Treatment of residual lubricating oil using rice husk-based material as ecological adsorbent
One of the most significant environmental problems the world population faces is the inadequate disposal of petroleum derivatives. Lubricant oil is a hazardous waste due to its properties and characteristics. This study is a new proposal for using rice waste as an adsorbent to remove lubricating oil...
- Autores:
-
Farias, R. B. H. B.
Pinto, D.
Goulart, M. L.
Igansi, A. V.
Loebens, L.
Yılmaz, M.
Silva Oliveira, Luis Felipe
Andreazza, R.
Cadaval Jr, T. R. S.
Quadro, M. S.
- Tipo de recurso:
- Article of investigation
- Fecha de publicación:
- 2023
- Institución:
- Corporación Universidad de la Costa
- Repositorio:
- REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
- Idioma:
- eng
- OAI Identifier:
- oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/9932
- Acceso en línea:
- https://hdl.handle.net/11323/9932
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/
- Palabra clave:
- Adsorption
Lubricating oil
Rice husk
Adsorption capacities
- Rights
- embargoedAccess
- License
- Atribución 4.0 Internacional (CC BY 4.0)
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Treatment of residual lubricating oil using rice husk-based material as ecological adsorbent |
| title |
Treatment of residual lubricating oil using rice husk-based material as ecological adsorbent |
| spellingShingle |
Treatment of residual lubricating oil using rice husk-based material as ecological adsorbent Adsorption Lubricating oil Rice husk Adsorption capacities |
| title_short |
Treatment of residual lubricating oil using rice husk-based material as ecological adsorbent |
| title_full |
Treatment of residual lubricating oil using rice husk-based material as ecological adsorbent |
| title_fullStr |
Treatment of residual lubricating oil using rice husk-based material as ecological adsorbent |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Treatment of residual lubricating oil using rice husk-based material as ecological adsorbent |
| title_sort |
Treatment of residual lubricating oil using rice husk-based material as ecological adsorbent |
| dc.creator.fl_str_mv |
Farias, R. B. H. B. Pinto, D. Goulart, M. L. Igansi, A. V. Loebens, L. Yılmaz, M. Silva Oliveira, Luis Felipe Andreazza, R. Cadaval Jr, T. R. S. Quadro, M. S. |
| dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv |
Farias, R. B. H. B. Pinto, D. Goulart, M. L. Igansi, A. V. Loebens, L. Yılmaz, M. Silva Oliveira, Luis Felipe Andreazza, R. Cadaval Jr, T. R. S. Quadro, M. S. |
| dc.subject.proposal.eng.fl_str_mv |
Adsorption Lubricating oil Rice husk Adsorption capacities |
| topic |
Adsorption Lubricating oil Rice husk Adsorption capacities |
| description |
One of the most significant environmental problems the world population faces is the inadequate disposal of petroleum derivatives. Lubricant oil is a hazardous waste due to its properties and characteristics. This study is a new proposal for using rice waste as an adsorbent to remove lubricating oils from a water medium. Rice husk from local industries was prepared using four different techniques: thermal treatment, alkaline treatment, acid treated and without treatment. The experiment used a mineral-based lubricating oil for gasoline and ethanol engines as adsorbate. Absorbents were characterized using thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), morphological structure (SEM), energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. Specific surface area and pore size distribution (BET/BJH). The adsorbent without treatment showed the smallest surface area (0.79 m2 g−1), while the adsorbent produced using acid treatment showed the largest (3.71 m2 g−1). The adsorption kinetic behavior was obtained by adjusting the pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, and Elovich models. Elovich models showed more adequate results to represent the kinetic profile. The adsorbents showed high adsorption capacities, ranging from 1650 to 2000 mg g−1. The adsorbent produced using heat treatment (RH-H) was the most efficient for removing lubricating oil. |
| publishDate |
2023 |
| dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv |
2023-02-28T16:47:28Z |
| dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv |
2023-02-28T16:47:28Z 2024 |
| dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv |
2023 |
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Artículo de revista |
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http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1 |
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info:eu-repo/semantics/article |
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Farias, R.B.H.B., Pinto, D., Goulart, M.L. et al. Treatment of residual lubricating oil using rice husk-based material as ecological adsorbent. J Mater Cycles Waste Manag 25, 52–61 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10163-022-01524-4 |
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1438-4957 |
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https://hdl.handle.net/11323/9932 |
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10.1007/s10163-022-01524-4 |
| dc.identifier.eissn.spa.fl_str_mv |
1611-8227 |
| dc.identifier.instname.spa.fl_str_mv |
Corporación Universidad de la Costa |
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REDICUC - Repositorio CUC |
| dc.identifier.repourl.spa.fl_str_mv |
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/ |
| identifier_str_mv |
Farias, R.B.H.B., Pinto, D., Goulart, M.L. et al. Treatment of residual lubricating oil using rice husk-based material as ecological adsorbent. J Mater Cycles Waste Manag 25, 52–61 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10163-022-01524-4 1438-4957 10.1007/s10163-022-01524-4 1611-8227 Corporación Universidad de la Costa REDICUC - Repositorio CUC |
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https://hdl.handle.net/11323/9932 https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/ |
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eng |
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eng |
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Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management |
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Zhaoyang Y, Zhi C, Kenneth L, Edward O, Michel CB, Chunjiang A, Elliott T (2021) Decision support tools for oil spill response (OSR-DSTs): approaches, challenges, and future research perspectives. Mar Pollut Bull 167:112313 Bullock RJ, Perkins RA, Aggarwal S (2019) In-situ burning with chemical herders for arctic oil spill response: meta-analysis and review. Sci Total Environ 675:705–716 Xu X, Liu W, Tian S, Wang W, Qi Q, Jiang P, Gao X, Li F, Li H, Yu H (2018) Petroleum hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria for the remediation of oil pollution under aerobic conditions: a perspective analysis. Front Microbiol 9:2885 Liu A, Hong N, Zhu P, Guan Y (2018) Understanding benzene series (BTEX) pollutant load characteristics in the urban environment. Sci Total Environ 619:938–945 Perrot V, Landing WM, Grubbs RD, Salters VJM (2019) Mercury bioaccumulation in tilefish from the northeastern Gulf of Mexico 2 years after the deepwater Horizon oil spill: Insights from Hg, C, N and S stable isotopes. Sci Total Environ 666:828–838 Krunal P, Syed S, Rama G, Niragi D (2022) Prospects of conducting polymer as an adsorbent for used lubricant oil reclamation. Mater Today Proc. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2022.01.130 (in press) Willing A (2001) Lubricants based on renewable resources—an environmentally compatible alternative to mineral oil products. Chemosphere 43:89–98 Rosa MP, Igansi AV, Lutke SF, Cadaval TRS, Rangel SAC, Oliveira APLI, Pinto LAA, Beck PH (2016) A new approach to convert rice husk waste in a quick and efficient adsorbent to remove cationic dye from water. J Environ Chem Eng 7:103504 Affonso LN, Marques JL Jr, Lima VVC, Gonçalves JO, Barbosa SC, Primel EG, Burgo TAL, Dotto GL, Pinto LAA, Cadaval Jr TRS (2020) Removal of fluoride from fertilizer industry effluent using carbon nanotubes stabilized in chitosan sponge. J Hazard Mater 388:122042 Vieira MLG, Pinheiro CP, Silva KA, Lutke SF, Cadaval TRS Jr, Pinto LAA (2019) Chitosan and cyanoguanidine-crosslinked chitosan coated glass beads and its application in fixed bed adsorption. Chem Eng Commun 206:1474–1486 Farias BS, Vidal EM, Ribeiro NT, Silveira N Jr, Vaz SB, Kuntzler SG, Moraes MG, Cadaval TRS, Pinto LAA (2018) Electrospun chitosan/poly(ethylene oxide) nanofibers applied for the removal of glycerol impurities from biodiesel production by biosorption. J Mol Liq 268:365–370 Côrtes LN, Druzian SP, Streit AFM, Godinho M, Perondi D, Collazzo GC, Oliveira MLS, Cadaval TRS, Dotto GL (2019) Biochars from animal wastes as alternative materials to treat colored effluents containing basic red 9. J Environ Chem Eng 7:103446 Ali I (2014) Water treatment by adsorption columns: evaluation at ground level. Sep Purif Rev 43:175–205 Ali I, Asim M, Khan TA (2012) Low cost adsorbents for the removal of organic pollutants from wastewater. J Environ Manag 113:170–183 Crini G, Badot PM (2008) Application of chitosan, a natural aminopolysaccharide, for dye removal from aqueous solutions by adsorption processes using batch studies: a review of recent literature. Prog Polym Sci 33:399–447 Wang X, Liu Y, Zheng J (2016) Removal of As(III) and As(V) from water by chitosan and chitosan derivatives: a review. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 23:13789–13801 Namasivayam C, Kumar MD, Selvi K, Begum RA, Vanathi T, Yamuna RT (2001) ‘Waste’ coirpith—a potencial biomass for the treatment of dyeing waste waters. Biomass Bioenergy 21:477–483 Zhou X, Moghaddam TB, Chen M, Wu S, Adhikari S (2020) Biochar removes volatile organic compounds generated from asphalt. Sci Total Environ 745:141096 Liu X, Ji R, Shi Y, Wang F, Chen W (2019) Release of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from biochar fine particles in simulated lung fluids: Implications for bioavailability and risks of airborne aromatics. Sci Total Environ 655:1159–1168 Lütke SF, Igansi AV, Pegoraro L, Dotto GL, Pinto LAA, Cadaval TRS (2019) Preparation of activated carbon from black wattle bark waste and its application for phenol adsorption. J Environ Chem Eng 7:103396 Alhashimi HA, Aktas CB (2017) Life cycle environmental and economic performance of biochar compared with activated carbon: a meta-analysis. Resour Conserv Recycl 118:13–26 The Foreign Agricultural Services (USDA). https://www.fas.usda.gov. Accessed 30 May 2022 Tang D, Cheng Z (2018) From basic research to molecular breeding—Chinese Scientists play a central role in boosting world rice production. Genom Prot Bioinform 16:389–392 Baird RB (2017) Standard methods for the examination of water and waste water, vol 21. AWWA, APHA & WPCF, Washington Kumirska J, Czerwicka M, Kaczyński Z, Bychowska A, Brzozowski K, Thöming J, Stepnowski P (2010) Application of spectroscopic methods for structural analysis of chitin and chitosan. Mar Drugs 8:1567–1636 Escudero LB, Smichowski PN, Dotto GL (2017) Macroalgae of Iridaea cordata as an efficient biosorbent to remove hazardous cationic dyes from aqueous solutions. Water Sci Technol 76:3379–3391 El-Khaiary MI, Malash GF (2011) Common data analysis errors in batch adsorption studies. Hydrometallurgy 105:314–320 Pohndorf RS, Cadaval TRS Jr, Pinto LAA (2016) Kinetics and thermodynamics adsorption of carotenoids and chlorophylls in rice bran oil bleaching. J Food Eng 185:9–16 Javadinejad S, Ostad-Ali-Askari K, Jafary F (2019) Using simulation model to determine the regulation and to optimize the quantity of chlorine injection in water distribution networks. Model Earth Syst Environ 5:1015–1023 Ostad-Ali-Askari K, Shayannejad M, Ghorbanizadeh-Kharazi H (2017) Artificial neural network for modeling nitrate pollution of groundwater in marginal area of Zayandeh-rood River, Isfahan. Iran. KSCE J Civ Eng 21:134–140 Luangkiattikhun P, Tangsathitkulchai C, Tangsathitkulchai M (2008) Nonisothermal thermogravimetric analysis of oil-palm solid wastes. Bioresour Technol 99(5):986–997 Ndazi BS, Nyahumwa CW, Tesha J (2008) Chemical and thermal stability of rice husks against alkali treatment. BioResources 3:1267–1277 Yeng LC, Wahit MU, Othman N (2015) Thermal and flexural properties of regenerated cellulose (RC)/poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) biocomposites. J Teknol 75:107–112 Morán JI, Alvarez VA, Cyras VP, Vázquez A (2008) Extraction of cellulose and preparation of nanocellulose from sisal fibers. Cellulose 15:149–159 Ludueña L, Fasce D, Alvarez VA, Stefani PM (2011) Nanocellulose from rice husk following alkaline treatment to remove silica. BioResources 6:1440–1453 Wanga S, Wanga Q, Hua YM, Xub SN, Hea ZX, Ji HS (2015) Study on the synergistic co-pyrolysis behaviors of mixed rice husk and two types of seaweed by a combined TG-FTIR technique. J Anal Appl Pyrol 114:109–118 Halimatun SH, Farah NO, Jiangyu Z, Minato W (2021) Enhanced crystallinity and thermal properties of cellulose from rice husk using acid hydrolysis treatment. Carbohydr Polym 260:117789 Chen K, Zhang T, Chen X, He Y, Liang X (2018) Model construction of micro-pores in shale: a case study of silurian longmaxi formation shale in dianqianbei area. SW China Petrol Explor Dev 45(3):412–421 |
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Atribución 4.0 Internacional (CC BY 4.0)© 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. Part of Springer Nature.https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/embargoedAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_f1cfFarias, R. B. H. B.Pinto, D.Goulart, M. L.Igansi, A. V.Loebens, L.Yılmaz, M.Silva Oliveira, Luis FelipeAndreazza, R.Cadaval Jr, T. R. S.Quadro, M. S.2023-02-28T16:47:28Z20242023-02-28T16:47:28Z2023Farias, R.B.H.B., Pinto, D., Goulart, M.L. et al. Treatment of residual lubricating oil using rice husk-based material as ecological adsorbent. J Mater Cycles Waste Manag 25, 52–61 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10163-022-01524-41438-4957https://hdl.handle.net/11323/993210.1007/s10163-022-01524-41611-8227Corporación Universidad de la CostaREDICUC - Repositorio CUChttps://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/One of the most significant environmental problems the world population faces is the inadequate disposal of petroleum derivatives. Lubricant oil is a hazardous waste due to its properties and characteristics. This study is a new proposal for using rice waste as an adsorbent to remove lubricating oils from a water medium. Rice husk from local industries was prepared using four different techniques: thermal treatment, alkaline treatment, acid treated and without treatment. The experiment used a mineral-based lubricating oil for gasoline and ethanol engines as adsorbate. Absorbents were characterized using thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), morphological structure (SEM), energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. Specific surface area and pore size distribution (BET/BJH). The adsorbent without treatment showed the smallest surface area (0.79 m2 g−1), while the adsorbent produced using acid treatment showed the largest (3.71 m2 g−1). The adsorption kinetic behavior was obtained by adjusting the pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, and Elovich models. Elovich models showed more adequate results to represent the kinetic profile. The adsorbents showed high adsorption capacities, ranging from 1650 to 2000 mg g−1. The adsorbent produced using heat treatment (RH-H) was the most efficient for removing lubricating oil.1 páginaapplication/pdfengSpringer JapanJapanhttps://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10163-022-01524-4Treatment of residual lubricating oil using rice husk-based material as ecological adsorbentArtículo de revistahttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1Textinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARTinfo:eu-repo/semantics/drafthttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_b1a7d7d4d402bcceJournal of Material Cycles and Waste ManagementZhaoyang Y, Zhi C, Kenneth L, Edward O, Michel CB, Chunjiang A, Elliott T (2021) Decision support tools for oil spill response (OSR-DSTs): approaches, challenges, and future research perspectives. Mar Pollut Bull 167:112313Bullock RJ, Perkins RA, Aggarwal S (2019) In-situ burning with chemical herders for arctic oil spill response: meta-analysis and review. Sci Total Environ 675:705–716Xu X, Liu W, Tian S, Wang W, Qi Q, Jiang P, Gao X, Li F, Li H, Yu H (2018) Petroleum hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria for the remediation of oil pollution under aerobic conditions: a perspective analysis. Front Microbiol 9:2885Liu A, Hong N, Zhu P, Guan Y (2018) Understanding benzene series (BTEX) pollutant load characteristics in the urban environment. Sci Total Environ 619:938–945Perrot V, Landing WM, Grubbs RD, Salters VJM (2019) Mercury bioaccumulation in tilefish from the northeastern Gulf of Mexico 2 years after the deepwater Horizon oil spill: Insights from Hg, C, N and S stable isotopes. Sci Total Environ 666:828–838Krunal P, Syed S, Rama G, Niragi D (2022) Prospects of conducting polymer as an adsorbent for used lubricant oil reclamation. Mater Today Proc. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2022.01.130 (in press)Willing A (2001) Lubricants based on renewable resources—an environmentally compatible alternative to mineral oil products. Chemosphere 43:89–98Rosa MP, Igansi AV, Lutke SF, Cadaval TRS, Rangel SAC, Oliveira APLI, Pinto LAA, Beck PH (2016) A new approach to convert rice husk waste in a quick and efficient adsorbent to remove cationic dye from water. J Environ Chem Eng 7:103504Affonso LN, Marques JL Jr, Lima VVC, Gonçalves JO, Barbosa SC, Primel EG, Burgo TAL, Dotto GL, Pinto LAA, Cadaval Jr TRS (2020) Removal of fluoride from fertilizer industry effluent using carbon nanotubes stabilized in chitosan sponge. J Hazard Mater 388:122042Vieira MLG, Pinheiro CP, Silva KA, Lutke SF, Cadaval TRS Jr, Pinto LAA (2019) Chitosan and cyanoguanidine-crosslinked chitosan coated glass beads and its application in fixed bed adsorption. Chem Eng Commun 206:1474–1486Farias BS, Vidal EM, Ribeiro NT, Silveira N Jr, Vaz SB, Kuntzler SG, Moraes MG, Cadaval TRS, Pinto LAA (2018) Electrospun chitosan/poly(ethylene oxide) nanofibers applied for the removal of glycerol impurities from biodiesel production by biosorption. J Mol Liq 268:365–370Côrtes LN, Druzian SP, Streit AFM, Godinho M, Perondi D, Collazzo GC, Oliveira MLS, Cadaval TRS, Dotto GL (2019) Biochars from animal wastes as alternative materials to treat colored effluents containing basic red 9. J Environ Chem Eng 7:103446Ali I (2014) Water treatment by adsorption columns: evaluation at ground level. Sep Purif Rev 43:175–205Ali I, Asim M, Khan TA (2012) Low cost adsorbents for the removal of organic pollutants from wastewater. J Environ Manag 113:170–183Crini G, Badot PM (2008) Application of chitosan, a natural aminopolysaccharide, for dye removal from aqueous solutions by adsorption processes using batch studies: a review of recent literature. Prog Polym Sci 33:399–447Wang X, Liu Y, Zheng J (2016) Removal of As(III) and As(V) from water by chitosan and chitosan derivatives: a review. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 23:13789–13801Namasivayam C, Kumar MD, Selvi K, Begum RA, Vanathi T, Yamuna RT (2001) ‘Waste’ coirpith—a potencial biomass for the treatment of dyeing waste waters. Biomass Bioenergy 21:477–483Zhou X, Moghaddam TB, Chen M, Wu S, Adhikari S (2020) Biochar removes volatile organic compounds generated from asphalt. Sci Total Environ 745:141096Liu X, Ji R, Shi Y, Wang F, Chen W (2019) Release of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from biochar fine particles in simulated lung fluids: Implications for bioavailability and risks of airborne aromatics. Sci Total Environ 655:1159–1168Lütke SF, Igansi AV, Pegoraro L, Dotto GL, Pinto LAA, Cadaval TRS (2019) Preparation of activated carbon from black wattle bark waste and its application for phenol adsorption. J Environ Chem Eng 7:103396Alhashimi HA, Aktas CB (2017) Life cycle environmental and economic performance of biochar compared with activated carbon: a meta-analysis. Resour Conserv Recycl 118:13–26The Foreign Agricultural Services (USDA). https://www.fas.usda.gov. Accessed 30 May 2022Tang D, Cheng Z (2018) From basic research to molecular breeding—Chinese Scientists play a central role in boosting world rice production. Genom Prot Bioinform 16:389–392Baird RB (2017) Standard methods for the examination of water and waste water, vol 21. AWWA, APHA & WPCF, WashingtonKumirska J, Czerwicka M, Kaczyński Z, Bychowska A, Brzozowski K, Thöming J, Stepnowski P (2010) Application of spectroscopic methods for structural analysis of chitin and chitosan. Mar Drugs 8:1567–1636Escudero LB, Smichowski PN, Dotto GL (2017) Macroalgae of Iridaea cordata as an efficient biosorbent to remove hazardous cationic dyes from aqueous solutions. Water Sci Technol 76:3379–3391El-Khaiary MI, Malash GF (2011) Common data analysis errors in batch adsorption studies. Hydrometallurgy 105:314–320Pohndorf RS, Cadaval TRS Jr, Pinto LAA (2016) Kinetics and thermodynamics adsorption of carotenoids and chlorophylls in rice bran oil bleaching. J Food Eng 185:9–16Javadinejad S, Ostad-Ali-Askari K, Jafary F (2019) Using simulation model to determine the regulation and to optimize the quantity of chlorine injection in water distribution networks. Model Earth Syst Environ 5:1015–1023Ostad-Ali-Askari K, Shayannejad M, Ghorbanizadeh-Kharazi H (2017) Artificial neural network for modeling nitrate pollution of groundwater in marginal area of Zayandeh-rood River, Isfahan. Iran. KSCE J Civ Eng 21:134–140Luangkiattikhun P, Tangsathitkulchai C, Tangsathitkulchai M (2008) Nonisothermal thermogravimetric analysis of oil-palm solid wastes. Bioresour Technol 99(5):986–997Ndazi BS, Nyahumwa CW, Tesha J (2008) Chemical and thermal stability of rice husks against alkali treatment. BioResources 3:1267–1277Yeng LC, Wahit MU, Othman N (2015) Thermal and flexural properties of regenerated cellulose (RC)/poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) biocomposites. J Teknol 75:107–112Morán JI, Alvarez VA, Cyras VP, Vázquez A (2008) Extraction of cellulose and preparation of nanocellulose from sisal fibers. Cellulose 15:149–159Ludueña L, Fasce D, Alvarez VA, Stefani PM (2011) Nanocellulose from rice husk following alkaline treatment to remove silica. BioResources 6:1440–1453Wanga S, Wanga Q, Hua YM, Xub SN, Hea ZX, Ji HS (2015) Study on the synergistic co-pyrolysis behaviors of mixed rice husk and two types of seaweed by a combined TG-FTIR technique. J Anal Appl Pyrol 114:109–118Halimatun SH, Farah NO, Jiangyu Z, Minato W (2021) Enhanced crystallinity and thermal properties of cellulose from rice husk using acid hydrolysis treatment. Carbohydr Polym 260:117789Chen K, Zhang T, Chen X, He Y, Liang X (2018) Model construction of micro-pores in shale: a case study of silurian longmaxi formation shale in dianqianbei area. SW China Petrol Explor Dev 45(3):412–4216152125AdsorptionLubricating oilRice huskAdsorption capacitiesPublicationORIGINALTreatment of residual lubricating oil using rice husk-based material as ecological adsorbent.pdfTreatment of residual lubricating oil using rice husk-based material as ecological adsorbent.pdfArtículoapplication/pdf59451https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/f0ff540f-6d55-452f-92a2-559574e5ca86/downloadc50532d57cef73912c8d05a3fc3968daMD51LICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-814828https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/7313cfc9-148b-47ab-859b-574715648b2a/download2f9959eaf5b71fae44bbf9ec84150c7aMD52TEXTTreatment of residual lubricating oil using rice husk-based material as ecological adsorbent.pdf.txtTreatment of residual lubricating oil using rice husk-based material as ecological adsorbent.pdf.txtExtracted texttext/plain1816https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/7d0e90e5-39af-4589-9c1e-fc53bcbfb2a7/download734bc362ad9eebd535cc7e62f3c9a26aMD53THUMBNAILTreatment of residual lubricating oil using rice husk-based material as ecological adsorbent.pdf.jpgTreatment of residual lubricating oil using rice husk-based material as ecological adsorbent.pdf.jpgGenerated Thumbnailimage/jpeg14028https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/b72ff3b4-25f1-4a60-8df2-55edb43b3700/download008b5320838d37a76f5000fe321b8b86MD5411323/9932oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/99322024-09-17 10:56:04.744https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/© 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. Part of Springer Nature.open.accesshttps://repositorio.cuc.edu.coRepositorio de la Universidad de la Costa 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ada en las Obras Colectivas.

b.	Distribuir copias o fonogramas de las Obras, exhibirlas públicamente, ejecutarlas públicamente y/o ponerlas a disposición pública, incluyéndolas como incorporadas en Obras Colectivas, según corresponda.

c.	Distribuir copias de las Obras Derivadas que se generen, exhibirlas públicamente, ejecutarlas públicamente y/o ponerlas a disposición pública.
Los derechos mencionados anteriormente pueden ser ejercidos en todos los medios y formatos, actualmente conocidos o que se inventen en el futuro. Los derechos antes mencionados incluyen el derecho a realizar dichas modificaciones en la medida que sean técnicamente necesarias para ejercer los derechos en otro medio o formatos, pero de otra manera usted no está autorizado para realizar obras derivadas. Todos los derechos no otorgados expresamente por el Licenciante quedan por este medio reservados, incluyendo pero sin limitarse a aquellos que se mencionan en las secciones 4(d) y 4(e).

4. Restricciones.
La licencia otorgada en la anterior Sección 3 está expresamente sujeta y limitada por las siguientes restricciones:

a.	Usted puede distribuir, exhibir públicamente, ejecutar públicamente, o poner a disposición pública la Obra sólo bajo las condiciones de esta Licencia, y Usted debe incluir una copia de esta licencia o del Identificador Universal de Recursos de la misma con cada copia de la Obra que distribuya, exhiba públicamente, ejecute públicamente o ponga a disposición pública. No es posible ofrecer o imponer ninguna condición sobre la Obra que altere o limite las condiciones de esta Licencia o el ejercicio de los derechos de los destinatarios otorgados en este documento. No es posible sublicenciar la Obra. Usted debe mantener intactos todos los avisos que hagan referencia a esta Licencia y a la cláusula de limitación de garantías. Usted no puede distribuir, exhibir públicamente, ejecutar públicamente, o poner a disposición pública la Obra con alguna medida tecnológica que controle el acceso o la utilización de ella de una forma que sea inconsistente con las condiciones de esta Licencia. Lo anterior se aplica a la Obra incorporada a una Obra Colectiva, pero esto no exige que la Obra Colectiva aparte de la obra misma quede sujeta a las condiciones de esta Licencia. Si Usted crea una Obra Colectiva, previo aviso de cualquier Licenciante debe, en la medida de lo posible, eliminar de la Obra Colectiva cualquier referencia a dicho Licenciante o al Autor Original, según lo solicitado por el Licenciante y conforme lo exige la cláusula 4(c).

b.	Usted no puede ejercer ninguno de los derechos que le han sido otorgados en la Sección 3 precedente de modo que estén principalmente destinados o directamente dirigidos a conseguir un provecho comercial o una compensación monetaria privada. El intercambio de la Obra por otras obras protegidas por derechos de autor, ya sea a través de un sistema para compartir archivos digitales (digital file-sharing) o de cualquier otra manera no será considerado como estar destinado principalmente o dirigido directamente a conseguir un provecho comercial o una compensación monetaria privada, siempre que no se realice un pago mediante una compensación monetaria en relación con el intercambio de obras protegidas por el derecho de autor.

c.	Si usted distribuye, exhibe públicamente, ejecuta públicamente o ejecuta públicamente en forma digital la Obra o cualquier Obra Derivada u Obra Colectiva, Usted debe mantener intacta toda la información de derecho de autor de la Obra y proporcionar, de forma razonable según el medio o manera que Usted esté utilizando: (i) el nombre del Autor Original si está provisto (o seudónimo, si fuere aplicable), y/o (ii) el nombre de la parte o las partes que el Autor Original y/o el Licenciante hubieren designado para la atribución (v.g., un instituto patrocinador, editorial, publicación) en la información de los derechos de autor del Licenciante, términos de servicios o de otras formas razonables; el título de la Obra si está provisto; en la medida de lo razonablemente factible y, si está provisto, el Identificador Uniforme de Recursos (Uniform Resource Identifier) que el Licenciante especifica para ser asociado con la Obra, salvo que tal URI no se refiera a la nota sobre los derechos de autor o a la información sobre el licenciamiento de la Obra; y en el caso de una Obra Derivada, atribuir el crédito identificando el uso de la Obra en la Obra Derivada (v.g., "Traducción Francesa de la Obra del Autor Original," o "Guión Cinematográfico basado en la Obra original del Autor Original"). Tal crédito puede ser implementado de cualquier forma razonable; en el caso, sin embargo, de Obras Derivadas u Obras Colectivas, tal crédito aparecerá, como mínimo, donde aparece el crédito de cualquier otro autor comparable y de una manera, al menos, tan destacada como el crédito de otro autor comparable.

d.	Para evitar toda confusión, el Licenciante aclara que, cuando la obra es una composición musical:

i.	Regalías por interpretación y ejecución bajo licencias generales. El Licenciante se reserva el derecho exclusivo de autorizar la ejecución pública o la ejecución pública digital de la obra y de recolectar, sea individualmente o a través de una sociedad de gestión colectiva de derechos de autor y derechos conexos (por ejemplo, SAYCO), las regalías por la ejecución pública o por la ejecución pública digital de la obra (por ejemplo Webcast) licenciada bajo licencias generales, si la interpretación o ejecución de la obra está primordialmente orientada por o dirigida a la obtención de una ventaja comercial o una compensación monetaria privada.

ii.	Regalías por Fonogramas. El Licenciante se reserva el derecho exclusivo de recolectar, individualmente o a través de una sociedad de gestión colectiva de derechos de autor y derechos conexos (por ejemplo, los consagrados por la SAYCO), una agencia de derechos musicales o algún agente designado, las regalías por cualquier fonograma que Usted cree a partir de la obra (“versión cover”) y distribuya, en los términos del régimen de derechos de autor, si la creación o distribución de esa versión cover está primordialmente destinada o dirigida a obtener una ventaja comercial o una compensación monetaria privada.

e.	Gestión de Derechos de Autor sobre Interpretaciones y Ejecuciones Digitales (WebCasting). Para evitar toda confusión, el Licenciante aclara que, cuando la obra sea un fonograma, el Licenciante se reserva el derecho exclusivo de autorizar la ejecución pública digital de la obra (por ejemplo, webcast) y de recolectar, individualmente o a través de una sociedad de gestión colectiva de derechos de autor y derechos conexos (por ejemplo, ACINPRO), las regalías por la ejecución pública digital de la obra (por ejemplo, webcast), sujeta a las disposiciones aplicables del régimen de Derecho de Autor, si esta ejecución pública digital está primordialmente dirigida a obtener una ventaja comercial o una compensación monetaria privada.

5. Representaciones, Garantías y Limitaciones de Responsabilidad.
A MENOS QUE LAS PARTES LO ACORDARAN DE OTRA FORMA POR ESCRITO, EL LICENCIANTE OFRECE LA OBRA (EN EL ESTADO EN EL QUE SE ENCUENTRA) “TAL CUAL”, SIN BRINDAR GARANTÍAS DE CLASE ALGUNA RESPECTO DE LA OBRA, YA SEA EXPRESA, IMPLÍCITA, LEGAL O CUALQUIERA OTRA, INCLUYENDO, SIN LIMITARSE A ELLAS, GARANTÍAS DE TITULARIDAD, COMERCIABILIDAD, ADAPTABILIDAD O ADECUACIÓN A PROPÓSITO DETERMINADO, AUSENCIA DE INFRACCIÓN, DE AUSENCIA DE DEFECTOS LATENTES O DE OTRO TIPO, O LA PRESENCIA O AUSENCIA DE ERRORES, SEAN O NO DESCUBRIBLES (PUEDAN O NO SER ESTOS DESCUBIERTOS). ALGUNAS JURISDICCIONES NO PERMITEN LA EXCLUSIÓN DE GARANTÍAS IMPLÍCITAS, EN CUYO CASO ESTA EXCLUSIÓN PUEDE NO APLICARSE A USTED.

6. Limitación de responsabilidad.
A MENOS QUE LO EXIJA EXPRESAMENTE LA LEY APLICABLE, EL LICENCIANTE NO SERÁ RESPONSABLE ANTE USTED POR DAÑO ALGUNO, SEA POR RESPONSABILIDAD EXTRACONTRACTUAL, PRECONTRACTUAL O CONTRACTUAL, OBJETIVA O SUBJETIVA, SE TRATE DE DAÑOS MORALES O PATRIMONIALES, DIRECTOS O INDIRECTOS, PREVISTOS O IMPREVISTOS PRODUCIDOS POR EL USO DE ESTA LICENCIA O DE LA OBRA, AUN CUANDO EL LICENCIANTE HAYA SIDO ADVERTIDO DE LA POSIBILIDAD DE DICHOS DAÑOS. ALGUNAS LEYES NO PERMITEN LA EXCLUSIÓN DE CIERTA RESPONSABILIDAD, EN CUYO CASO ESTA EXCLUSIÓN PUEDE NO APLICARSE A USTED.

7. Término.

a.	Esta Licencia y los derechos otorgados en virtud de ella terminarán automáticamente si Usted infringe alguna condición establecida en ella. Sin embargo, los individuos o entidades que han recibido Obras Derivadas o Colectivas de Usted de conformidad con esta Licencia, no verán terminadas sus licencias, siempre que estos individuos o entidades sigan cumpliendo íntegramente las condiciones de estas licencias. Las Secciones 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, y 8 subsistirán a cualquier terminación de esta Licencia.

b.	Sujeta a las condiciones y términos anteriores, la licencia otorgada aquí es perpetua (durante el período de vigencia de los derechos de autor de la obra). No obstante lo anterior, el Licenciante se reserva el derecho a publicar y/o estrenar la Obra bajo condiciones de licencia diferentes o a dejar de distribuirla en los términos de esta Licencia en cualquier momento; en el entendido, sin embargo, que esa elección no servirá para revocar esta licencia o que deba ser otorgada , bajo los términos de esta licencia), y esta licencia continuará en pleno vigor y efecto a menos que sea terminada como se expresa atrás. La Licencia revocada continuará siendo plenamente vigente y efectiva si no se le da término en las condiciones indicadas anteriormente.

8. Varios.

a.	Cada vez que Usted distribuya o ponga a disposición pública la Obra o una Obra Colectiva, el Licenciante ofrecerá al destinatario una licencia en los mismos términos y condiciones que la licencia otorgada a Usted bajo esta Licencia.

b.	Si alguna disposición de esta Licencia resulta invalidada o no exigible, según la legislación vigente, esto no afectará ni la validez ni la aplicabilidad del resto de condiciones de esta Licencia y, sin acción adicional por parte de los sujetos de este acuerdo, aquélla se entenderá reformada lo mínimo necesario para hacer que dicha disposición sea válida y exigible.

c.	Ningún término o disposición de esta Licencia se estimará renunciada y ninguna violación de ella será consentida a menos que esa renuncia o consentimiento sea otorgado por escrito y firmado por la parte que renuncie o consienta.

d.	Esta Licencia refleja el acuerdo pleno entre las partes respecto a la Obra aquí licenciada. No hay arreglos, acuerdos o declaraciones respecto a la Obra que no estén especificados en este documento. El Licenciante no se verá limitado por ninguna disposición adicional que pueda surgir en alguna comunicación emanada de Usted. Esta Licencia no puede ser modificada sin el consentimiento mutuo por escrito del Licenciante y Usted.
 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