The role of experience, perceived match importance, and anxiety on cortisol response in an official esports competition

The aim of the present study was to analyse the neuroendocrine stress response, psychological anxiety response, and perceived match importance (PMI) between expert and non-expert control gamers in an official competitive context. We analyzed, in 25 expert esports players and 20 control participants,...

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Autores:
Mendoza, Guillermo
Clemente-Suárez, Vicente Javier
Alvero Cruz, José Ramón
Rivilla, Iván
García Romero, Jerónimo Carmelo
Fernández-Nava, Manuel
Carrillo Albornoz Gil, Margarita
Jiménez, Manuel
Tipo de recurso:
Article of journal
Fecha de publicación:
2021
Institución:
Corporación Universidad de la Costa
Repositorio:
REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
Idioma:
eng
OAI Identifier:
oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/8298
Acceso en línea:
https://hdl.handle.net/11323/8298
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18062893
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/
Palabra clave:
Esport
Stress
Competition
Cortisol
Anxiety
Rights
openAccess
License
CC0 1.0 Universal
id RCUC2_f21a568d22d32d692490b7724af362a7
oai_identifier_str oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/8298
network_acronym_str RCUC2
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repository_id_str
dc.title.spa.fl_str_mv The role of experience, perceived match importance, and anxiety on cortisol response in an official esports competition
title The role of experience, perceived match importance, and anxiety on cortisol response in an official esports competition
spellingShingle The role of experience, perceived match importance, and anxiety on cortisol response in an official esports competition
Esport
Stress
Competition
Cortisol
Anxiety
title_short The role of experience, perceived match importance, and anxiety on cortisol response in an official esports competition
title_full The role of experience, perceived match importance, and anxiety on cortisol response in an official esports competition
title_fullStr The role of experience, perceived match importance, and anxiety on cortisol response in an official esports competition
title_full_unstemmed The role of experience, perceived match importance, and anxiety on cortisol response in an official esports competition
title_sort The role of experience, perceived match importance, and anxiety on cortisol response in an official esports competition
dc.creator.fl_str_mv Mendoza, Guillermo
Clemente-Suárez, Vicente Javier
Alvero Cruz, José Ramón
Rivilla, Iván
García Romero, Jerónimo Carmelo
Fernández-Nava, Manuel
Carrillo Albornoz Gil, Margarita
Jiménez, Manuel
dc.contributor.author.spa.fl_str_mv Mendoza, Guillermo
Clemente-Suárez, Vicente Javier
Alvero Cruz, José Ramón
Rivilla, Iván
García Romero, Jerónimo Carmelo
Fernández-Nava, Manuel
Carrillo Albornoz Gil, Margarita
Jiménez, Manuel
dc.subject.spa.fl_str_mv Esport
Stress
Competition
Cortisol
Anxiety
topic Esport
Stress
Competition
Cortisol
Anxiety
description The aim of the present study was to analyse the neuroendocrine stress response, psychological anxiety response, and perceived match importance (PMI) between expert and non-expert control gamers in an official competitive context. We analyzed, in 25 expert esports players and 20 control participants, modifications in their somatic anxiety, cognitive anxiety, self-confidence, PMI, and cortisol in a League of Legends competition. We found how expert esports players presented higher cortisol concentrations (Z = 155.5; p = 0.03; Cohen’s d = −0.66), cognitive anxiety (Z = 99.5; p = 0.001), and PMI (Z = 50.5; p < 0.001) before the competition than non-experts participants. We found a greater statistical weight in the cognitive variables than in the physiological ones. The results obtained suggest that real competitive context and player’s expertise were factors associated with an anticipatory stress response. The PMI proved to be a differentiating variable between both groups, highlighting the necessity to include subjective variables that contrast objective measurements.
publishDate 2021
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv 2021-05-31T16:00:05Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv 2021-05-31T16:00:05Z
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv 2021
dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv Artículo de revista
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dc.identifier.issn.spa.fl_str_mv 1660-4601
1661-7827
dc.identifier.uri.spa.fl_str_mv https://hdl.handle.net/11323/8298
dc.identifier.doi.spa.fl_str_mv https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18062893
dc.identifier.instname.spa.fl_str_mv Corporación Universidad de la Costa
dc.identifier.reponame.spa.fl_str_mv REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
dc.identifier.repourl.spa.fl_str_mv https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/
identifier_str_mv 1660-4601
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Corporación Universidad de la Costa
REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
url https://hdl.handle.net/11323/8298
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18062893
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/
dc.language.iso.none.fl_str_mv eng
language eng
dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv 1. Pedraza-Ramirez, I.; Musculus, L.; Raab, M.; Laborde, S. Setting the scientific stage for esports psychology: A systematic review. Int. Rev. Sport Exerc. Psychol. 2020, 13, 319–352. [CrossRef]
2. Bányai, F.; Griffiths, M.D.; Demetrovics, Z.; Király, O. The mediating effect of motivations between psychiatric distress and gaming disorder among esport gamers and recreational gamers. Compr. Psychiatry 2019, 94, 152117. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
3. Behnke, M.; Kosakowski, M.; Kaczmarek, L.D. Social challenge and threat predict performance and cardiovascular responses during competitive video gaming. Psychol. Sport Exerc. 2020, 46, 101584. [CrossRef]
4. García-Lanzo, S.; Chamarro, A. Basic psychological needs, passion and motivations in amateur and semiprofessional eSports players. Aloma. Rev. Psicol. Ciènc. l’Educ. l’Esport 2018, 36, 59–68.
5. Gong, D.; Ma, W.; Liu, T.; Yan, Y.; Yao, D. Electronic-Sports Experience Related to Functional Enhancement in Central Executive and Default Mode Areas. Neural Plast. 2019, 2019, 1–7. [CrossRef]
6. Hamari, J.; Sjöblom, M. What is eSports and why do people watch it? Internet Res. 2017, 27, 211–232. [CrossRef]
7. Mora-Cantallops, M.; Sicilia, M.-Á. Team efficiency and network structure: The case of professional League of Legends. Soc. Netw. 2019, 58, 105–115. [CrossRef]
8. Parshakov, P.; Zavertiaeva, M. Determinants of performance in eSports: A country-level Analysis. Int. J. Sport Financ. 2018, 13, 34–51.
9. Martonˇcik, M. e-Sports: Playing just for fun or playing to satisfy life goals? Comput. Hum. Behav. 2015, 48, 208–211. [CrossRef]
10. Sousa, A.; Ahmad, S.L.; Hassan, T.; Yuen, K.; Douris, P.; Zwibel, H.; DiFrancisco-Donoghue, J. Physiological and cognitive functions following a discrete session of competitive esports gaming. Front. Psychol. 2020, 11. [CrossRef]
11. Number of League of Legends MAU 2011–2016 Published by Statista Research Department, 13 September 2016. This Statistic Illustrates the Number of League of Legends (LoL) Monthly Active Users Worldwide from 2011 to 2016. In 2016, LoL had 100 Million MAU, Up from. Available online: https://www.statista.com/statistics/317099/number-lol-registered-users-worldwide/ (accessed on 10 March 2021).
12. Mora-Cantallops, M.; Sicilia, M.-Á. MOBA games: A literature review. Entertain. Comput. 2018, 26, 128–138. [CrossRef]
13. Sun, Y. Scholar Commons Motivation To Play Esports: Case of League of Legends Motivation to Play Esports: Case of League of Legends. 2017. Available online: https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/etd (accessed on 10 March 2021).
14. Salvador, A.; Costa, R. Coping with competition: Neuroendocrine responses and cognitive variables. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 2009, 33, 160–170. [CrossRef]
15. Jiménez, M.; Aguilar, R.; Alvero-Cruz, J.R. Effects of victory and defeat on testosterone and cortisol response to competition: Evidence for same response patterns in men and women. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2012, 37, 1577–1581. [CrossRef]
16. Aguilar, R.; Jimenez, M.; Alvero-Cruz, J.R. Testosterone, cortisol and anxiety in elite field hockey players. Physiol. Behav. 2013, 119, 38–42. [CrossRef]
17. Jiménez, M.; Alvero-Cruz, J.R.; Solla, J.; García-Bastida, J.; García-Coll, V.; Rivilla, I.; Ruiz, E.; García-Romero, J.; Carnero, E.A.; Clemente-Suárez, V.J. Competition Seriousness and Competition Level Modulate Testosterone and Cortisol Responses in Soccer Players. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 350. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
18. Mendoza, G.; Jiménez, M.; García-Romero, J.; García-Bastida, J.; Rivilla, I.; De Albornoz-Gil, M.C.; Baron-Lopez, F.J.; Benítez-Porres, J.; Alvero-Cruz, J.R. Challenging the Top Player: A Preliminary Study on Testosterone Response to An Official Chess Tournament. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 1204. [CrossRef]
19. Belinchón-Demiguel, P.; Clemente-Suárez, V.J. Psychophysiological, Body Composition, Biomechanical and Autonomic Modulation Analysis Procedures in an Ultraendurance Mountain Race. J. Med. Syst. 2018, 42, 1–5. [CrossRef]
20. Belinchón-deMiguel, P.; Ruisoto, P.; Knechtle, B.; Nikolaidis, P.T.; Herrera-Tapias, B.; Clemente-Suárez, V.J. Predictors of athlete´s performance in ultra-endurance mountain races. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2021, 18, 956. [CrossRef]
21. Casto, K.V.; Edwards, D.A. Testosterone, cortisol, and human competition. Horm. Behav. 2016, 82, 21–37. [CrossRef]
22. Thibodeau, M.A.; Gómez-Pérez, L.; Asmundson, G.J. Objective and perceived arousal during performance of tasks with elements of social threat: The influence of anxiety sensitivity. J. Behav. Ther. Exp. Psychiatry 2012, 43, 967–974. [CrossRef]
23. Hormeño-Holgado, A.J.; Nikolaidis, P.T.; Clemente-Suárez, V.J. Psychophysiological Patterns Related to Success in a Special Operation Selection Course. Front. Physiol. 2019, 10, 867. [CrossRef]
24. Hormeño-Holgado, A.J.; Perez-Martinez, M.A.; Clemente-Suárez, V.J. Psychophysiological response of air mobile protection teams in an air accident manoeuvre. Physiol. Behav. 2019, 199, 79–83. [CrossRef]
25. Van Paridon, K.N.; A Timmis, M.; Nevison, C.M.; Bristow, M. The anticipatory stress response to sport competition; a systematic review with meta-analysis of cortisol reactivity. BMJ Open Sport Exerc. Med. 2017, 3, 1–11. [CrossRef]
26. Aliyari, H.; Kazemi, M.; Tekieh, E.; Salehi, M.; Sahraei, H.; Daliri, M.R.; Agaei, H.; Minaei-Bidgoli, B.; Lashgari, R.; Srahian, N.; et al. The Effects of Fifa 2015 Computer Games on Changes in Cognitive, Hormonal and Brain Waves Functions of Young Men Volunteers. Basic Clin. Neurosci. J. 2015, 6, 193–201.
27. Gray, P.B.; Vuong, J.; Zava, D.T.; McHale, T.S. Testing men’s hormone responses to playing League of Legends: No changes in testosterone, cortisol, DHEA or androstenedione but decreases in aldosterone. Comput. Hum. Behav. 2018, 83, 230–234. [CrossRef]
28. Chaput, J.-P.; Visby, T.; Nyby, S.; Klingenberg, L.; Gregersen, N.T.; Tremblay, A.; Astrup, A.; Sjödin, A. Video game playing increases food intake in adolescents: A randomized crossover study. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2011, 93, 1196–1203. [CrossRef]
29. Oxford, J.; Ponzi, D.; Geary, D.C. Hormonal responses differ when playing violent video games against an ingroup and outgroup. Evol. Hum. Behav. 2010, 31, 201–209. [CrossRef]
30. Clemente-Suárez, V.J.; Fernández, R.J.; de Jesús, K.; Pelarigo, J.G.; Arroyo-Toledo, J.J.; Vilas-Boas, J.P. Do traditional and reverse swimming training periodizations lead to similar aerobic performance improvements? J. Sports. Med. Phy. Fit. 2018, 58, 761–767.
31. Ramírez-Adrados, A.; Fernández-Martínez, S.; Martínez-Pascual, B.; Gonzalez-de-Ramos, C.; Fernández-Elías, V.E.; ClementeSuárez, V.J. Psychophysiological stress response of physiotherapy last year students in his final degree dissertation. Physiol. Behav. 2020, 222, 112928. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
32. Bustamante-Sánchez, Á.; Clemente-Suárez, V.J. Psychophysiological Response to Disorientation Training in Different Aircraft Pilots. Appl. Psychophysiol. Biofeedback 2020, 45, 241–247. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
33. Schmidt, S.C.E.; Gnam, J.-P.; Kopf, M.; Rathgeber, T.; Woll, A. The Influence of Cortisol, Flow, and Anxiety on Performance in E-Sports: A Field Study. BioMed. Res. Int. 2020, 2020, 1–6. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
34. Leis, O.; Lautenbach, F. Psychological and physiological stress in non-competitive and competitive esports settings: A systematic review. Psychol. Sport Exerc. 2020, 51, 101738. [CrossRef]
35. Lindstedt, J.K.; Gray, W.D. Distinguishing experts from novices by the Mind’s Hand and Mind’s Eye. Cogn. Psychol. 2019, 109, 1–25. [CrossRef]
36. Ding, Y.; Hu, X.; Li, J.; Ye, J.; Wang, F.; Zhang, D. What Makes a Champion: The Behavioral and Neural Correlates of Expertise in Multiplayer Online Battle Arena Games. Int. J. Hum. Comput. Interact. 2018, 34, 1–13. [CrossRef]
37. Kokkinakis, A.V.; Cowling, P.I.; Drachen, A.; Wade, A.R. Exploring the relationship between video game expertise and fluid intelligence. PLoS ONE 2017, 12, e0186621. [CrossRef]
38. Edwards, D.A.; Kurlander, L.S. Women’s intercollegiate volleyball and tennis: Effects of warm-up, competition, and practice on saliva levels of cortisol and testosterone. Horm. Behav. 2010, 58, 606–613. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
39. Mangine, G.T.; Kliszczewicz, B.M.; Boone, J.B.; Williamson-Reisdorph, C.M.; Bechke, E.E. Pre-Anticipatory Anxiety and Autonomic Nervous System Response to Two Unique Fitness Competition Workouts. Sports 2019, 7, 199. [CrossRef]
40. Sánchez-Molina, J.; Tronero-Aguilera, J.F.; Clemente-Suárez, V.J. Psychophysiological respond in a swimming ultraendurance event. J. Sports Med. Phys. Fit. 2020, 61, 140–145. [CrossRef]
41. Turner, P.E.; Raglin, J.S. Variability in precompetition anxiety and performance in college track and field athletes. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 1996. [CrossRef]
42. Martens, R.; Vealey, R.S.; Burton, D. Competitive Anxiety in Sports; Human Kinetics: Champaign, IL, USA, 1990; pp. 117–190.
43. Himmelstein, D.; Liu, Y.; Shapiro, J.L. An Exploration of Mental Skills Among Competitive League of Legend Players. Int. J. Gaming Comput. Mediat. Simul. 2017, 9, 1–21. [CrossRef]
44. Battacchi, M.; Palomba, D.; Stegagno, L.; Baldaro, B. Arousal, perceived arousal and emotions. Int. J. Psychophysiol. 1989, 7, 134. [CrossRef]
45. Goette, L.; Bendahan, S.; Thoresen, J.; Hollis, F.; Sandi, C. Stress pulls us apart: Anxiety leads to differences in competitive confidence under stress. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2015, 54, 115–123. [CrossRef]
46. Castaneda, L.; Sidhu, M.K.; Azose, J.J.; Swanson, T. Game Play Differences by Expertise Level in Dota 2, A Complex Multiplayer Video Game. Int. J. Gaming Comput. Mediat. Simul. 2016, 8, 1–24. [CrossRef]
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spelling Mendoza, GuillermoClemente-Suárez, Vicente JavierAlvero Cruz, José RamónRivilla, IvánGarcía Romero, Jerónimo CarmeloFernández-Nava, ManuelCarrillo Albornoz Gil, MargaritaJiménez, Manuel2021-05-31T16:00:05Z2021-05-31T16:00:05Z20211660-46011661-7827https://hdl.handle.net/11323/8298https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18062893Corporación Universidad de la CostaREDICUC - Repositorio CUChttps://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/The aim of the present study was to analyse the neuroendocrine stress response, psychological anxiety response, and perceived match importance (PMI) between expert and non-expert control gamers in an official competitive context. We analyzed, in 25 expert esports players and 20 control participants, modifications in their somatic anxiety, cognitive anxiety, self-confidence, PMI, and cortisol in a League of Legends competition. We found how expert esports players presented higher cortisol concentrations (Z = 155.5; p = 0.03; Cohen’s d = −0.66), cognitive anxiety (Z = 99.5; p = 0.001), and PMI (Z = 50.5; p < 0.001) before the competition than non-experts participants. We found a greater statistical weight in the cognitive variables than in the physiological ones. The results obtained suggest that real competitive context and player’s expertise were factors associated with an anticipatory stress response. The PMI proved to be a differentiating variable between both groups, highlighting the necessity to include subjective variables that contrast objective measurements.Mendoza, GuillermoClemente-Suárez, Vicente Javier-will be generated-orcid-0000-0002-2397-2801-600Alvero Cruz, José Ramón-will be generated-orcid-0000-0002-8941-6226-600Rivilla, Iván-will be generated-orcid-0000-0002-1533-8069-600García Romero, Jerónimo Carmelo-will be generated-orcid-0000-0003-1450-3541-600Fernández-Nava, ManuelCarrillo Albornoz Gil, Margarita-will be generated-orcid-0000-0001-6115-559X-600Jiménez, Manuelapplication/pdfengCorporación Universidad de la CostaCC0 1.0 Universalhttp://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Healthhttps://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/6/2893/htmEsportStressCompetitionCortisolAnxietyThe role of experience, perceived match importance, and anxiety on cortisol response in an official esports competitionArtículo de revistahttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1Textinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARTinfo:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion1. Pedraza-Ramirez, I.; Musculus, L.; Raab, M.; Laborde, S. Setting the scientific stage for esports psychology: A systematic review. Int. Rev. Sport Exerc. Psychol. 2020, 13, 319–352. [CrossRef]2. Bányai, F.; Griffiths, M.D.; Demetrovics, Z.; Király, O. The mediating effect of motivations between psychiatric distress and gaming disorder among esport gamers and recreational gamers. Compr. Psychiatry 2019, 94, 152117. [CrossRef] [PubMed]3. Behnke, M.; Kosakowski, M.; Kaczmarek, L.D. Social challenge and threat predict performance and cardiovascular responses during competitive video gaming. Psychol. Sport Exerc. 2020, 46, 101584. [CrossRef]4. García-Lanzo, S.; Chamarro, A. Basic psychological needs, passion and motivations in amateur and semiprofessional eSports players. Aloma. Rev. Psicol. Ciènc. l’Educ. l’Esport 2018, 36, 59–68.5. Gong, D.; Ma, W.; Liu, T.; Yan, Y.; Yao, D. Electronic-Sports Experience Related to Functional Enhancement in Central Executive and Default Mode Areas. Neural Plast. 2019, 2019, 1–7. [CrossRef]6. Hamari, J.; Sjöblom, M. What is eSports and why do people watch it? Internet Res. 2017, 27, 211–232. [CrossRef]7. Mora-Cantallops, M.; Sicilia, M.-Á. Team efficiency and network structure: The case of professional League of Legends. Soc. Netw. 2019, 58, 105–115. [CrossRef]8. Parshakov, P.; Zavertiaeva, M. Determinants of performance in eSports: A country-level Analysis. Int. J. Sport Financ. 2018, 13, 34–51.9. Martonˇcik, M. e-Sports: Playing just for fun or playing to satisfy life goals? Comput. Hum. Behav. 2015, 48, 208–211. [CrossRef]10. Sousa, A.; Ahmad, S.L.; Hassan, T.; Yuen, K.; Douris, P.; Zwibel, H.; DiFrancisco-Donoghue, J. Physiological and cognitive functions following a discrete session of competitive esports gaming. Front. Psychol. 2020, 11. [CrossRef]11. Number of League of Legends MAU 2011–2016 Published by Statista Research Department, 13 September 2016. This Statistic Illustrates the Number of League of Legends (LoL) Monthly Active Users Worldwide from 2011 to 2016. In 2016, LoL had 100 Million MAU, Up from. Available online: https://www.statista.com/statistics/317099/number-lol-registered-users-worldwide/ (accessed on 10 March 2021).12. Mora-Cantallops, M.; Sicilia, M.-Á. MOBA games: A literature review. Entertain. Comput. 2018, 26, 128–138. [CrossRef]13. Sun, Y. Scholar Commons Motivation To Play Esports: Case of League of Legends Motivation to Play Esports: Case of League of Legends. 2017. Available online: https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/etd (accessed on 10 March 2021).14. Salvador, A.; Costa, R. Coping with competition: Neuroendocrine responses and cognitive variables. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 2009, 33, 160–170. [CrossRef]15. Jiménez, M.; Aguilar, R.; Alvero-Cruz, J.R. Effects of victory and defeat on testosterone and cortisol response to competition: Evidence for same response patterns in men and women. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2012, 37, 1577–1581. [CrossRef]16. Aguilar, R.; Jimenez, M.; Alvero-Cruz, J.R. Testosterone, cortisol and anxiety in elite field hockey players. Physiol. Behav. 2013, 119, 38–42. [CrossRef]17. Jiménez, M.; Alvero-Cruz, J.R.; Solla, J.; García-Bastida, J.; García-Coll, V.; Rivilla, I.; Ruiz, E.; García-Romero, J.; Carnero, E.A.; Clemente-Suárez, V.J. Competition Seriousness and Competition Level Modulate Testosterone and Cortisol Responses in Soccer Players. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 350. [CrossRef] [PubMed]18. Mendoza, G.; Jiménez, M.; García-Romero, J.; García-Bastida, J.; Rivilla, I.; De Albornoz-Gil, M.C.; Baron-Lopez, F.J.; Benítez-Porres, J.; Alvero-Cruz, J.R. Challenging the Top Player: A Preliminary Study on Testosterone Response to An Official Chess Tournament. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 1204. [CrossRef]19. Belinchón-Demiguel, P.; Clemente-Suárez, V.J. Psychophysiological, Body Composition, Biomechanical and Autonomic Modulation Analysis Procedures in an Ultraendurance Mountain Race. J. Med. Syst. 2018, 42, 1–5. [CrossRef]20. Belinchón-deMiguel, P.; Ruisoto, P.; Knechtle, B.; Nikolaidis, P.T.; Herrera-Tapias, B.; Clemente-Suárez, V.J. Predictors of athlete´s performance in ultra-endurance mountain races. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2021, 18, 956. [CrossRef]21. Casto, K.V.; Edwards, D.A. Testosterone, cortisol, and human competition. Horm. Behav. 2016, 82, 21–37. [CrossRef]22. Thibodeau, M.A.; Gómez-Pérez, L.; Asmundson, G.J. Objective and perceived arousal during performance of tasks with elements of social threat: The influence of anxiety sensitivity. J. Behav. Ther. Exp. Psychiatry 2012, 43, 967–974. [CrossRef]23. Hormeño-Holgado, A.J.; Nikolaidis, P.T.; Clemente-Suárez, V.J. Psychophysiological Patterns Related to Success in a Special Operation Selection Course. Front. Physiol. 2019, 10, 867. [CrossRef]24. 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