Induction motors with copper rotor: a new opportunity for increasing motor efficiency
The copper rotor induction motor (CURIM) was recently introduced because it has lower rotor fusion losses than the aluminum rotor (ALRIM). Furthermore, with CURIM, it is easier to reach IE4 and IE5 efficiency levels. The CURIM is advantageous for compact motors, escalators, and electric vehicle appl...
- Autores:
-
Viego Felipe, Percy R.
Sousa Santos, Vladimir
Gómez Sarduy, Julio Rafael
Monteagudo Yanes, José Pedro
Quispe, Enrique C.
- Tipo de recurso:
- Article of investigation
- Fecha de publicación:
- 2023
- Institución:
- Corporación Universidad de la Costa
- Repositorio:
- REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
- Idioma:
- eng
- OAI Identifier:
- oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/10399
- Acceso en línea:
- https://hdl.handle.net/11323/10399
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/
- Palabra clave:
- Copper rotor induction motor
Economic feasibility
Electric motors
Energy efficiency
High-efficiency motors
- Rights
- closedAccess
- License
- Atribución-CompartirIgual 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-SA 4.0)
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dc.title.eng.fl_str_mv |
Induction motors with copper rotor: a new opportunity for increasing motor efficiency |
title |
Induction motors with copper rotor: a new opportunity for increasing motor efficiency |
spellingShingle |
Induction motors with copper rotor: a new opportunity for increasing motor efficiency Copper rotor induction motor Economic feasibility Electric motors Energy efficiency High-efficiency motors |
title_short |
Induction motors with copper rotor: a new opportunity for increasing motor efficiency |
title_full |
Induction motors with copper rotor: a new opportunity for increasing motor efficiency |
title_fullStr |
Induction motors with copper rotor: a new opportunity for increasing motor efficiency |
title_full_unstemmed |
Induction motors with copper rotor: a new opportunity for increasing motor efficiency |
title_sort |
Induction motors with copper rotor: a new opportunity for increasing motor efficiency |
dc.creator.fl_str_mv |
Viego Felipe, Percy R. Sousa Santos, Vladimir Gómez Sarduy, Julio Rafael Monteagudo Yanes, José Pedro Quispe, Enrique C. |
dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv |
Viego Felipe, Percy R. Sousa Santos, Vladimir Gómez Sarduy, Julio Rafael Monteagudo Yanes, José Pedro Quispe, Enrique C. |
dc.subject.proposal.eng.fl_str_mv |
Copper rotor induction motor Economic feasibility Electric motors Energy efficiency High-efficiency motors |
topic |
Copper rotor induction motor Economic feasibility Electric motors Energy efficiency High-efficiency motors |
description |
The copper rotor induction motor (CURIM) was recently introduced because it has lower rotor fusion losses than the aluminum rotor (ALRIM). Furthermore, with CURIM, it is easier to reach IE4 and IE5 efficiency levels. The CURIM is advantageous for compact motors, escalators, and electric vehicle applications. However, CURIMs present slip, power factor, temperature increase, and torque decrease problems that must be analyzed. This study compared the economic feasibility of using CURIM with ALRIM by applying discount techniques. A case study was carried out in a sugar company with a cyclical operation, where 5.5 kW motors will be installed in the intermediate conductors of the mill's feeders. The facility works three shifts between 3 and 6 months. The cost increase (CI) of CURIM over ALRIM was between 1.1 and 1.5 times. With 3,600 h/year and 4,000 h/year of operation, the CI greater than 10%, it was found that the payback is more than four years, and the net present value (NPV) grows linearly. |
publishDate |
2023 |
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv |
2023-08-23T21:24:31Z |
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv |
2023-08-23T21:24:31Z |
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv |
2023 |
dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv |
Artículo de revista |
dc.type.coar.spa.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1 |
dc.type.content.spa.fl_str_mv |
Text |
dc.type.driver.spa.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/article |
dc.type.redcol.spa.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ART |
dc.type.version.spa.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion |
dc.type.coarversion.spa.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85 |
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http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1 |
status_str |
publishedVersion |
dc.identifier.issn.spa.fl_str_mv |
2088-8708 |
dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv |
https://hdl.handle.net/11323/10399 |
dc.identifier.doi.none.fl_str_mv |
10.11591/ijece.v13i3.pp2409-2418 |
dc.identifier.eissn.spa.fl_str_mv |
2722-2578 |
dc.identifier.instname.spa.fl_str_mv |
Corporación Universidad de la Costa |
dc.identifier.reponame.spa.fl_str_mv |
REDICUC - Repositorio CUC |
dc.identifier.repourl.spa.fl_str_mv |
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/ |
identifier_str_mv |
2088-8708 10.11591/ijece.v13i3.pp2409-2418 2722-2578 Corporación Universidad de la Costa REDICUC - Repositorio CUC |
url |
https://hdl.handle.net/11323/10399 https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/ |
dc.language.iso.spa.fl_str_mv |
eng |
language |
eng |
dc.relation.ispartofjournal.spa.fl_str_mv |
International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering |
dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv |
[1] D. Liang, J. Yu, X. Yang, and V. Zhou, “Copper rotor motors in China,” in 2013 International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems (ICEMS), Oct. 2013, pp. 2031–2034, doi: 10.1109/ICEMS.2013.6713191. [2] D. Liang, L. Gao, and V. Zhou, “Recent trend development for high performance copper rotor motors in China,” in 2018 21st International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems (ICEMS), Oct. 2018, pp. 2571–2575, doi: 10.23919/ICEMS.2018.8549253. [3] S. Lie and C. Di Pietro, “Copper die-cast rotor efficiency improvement and economic consideration,” IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 419–424, 1995, doi: 10.1109/60.464863. [4] D. Liang, X. Yang, J. Yu, and V. Zhou, “Experience in China on the die-casting of copper rotors for induction motors,” in 2012 XXth International Conference on Electrical Machines, Sep. 2012, pp. 256–260, doi: 10.1109/ICElMach.2012.6349874. [5] D. T. Peters, J. G. Cowie, E. F. Brush, and D. J. Van Son, “Copper in the squirrel cage for improved motor performance,” in IEEE International Electric Machines and Drives Conference 2003, IEMDC’03, vol. 2, 2002, pp. 1265–1271, doi: 10.1109/IEMDC.2003.1210402. [6] S. Yamamoto, “Overview of the latest research and development for copper die-cast squirrel-cage rotors,” in 2018 International Power Electronics Conference (IPEC-Niigata 2018 -ECCE Asia), May 2018, pp. 1949–1954, doi: 10.23919/IPEC.2018.8507971. [7] D. Liang and V. Zhou, “Recent market and technical trends in copper rotors for high-efficiency induction motors,” in 2018 International Power Electronics Conference (IPEC-Niigata 2018 -ECCE Asia), May 2018, pp. 1943–1948, doi: 10.23919/IPEC.2018.8507879. [8] M. Thieman, R. Kamm, and J. Jorstad, “Copper motor rotors: Energy saving efficiency, now also economic feasibility,” in 2007 Electrical Insulation Conference and Electrical Manufacturing Expo, Oct. 2007, pp. 328–333, doi: 10.1109/EEIC.2007.4562637. [9] R. Yabiku, R. Fialho, L. Teran, A. Santos, E. Rangel, and D. Dutra, “A comparative study between copper and aluminum induction squirrel cage constructions,” in 2010 Record of Conference Papers Industry Applications Society 57th Annual Petroleum and Chemical Industry Conference (PCIC), Sep. 2010, pp. 1–9, doi: 10.1109/PCIC.2010.5666832. [10] ANSI, “Motors and generators,” NEMA, 2016, Accessed Feb. 02, 2022. [Online]. Available: https://www.nema.org/docs/defaultsource/standards-document-library/ansi_nema-mg-1-2016-contents-and-foreword.pdf?sfvrsn=f27547b8_1 [11] D. T. Peters, E. F. Brush, and J. L. Kirtley, “Die-cast copper rotors as strategy for improving induction motor efficiency,” in 2007 Electrical Insulation Conference and Electrical Manufacturing Expo, Oct. 2007, pp. 322–327, doi: 10.1109/EEIC.2007.4562636. [12] Q. Zhang, H. Liu, Z. Zhang, and T. Song, “A cast copper rotor induction motor for small commercial EV traction: Electromagnetic design, analysis, and experimental tests,” CES Transactions on Electrical Machines and Systems, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 417–424, Dec. 2018, doi: 10.30941/CESTEMS.2018.00053. [13] M. Popescu, N. Riviere, G. Volpe, M. Villani, G. Fabri, and L. di Leonardo, “A copper rotor induction motor solution for electrical vehicles traction system,” in 2019 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE), Sep. 2019, pp. 3924–3930, doi: 10.1109/ECCE.2019.8912248. [14] V. Mallard, G. Parent, C. Demian, J.-F. Brudny, and A. Delamotte, “Increasing the energy efficiency of induction machines by the use of grain-oriented magnetic materials and die casting copper squirrel cage in the rotor,” IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, vol. 55, no. 2, pp. 1280–1289, Mar. 2019, doi: 10.1109/TIA.2018.2873532. [15] A. Marfoli, M. Di Nardo, M. Degano, C. Gerada, and W. Chen, “Rotor design optimization of squirrel cage induction motor-part I: problem statement,” IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, vol. 36, no. 2, pp. 1271–1279, Jun. 2021, doi: 10.1109/TEC.2020.3019934. [16] M. Di Nardo, A. Marfoli, M. Degano, C. Gerada, and W. Chen, “Rotor design optimization of squirrel cage induction motor-part II: results discussion,” IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, vol. 36, no. 2, pp. 1280–1288, Jun. 2021, doi: 10.1109/TEC.2020.3020263. [17] D. Fodorean, C.-V. Pop, and D.-C. Popa, “Electromagnetic and structural analysis of an induction motor with copper rotor bars used in automotive applications,” in 2021 IEEE 6th International Forum on Research and Technology for Society and Industry (RTSI), Sep. 2021, pp. 340–345, doi: 10.1109/RTSI50628.2021.9597235. [18] A. T. De Almeida, F. J. T. E. Ferreira, and A. Q. Duarte, “Technical and economical considerations on super high-efficiency three-phase motors,” IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, vol. 50, no. 2, pp. 1274–1285, Mar. 2014, doi: 10.1109/TIA.2013.2272548. [19] P. R. Viego, J. R. Gómez, and E. A. Padrón, “New syncronous high-efficiency motors,” Universidad y Sociedad, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 205–211, 2020. Accessed Jan. 21, 2022. [Online]. Available: http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S2218- 36202020000200205&lng=es&tlng=es [20] P. R. Viego-Felipe, J. R. Gómez-Sarduy, V. Sousa-Santos, and E. C. Quispe-Oqueña, “Permanent magnet assisted synchronous reluctance motors: A new advance in electric motors development,” (in Spanish), Ingeniería, investigación y tecnología, vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 269–279, Jul. 2018, doi: 10.22201/fi.25940732e.2018.19n3.023. [21] P. R. Viego, V. Sousa, J. R. Gómez, and E. C. Quispe, “Direct-on-line-start permanent-magnet-assisted synchronous reluctance motors with ferrite magnets for driving constant loads,” International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE), vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 651–659, Feb. 2020, doi: 10.11591/ijece.v10i1.pp651-659. [22] G. C. Mechler, “Manufacturing and cost analysis for aluminum and copper die cast induction motors for GM’s powertrain and R&D Divisions,” Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2010. [23] A. Marfoli, M. DiNardo, M. Degano, C. Gerada, and W. Jara, “Squirrel cage induction motor: a design-based comparison between aluminium and copper cages,” IEEE Open Journal of Industry Applications, vol. 2, pp. 110–120, 2021, doi: 10.1109/OJIA.2021.3073820. [24] H.-R. Noh, H.-S. Shin, C.-M. Kim, and K.-C. Kim, “A study on the effect of rotor bars of induction motor for electric vehicle,” in 2021 24th International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems (ICEMS), Oct. 2021, pp. 1415–1418, doi: 10.23919/ICEMS52562.2021.9634599. [25] Ministerio de Justicia, “System for the formation of electricity rates for the collection of electricity service: Gaceta Oficial No. 26,” (in Spanish) Gaceta Oficial No. 26 (Extraordinaria), La Habana, Cuba, 2021. Accessed: Apr. 13, 2021. [Online]. Available: https://www.gacetaoficial.gob.cu/sites/default/files/goc-2021-ex26_0_0.pdf. [26] J. C. Andreas, Energy-efficient electric motors: selection and application. United States: Marcel Dekker, Inc.,New York, NY, 1982. [27] M. J. Landt and A. D. Reed, “Project evaluation,” in Archaeological Data Recovery in the Piceance and Wyoming Basins of Northwestern Colorado and Southwestern Wyoming, Archaeopress Publishing Ltd, 2018, pp. 333–336. [28] Siemens Industry, “General purpose low voltage cast iron frame motors,” Siemens Industry, USA, 2011. Accessed Dec. 13, 2021. [Online]. Available: https://assets.new.siemens.com/siemens/assets/api/uuid:ff39a5d9-875a-4f16-bf17-79beae7a11c7/nemageneral-purpose-motors-cast-iron-gp100-brochure.pdf [29] R. Saidur and T. M. I. Mahlia, “Energy, economic and environmental benefits of using high-efficiency motors to replace standard motors for the Malaysian industries,” Energy Policy, vol. 38, no. 8, pp. 4617–4625, Aug. 2010, doi: 10.1016/j.enpol.2010.04.017. [30] B. Cassoret, J. Manata, V. Mallard, and D. Roger, “Comparative life cycle assessment of induction machines made with copper‐cage or aluminium‐cage rotors,” IET Electric Power Applications, vol. 13, no. 6, pp. 712–719, Jun. 2019, doi: 10.1049/ietepa.2018.5401. |
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Atribución-CompartirIgual 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-SA 4.0)© Copyright 2023 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/closedAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_14cbViego Felipe, Percy R.Sousa Santos, VladimirGómez Sarduy, Julio RafaelMonteagudo Yanes, José PedroQuispe, Enrique C.2023-08-23T21:24:31Z2023-08-23T21:24:31Z20232088-8708https://hdl.handle.net/11323/1039910.11591/ijece.v13i3.pp2409-24182722-2578Corporación Universidad de la CostaREDICUC - Repositorio CUChttps://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/The copper rotor induction motor (CURIM) was recently introduced because it has lower rotor fusion losses than the aluminum rotor (ALRIM). Furthermore, with CURIM, it is easier to reach IE4 and IE5 efficiency levels. The CURIM is advantageous for compact motors, escalators, and electric vehicle applications. However, CURIMs present slip, power factor, temperature increase, and torque decrease problems that must be analyzed. This study compared the economic feasibility of using CURIM with ALRIM by applying discount techniques. A case study was carried out in a sugar company with a cyclical operation, where 5.5 kW motors will be installed in the intermediate conductors of the mill's feeders. The facility works three shifts between 3 and 6 months. The cost increase (CI) of CURIM over ALRIM was between 1.1 and 1.5 times. With 3,600 h/year and 4,000 h/year of operation, the CI greater than 10%, it was found that the payback is more than four years, and the net present value (NPV) grows linearly.11 páginasapplication/pdfengInstitute of Advanced Engineering and Science (IAES)Indonesiahttps://www.scopus.com/record/display.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85149151268&doi=10.11591%2fijece.v13i3.pp2409-2418&origin=inward&txGid=a31bc40dd93a23eaad300cd65a313e64Induction motors with copper rotor: a new opportunity for increasing motor efficiencyArtículo de revistahttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1Textinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARTinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering[1] D. Liang, J. Yu, X. Yang, and V. Zhou, “Copper rotor motors in China,” in 2013 International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems (ICEMS), Oct. 2013, pp. 2031–2034, doi: 10.1109/ICEMS.2013.6713191.[2] D. Liang, L. Gao, and V. Zhou, “Recent trend development for high performance copper rotor motors in China,” in 2018 21st International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems (ICEMS), Oct. 2018, pp. 2571–2575, doi: 10.23919/ICEMS.2018.8549253.[3] S. Lie and C. Di Pietro, “Copper die-cast rotor efficiency improvement and economic consideration,” IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 419–424, 1995, doi: 10.1109/60.464863.[4] D. Liang, X. Yang, J. Yu, and V. Zhou, “Experience in China on the die-casting of copper rotors for induction motors,” in 2012 XXth International Conference on Electrical Machines, Sep. 2012, pp. 256–260, doi: 10.1109/ICElMach.2012.6349874.[5] D. T. Peters, J. G. Cowie, E. F. Brush, and D. J. Van Son, “Copper in the squirrel cage for improved motor performance,” in IEEE International Electric Machines and Drives Conference 2003, IEMDC’03, vol. 2, 2002, pp. 1265–1271, doi: 10.1109/IEMDC.2003.1210402.[6] S. Yamamoto, “Overview of the latest research and development for copper die-cast squirrel-cage rotors,” in 2018 International Power Electronics Conference (IPEC-Niigata 2018 -ECCE Asia), May 2018, pp. 1949–1954, doi: 10.23919/IPEC.2018.8507971.[7] D. Liang and V. Zhou, “Recent market and technical trends in copper rotors for high-efficiency induction motors,” in 2018 International Power Electronics Conference (IPEC-Niigata 2018 -ECCE Asia), May 2018, pp. 1943–1948, doi: 10.23919/IPEC.2018.8507879.[8] M. Thieman, R. Kamm, and J. Jorstad, “Copper motor rotors: Energy saving efficiency, now also economic feasibility,” in 2007 Electrical Insulation Conference and Electrical Manufacturing Expo, Oct. 2007, pp. 328–333, doi: 10.1109/EEIC.2007.4562637.[9] R. Yabiku, R. Fialho, L. Teran, A. Santos, E. Rangel, and D. Dutra, “A comparative study between copper and aluminum induction squirrel cage constructions,” in 2010 Record of Conference Papers Industry Applications Society 57th Annual Petroleum and Chemical Industry Conference (PCIC), Sep. 2010, pp. 1–9, doi: 10.1109/PCIC.2010.5666832.[10] ANSI, “Motors and generators,” NEMA, 2016, Accessed Feb. 02, 2022. [Online]. Available: https://www.nema.org/docs/defaultsource/standards-document-library/ansi_nema-mg-1-2016-contents-and-foreword.pdf?sfvrsn=f27547b8_1[11] D. T. Peters, E. F. Brush, and J. L. Kirtley, “Die-cast copper rotors as strategy for improving induction motor efficiency,” in 2007 Electrical Insulation Conference and Electrical Manufacturing Expo, Oct. 2007, pp. 322–327, doi: 10.1109/EEIC.2007.4562636.[12] Q. Zhang, H. Liu, Z. Zhang, and T. Song, “A cast copper rotor induction motor for small commercial EV traction: Electromagnetic design, analysis, and experimental tests,” CES Transactions on Electrical Machines and Systems, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 417–424, Dec. 2018, doi: 10.30941/CESTEMS.2018.00053.[13] M. Popescu, N. Riviere, G. Volpe, M. Villani, G. Fabri, and L. di Leonardo, “A copper rotor induction motor solution for electrical vehicles traction system,” in 2019 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE), Sep. 2019, pp. 3924–3930, doi: 10.1109/ECCE.2019.8912248.[14] V. Mallard, G. Parent, C. Demian, J.-F. Brudny, and A. Delamotte, “Increasing the energy efficiency of induction machines by the use of grain-oriented magnetic materials and die casting copper squirrel cage in the rotor,” IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, vol. 55, no. 2, pp. 1280–1289, Mar. 2019, doi: 10.1109/TIA.2018.2873532.[15] A. Marfoli, M. Di Nardo, M. Degano, C. Gerada, and W. Chen, “Rotor design optimization of squirrel cage induction motor-part I: problem statement,” IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, vol. 36, no. 2, pp. 1271–1279, Jun. 2021, doi: 10.1109/TEC.2020.3019934.[16] M. Di Nardo, A. Marfoli, M. Degano, C. Gerada, and W. Chen, “Rotor design optimization of squirrel cage induction motor-part II: results discussion,” IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, vol. 36, no. 2, pp. 1280–1288, Jun. 2021, doi: 10.1109/TEC.2020.3020263.[17] D. Fodorean, C.-V. Pop, and D.-C. Popa, “Electromagnetic and structural analysis of an induction motor with copper rotor bars used in automotive applications,” in 2021 IEEE 6th International Forum on Research and Technology for Society and Industry (RTSI), Sep. 2021, pp. 340–345, doi: 10.1109/RTSI50628.2021.9597235.[18] A. T. De Almeida, F. J. T. E. Ferreira, and A. Q. Duarte, “Technical and economical considerations on super high-efficiency three-phase motors,” IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, vol. 50, no. 2, pp. 1274–1285, Mar. 2014, doi: 10.1109/TIA.2013.2272548.[19] P. R. Viego, J. R. Gómez, and E. A. Padrón, “New syncronous high-efficiency motors,” Universidad y Sociedad, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 205–211, 2020. Accessed Jan. 21, 2022. [Online]. Available: http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S2218- 36202020000200205&lng=es&tlng=es[20] P. R. Viego-Felipe, J. R. Gómez-Sarduy, V. Sousa-Santos, and E. C. Quispe-Oqueña, “Permanent magnet assisted synchronous reluctance motors: A new advance in electric motors development,” (in Spanish), Ingeniería, investigación y tecnología, vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 269–279, Jul. 2018, doi: 10.22201/fi.25940732e.2018.19n3.023.[21] P. R. Viego, V. Sousa, J. R. Gómez, and E. C. Quispe, “Direct-on-line-start permanent-magnet-assisted synchronous reluctance motors with ferrite magnets for driving constant loads,” International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE), vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 651–659, Feb. 2020, doi: 10.11591/ijece.v10i1.pp651-659.[22] G. C. Mechler, “Manufacturing and cost analysis for aluminum and copper die cast induction motors for GM’s powertrain and R&D Divisions,” Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2010.[23] A. Marfoli, M. DiNardo, M. Degano, C. Gerada, and W. Jara, “Squirrel cage induction motor: a design-based comparison between aluminium and copper cages,” IEEE Open Journal of Industry Applications, vol. 2, pp. 110–120, 2021, doi: 10.1109/OJIA.2021.3073820.[24] H.-R. Noh, H.-S. Shin, C.-M. Kim, and K.-C. 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Roger, “Comparative life cycle assessment of induction machines made with copper‐cage or aluminium‐cage rotors,” IET Electric Power Applications, vol. 13, no. 6, pp. 712–719, Jun. 2019, doi: 10.1049/ietepa.2018.5401.24182409313Copper rotor induction motorEconomic feasibilityElectric motorsEnergy efficiencyHigh-efficiency motorsPublicationORIGINALInduction motors with copper rotor. a new opportunity for increasing motor efficiency.pdfInduction motors with copper rotor. a new opportunity for increasing motor efficiency.pdfArtículoapplication/pdf651394https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/ebee9f5f-e042-4f51-8e5a-ebf84c73dcea/downloadaa3ad06193529cc61ea05854a1637f38MD51LICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-814828https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/63fcccab-4efd-4af8-aec3-d788afd336e1/download2f9959eaf5b71fae44bbf9ec84150c7aMD52TEXTInduction motors with copper rotor. a new opportunity for increasing motor efficiency.pdf.txtInduction motors with copper rotor. a new opportunity for increasing motor efficiency.pdf.txtExtracted texttext/plain44140https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/1e40115b-506f-4028-857b-56d465ee6a4b/download7e7e2a8855ee0dd0f48e4873fef7353dMD53THUMBNAILInduction motors with copper rotor. a new opportunity for increasing motor efficiency.pdf.jpgInduction motors with copper rotor. a new opportunity for increasing motor efficiency.pdf.jpgGenerated Thumbnailimage/jpeg14011https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/97a01195-4621-4b2c-a3f1-b5435a3e6b73/download1eac07b81f0d5358cc4c63c1b1407d1dMD5411323/10399oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/103992024-09-16 16:38:17.951https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/© Copyright 2023 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.open.accesshttps://repositorio.cuc.edu.coRepositorio de la Universidad de la Costa 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ada en las Obras Colectivas.

b.	Distribuir copias o fonogramas de las Obras, exhibirlas públicamente, ejecutarlas públicamente y/o ponerlas a disposición pública, incluyéndolas como incorporadas en Obras Colectivas, según corresponda.

c.	Distribuir copias de las Obras Derivadas que se generen, exhibirlas públicamente, ejecutarlas públicamente y/o ponerlas a disposición pública.
Los derechos mencionados anteriormente pueden ser ejercidos en todos los medios y formatos, actualmente conocidos o que se inventen en el futuro. Los derechos antes mencionados incluyen el derecho a realizar dichas modificaciones en la medida que sean técnicamente necesarias para ejercer los derechos en otro medio o formatos, pero de otra manera usted no está autorizado para realizar obras derivadas. Todos los derechos no otorgados expresamente por el Licenciante quedan por este medio reservados, incluyendo pero sin limitarse a aquellos que se mencionan en las secciones 4(d) y 4(e).

4. Restricciones.
La licencia otorgada en la anterior Sección 3 está expresamente sujeta y limitada por las siguientes restricciones:

a.	Usted puede distribuir, exhibir públicamente, ejecutar públicamente, o poner a disposición pública la Obra sólo bajo las condiciones de esta Licencia, y Usted debe incluir una copia de esta licencia o del Identificador Universal de Recursos de la misma con cada copia de la Obra que distribuya, exhiba públicamente, ejecute públicamente o ponga a disposición pública. No es posible ofrecer o imponer ninguna condición sobre la Obra que altere o limite las condiciones de esta Licencia o el ejercicio de los derechos de los destinatarios otorgados en este documento. No es posible sublicenciar la Obra. Usted debe mantener intactos todos los avisos que hagan referencia a esta Licencia y a la cláusula de limitación de garantías. Usted no puede distribuir, exhibir públicamente, ejecutar públicamente, o poner a disposición pública la Obra con alguna medida tecnológica que controle el acceso o la utilización de ella de una forma que sea inconsistente con las condiciones de esta Licencia. Lo anterior se aplica a la Obra incorporada a una Obra Colectiva, pero esto no exige que la Obra Colectiva aparte de la obra misma quede sujeta a las condiciones de esta Licencia. Si Usted crea una Obra Colectiva, previo aviso de cualquier Licenciante debe, en la medida de lo posible, eliminar de la Obra Colectiva cualquier referencia a dicho Licenciante o al Autor Original, según lo solicitado por el Licenciante y conforme lo exige la cláusula 4(c).

b.	Usted no puede ejercer ninguno de los derechos que le han sido otorgados en la Sección 3 precedente de modo que estén principalmente destinados o directamente dirigidos a conseguir un provecho comercial o una compensación monetaria privada. El intercambio de la Obra por otras obras protegidas por derechos de autor, ya sea a través de un sistema para compartir archivos digitales (digital file-sharing) o de cualquier otra manera no será considerado como estar destinado principalmente o dirigido directamente a conseguir un provecho comercial o una compensación monetaria privada, siempre que no se realice un pago mediante una compensación monetaria en relación con el intercambio de obras protegidas por el derecho de autor.

c.	Si usted distribuye, exhibe públicamente, ejecuta públicamente o ejecuta públicamente en forma digital la Obra o cualquier Obra Derivada u Obra Colectiva, Usted debe mantener intacta toda la información de derecho de autor de la Obra y proporcionar, de forma razonable según el medio o manera que Usted esté utilizando: (i) el nombre del Autor Original si está provisto (o seudónimo, si fuere aplicable), y/o (ii) el nombre de la parte o las partes que el Autor Original y/o el Licenciante hubieren designado para la atribución (v.g., un instituto patrocinador, editorial, publicación) en la información de los derechos de autor del Licenciante, términos de servicios o de otras formas razonables; el título de la Obra si está provisto; en la medida de lo razonablemente factible y, si está provisto, el Identificador Uniforme de Recursos (Uniform Resource Identifier) que el Licenciante especifica para ser asociado con la Obra, salvo que tal URI no se refiera a la nota sobre los derechos de autor o a la información sobre el licenciamiento de la Obra; y en el caso de una Obra Derivada, atribuir el crédito identificando el uso de la Obra en la Obra Derivada (v.g., "Traducción Francesa de la Obra del Autor Original," o "Guión Cinematográfico basado en la Obra original del Autor Original"). Tal crédito puede ser implementado de cualquier forma razonable; en el caso, sin embargo, de Obras Derivadas u Obras Colectivas, tal crédito aparecerá, como mínimo, donde aparece el crédito de cualquier otro autor comparable y de una manera, al menos, tan destacada como el crédito de otro autor comparable.

d.	Para evitar toda confusión, el Licenciante aclara que, cuando la obra es una composición musical:

i.	Regalías por interpretación y ejecución bajo licencias generales. El Licenciante se reserva el derecho exclusivo de autorizar la ejecución pública o la ejecución pública digital de la obra y de recolectar, sea individualmente o a través de una sociedad de gestión colectiva de derechos de autor y derechos conexos (por ejemplo, SAYCO), las regalías por la ejecución pública o por la ejecución pública digital de la obra (por ejemplo Webcast) licenciada bajo licencias generales, si la interpretación o ejecución de la obra está primordialmente orientada por o dirigida a la obtención de una ventaja comercial o una compensación monetaria privada.

ii.	Regalías por Fonogramas. El Licenciante se reserva el derecho exclusivo de recolectar, individualmente o a través de una sociedad de gestión colectiva de derechos de autor y derechos conexos (por ejemplo, los consagrados por la SAYCO), una agencia de derechos musicales o algún agente designado, las regalías por cualquier fonograma que Usted cree a partir de la obra (“versión cover”) y distribuya, en los términos del régimen de derechos de autor, si la creación o distribución de esa versión cover está primordialmente destinada o dirigida a obtener una ventaja comercial o una compensación monetaria privada.

e.	Gestión de Derechos de Autor sobre Interpretaciones y Ejecuciones Digitales (WebCasting). Para evitar toda confusión, el Licenciante aclara que, cuando la obra sea un fonograma, el Licenciante se reserva el derecho exclusivo de autorizar la ejecución pública digital de la obra (por ejemplo, webcast) y de recolectar, individualmente o a través de una sociedad de gestión colectiva de derechos de autor y derechos conexos (por ejemplo, ACINPRO), las regalías por la ejecución pública digital de la obra (por ejemplo, webcast), sujeta a las disposiciones aplicables del régimen de Derecho de Autor, si esta ejecución pública digital está primordialmente dirigida a obtener una ventaja comercial o una compensación monetaria privada.

5. Representaciones, Garantías y Limitaciones de Responsabilidad.
A MENOS QUE LAS PARTES LO ACORDARAN DE OTRA FORMA POR ESCRITO, EL LICENCIANTE OFRECE LA OBRA (EN EL ESTADO EN EL QUE SE ENCUENTRA) “TAL CUAL”, SIN BRINDAR GARANTÍAS DE CLASE ALGUNA RESPECTO DE LA OBRA, YA SEA EXPRESA, IMPLÍCITA, LEGAL O CUALQUIERA OTRA, INCLUYENDO, SIN LIMITARSE A ELLAS, GARANTÍAS DE TITULARIDAD, COMERCIABILIDAD, ADAPTABILIDAD O ADECUACIÓN A PROPÓSITO DETERMINADO, AUSENCIA DE INFRACCIÓN, DE AUSENCIA DE DEFECTOS LATENTES O DE OTRO TIPO, O LA PRESENCIA O AUSENCIA DE ERRORES, SEAN O NO DESCUBRIBLES (PUEDAN O NO SER ESTOS DESCUBIERTOS). ALGUNAS JURISDICCIONES NO PERMITEN LA EXCLUSIÓN DE GARANTÍAS IMPLÍCITAS, EN CUYO CASO ESTA EXCLUSIÓN PUEDE NO APLICARSE A USTED.

6. Limitación de responsabilidad.
A MENOS QUE LO EXIJA EXPRESAMENTE LA LEY APLICABLE, EL LICENCIANTE NO SERÁ RESPONSABLE ANTE USTED POR DAÑO ALGUNO, SEA POR RESPONSABILIDAD EXTRACONTRACTUAL, PRECONTRACTUAL O CONTRACTUAL, OBJETIVA O SUBJETIVA, SE TRATE DE DAÑOS MORALES O PATRIMONIALES, DIRECTOS O INDIRECTOS, PREVISTOS O IMPREVISTOS PRODUCIDOS POR EL USO DE ESTA LICENCIA O DE LA OBRA, AUN CUANDO EL LICENCIANTE HAYA SIDO ADVERTIDO DE LA POSIBILIDAD DE DICHOS DAÑOS. ALGUNAS LEYES NO PERMITEN LA EXCLUSIÓN DE CIERTA RESPONSABILIDAD, EN CUYO CASO ESTA EXCLUSIÓN PUEDE NO APLICARSE A USTED.

7. Término.

a.	Esta Licencia y los derechos otorgados en virtud de ella terminarán automáticamente si Usted infringe alguna condición establecida en ella. Sin embargo, los individuos o entidades que han recibido Obras Derivadas o Colectivas de Usted de conformidad con esta Licencia, no verán terminadas sus licencias, siempre que estos individuos o entidades sigan cumpliendo íntegramente las condiciones de estas licencias. Las Secciones 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, y 8 subsistirán a cualquier terminación de esta Licencia.

b.	Sujeta a las condiciones y términos anteriores, la licencia otorgada aquí es perpetua (durante el período de vigencia de los derechos de autor de la obra). No obstante lo anterior, el Licenciante se reserva el derecho a publicar y/o estrenar la Obra bajo condiciones de licencia diferentes o a dejar de distribuirla en los términos de esta Licencia en cualquier momento; en el entendido, sin embargo, que esa elección no servirá para revocar esta licencia o que deba ser otorgada , bajo los términos de esta licencia), y esta licencia continuará en pleno vigor y efecto a menos que sea terminada como se expresa atrás. La Licencia revocada continuará siendo plenamente vigente y efectiva si no se le da término en las condiciones indicadas anteriormente.

8. Varios.

a.	Cada vez que Usted distribuya o ponga a disposición pública la Obra o una Obra Colectiva, el Licenciante ofrecerá al destinatario una licencia en los mismos términos y condiciones que la licencia otorgada a Usted bajo esta Licencia.

b.	Si alguna disposición de esta Licencia resulta invalidada o no exigible, según la legislación vigente, esto no afectará ni la validez ni la aplicabilidad del resto de condiciones de esta Licencia y, sin acción adicional por parte de los sujetos de este acuerdo, aquélla se entenderá reformada lo mínimo necesario para hacer que dicha disposición sea válida y exigible.

c.	Ningún término o disposición de esta Licencia se estimará renunciada y ninguna violación de ella será consentida a menos que esa renuncia o consentimiento sea otorgado por escrito y firmado por la parte que renuncie o consienta.

d.	Esta Licencia refleja el acuerdo pleno entre las partes respecto a la Obra aquí licenciada. No hay arreglos, acuerdos o declaraciones respecto a la Obra que no estén especificados en este documento. El Licenciante no se verá limitado por ninguna disposición adicional que pueda surgir en alguna comunicación emanada de Usted. Esta Licencia no puede ser modificada sin el consentimiento mutuo por escrito del Licenciante y Usted.
 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