Environmental impacts of coal nanoparticles from rehabilitated mine areas in Colombia
With the possible increase in mining activities and recently projected population growth in Colombia, large quantities of nanoparticles (NPs) and potentially hazardous elements (PHEs) will be of major concern to mine workers, indigenous residents, and surrounding communities. This study highlights t...
- Autores:
-
Oliveira, Marcos L. S.
Akinyemi, Segun A.
Nyakuma, Bemgba B.
Dotto, Guilherme L.
- Tipo de recurso:
- Article of investigation
- Fecha de publicación:
- 2022
- Institución:
- Corporación Universidad de la Costa
- Repositorio:
- REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
- Idioma:
- eng
- OAI Identifier:
- oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/13633
- Acceso en línea:
- https://hdl.handle.net/11323/13633
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/
- Palabra clave:
- Coal reject aggregates
Colombian mine pollution
Cesar-Ranchería Basin
Nanoparticles
Potentially hazardous elements
- Rights
- openAccess
- License
- Atribución 4.0 Internacional (CC BY 4.0)
| id |
RCUC2_f967053c7108761d546d8848ed5e9a72 |
|---|---|
| oai_identifier_str |
oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/13633 |
| network_acronym_str |
RCUC2 |
| network_name_str |
REDICUC - Repositorio CUC |
| repository_id_str |
|
| dc.title.eng.fl_str_mv |
Environmental impacts of coal nanoparticles from rehabilitated mine areas in Colombia |
| title |
Environmental impacts of coal nanoparticles from rehabilitated mine areas in Colombia |
| spellingShingle |
Environmental impacts of coal nanoparticles from rehabilitated mine areas in Colombia Coal reject aggregates Colombian mine pollution Cesar-Ranchería Basin Nanoparticles Potentially hazardous elements |
| title_short |
Environmental impacts of coal nanoparticles from rehabilitated mine areas in Colombia |
| title_full |
Environmental impacts of coal nanoparticles from rehabilitated mine areas in Colombia |
| title_fullStr |
Environmental impacts of coal nanoparticles from rehabilitated mine areas in Colombia |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Environmental impacts of coal nanoparticles from rehabilitated mine areas in Colombia |
| title_sort |
Environmental impacts of coal nanoparticles from rehabilitated mine areas in Colombia |
| dc.creator.fl_str_mv |
Oliveira, Marcos L. S. Akinyemi, Segun A. Nyakuma, Bemgba B. Dotto, Guilherme L. |
| dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv |
Oliveira, Marcos L. S. Akinyemi, Segun A. Nyakuma, Bemgba B. Dotto, Guilherme L. |
| dc.subject.proposal.eng.fl_str_mv |
Coal reject aggregates Colombian mine pollution Cesar-Ranchería Basin Nanoparticles Potentially hazardous elements |
| topic |
Coal reject aggregates Colombian mine pollution Cesar-Ranchería Basin Nanoparticles Potentially hazardous elements |
| description |
With the possible increase in mining activities and recently projected population growth in Colombia, large quantities of nanoparticles (NPs) and potentially hazardous elements (PHEs) will be of major concern to mine workers, indigenous residents, and surrounding communities. This study highlights the need to regulate the pollution from Colombian mining activities that comply with regional regulations and global strategies. Colombian coal rejects (CRs) from the Cesar Basin, Colombia, were studied primarily by advanced electron microscopic and analytical procedures. Therefore, the goal of this research is to evaluate the role of NPs in the alteration of CRs’ structure in a renewed zone at Cerrejón coal area (La Guajira, Colombia) through advanced electron microscopic (AEMs) methods. The objective of the analysis is to evaluate the incidence mode of nanoparticles, which contain potentially hazardous elements. The bulk crystallography (X-ray diffraction), chemical structure, and morphologies of NPs were studied by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), micro-beam diffraction (MBD), selected area electron diffraction (SAED), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) procedures. The AEMs provided comprehensive insights into the geochemical evolution of CRs. Consequently, the AEMs can be used as essential tools for CR management in coal mining areas. The regular dimension of detected NPs was found to be above 2 nm. Ultrafine particles of quartz were identified by the advanced electron microscopy. Furthermore, the findings also revealed aluminium, calcium, potassium, titanium, iron oxides, and PHEs in the CRs. The extensive water practice in the coal extraction process combined with atmospheric oxygen supports oxidations of iron sulphide, thus releasing PHEs to the surrounding environment. Dehydration of sulphate salts fluctuate at consistent humidity in the coal mine environments. The study demonstrates the great influence of coal mining activities on the environment and human health. |
| publishDate |
2022 |
| dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv |
2022-04-11 |
| dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv |
2024-11-05T12:45:09Z |
| dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv |
2024-11-05T12:45:09Z |
| dc.type.none.fl_str_mv |
Artículo de revista |
| dc.type.coar.none.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1 |
| dc.type.content.none.fl_str_mv |
Text |
| dc.type.driver.none.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/article |
| dc.type.redcol.none.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ART |
| dc.type.version.none.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion |
| dc.type.coarversion.none.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85 |
| format |
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1 |
| status_str |
publishedVersion |
| dc.identifier.citation.none.fl_str_mv |
Oliveira, M.L.S.; Akinyemi, S.A.; Nyakuma, B.B.; Dotto, G.L. Environmental Impacts of Coal Nanoparticles from Rehabilitated Mine Areas in Colombia. Sustainability 2022, 14, 4544. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14084544 |
| dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv |
https://hdl.handle.net/11323/13633 |
| dc.identifier.doi.none.fl_str_mv |
10.3390/su14084544 |
| dc.identifier.eissn.none.fl_str_mv |
2071-1050 |
| dc.identifier.instname.none.fl_str_mv |
Corporación Universidad de la Costa |
| dc.identifier.reponame.none.fl_str_mv |
REDICUC - Repositorio CUC |
| dc.identifier.repourl.none.fl_str_mv |
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/ |
| identifier_str_mv |
Oliveira, M.L.S.; Akinyemi, S.A.; Nyakuma, B.B.; Dotto, G.L. Environmental Impacts of Coal Nanoparticles from Rehabilitated Mine Areas in Colombia. Sustainability 2022, 14, 4544. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14084544 10.3390/su14084544 2071-1050 Corporación Universidad de la Costa REDICUC - Repositorio CUC |
| url |
https://hdl.handle.net/11323/13633 https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/ |
| dc.language.iso.none.fl_str_mv |
eng |
| language |
eng |
| dc.relation.ispartofjournal.none.fl_str_mv |
Sustainability |
| dc.relation.references.none.fl_str_mv |
Watts, M. Empire of Oil: Capitalist Dispossession and the Scramble for Africa. Mon. Rev. 2006, 58, 1. [CrossRef] Healy, N.; Stephens, J.C.; Malin, S.A. Embodied Energy Injustices: Unveiling and Politicizing the Transboundary Harms of Fossil Fuel Extractivism and Fossil Fuel Supply Chains. Energy Res. Soc. Sci. 2019, 48, 219–234. [CrossRef] Moore, J.W. Sugar and the Expansion of the Early Modern World-Economy: Commodity Frontiers, Ecological Transformation, and Industrialization. Review 2000, 23, 409–433. Martinez-Alier, J.; Temper, L.; Del Bene, D.; Scheidel, A. Is There a Global Environmental Justice Movement? J. Peasant. Stud. 2016, 43, 731–755. [CrossRef] Bebbington, A.; Hinojosa, L.; Bebbington, D.H.; Burneo, M.L.; Warnaars, X. Contention and Ambiguity: Mining and the Possibilities of Development. Dev. Chang. 2008, 39, 887–914. [CrossRef] Quetame, C.; Sarmiento, G.A. Interpretacion del ambiente sedimentario delos carbones de la Formacion Guaduas en el sinclinal Checua Lenguazaque, a partir del analisis petrografico. Geol. Colomb. 2004, 29, 41–57. Bayona, G.; Jaramillo, C.; Rueda, M.; Pardo, A.; Christie, A.; Hernandez, G. Important Paleotectonic and Chronostratigraphic Considerations of the Late Paleocene in the Northernmost Andes as Constrained by Paleocene Rocks in the Cerrejon Coal Mine Guajira, Colombia. In Proceedings of the 3ra Convencion Tecnica de la ACGGP, Bogota, Colombia, June 2004; p. 10. Available online: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267637823_Important_Paleotectonic_and_Chronostratigraphic_ Considerations_of_the_Late_Paleocene_in_the_Northernmost_Andes_as_Constrained_by_Paleocene_Rocks_in_the_Cerrejon_ Coal_Mine_Guajira_Colombia (accessed on 20 January 2020). Guzman, C.A. Condiciones de Depositacion de la Formacion Amaga Entre Amag_a y Angelopolis. Tesis de Posgrado en Ciencia y Tecnica del Carbon; Universidad Nacional de Colombia d Sede Medellín, Facultad de Minas: Medellín, Colombia, 1991; p. 213. Lopez, I.C.; Ward, C.R. Composition and mode of occurrence of mineral matter in some Colombian coals. Int. J. Coal Geol. 2008, 73, 3–18. [CrossRef] Civeira, M.S.; Ramos, C.G.; Oliveira, M.L.; Kautzmann, R.M.; Taffarel, S.R.; Teixeira, E.C.; Silva, L.F. Nano-Mineralogy of Suspended Sediment During the Beginning of Coal Rejects Spill. Chemosphere 2016, 145, 142–147. [CrossRef] Nordin, A.P.; Da Silva, J.; De Souza, C.T.; Niekraszewicz, L.A.; Dias, J.F.; Da Boit, K.; Oliveira, M.L.; Grivicich, I.; Garcia, A.L.H.; Oliveira, L.F.S. In Vitro Genotoxic Effect of Secondary Minerals Crystallized in Rocks from Coal Mine Drainage. J. Hazard. Mater. 2018, 346, 263–272. [CrossRef] Akinyemi, S.A.; Gitari, W.M.; Thobakgale, R.; Petrik, L.F.; Nyakuma, B.B.; Hower, J.C.; Ward, C.R.; Oliveira, M.L.S.; Silva, L.F.O. Geochemical Fractionation of Hazardous Elements in Fresh and Drilled Weathered South African Coal Fly Ashes. Environ. Geochem. Health 2020, 42, 2771–2788. [CrossRef] Cooke, J.; Johnson, M. Ecological Restoration of Land with Particular Reference to the Mining of Metals and Industrial Minerals: A Review of Theory and Practice. Environ. Rev. 2002, 10, 41–71. [CrossRef] Ribeiro, J.; Flores, D.; Ward, C.R.; Silva, L.F. Identification of Nanominerals and Nanoparticles in Burning Coal Waste Piles from Portugal. Sci. Total Environ. 2010, 408, 6032–6041. [CrossRef] Barliza, J.C.; Rodríguez, O.B.; Peláez, J.D.L.; Chávez, L.F. Planted forests for open coal mine spoils rehabilitation in Colombian drylands: Contributions of fine litterfall through an age chronosequence. Ecol. Eng. 2019, 138, 180–187. [CrossRef] IUSS Working Group Wrb. World Reference Base for Soil Resources 2014, Update 2015 International Soil Classification System for Naming Soils and Creating Legends for Soil Maps; International Union of Soil Sciences (IUSS): Wien, Austria, 2015. Pandey, Y.; Sangita Tare, V. Utilization of Coal Mixed Waste Aggregates Available at Thermal Power Plants for GSB and Asphalt Mixtures. Procedia Eng. 2016, 143, 170–177. [CrossRef] Silva, L.F.O.; Pinto, D.; Lima, B.D. Implications of iron nanoparticles in spontaneous coal combustion and the effects on climatic variables. Chemosphere 2020, 254, 126814. [CrossRef] Rabha, S.; Saikia, B.K. Nanominerals and Nanoparticles in coal and coal Residues: Implications for Human Health Effects. In Proceedings of the Recent Trends in Environmental Responsive Chemical Processes (RTERCP-2017), Golaghat, India, 22–23 September 2017. Akinyemi, S.A.; Gitari, W.M.; Petrik, L.F.; Nyakuma, B.B.; Hower, J.C.; Ward, C.R.; Oliveira, M.L.S.; Silva, L.F.O. Environmental Evaluation and Nano-Mineralogical Study of Fresh and Unsaturated Weathered Coal Fly Ashes. Sci. Environ. 2019, 663, 177–188. [CrossRef] Silva, L.; Querol, X.; Da Boit, K.; De Vallejuelo, S.F.-O.; Madariaga, J. Brazilian Coal Mining Residues and Sulphide Oxidation by Fenton’s Reaction: An Accelerated Weathering Procedure to Evaluate Possible Environmental Impact. J. Hazard. Mater. 2011, 186, 516–525. [CrossRef] Saikia, B.K.; Saikia, J.; Rabha, S.; Silva, L.F.; Finkelman, R. Ambient Nanoparticles/Nanominerals and Hazardous Elements from Coal Combustion Activity: Implications on Energy Challenges and Health Hazards. Geosci. Front. 2018, 9, 863–875. [CrossRef] Oliveira, M.L.; Da Boit, K.; Schneider, I.L.; Teixeira, E.C.; Borrero, T.J.C.; Silva, L.F. Study of Coal Cleaning Rejects by Fib and Sample Preparation for Hr-Tem: Mineral Surface Chemistry and Nanoparticle-Aggregation Control for Health Studies. J. Clean. Prod. 2018, 188, 662–669. [CrossRef] Silva, L.F.; Izquierdo, M.; Querol, X.; Finkelman, R.B.; Oliveira, M.L.; Wollenschlager, M.; Towler, M.; Pérez-López, R.; Macias, F. Leaching of Potential Hazardous Elements of Coal Cleaning Rejects. Environ. Monit. Assess. 2011, 175, 109–126. [CrossRef] Carmona-García, U.; Cardona-Trujillo, H.; Restrepo-Tarquino, I. Gestión Ambiental, Sostenibilidad Y Competitividad Minera. Contextualización De La Situación Y Retos De Un Enfoque a Través Del Análisis Del Ciclo De Vida. Dyna 2017, 84, 50–58. [CrossRef] Minminas. Análisis Delcomportamiento Del Pib Minero Segundo Trimestre De. 2017. Available online: https://bit.ly/2LuwYYH (accessed on 20 January 2020). Oei, P.-Y.; Mendelevitch, R. Prospects for Steam Coal Exporters in the Era of Climate Policies: A Case Study of Colombia. Clim. Policy 2019, 19, 73–91. [CrossRef] Torres, A.; Rocha, J.; Melo, D.; Peña, R. El Carbón En Colombia¿ Quién Gana, Quién Pierde? Minería, Comercio Global Y Cambio Climático; Centro de Estudios para la Justicia Social ‘Tierra Digna’: Bogotá, Colombia, 2015. Oliveira, M.L.; Pinto, D.; Tutikian, B.F.; Da Boit, K.; Saikia, B.K.; Silva, L.F. Pollution from Uncontrolled Coal Fires: Continuous Gaseous Emissions and Nanoparticles from Coal Mines. J. Clean. Prod. 2019, 215, 1140–1148. [CrossRef] Gregow, K.; Syd, F. As Black as Coal: Business and Human Rights with Focus on Coal Mining in Colombia. Stockholm, Sweden: Forum Syd. 2016. Available online: https://bit.ly/2G9i7io (accessed on 20 January 2020). Guo, Q.; Littke, R.; Zieger, L. Petrographical and Geochemical Characterization of Sub-Bituminous Coals from Mines in the Cesar-Ranchería Basin, Colombia. Int. J. Coal Geol. 2018, 191, 66–79. [CrossRef] Baquero, M.; Montes, C.; Bayona, G.A. Attribute-Based Processing of Lineament Data: An Example from Cesar-Rancheria and Neighbor Provinces in Colombia. In Earth Resources and Environmental Remote Sensing/GIS Applications V; International Society for Optics and Photonics: Bellingham, DC, USA, 2014; Volume 9245, pp. 70–77. Sanchez, J.; Mann, P. Integrated Structural and Basinal Analysis of the Cesar–Rancheria Basin, Colombia: Implications for Its Tectonic History and Petroleum Systems. In Memoir 108: Petroleum Geology and Potential of the Colombian Caribbean Margin; American Association of Petroleum Geologists: Tulsa, OK, USA, 2015. Mosquera-Vivas, C.S.; Hansen, E.W.; García-Santos, G.; Obregón-Neira, N.; Celis-Ossa, R.E.; González-Murillo, C.A.; Juraske, R.; Hellweg, S.; Guerrero-Dallos, J.A. The Effect of the Soil Properties on Adsorption, Single-Point Desorption, and Degradation of Chlorpyrifos in Two Agricultural Soil Profiles from Colombia. Soil Sci. 2016, 181, 446–456. [CrossRef] Sandoval, L.E.; Marín, M.; Almanza, A.M. Explotación De Recursos Naturales Y Conflicto En Colombia. Rev. Econ. Inst. 2017, 19, 201–225. [CrossRef] Pérez Rincón, M.A. Conflictos Ambientales En Colombia: Inventario, Caracterización Y Análisis. In Estrategia de Manejo Ambiental de la Zona Media y Baja de la Subcuenca del Río Pance; Instituto CINARA: Cali, Colombia, 2014. Cardoso, A. Behind the Life Cycle of Coal: Socio-Environmental Liabilities of Coal Mining in Cesar, Colombia. Ecol. Econ. 2015, 120, 71–82. [CrossRef]Cardoso, A. Behind the Life Cycle of Coal: Socio-Environmental Liabilities of Coal Mining in Cesar, Colombia. Ecol. Econ. 2015, 120, 71–82. [CrossRef] Cardoso, A. Valuation Languages Along the Coal Chain from Colombia to the Netherlands and to Turkey. Ecol. Econ. 2018, 146, 44–59. [CrossRef] Republic of Colombia. Republic of Colombia Colombia’s Constitution of 1991 with Amendments through 2005; Republic of Colombia: Bogota, Colombia, 1991. Henriksen, J.B. Research on Best Practices for the Implementation of the Principles of Ilo Convention; International Labour Organization (ILO): Geneva, Switzerland, 2008. Chomsky, A. Colombia’s Other Displacements. ReVista 2017, 16, 35. Vargas, F. Minería, Conflicto Armado Y Despojo De Tierras: Impactos, Desafíos Y Posibles Soluciones Jurídicas. In Minería en Colombia. Fundamentos Para Superar El Modelo Extractivista; Universidad Externado de Colombia: Bogota, Colombia, 2013; pp. 57–88. Abcolombia; CAFOD; Christian Aid; Oxfam GB; Sciaf; Trócaire. Regalándolo Todo: Las Consecuencias De Una Política Minera No Sostenible En Colombia. Tomado de 2012. Available online: http://www.abcolombia.org.uk/downloads (accessed on 22 February 2020). Rudas, G.; Hawkins, D.; Sánchez, S.T. La Minería De Carbón a Gran Escala En Colombia: Impactos Económicos, Sociales, Laborales, Ambientales Y Territoriales; Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung en Colombia: Bogota, Colombia, 2014. EIA. Colombia: International Energy Data and Analysis; US Energy Information Administration: Washington, DC, USA, 2015. Ramos, C.G.; Querol, X.; Dalmora, A.C.; De Jesus Pires, K.C.; Schneider, I.A.H.; Oliveira, L.F.S.; Kautzmann, R.M. Evaluation of the Potential of Volcanic Rock Waste from Southern Brazil as a Natural Soil Fertilizer. J. Clean. Prod. 2017, 142, 2700–2706. [CrossRef] Quispe, D.; Pérez-López, R.; Silva, L.F.; Nieto, J.M. Changes in Mobility of Hazardous Elements During Coal Combustion in Santa Catarina Power Plant (Brazil). Fuel 2012, 94, 495–503. [CrossRef] Silva, L.F.; Wollenschlager, M.; Oliveira, M.L. A Preliminary Study of Coal Mining Drainage and Environmental Health in the Santa Catarina Region, Brazil. Environ. Geochem. Health 2011, 33, 55–65. [CrossRef] Mimba, M.E.; Ohba, T.; Fils, S.C.N.; Nforba, M.T.; Numanami, N.; Bafon, T.G.; Aka, F.T.; Suh, C.E. Regional Geochemical Baseline Concentration of Potentially Toxic Trace Metals in the Mineralized Lom Basin, East Cameroon: A Tool for Contamination Assessment. Geochem. Trans. 2018, 19, 11. [CrossRef] Kˇríbek, B.; Sýkorová, I.; Veselovský, F.; Laufek, F.; Malec, J.; Knésl, I.; Majer, V. Trace Element Geochemistry of Self-Burning and Weathering of a Mineralized Coal Waste Dump: The Novátor Mine, Czech Republic. Int. J. Coal Geol. 2017, 173, 158–175. [CrossRef] Barboza, L.G.A.; Vieira, L.R.; Guilhermino, L. Single and Combined Effects of Microplastics and Mercuron Juveniles of the European Seabass (Dicentrarchus Labrax): Changes in Behavioural Responses and Reduction of Swimming Velocity and Resistance Time. Environ. Pollut. 2018, 236, 1014–1019. [CrossRef] Zeppilli, D.; Sarrazin, J.; Leduc, D.; Arbizu, P.M.; Fontaneto, D.; Fontanier, C.; Gooday, A.J.; Kristensen, R.M.; Ivanenko, V.N.; Sørensen, M.V. Is the Meiofauna a Good Indicator for Climate Change and Anthropogenic Impacts? Mar. Biodivers. 2015, 45, 505–535. [CrossRef] Riera, R.; Tuya, F.; Sacramento, A.; Ramos, E.; Monterroso, Ó.; Rodríguez, M. Influence of the Combined Disposal of Sewage and Brine on Meiofauna. Cienc. Mar. 2013, 39, 15–27. [CrossRef] Bertocci, I.; Dell’anno, A.; Musco, L.; Gambi, C.; Saggiomo, V.; Cannavacciuolo, M.; Martire, M.L.; Passarelli, A.; Zazo, G.; Danovaro, R. Multiple Human Pressures in Coastal Habitats: Variation of Meiofaunal Assemblages Associated with Sewage Discharge in a Post-Industrial Area. Sci. Total Environ. 2019, 655, 1218–1231. [CrossRef] Silva, L.F.; Daboit, K.; Sampaio, C.H.; Jasper, A.; Andrade, M.L.; Kostova, I.J.; Waanders, F.B.; Henke, K.R.; Hower, J.C. The Occurrence of Hazardous Volatile Elements and Nanoparticles in Bulgarian Coal Fly Ashes and the Effect on Human Health Exposure. Sci. Total Environ. 2012, 416, 513–526. [CrossRef] Turci, F.; Pavan, C.; Leinardi, R.; Tomatis, M.; Pastero, L.; Garry, D.; Anguissola, S.; Lison, D.; Fubini, B. Revisiting the Paradigm of Silica Pathogenicity with Synthetic Quartz Crystals: The Role of Crystallinity and Surface Disorder. Part. Fibre Toxicol. 2015, 13, 32. [CrossRef] Maher, B.A.; Ahmed, I.A.; Karloukovski, V.; Maclaren, D.A.; Foulds, P.G.; Allsop, D.; Mann, D.M.; Torres-Jardón, R.; CalderonGarciduenas, L. Magnetite Pollution Nanoparticles in the Human Brain. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2016, 113, 10797–10801. [CrossRef] [PubMed] Espitia-Perez, L.; Da Silva, J.; Brango, H.; Espitia-Perez, P.; Pastor-Sierra, K.; Salcedo-Arteaga, S.; De Souza, C.T.; Dias, J.F.; Hoyos-Giraldo, L.S.; Gomez-Perez, M. Genetic Damage in Environmentally Exposed Populations to Open-Pit Coal Mining Residues: Analysis of Buccal Micronucleus Cytome (Bmn-Cyt) Assay and Alkaline, Endo Iii and Fpg High-Throughput Comet Assay. Mutat. Res./Genet. Toxicol. Environ. Mutagenes. 2018, 836, 24–35. [CrossRef] [PubMed] Shashikala, R.; Indira, A.; Manjunath, G. Role of Micronucleus in Oral Exfoliative Cytology. J. Pharm. Bioallied Sci. 2015, 7 (Suppl. 2), S409. [PubMed] Holland, N.; Bolognesi, C.; Kirsch-Volders, M.; Bonassi, S.; Zeiger, E.; Knasmueller, S.; Fenech, M. The Micronucleus Assay in Human Buccal Cells as a Tool for Biomonitoring DNA Damage: The Humn Project Perspective on Current Status and Knowledge Gaps. Mutat. Res./Rev. Mutat. Res. 2008, 659, 93–108. [CrossRef] Tanaka, T.; Ishigamori, R. Understanding Carcinogenesis for Fighting Oral Cancer. J. Oncol. 2011, 2011, 603740. [CrossRef] Sánchez-Peña, N.E.; Narváez-Semanate, J.L.; Pabón-Patiño, D.; Fernández-Mera, J.E.; Oliveira, M.L.; Da Boit, K.; Tutikian, B.F.; Crissien, T.J.; Pinto, D.C.; Serrano, I.D. Chemical and Nano-Mineralogical Study for Determining Potential Uses of Legal Colombian Gold Mine Sludge: Experimental Evidence. Chemosphere 2018, 191, 1048–1055. [CrossRef] Kumar, H.; Ahmad, I.; Dutta, P.K. In-Vitro Toxicity Induced by Quartz Nanoparticles: Role of Er Stress. Toxicology 2018, 404, 1–9. |
| dc.relation.citationendpage.none.fl_str_mv |
14 |
| dc.relation.citationstartpage.none.fl_str_mv |
1 |
| dc.relation.citationissue.none.fl_str_mv |
8 |
| dc.relation.citationvolume.none.fl_str_mv |
14 |
| dc.rights.none.fl_str_mv |
© 2022 by the authors. |
| dc.rights.license.none.fl_str_mv |
Atribución 4.0 Internacional (CC BY 4.0) |
| dc.rights.uri.none.fl_str_mv |
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ |
| dc.rights.accessrights.none.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess |
| dc.rights.coar.none.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2 |
| rights_invalid_str_mv |
Atribución 4.0 Internacional (CC BY 4.0) © 2022 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2 |
| eu_rights_str_mv |
openAccess |
| dc.format.extent.none.fl_str_mv |
14 páginas |
| dc.format.mimetype.none.fl_str_mv |
application/pdf |
| dc.coverage.temporal.none.fl_str_mv |
Colombia |
| dc.publisher.none.fl_str_mv |
Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI) |
| dc.publisher.place.none.fl_str_mv |
Switzerland |
| publisher.none.fl_str_mv |
Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI) |
| dc.source.none.fl_str_mv |
https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/14/8/4544 |
| institution |
Corporación Universidad de la Costa |
| bitstream.url.fl_str_mv |
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/72bdb588-ff44-4484-8182-8fe6778501df/download https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/4376c3b7-0ff7-4d95-a3b5-be998444eac5/download https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/c012ede6-b8bc-42c6-9929-b09374e4aa97/download https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/f3fd0ae2-f399-4ffc-a364-196f54c491d2/download |
| bitstream.checksum.fl_str_mv |
895212ce9b6d991f578a298b6f70a3d5 73a5432e0b76442b22b026844140d683 bc0de797b51a2b0b8652230e9e4a91fe 3b8b093e42ef3329ba5d662ac74e0ab3 |
| bitstream.checksumAlgorithm.fl_str_mv |
MD5 MD5 MD5 MD5 |
| repository.name.fl_str_mv |
Repositorio de la Universidad de la Costa CUC |
| repository.mail.fl_str_mv |
repdigital@cuc.edu.co |
| _version_ |
1828166782841520128 |
| spelling |
Atribución 4.0 Internacional (CC BY 4.0)© 2022 by the authors.https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Oliveira, Marcos L. S.Akinyemi, Segun A.Nyakuma, Bemgba B.Dotto, Guilherme L.Colombia2024-11-05T12:45:09Z2024-11-05T12:45:09Z2022-04-11Oliveira, M.L.S.; Akinyemi, S.A.; Nyakuma, B.B.; Dotto, G.L. Environmental Impacts of Coal Nanoparticles from Rehabilitated Mine Areas in Colombia. Sustainability 2022, 14, 4544. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14084544https://hdl.handle.net/11323/1363310.3390/su140845442071-1050Corporación Universidad de la CostaREDICUC - Repositorio CUChttps://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/With the possible increase in mining activities and recently projected population growth in Colombia, large quantities of nanoparticles (NPs) and potentially hazardous elements (PHEs) will be of major concern to mine workers, indigenous residents, and surrounding communities. This study highlights the need to regulate the pollution from Colombian mining activities that comply with regional regulations and global strategies. Colombian coal rejects (CRs) from the Cesar Basin, Colombia, were studied primarily by advanced electron microscopic and analytical procedures. Therefore, the goal of this research is to evaluate the role of NPs in the alteration of CRs’ structure in a renewed zone at Cerrejón coal area (La Guajira, Colombia) through advanced electron microscopic (AEMs) methods. The objective of the analysis is to evaluate the incidence mode of nanoparticles, which contain potentially hazardous elements. The bulk crystallography (X-ray diffraction), chemical structure, and morphologies of NPs were studied by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), micro-beam diffraction (MBD), selected area electron diffraction (SAED), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) procedures. The AEMs provided comprehensive insights into the geochemical evolution of CRs. Consequently, the AEMs can be used as essential tools for CR management in coal mining areas. The regular dimension of detected NPs was found to be above 2 nm. Ultrafine particles of quartz were identified by the advanced electron microscopy. Furthermore, the findings also revealed aluminium, calcium, potassium, titanium, iron oxides, and PHEs in the CRs. The extensive water practice in the coal extraction process combined with atmospheric oxygen supports oxidations of iron sulphide, thus releasing PHEs to the surrounding environment. Dehydration of sulphate salts fluctuate at consistent humidity in the coal mine environments. The study demonstrates the great influence of coal mining activities on the environment and human health.14 páginasapplication/pdfengMultidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)Switzerlandhttps://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/14/8/4544Environmental impacts of coal nanoparticles from rehabilitated mine areas in ColombiaArtículo de revistahttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1Textinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARTinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85SustainabilityWatts, M. Empire of Oil: Capitalist Dispossession and the Scramble for Africa. Mon. Rev. 2006, 58, 1. [CrossRef]Healy, N.; Stephens, J.C.; Malin, S.A. Embodied Energy Injustices: Unveiling and Politicizing the Transboundary Harms of Fossil Fuel Extractivism and Fossil Fuel Supply Chains. Energy Res. Soc. Sci. 2019, 48, 219–234. [CrossRef]Moore, J.W. Sugar and the Expansion of the Early Modern World-Economy: Commodity Frontiers, Ecological Transformation, and Industrialization. Review 2000, 23, 409–433.Martinez-Alier, J.; Temper, L.; Del Bene, D.; Scheidel, A. Is There a Global Environmental Justice Movement? J. Peasant. Stud. 2016, 43, 731–755. [CrossRef]Bebbington, A.; Hinojosa, L.; Bebbington, D.H.; Burneo, M.L.; Warnaars, X. Contention and Ambiguity: Mining and the Possibilities of Development. Dev. Chang. 2008, 39, 887–914. [CrossRef]Quetame, C.; Sarmiento, G.A. Interpretacion del ambiente sedimentario delos carbones de la Formacion Guaduas en el sinclinal Checua Lenguazaque, a partir del analisis petrografico. Geol. Colomb. 2004, 29, 41–57.Bayona, G.; Jaramillo, C.; Rueda, M.; Pardo, A.; Christie, A.; Hernandez, G. Important Paleotectonic and Chronostratigraphic Considerations of the Late Paleocene in the Northernmost Andes as Constrained by Paleocene Rocks in the Cerrejon Coal Mine Guajira, Colombia. In Proceedings of the 3ra Convencion Tecnica de la ACGGP, Bogota, Colombia, June 2004; p. 10. Available online: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267637823_Important_Paleotectonic_and_Chronostratigraphic_ Considerations_of_the_Late_Paleocene_in_the_Northernmost_Andes_as_Constrained_by_Paleocene_Rocks_in_the_Cerrejon_ Coal_Mine_Guajira_Colombia (accessed on 20 January 2020).Guzman, C.A. Condiciones de Depositacion de la Formacion Amaga Entre Amag_a y Angelopolis. Tesis de Posgrado en Ciencia y Tecnica del Carbon; Universidad Nacional de Colombia d Sede Medellín, Facultad de Minas: Medellín, Colombia, 1991; p. 213.Lopez, I.C.; Ward, C.R. Composition and mode of occurrence of mineral matter in some Colombian coals. Int. J. Coal Geol. 2008, 73, 3–18. [CrossRef]Civeira, M.S.; Ramos, C.G.; Oliveira, M.L.; Kautzmann, R.M.; Taffarel, S.R.; Teixeira, E.C.; Silva, L.F. Nano-Mineralogy of Suspended Sediment During the Beginning of Coal Rejects Spill. Chemosphere 2016, 145, 142–147. [CrossRef]Nordin, A.P.; Da Silva, J.; De Souza, C.T.; Niekraszewicz, L.A.; Dias, J.F.; Da Boit, K.; Oliveira, M.L.; Grivicich, I.; Garcia, A.L.H.; Oliveira, L.F.S. In Vitro Genotoxic Effect of Secondary Minerals Crystallized in Rocks from Coal Mine Drainage. J. Hazard. Mater. 2018, 346, 263–272. [CrossRef]Akinyemi, S.A.; Gitari, W.M.; Thobakgale, R.; Petrik, L.F.; Nyakuma, B.B.; Hower, J.C.; Ward, C.R.; Oliveira, M.L.S.; Silva, L.F.O. Geochemical Fractionation of Hazardous Elements in Fresh and Drilled Weathered South African Coal Fly Ashes. Environ. Geochem. Health 2020, 42, 2771–2788. [CrossRef]Cooke, J.; Johnson, M. Ecological Restoration of Land with Particular Reference to the Mining of Metals and Industrial Minerals: A Review of Theory and Practice. Environ. Rev. 2002, 10, 41–71. [CrossRef]Ribeiro, J.; Flores, D.; Ward, C.R.; Silva, L.F. Identification of Nanominerals and Nanoparticles in Burning Coal Waste Piles from Portugal. Sci. Total Environ. 2010, 408, 6032–6041. [CrossRef]Barliza, J.C.; Rodríguez, O.B.; Peláez, J.D.L.; Chávez, L.F. Planted forests for open coal mine spoils rehabilitation in Colombian drylands: Contributions of fine litterfall through an age chronosequence. Ecol. Eng. 2019, 138, 180–187. [CrossRef]IUSS Working Group Wrb. World Reference Base for Soil Resources 2014, Update 2015 International Soil Classification System for Naming Soils and Creating Legends for Soil Maps; International Union of Soil Sciences (IUSS): Wien, Austria, 2015.Pandey, Y.; Sangita Tare, V. Utilization of Coal Mixed Waste Aggregates Available at Thermal Power Plants for GSB and Asphalt Mixtures. Procedia Eng. 2016, 143, 170–177. [CrossRef]Silva, L.F.O.; Pinto, D.; Lima, B.D. Implications of iron nanoparticles in spontaneous coal combustion and the effects on climatic variables. Chemosphere 2020, 254, 126814. [CrossRef]Rabha, S.; Saikia, B.K. Nanominerals and Nanoparticles in coal and coal Residues: Implications for Human Health Effects. In Proceedings of the Recent Trends in Environmental Responsive Chemical Processes (RTERCP-2017), Golaghat, India, 22–23 September 2017.Akinyemi, S.A.; Gitari, W.M.; Petrik, L.F.; Nyakuma, B.B.; Hower, J.C.; Ward, C.R.; Oliveira, M.L.S.; Silva, L.F.O. Environmental Evaluation and Nano-Mineralogical Study of Fresh and Unsaturated Weathered Coal Fly Ashes. Sci. Environ. 2019, 663, 177–188. [CrossRef]Silva, L.; Querol, X.; Da Boit, K.; De Vallejuelo, S.F.-O.; Madariaga, J. Brazilian Coal Mining Residues and Sulphide Oxidation by Fenton’s Reaction: An Accelerated Weathering Procedure to Evaluate Possible Environmental Impact. J. Hazard. Mater. 2011, 186, 516–525. [CrossRef]Saikia, B.K.; Saikia, J.; Rabha, S.; Silva, L.F.; Finkelman, R. Ambient Nanoparticles/Nanominerals and Hazardous Elements from Coal Combustion Activity: Implications on Energy Challenges and Health Hazards. Geosci. Front. 2018, 9, 863–875. [CrossRef]Oliveira, M.L.; Da Boit, K.; Schneider, I.L.; Teixeira, E.C.; Borrero, T.J.C.; Silva, L.F. Study of Coal Cleaning Rejects by Fib and Sample Preparation for Hr-Tem: Mineral Surface Chemistry and Nanoparticle-Aggregation Control for Health Studies. J. Clean. Prod. 2018, 188, 662–669. [CrossRef]Silva, L.F.; Izquierdo, M.; Querol, X.; Finkelman, R.B.; Oliveira, M.L.; Wollenschlager, M.; Towler, M.; Pérez-López, R.; Macias, F. Leaching of Potential Hazardous Elements of Coal Cleaning Rejects. Environ. Monit. Assess. 2011, 175, 109–126. [CrossRef]Carmona-García, U.; Cardona-Trujillo, H.; Restrepo-Tarquino, I. Gestión Ambiental, Sostenibilidad Y Competitividad Minera. Contextualización De La Situación Y Retos De Un Enfoque a Través Del Análisis Del Ciclo De Vida. Dyna 2017, 84, 50–58. [CrossRef]Minminas. Análisis Delcomportamiento Del Pib Minero Segundo Trimestre De. 2017. Available online: https://bit.ly/2LuwYYH (accessed on 20 January 2020).Oei, P.-Y.; Mendelevitch, R. Prospects for Steam Coal Exporters in the Era of Climate Policies: A Case Study of Colombia. Clim. Policy 2019, 19, 73–91. [CrossRef]Torres, A.; Rocha, J.; Melo, D.; Peña, R. El Carbón En Colombia¿ Quién Gana, Quién Pierde? Minería, Comercio Global Y Cambio Climático; Centro de Estudios para la Justicia Social ‘Tierra Digna’: Bogotá, Colombia, 2015.Oliveira, M.L.; Pinto, D.; Tutikian, B.F.; Da Boit, K.; Saikia, B.K.; Silva, L.F. Pollution from Uncontrolled Coal Fires: Continuous Gaseous Emissions and Nanoparticles from Coal Mines. J. Clean. Prod. 2019, 215, 1140–1148. [CrossRef]Gregow, K.; Syd, F. As Black as Coal: Business and Human Rights with Focus on Coal Mining in Colombia. Stockholm, Sweden: Forum Syd. 2016. Available online: https://bit.ly/2G9i7io (accessed on 20 January 2020).Guo, Q.; Littke, R.; Zieger, L. Petrographical and Geochemical Characterization of Sub-Bituminous Coals from Mines in the Cesar-Ranchería Basin, Colombia. Int. J. Coal Geol. 2018, 191, 66–79. [CrossRef]Baquero, M.; Montes, C.; Bayona, G.A. Attribute-Based Processing of Lineament Data: An Example from Cesar-Rancheria and Neighbor Provinces in Colombia. In Earth Resources and Environmental Remote Sensing/GIS Applications V; International Society for Optics and Photonics: Bellingham, DC, USA, 2014; Volume 9245, pp. 70–77.Sanchez, J.; Mann, P. Integrated Structural and Basinal Analysis of the Cesar–Rancheria Basin, Colombia: Implications for Its Tectonic History and Petroleum Systems. In Memoir 108: Petroleum Geology and Potential of the Colombian Caribbean Margin; American Association of Petroleum Geologists: Tulsa, OK, USA, 2015.Mosquera-Vivas, C.S.; Hansen, E.W.; García-Santos, G.; Obregón-Neira, N.; Celis-Ossa, R.E.; González-Murillo, C.A.; Juraske, R.; Hellweg, S.; Guerrero-Dallos, J.A. The Effect of the Soil Properties on Adsorption, Single-Point Desorption, and Degradation of Chlorpyrifos in Two Agricultural Soil Profiles from Colombia. Soil Sci. 2016, 181, 446–456. [CrossRef]Sandoval, L.E.; Marín, M.; Almanza, A.M. Explotación De Recursos Naturales Y Conflicto En Colombia. Rev. Econ. Inst. 2017, 19, 201–225. [CrossRef]Pérez Rincón, M.A. Conflictos Ambientales En Colombia: Inventario, Caracterización Y Análisis. In Estrategia de Manejo Ambiental de la Zona Media y Baja de la Subcuenca del Río Pance; Instituto CINARA: Cali, Colombia, 2014.Cardoso, A. Behind the Life Cycle of Coal: Socio-Environmental Liabilities of Coal Mining in Cesar, Colombia. Ecol. Econ. 2015, 120, 71–82. [CrossRef]Cardoso, A. Behind the Life Cycle of Coal: Socio-Environmental Liabilities of Coal Mining in Cesar, Colombia. Ecol. Econ. 2015, 120, 71–82. [CrossRef]Cardoso, A. Valuation Languages Along the Coal Chain from Colombia to the Netherlands and to Turkey. Ecol. Econ. 2018, 146, 44–59. [CrossRef]Republic of Colombia. Republic of Colombia Colombia’s Constitution of 1991 with Amendments through 2005; Republic of Colombia: Bogota, Colombia, 1991.Henriksen, J.B. Research on Best Practices for the Implementation of the Principles of Ilo Convention; International Labour Organization (ILO): Geneva, Switzerland, 2008.Chomsky, A. Colombia’s Other Displacements. ReVista 2017, 16, 35.Vargas, F. Minería, Conflicto Armado Y Despojo De Tierras: Impactos, Desafíos Y Posibles Soluciones Jurídicas. In Minería en Colombia. Fundamentos Para Superar El Modelo Extractivista; Universidad Externado de Colombia: Bogota, Colombia, 2013; pp. 57–88.Abcolombia; CAFOD; Christian Aid; Oxfam GB; Sciaf; Trócaire. Regalándolo Todo: Las Consecuencias De Una Política Minera No Sostenible En Colombia. Tomado de 2012. Available online: http://www.abcolombia.org.uk/downloads (accessed on 22 February 2020).Rudas, G.; Hawkins, D.; Sánchez, S.T. La Minería De Carbón a Gran Escala En Colombia: Impactos Económicos, Sociales, Laborales, Ambientales Y Territoriales; Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung en Colombia: Bogota, Colombia, 2014.EIA. Colombia: International Energy Data and Analysis; US Energy Information Administration: Washington, DC, USA, 2015.Ramos, C.G.; Querol, X.; Dalmora, A.C.; De Jesus Pires, K.C.; Schneider, I.A.H.; Oliveira, L.F.S.; Kautzmann, R.M. Evaluation of the Potential of Volcanic Rock Waste from Southern Brazil as a Natural Soil Fertilizer. J. Clean. Prod. 2017, 142, 2700–2706. [CrossRef]Quispe, D.; Pérez-López, R.; Silva, L.F.; Nieto, J.M. Changes in Mobility of Hazardous Elements During Coal Combustion in Santa Catarina Power Plant (Brazil). Fuel 2012, 94, 495–503. [CrossRef]Silva, L.F.; Wollenschlager, M.; Oliveira, M.L. A Preliminary Study of Coal Mining Drainage and Environmental Health in the Santa Catarina Region, Brazil. Environ. Geochem. Health 2011, 33, 55–65. [CrossRef]Mimba, M.E.; Ohba, T.; Fils, S.C.N.; Nforba, M.T.; Numanami, N.; Bafon, T.G.; Aka, F.T.; Suh, C.E. Regional Geochemical Baseline Concentration of Potentially Toxic Trace Metals in the Mineralized Lom Basin, East Cameroon: A Tool for Contamination Assessment. Geochem. Trans. 2018, 19, 11. [CrossRef]Kˇríbek, B.; Sýkorová, I.; Veselovský, F.; Laufek, F.; Malec, J.; Knésl, I.; Majer, V. Trace Element Geochemistry of Self-Burning and Weathering of a Mineralized Coal Waste Dump: The Novátor Mine, Czech Republic. Int. J. Coal Geol. 2017, 173, 158–175. [CrossRef]Barboza, L.G.A.; Vieira, L.R.; Guilhermino, L. Single and Combined Effects of Microplastics and Mercuron Juveniles of the European Seabass (Dicentrarchus Labrax): Changes in Behavioural Responses and Reduction of Swimming Velocity and Resistance Time. Environ. Pollut. 2018, 236, 1014–1019. [CrossRef]Zeppilli, D.; Sarrazin, J.; Leduc, D.; Arbizu, P.M.; Fontaneto, D.; Fontanier, C.; Gooday, A.J.; Kristensen, R.M.; Ivanenko, V.N.; Sørensen, M.V. Is the Meiofauna a Good Indicator for Climate Change and Anthropogenic Impacts? Mar. Biodivers. 2015, 45, 505–535. [CrossRef]Riera, R.; Tuya, F.; Sacramento, A.; Ramos, E.; Monterroso, Ó.; Rodríguez, M. Influence of the Combined Disposal of Sewage and Brine on Meiofauna. Cienc. Mar. 2013, 39, 15–27. [CrossRef]Bertocci, I.; Dell’anno, A.; Musco, L.; Gambi, C.; Saggiomo, V.; Cannavacciuolo, M.; Martire, M.L.; Passarelli, A.; Zazo, G.; Danovaro, R. Multiple Human Pressures in Coastal Habitats: Variation of Meiofaunal Assemblages Associated with Sewage Discharge in a Post-Industrial Area. Sci. Total Environ. 2019, 655, 1218–1231. [CrossRef]Silva, L.F.; Daboit, K.; Sampaio, C.H.; Jasper, A.; Andrade, M.L.; Kostova, I.J.; Waanders, F.B.; Henke, K.R.; Hower, J.C. The Occurrence of Hazardous Volatile Elements and Nanoparticles in Bulgarian Coal Fly Ashes and the Effect on Human Health Exposure. Sci. Total Environ. 2012, 416, 513–526. [CrossRef]Turci, F.; Pavan, C.; Leinardi, R.; Tomatis, M.; Pastero, L.; Garry, D.; Anguissola, S.; Lison, D.; Fubini, B. Revisiting the Paradigm of Silica Pathogenicity with Synthetic Quartz Crystals: The Role of Crystallinity and Surface Disorder. Part. Fibre Toxicol. 2015, 13, 32. [CrossRef]Maher, B.A.; Ahmed, I.A.; Karloukovski, V.; Maclaren, D.A.; Foulds, P.G.; Allsop, D.; Mann, D.M.; Torres-Jardón, R.; CalderonGarciduenas, L. Magnetite Pollution Nanoparticles in the Human Brain. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2016, 113, 10797–10801. [CrossRef] [PubMed]Espitia-Perez, L.; Da Silva, J.; Brango, H.; Espitia-Perez, P.; Pastor-Sierra, K.; Salcedo-Arteaga, S.; De Souza, C.T.; Dias, J.F.; Hoyos-Giraldo, L.S.; Gomez-Perez, M. Genetic Damage in Environmentally Exposed Populations to Open-Pit Coal Mining Residues: Analysis of Buccal Micronucleus Cytome (Bmn-Cyt) Assay and Alkaline, Endo Iii and Fpg High-Throughput Comet Assay. Mutat. Res./Genet. Toxicol. Environ. Mutagenes. 2018, 836, 24–35. [CrossRef] [PubMed]Shashikala, R.; Indira, A.; Manjunath, G. Role of Micronucleus in Oral Exfoliative Cytology. J. Pharm. Bioallied Sci. 2015, 7 (Suppl. 2), S409. [PubMed]Holland, N.; Bolognesi, C.; Kirsch-Volders, M.; Bonassi, S.; Zeiger, E.; Knasmueller, S.; Fenech, M. The Micronucleus Assay in Human Buccal Cells as a Tool for Biomonitoring DNA Damage: The Humn Project Perspective on Current Status and Knowledge Gaps. Mutat. Res./Rev. Mutat. Res. 2008, 659, 93–108. [CrossRef]Tanaka, T.; Ishigamori, R. Understanding Carcinogenesis for Fighting Oral Cancer. J. Oncol. 2011, 2011, 603740. [CrossRef]Sánchez-Peña, N.E.; Narváez-Semanate, J.L.; Pabón-Patiño, D.; Fernández-Mera, J.E.; Oliveira, M.L.; Da Boit, K.; Tutikian, B.F.; Crissien, T.J.; Pinto, D.C.; Serrano, I.D. Chemical and Nano-Mineralogical Study for Determining Potential Uses of Legal Colombian Gold Mine Sludge: Experimental Evidence. Chemosphere 2018, 191, 1048–1055. [CrossRef]Kumar, H.; Ahmad, I.; Dutta, P.K. In-Vitro Toxicity Induced by Quartz Nanoparticles: Role of Er Stress. Toxicology 2018, 404, 1–9.141814Coal reject aggregatesColombian mine pollutionCesar-Ranchería BasinNanoparticlesPotentially hazardous elementsPublicationORIGINALEnvironmental Impacts of Coal Nanoparticles from Rehabilitated Mine Areas in Colombia.pdfEnvironmental Impacts of Coal Nanoparticles from Rehabilitated Mine Areas in Colombia.pdfapplication/pdf5972973https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/72bdb588-ff44-4484-8182-8fe6778501df/download895212ce9b6d991f578a298b6f70a3d5MD51LICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-815543https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/4376c3b7-0ff7-4d95-a3b5-be998444eac5/download73a5432e0b76442b22b026844140d683MD52TEXTEnvironmental Impacts of Coal Nanoparticles from Rehabilitated Mine Areas in Colombia.pdf.txtEnvironmental Impacts of Coal Nanoparticles from Rehabilitated Mine Areas in Colombia.pdf.txtExtracted texttext/plain52317https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/c012ede6-b8bc-42c6-9929-b09374e4aa97/downloadbc0de797b51a2b0b8652230e9e4a91feMD53THUMBNAILEnvironmental Impacts of Coal Nanoparticles from Rehabilitated Mine Areas in Colombia.pdf.jpgEnvironmental Impacts of Coal Nanoparticles from Rehabilitated Mine Areas in Colombia.pdf.jpgGenerated Thumbnailimage/jpeg15671https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/f3fd0ae2-f399-4ffc-a364-196f54c491d2/download3b8b093e42ef3329ba5d662ac74e0ab3MD5411323/13633oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/136332024-11-06 03:01:44.907https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/© 2022 by the authors.open.accesshttps://repositorio.cuc.edu.coRepositorio de la Universidad de la Costa CUCrepdigital@cuc.edu.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 |