maximum adsorption capacities for the magnetic active carbon composite and pristine activated carbon were found to be 113.95 and 102.61 mg/g, respectively. Results indicated that the adsorption capacity of adsorbent for all examined conditions was higher than that obtained for unmodified activated carbon because the composite contains additional metal hydroxides compared with the pristine activated carbon. The Yoon and Nelson, Thomas, and instantaneous local equilibrium (ILE) models were used to explain column data collected under different operating conditions. Finally, the results of the continuous adsorption process were explained successfully using the Yoon–Nelson and Thomas models. Thus, the phenol adsorption on Pb-Fe@MAC was a feasible operation to be performed in fixed-bed mode. |
| publishDate |
2023 |
| dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv |
2023-08-15T19:24:32Z |
| dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv |
2023-08-15T19:24:32Z 2024 |
| dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv |
2023 |
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Artículo de revista |
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http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1 |
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Allahkarami, E., Dehghan Monfared, A., Silva, L.F.O. et al. Application of Pb–Fe spinel-activated carbon for phenol removal from aqueous solutions: fixed-bed adsorption studies. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 23870–23886 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-23891-z |
| dc.identifier.issn.spa.fl_str_mv |
0944-1344 |
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https://hdl.handle.net/11323/10394 |
| dc.identifier.doi.none.fl_str_mv |
10.1007/s11356-022-23891-z |
| dc.identifier.eissn.spa.fl_str_mv |
1614-7499 |
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Corporación Universidad de la Costa |
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REDICUC - Repositorio CUC |
| dc.identifier.repourl.spa.fl_str_mv |
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/ |
| identifier_str_mv |
Allahkarami, E., Dehghan Monfared, A., Silva, L.F.O. et al. Application of Pb–Fe spinel-activated carbon for phenol removal from aqueous solutions: fixed-bed adsorption studies. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 23870–23886 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-23891-z 0944-1344 10.1007/s11356-022-23891-z 1614-7499 Corporación Universidad de la Costa REDICUC - Repositorio CUC |
| url |
https://hdl.handle.net/11323/10394 https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/ |
| dc.language.iso.spa.fl_str_mv |
eng |
| language |
eng |
| dc.relation.ispartofjournal.spa.fl_str_mv |
Environmental Science and Pollution Research |
| dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv |
Adak A, Pal A (2006) Removal of phenol from aquatic environment by SDS-modified alumina: Batch and fixed bed studies. Sep Purif Technol 50:256–262 Ahmaruzzaman M (2008) Adsorption of phenolic compounds on low-cost adsorbents: a review. Adv Coll Interface Sci 143:48–67 Allahkarami E, Rezai B (2019) Removal of cerium from different aqueous solutions using different adsorbents: a review. Process Saf Environ Prot 124:345–362 Allahkarami E, Rezai B (2021) A literature review of cerium recovery from different aqueous solutions. J Environ Chem Eng 9:104956–104976 Allahkarami E, Soleimanpour Moghadam N, Jamrotbe B, Azadmehr A (2021) Competitive adsorption of Ni(II) and Cu(II) ions from aqueous solution by vermiculite-alginate composite: batch and fixed-bed column studies. J Dispersion Sci Technol 1–11 Allahkarami E, Azadmehr A, Noroozi F, Farrokhi S, Sillanpää M (2022a) Nitrate adsorption onto surface-modified red mud in batch and fixed-bed column systems: equilibrium, kinetic, and thermodynamic studies. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29:48438–48452 Allahkarami E, Dehghan Monfared A, Silva LFO, Dotto GL (2022b) Lead ferrite-activated carbon magnetic composite for efficient removal of phenol from aqueous solutions: synthesis, characterization, and adsorption studies. Sci Rep 12:10718 Bandosz TJ (2006) Activated carbon surfaces in environmental remediation. Elsevier Barros F, Dykes L, Awika JM, Rooney LW (2013) Accelerated solvent extraction of phenolic compounds from sorghum brans. J Cereal Sci 58:305–312 Benmahdi F, Semra S, Haddad D, Mandin P, Kolli M, Bouhelassa M (2019) Breakthrough curves analysis and statistical design of phenol adsorption on activated carbon. Chem Eng Technol 42:355–369 Besenhard MO, LaGrow AP, Hodzic A, Kriechbaum M, Panariello L, Bais G, Loizou K, Damilos S, Cruz MM, Thanh NTK (2020) Co-precipitation synthesis of stable iron oxide nanoparticles with NaOH: new insights and continuous production via flow chemistry. Chem Eng J 399:125740 Cañadas R, González-Miquel M, González EJ, Díaz I, Rodríguez M (2021) Hydrophobic eutectic solvents for extraction of natural phenolic antioxidants from winery wastewater. Sep Purif Technol 254:117590 Cruz-Olivares J, Pérez-Alonso C, Barrera-Díaz C, Ureña-Nuñez F, Chaparro-Mercado MC, Bilyeu B (2013) Modeling of lead (II) biosorption by residue of allspice in a fixed-bed column. Chem Eng J 228:21–27 Dąbrowski A, Podkościelny P, Hubicki Z, Barczak M (2005) Adsorption of phenolic compounds by activated carbon—a critical review. Chemosphere 58:1049–1070 Dalhat MA, Mu’azu ND, Essa MH (2021) Generalized decay and artificial neural network models for fixed-Bed phenolic compounds adsorption onto activated date palm biochar. J Environ Chem Eng 9:104711 Dehbi A, Dehmani Y, Omari H, Lammini A, Elazhari K, Abouarnadasse S, Abdallaoui A (2020) Comparative study of malachite green and phenol adsorption on synthetic hematite iron oxide nanoparticles (α-Fe2O3). Surf Interfaces 21:100637 Dehmani Y, Sellaoui L, Alghamdi Y, Lainé J, Badawi M, Amhoud A, Bonilla-Petriciolet A, Lamhasni T, Abouarnadasse S (2020) Kinetic, thermodynamic and mechanism study of the adsorption of phenol on Moroccan clay. J Mol Liq 312:113383 Dotto GL, Santos JMNd, Rosa R, Pinto LAA, Pavan FA, Lima EC (2015) Fixed bed adsorption of methylene blue by ultrasonic surface modified chitin supported on sand. Chem Eng Res Des 100:302–310 Ekpete OA, Jnr MH, Tarawou T (2011) Evaluation of activated carbon from fluted pumpkin stem waste for phenol and chlorophenol adsorption in a fixed–bed micro-column. J Appl Sci Environ Manag 15:141–146 Franco DS, Tanabe EH, Dotto GL (2017) Continuous adsorption of a cationic dye on surface modified rice husk: statistical optimization and dynamic models. Chem Eng Commun 204:625–634 Georgin J, Franco D, Drumm FC, Grassi P, Netto MS, Allasia D, Dotto GL (2020) Powdered biosorbent from the mandacaru cactus (Cereus jamacaru) for discontinuous and continuous removal of Basic Fuchsin from aqueous solutions. Powder Technol 364:584–592 Hadjar H, Hamdi B, Bachiller-Baeza B, Doña-Rodríguez JM (2021) Efficient sorption performance of carbon-diatomaceous silica compounds towards phenol. Surf Interfaces 24:101101 Hao Z, Wang C, Yan Z, Jiang H, Xu H (2018) Magnetic particles modification of coconut shell-derived activated carbon and biochar for effective removal of phenol from water. Chemosphere 211:962–969 Heo J, Yoon Y, Lee G, Kim Y, Han J, Park CM (2019) Enhanced adsorption of bisphenol A and sulfamethoxazole by a novel magnetic CuZnFe2O4–biochar composite. Biores Technol 281:179–187 Huong LM, Thinh DB, Tu TH, Dat NM, Hong TT, Cam PTN, Trinh DN, Nam HM, Phong MT, Hieu NH (2021) Ice segregation induced self-assembly of graphene oxide into graphene-based aerogel for enhanced adsorption of heavy metal ions and phenolic compounds in aqueous media. Surf Interfaces 26:101309 Hussain A, Dubey SK, Kumar V (2015) Kinetic study for aerobic treatment of phenolic wastewater. Water Resour Ind 11:81–90 Igder A, Fazlavi A, Allahkarami E, Dehghanipour A (2019) Optimization of Ni(II) & Co(II) removal from wastewater and statistical studies on the results of experimental designs. Geosystem Eng 22:91–100 John Thomas WF, Crittenden B (1998) Adsorption technology and design. Butterworth-Heinemann, Melbpourne, pp 32–63 Jusoh N, Razali F (2008) Microbial consortia from residential wastewater for bioremediation of phenol in a chemostat. J Teknol 48:51–60 Karunarathne HDSS, Amarasinghe BMWPK (2013) Fixed bed adsorption column studies for the removal of aqueous phenol from activated carbon prepared from sugarcane bagasse. Energy Procedia 34:83–90 Kumar A, Jena HM (2016) Removal of methylene blue and phenol onto prepared activated carbon from Fox nutshell by chemical activation in batch and fixed-bed column. J Clean Prod 137:1246–1259 Lazarova Z, Boyadzhieva S (2004) Treatment of phenol-containing aqueous solutions by membrane-based solvent extraction in coupled ultrafiltration modules. Chem Eng J 100:129–138 Li D, Liu B, Sun H, Yao J, van Agtmaal S, Feng C (2020a) Preparation and characterization of PFTS grafted alumina supported zirconia (ASZ) membrane for removal of phenol from aqueous solution. Appl Surf Sci 505:144608 Li H, Zheng F, Wang J, Zhou J, Huang X, Chen L, Hu P, Gao J-m, Zhen Q, Bashir S, Liu JL (2020b) Facile preparation of zeolite-activated carbon composite from coal gangue with enhanced adsorption performance. Chem Eng J 390:124513 Lin C-R, Siao Y-J, Hsieh M-H (2008) Magnetic properties of lead ferrite nanoparticles prepared by the polymerized complex method. J Alloy Compd 462:315–319 Lin S-H, Juang R-S (2009) Adsorption of phenol and its derivatives from water using synthetic resins and low-cost natural adsorbents: a review. J Environ Manage 90:1336–1349 Liu Y, Wang W, Shah SB, Zanaroli G, Xu P, Tang H (2020) Phenol biodegradation by Acinetobacter radioresistens APH1 and its application in soil bioremediation. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 104:427–437 Luo J, Lu J, Niu Q, Chen X, Wang Z, Zhang J (2015) Preparation and characterization of benzoic acid-modified activated carbon for removal of gaseous mercury chloride. Fuel 160:440–445 Ma Y, Li M, Li P, Yang L, Wu L, Gao F, Qi X, Zhang Z (2021) Hydrothermal synthesis of magnetic sludge biochar for tetracycline and ciprofloxacin adsorptive removal. Biores Technol 319:124199 Mohammed NAS, Abu-Zurayk RA, Hamadneh I, Al-Dujaili AH (2018) Phenol adsorption on biochar prepared from the pine fruit shells: equilibrium, kinetic and thermodynamics studies. J Environ Manage 226:377–385 Mohan D, Sarswat A, Singh VK, Alexandre-Franco M, Pittman CU Jr (2011) Development of magnetic activated carbon from almond shells for trinitrophenol removal from water. Chem Eng J 172:1111–1125 Muthamilselvi P, Karthikeyan R, Kapoor A, Prabhakar S (2018) Continuous fixed-bed studies for adsorptive remediation of phenol by garlic peel powder. Int J Ind Chem 9:379–390 Prazeres AR, Luz S, Fernandes F, Jerónimo E (2020) Cheese wastewater treatment by acid and basic precipitation: application of H2SO4, HNO3, HCl, Ca(OH)2 and NaOH. J Environ Chem Eng 8:103556 Rezai B, Allahkarami E (2021a) Chapter 2 - wastewater treatment processes—techniques, technologies, challenges faced, and alternative solutions. In: Karri RR, Ravindran G, Dehghani MH (eds) Soft Computing Techniques in Solid Waste and Wastewater Management. Elsevier, pp 35–53 Rezai B, Allahkarami E (2021b) Chapter 4 - application of neural networks in wastewater degradation process for the prediction of removal efficiency of pollutants. In: Karri RR, Ravindran G, Dehghani MH (eds) Soft Computing Techniques in Solid Waste and Wastewater Management. Elsevier, pp 75–93 Rosly MB, Jusoh N, Othman N, Rahman HA, Sulaiman RNR, Noah NFM (2020) Stability of emulsion liquid membrane using bifunctional diluent and blended nonionic surfactant for phenol removal. Chem Eng Processing-Process Intensification 148:107790 Sellaoui L, Kehili M, Lima EC, Thue PS, Bonilla-Petriciolet A, Lamine AB, Dotto GL, Erto A (2019) Adsorption of phenol on microwave-assisted activated carbons: Modelling and interpretation. J Mol Liq 274:309–314 Shukla S, Khan R, Daverey A (2021) Synthesis and characterization of magnetic nanoparticles, and their applications in wastewater treatment: a review. Environ Technol Innov 24:101924–101942 Soto ML, Moure A, Domínguez H, Parajó JC (2017) Batch and fixed bed column studies on phenolic adsorption from wine vinasses by polymeric resins. J Food Eng 209:52–60 Supong A, Bhomick PC, Karmaker R, Ezung SL, Jamir L, Sinha UB, Sinha D (2020) Experimental and theoretical insight into the adsorption of phenol and 2, 4-dinitrophenol onto Tithonia diversifolia activated carbon. Appl Surf Sci 529:147046 Verma B, Balomajumder C (2020) Magnetic magnesium ferrite–doped multi-walled carbon nanotubes: an advanced treatment of chromium-containing wastewater. Environ Sci Pollut Res 27:13844–13854 Wang F (2017) Novel high performance magnetic activated carbon for phenol removal: equilibrium, kinetics and thermodynamics. J Porous Mater 24:1309–1317 Zhang Y, Song X, Xu Y, Shen H, Kong X, Xu H (2019) Utilization of wheat bran for producing activated carbon with high specific surface area via NaOH activation using industrial furnace. J Clean Prod 210:366–375 |
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Atribución 4.0 Internacional (CC BY 4.0)© 2023 Springer Naturehttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/embargoedAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_f1cfAllahkarami, EsmaeilDehghan Monfared, AbolfazlSilva Oliveira, Luis FelipeDotto, Guilherme Luiz2023-08-15T19:24:32Z20242023-08-15T19:24:32Z2023Allahkarami, E., Dehghan Monfared, A., Silva, L.F.O. et al. Application of Pb–Fe spinel-activated carbon for phenol removal from aqueous solutions: fixed-bed adsorption studies. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 23870–23886 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-23891-z0944-1344https://hdl.handle.net/11323/1039410.1007/s11356-022-23891-z1614-7499Corporación Universidad de la CostaREDICUC - Repositorio CUChttps://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/Fixed-bed studies for phenol uptake from water were carried out using a novel Pb–Fe spinel-activated carbon adsorbent. A characterization phase including TGA, FTIR, SEM, and BET analyses was performed for the developed active carbon. In column studies, the influence of initial phenol concentration, column bed height, and the solution flow rate was investigated at natural pH. Adsorption of phenol onto Pb–Fe spinel-activated carbon composite and pristine activated carbon was analyzed in the form of breakthrough curves. Under optimum conditions, the maximum adsorption capacities for the magnetic active carbon composite and pristine activated carbon were found to be 113.95 and 102.61 mg/g, respectively. Results indicated that the adsorption capacity of adsorbent for all examined conditions was higher than that obtained for unmodified activated carbon because the composite contains additional metal hydroxides compared with the pristine activated carbon. The Yoon and Nelson, Thomas, and instantaneous local equilibrium (ILE) models were used to explain column data collected under different operating conditions. Finally, the results of the continuous adsorption process were explained successfully using the Yoon–Nelson and Thomas models. Thus, the phenol adsorption on Pb-Fe@MAC was a feasible operation to be performed in fixed-bed mode.1 páginaapplication/pdfengSpringer Science + Business MediaGermanyhttps://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11356-022-23891-zApplication of Pb–Fe spinel-activated carbon for phenol removal from aqueous solutions: fixed-bed adsorption studiesArtículo de revistahttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1Textinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARTinfo:eu-repo/semantics/drafthttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_b1a7d7d4d402bcceEnvironmental Science and Pollution ResearchAdak A, Pal A (2006) Removal of phenol from aquatic environment by SDS-modified alumina: Batch and fixed bed studies. Sep Purif Technol 50:256–262Ahmaruzzaman M (2008) Adsorption of phenolic compounds on low-cost adsorbents: a review. Adv Coll Interface Sci 143:48–67Allahkarami E, Rezai B (2019) Removal of cerium from different aqueous solutions using different adsorbents: a review. Process Saf Environ Prot 124:345–362Allahkarami E, Rezai B (2021) A literature review of cerium recovery from different aqueous solutions. J Environ Chem Eng 9:104956–104976Allahkarami E, Soleimanpour Moghadam N, Jamrotbe B, Azadmehr A (2021) Competitive adsorption of Ni(II) and Cu(II) ions from aqueous solution by vermiculite-alginate composite: batch and fixed-bed column studies. J Dispersion Sci Technol 1–11Allahkarami E, Azadmehr A, Noroozi F, Farrokhi S, Sillanpää M (2022a) Nitrate adsorption onto surface-modified red mud in batch and fixed-bed column systems: equilibrium, kinetic, and thermodynamic studies. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29:48438–48452Allahkarami E, Dehghan Monfared A, Silva LFO, Dotto GL (2022b) Lead ferrite-activated carbon magnetic composite for efficient removal of phenol from aqueous solutions: synthesis, characterization, and adsorption studies. Sci Rep 12:10718Bandosz TJ (2006) Activated carbon surfaces in environmental remediation. ElsevierBarros F, Dykes L, Awika JM, Rooney LW (2013) Accelerated solvent extraction of phenolic compounds from sorghum brans. J Cereal Sci 58:305–312Benmahdi F, Semra S, Haddad D, Mandin P, Kolli M, Bouhelassa M (2019) Breakthrough curves analysis and statistical design of phenol adsorption on activated carbon. Chem Eng Technol 42:355–369Besenhard MO, LaGrow AP, Hodzic A, Kriechbaum M, Panariello L, Bais G, Loizou K, Damilos S, Cruz MM, Thanh NTK (2020) Co-precipitation synthesis of stable iron oxide nanoparticles with NaOH: new insights and continuous production via flow chemistry. Chem Eng J 399:125740Cañadas R, González-Miquel M, González EJ, Díaz I, Rodríguez M (2021) Hydrophobic eutectic solvents for extraction of natural phenolic antioxidants from winery wastewater. Sep Purif Technol 254:117590Cruz-Olivares J, Pérez-Alonso C, Barrera-Díaz C, Ureña-Nuñez F, Chaparro-Mercado MC, Bilyeu B (2013) Modeling of lead (II) biosorption by residue of allspice in a fixed-bed column. Chem Eng J 228:21–27Dąbrowski A, Podkościelny P, Hubicki Z, Barczak M (2005) Adsorption of phenolic compounds by activated carbon—a critical review. Chemosphere 58:1049–1070Dalhat MA, Mu’azu ND, Essa MH (2021) Generalized decay and artificial neural network models for fixed-Bed phenolic compounds adsorption onto activated date palm biochar. J Environ Chem Eng 9:104711Dehbi A, Dehmani Y, Omari H, Lammini A, Elazhari K, Abouarnadasse S, Abdallaoui A (2020) Comparative study of malachite green and phenol adsorption on synthetic hematite iron oxide nanoparticles (α-Fe2O3). Surf Interfaces 21:100637Dehmani Y, Sellaoui L, Alghamdi Y, Lainé J, Badawi M, Amhoud A, Bonilla-Petriciolet A, Lamhasni T, Abouarnadasse S (2020) Kinetic, thermodynamic and mechanism study of the adsorption of phenol on Moroccan clay. J Mol Liq 312:113383Dotto GL, Santos JMNd, Rosa R, Pinto LAA, Pavan FA, Lima EC (2015) Fixed bed adsorption of methylene blue by ultrasonic surface modified chitin supported on sand. Chem Eng Res Des 100:302–310Ekpete OA, Jnr MH, Tarawou T (2011) Evaluation of activated carbon from fluted pumpkin stem waste for phenol and chlorophenol adsorption in a fixed–bed micro-column. J Appl Sci Environ Manag 15:141–146Franco DS, Tanabe EH, Dotto GL (2017) Continuous adsorption of a cationic dye on surface modified rice husk: statistical optimization and dynamic models. Chem Eng Commun 204:625–634Georgin J, Franco D, Drumm FC, Grassi P, Netto MS, Allasia D, Dotto GL (2020) Powdered biosorbent from the mandacaru cactus (Cereus jamacaru) for discontinuous and continuous removal of Basic Fuchsin from aqueous solutions. Powder Technol 364:584–592Hadjar H, Hamdi B, Bachiller-Baeza B, Doña-Rodríguez JM (2021) Efficient sorption performance of carbon-diatomaceous silica compounds towards phenol. Surf Interfaces 24:101101Hao Z, Wang C, Yan Z, Jiang H, Xu H (2018) Magnetic particles modification of coconut shell-derived activated carbon and biochar for effective removal of phenol from water. Chemosphere 211:962–969Heo J, Yoon Y, Lee G, Kim Y, Han J, Park CM (2019) Enhanced adsorption of bisphenol A and sulfamethoxazole by a novel magnetic CuZnFe2O4–biochar composite. 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J Clean Prod 210:366–375238862387030Continuous adsorptionFixed-bed columnPb–Fe spinel-activated carbonModelingPhenolPublicationORIGINALApplication of Pb–Fe spinel-activated carbon for phenol removal from aqueous solutions. fixed-bed adsorption studies.pdfApplication of Pb–Fe spinel-activated carbon for phenol removal from aqueous solutions. fixed-bed adsorption studies.pdfArtículoapplication/pdf60089https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/0f912ddd-f135-41e9-ba74-caa0ea3f13ac/download560e4b183c4108fcd71dd8cc4b465c1fMD51LICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-814828https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/95fb266e-5176-4903-a4ec-f978d36e6c4f/download2f9959eaf5b71fae44bbf9ec84150c7aMD52TEXTApplication of Pb–Fe spinel-activated carbon for phenol removal from aqueous solutions. fixed-bed adsorption studies.pdf.txtApplication of Pb–Fe spinel-activated carbon for phenol removal from aqueous solutions. fixed-bed adsorption studies.pdf.txtExtracted 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ada en las Obras Colectivas.

b.	Distribuir copias o fonogramas de las Obras, exhibirlas públicamente, ejecutarlas públicamente y/o ponerlas a disposición pública, incluyéndolas como incorporadas en Obras Colectivas, según corresponda.

c.	Distribuir copias de las Obras Derivadas que se generen, exhibirlas públicamente, ejecutarlas públicamente y/o ponerlas a disposición pública.
Los derechos mencionados anteriormente pueden ser ejercidos en todos los medios y formatos, actualmente conocidos o que se inventen en el futuro. Los derechos antes mencionados incluyen el derecho a realizar dichas modificaciones en la medida que sean técnicamente necesarias para ejercer los derechos en otro medio o formatos, pero de otra manera usted no está autorizado para realizar obras derivadas. Todos los derechos no otorgados expresamente por el Licenciante quedan por este medio reservados, incluyendo pero sin limitarse a aquellos que se mencionan en las secciones 4(d) y 4(e).

4. Restricciones.
La licencia otorgada en la anterior Sección 3 está expresamente sujeta y limitada por las siguientes restricciones:

a.	Usted puede distribuir, exhibir públicamente, ejecutar públicamente, o poner a disposición pública la Obra sólo bajo las condiciones de esta Licencia, y Usted debe incluir una copia de esta licencia o del Identificador Universal de Recursos de la misma con cada copia de la Obra que distribuya, exhiba públicamente, ejecute públicamente o ponga a disposición pública. No es posible ofrecer o imponer ninguna condición sobre la Obra que altere o limite las condiciones de esta Licencia o el ejercicio de los derechos de los destinatarios otorgados en este documento. No es posible sublicenciar la Obra. Usted debe mantener intactos todos los avisos que hagan referencia a esta Licencia y a la cláusula de limitación de garantías. Usted no puede distribuir, exhibir públicamente, ejecutar públicamente, o poner a disposición pública la Obra con alguna medida tecnológica que controle el acceso o la utilización de ella de una forma que sea inconsistente con las condiciones de esta Licencia. Lo anterior se aplica a la Obra incorporada a una Obra Colectiva, pero esto no exige que la Obra Colectiva aparte de la obra misma quede sujeta a las condiciones de esta Licencia. Si Usted crea una Obra Colectiva, previo aviso de cualquier Licenciante debe, en la medida de lo posible, eliminar de la Obra Colectiva cualquier referencia a dicho Licenciante o al Autor Original, según lo solicitado por el Licenciante y conforme lo exige la cláusula 4(c).

b.	Usted no puede ejercer ninguno de los derechos que le han sido otorgados en la Sección 3 precedente de modo que estén principalmente destinados o directamente dirigidos a conseguir un provecho comercial o una compensación monetaria privada. El intercambio de la Obra por otras obras protegidas por derechos de autor, ya sea a través de un sistema para compartir archivos digitales (digital file-sharing) o de cualquier otra manera no será considerado como estar destinado principalmente o dirigido directamente a conseguir un provecho comercial o una compensación monetaria privada, siempre que no se realice un pago mediante una compensación monetaria en relación con el intercambio de obras protegidas por el derecho de autor.

c.	Si usted distribuye, exhibe públicamente, ejecuta públicamente o ejecuta públicamente en forma digital la Obra o cualquier Obra Derivada u Obra Colectiva, Usted debe mantener intacta toda la información de derecho de autor de la Obra y proporcionar, de forma razonable según el medio o manera que Usted esté utilizando: (i) el nombre del Autor Original si está provisto (o seudónimo, si fuere aplicable), y/o (ii) el nombre de la parte o las partes que el Autor Original y/o el Licenciante hubieren designado para la atribución (v.g., un instituto patrocinador, editorial, publicación) en la información de los derechos de autor del Licenciante, términos de servicios o de otras formas razonables; el título de la Obra si está provisto; en la medida de lo razonablemente factible y, si está provisto, el Identificador Uniforme de Recursos (Uniform Resource Identifier) que el Licenciante especifica para ser asociado con la Obra, salvo que tal URI no se refiera a la nota sobre los derechos de autor o a la información sobre el licenciamiento de la Obra; y en el caso de una Obra Derivada, atribuir el crédito identificando el uso de la Obra en la Obra Derivada (v.g., "Traducción Francesa de la Obra del Autor Original," o "Guión Cinematográfico basado en la Obra original del Autor Original"). Tal crédito puede ser implementado de cualquier forma razonable; en el caso, sin embargo, de Obras Derivadas u Obras Colectivas, tal crédito aparecerá, como mínimo, donde aparece el crédito de cualquier otro autor comparable y de una manera, al menos, tan destacada como el crédito de otro autor comparable.

d.	Para evitar toda confusión, el Licenciante aclara que, cuando la obra es una composición musical:

i.	Regalías por interpretación y ejecución bajo licencias generales. El Licenciante se reserva el derecho exclusivo de autorizar la ejecución pública o la ejecución pública digital de la obra y de recolectar, sea individualmente o a través de una sociedad de gestión colectiva de derechos de autor y derechos conexos (por ejemplo, SAYCO), las regalías por la ejecución pública o por la ejecución pública digital de la obra (por ejemplo Webcast) licenciada bajo licencias generales, si la interpretación o ejecución de la obra está primordialmente orientada por o dirigida a la obtención de una ventaja comercial o una compensación monetaria privada.

ii.	Regalías por Fonogramas. El Licenciante se reserva el derecho exclusivo de recolectar, individualmente o a través de una sociedad de gestión colectiva de derechos de autor y derechos conexos (por ejemplo, los consagrados por la SAYCO), una agencia de derechos musicales o algún agente designado, las regalías por cualquier fonograma que Usted cree a partir de la obra (“versión cover”) y distribuya, en los términos del régimen de derechos de autor, si la creación o distribución de esa versión cover está primordialmente destinada o dirigida a obtener una ventaja comercial o una compensación monetaria privada.

e.	Gestión de Derechos de Autor sobre Interpretaciones y Ejecuciones Digitales (WebCasting). Para evitar toda confusión, el Licenciante aclara que, cuando la obra sea un fonograma, el Licenciante se reserva el derecho exclusivo de autorizar la ejecución pública digital de la obra (por ejemplo, webcast) y de recolectar, individualmente o a través de una sociedad de gestión colectiva de derechos de autor y derechos conexos (por ejemplo, ACINPRO), las regalías por la ejecución pública digital de la obra (por ejemplo, webcast), sujeta a las disposiciones aplicables del régimen de Derecho de Autor, si esta ejecución pública digital está primordialmente dirigida a obtener una ventaja comercial o una compensación monetaria privada.

5. Representaciones, Garantías y Limitaciones de Responsabilidad.
A MENOS QUE LAS PARTES LO ACORDARAN DE OTRA FORMA POR ESCRITO, EL LICENCIANTE OFRECE LA OBRA (EN EL ESTADO EN EL QUE SE ENCUENTRA) “TAL CUAL”, SIN BRINDAR GARANTÍAS DE CLASE ALGUNA RESPECTO DE LA OBRA, YA SEA EXPRESA, IMPLÍCITA, LEGAL O CUALQUIERA OTRA, INCLUYENDO, SIN LIMITARSE A ELLAS, GARANTÍAS DE TITULARIDAD, COMERCIABILIDAD, ADAPTABILIDAD O ADECUACIÓN A PROPÓSITO DETERMINADO, AUSENCIA DE INFRACCIÓN, DE AUSENCIA DE DEFECTOS LATENTES O DE OTRO TIPO, O LA PRESENCIA O AUSENCIA DE ERRORES, SEAN O NO DESCUBRIBLES (PUEDAN O NO SER ESTOS DESCUBIERTOS). ALGUNAS JURISDICCIONES NO PERMITEN LA EXCLUSIÓN DE GARANTÍAS IMPLÍCITAS, EN CUYO CASO ESTA EXCLUSIÓN PUEDE NO APLICARSE A USTED.

6. Limitación de responsabilidad.
A MENOS QUE LO EXIJA EXPRESAMENTE LA LEY APLICABLE, EL LICENCIANTE NO SERÁ RESPONSABLE ANTE USTED POR DAÑO ALGUNO, SEA POR RESPONSABILIDAD EXTRACONTRACTUAL, PRECONTRACTUAL O CONTRACTUAL, OBJETIVA O SUBJETIVA, SE TRATE DE DAÑOS MORALES O PATRIMONIALES, DIRECTOS O INDIRECTOS, PREVISTOS O IMPREVISTOS PRODUCIDOS POR EL USO DE ESTA LICENCIA O DE LA OBRA, AUN CUANDO EL LICENCIANTE HAYA SIDO ADVERTIDO DE LA POSIBILIDAD DE DICHOS DAÑOS. ALGUNAS LEYES NO PERMITEN LA EXCLUSIÓN DE CIERTA RESPONSABILIDAD, EN CUYO CASO ESTA EXCLUSIÓN PUEDE NO APLICARSE A USTED.

7. Término.

a.	Esta Licencia y los derechos otorgados en virtud de ella terminarán automáticamente si Usted infringe alguna condición establecida en ella. Sin embargo, los individuos o entidades que han recibido Obras Derivadas o Colectivas de Usted de conformidad con esta Licencia, no verán terminadas sus licencias, siempre que estos individuos o entidades sigan cumpliendo íntegramente las condiciones de estas licencias. Las Secciones 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, y 8 subsistirán a cualquier terminación de esta Licencia.

b.	Sujeta a las condiciones y términos anteriores, la licencia otorgada aquí es perpetua (durante el período de vigencia de los derechos de autor de la obra). No obstante lo anterior, el Licenciante se reserva el derecho a publicar y/o estrenar la Obra bajo condiciones de licencia diferentes o a dejar de distribuirla en los términos de esta Licencia en cualquier momento; en el entendido, sin embargo, que esa elección no servirá para revocar esta licencia o que deba ser otorgada , bajo los términos de esta licencia), y esta licencia continuará en pleno vigor y efecto a menos que sea terminada como se expresa atrás. La Licencia revocada continuará siendo plenamente vigente y efectiva si no se le da término en las condiciones indicadas anteriormente.

8. Varios.

a.	Cada vez que Usted distribuya o ponga a disposición pública la Obra o una Obra Colectiva, el Licenciante ofrecerá al destinatario una licencia en los mismos términos y condiciones que la licencia otorgada a Usted bajo esta Licencia.

b.	Si alguna disposición de esta Licencia resulta invalidada o no exigible, según la legislación vigente, esto no afectará ni la validez ni la aplicabilidad del resto de condiciones de esta Licencia y, sin acción adicional por parte de los sujetos de este acuerdo, aquélla se entenderá reformada lo mínimo necesario para hacer que dicha disposición sea válida y exigible.

c.	Ningún término o disposición de esta Licencia se estimará renunciada y ninguna violación de ella será consentida a menos que esa renuncia o consentimiento sea otorgado por escrito y firmado por la parte que renuncie o consienta.

d.	Esta Licencia refleja el acuerdo pleno entre las partes respecto a la Obra aquí licenciada. No hay arreglos, acuerdos o declaraciones respecto a la Obra que no estén especificados en este documento. El Licenciante no se verá limitado por ninguna disposición adicional que pueda surgir en alguna comunicación emanada de Usted. Esta Licencia no puede ser modificada sin el consentimiento mutuo por escrito del Licenciante y Usted.
 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