Biological alternatives combined with Naphthaleneacetic Acid (NA) for the management of Plasmodiophora brassicae Woronin in cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. var. Botrytis)

Introduction— Club root can cause yield losses in crucifers between 70% to 80% and it is a serious problem of crucifers in Colombia. Objective— To evaluate biological alternatives combined with Naphthaleneacetic Acid (NA) for the management of P. brassicae in cauliflower under the conditions of the...

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Autores:: Castellanos González, Leonides
Fuentes Rodríguez, Yerson Yair
Villamizar Valencia, Cristhian Jair

Tipo de recurso:: Article of journal

Fecha de publicación:: 2022

Institución:: Corporación Universidad de la Costa

Repositorio:: REDICUC - Repositorio CUC

Idioma:: eng

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dc.title.eng.fl_str_mv	Biological alternatives combined with Naphthaleneacetic Acid (NA) for the management of Plasmodiophora brassicae Woronin in cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. var. Botrytis)
dc.title.translated.none.fl_str_mv	Alternativas biológicas combinadas con ácido naftalenacético (ANA) para el manejo de Plasmodiophora brassicae Woronin en coliflor (Brassica oleracea L. var. Botrytis)
title	Biological alternatives combined with Naphthaleneacetic Acid (NA) for the management of Plasmodiophora brassicae Woronin in cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. var. Botrytis)
spellingShingle	Biological alternatives combined with Naphthaleneacetic Acid (NA) for the management of Plasmodiophora brassicae Woronin in cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. var. Botrytis) Antagonists Phytopathogen Club root disease of crucifers Cleaner production Antagonistas Fitopatógeno Enfermedad de la raíz del palo de las crucíferas Producción más limpia
title_short	Biological alternatives combined with Naphthaleneacetic Acid (NA) for the management of Plasmodiophora brassicae Woronin in cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. var. Botrytis)
title_full	Biological alternatives combined with Naphthaleneacetic Acid (NA) for the management of Plasmodiophora brassicae Woronin in cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. var. Botrytis)
title_fullStr	Biological alternatives combined with Naphthaleneacetic Acid (NA) for the management of Plasmodiophora brassicae Woronin in cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. var. Botrytis)
title_full_unstemmed	Biological alternatives combined with Naphthaleneacetic Acid (NA) for the management of Plasmodiophora brassicae Woronin in cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. var. Botrytis)
title_sort	Biological alternatives combined with Naphthaleneacetic Acid (NA) for the management of Plasmodiophora brassicae Woronin in cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. var. Botrytis)
dc.creator.fl_str_mv	Castellanos González, Leonides Fuentes Rodríguez, Yerson Yair Villamizar Valencia, Cristhian Jair
dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv	Castellanos González, Leonides Fuentes Rodríguez, Yerson Yair Villamizar Valencia, Cristhian Jair
dc.subject.proposal.eng.fl_str_mv	Antagonists Phytopathogen Club root disease of crucifers Cleaner production
topic	Antagonists Phytopathogen Club root disease of crucifers Cleaner production Antagonistas Fitopatógeno Enfermedad de la raíz del palo de las crucíferas Producción más limpia
dc.subject.proposal.spa.fl_str_mv	Antagonistas Fitopatógeno Enfermedad de la raíz del palo de las crucíferas Producción más limpia
description	Introduction— Club root can cause yield losses in crucifers between 70% to 80% and it is a serious problem of crucifers in Colombia. Objective— To evaluate biological alternatives combined with Naphthaleneacetic Acid (NA) for the management of P. brassicae in cauliflower under the conditions of the municipality of Mutiscua. Methodology— A randomized block experimental design with six treatments and three replications was established in a cauliflower culture, comparing commercial products based on the antagonist microorganisms Trichoderma harzianum, Bacillus subtilis and Burkholderia cepacia + NA, NA alone, a treatment with lime as a production standard and a whiteness. Ten plants were evaluated per experimental unit; height, stem diameter, number of leaves and incidence and severity of the disease. Finally, with the results obtained, a cost benefit analysis was developed. Results— The results showed that the applications of the biological products T. harzianum and B. subtilis combined with the growth regulator NA, although they do not curatively control the disease, reduce it when applied preventively. The cost-benefit ratio was more favorable for T. harzianum + NA, followed by lime. Although with low effectiveness, lime treatment was the cheapest alternative. Conclusions— Trichoderma harziaanum + NA, as applied in the experiment, and lime constitute non-chemical alternatives feasible for use by farmers for disease management.
publishDate	2022
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv	2022
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv	2023-02-15T16:55:36Z
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dc.identifier.citation.spa.fl_str_mv	L. Castellanos González. Y. Fuentes Rodríguez & C. Villamizar Valencia. “Biological alternatives combined with Naphthaleneacetic Acid (NA) for the management of Plasmodiophora brassicae Woronin in cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. var. Botrytis),” INGECUC, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 260–276, 2022. DOI: http://doi.org/10.17981/ingecuc.18.1.2022.19
dc.identifier.issn.spa.fl_str_mv	0122-6517
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dc.identifier.doi.none.fl_str_mv	10.17981/ingecuc.18.1.2022.19
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identifier_str_mv	L. Castellanos González. Y. Fuentes Rodríguez & C. Villamizar Valencia. “Biological alternatives combined with Naphthaleneacetic Acid (NA) for the management of Plasmodiophora brassicae Woronin in cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. var. Botrytis),” INGECUC, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 260–276, 2022. DOI: http://doi.org/10.17981/ingecuc.18.1.2022.19 0122-6517 10.17981/ingecuc.18.1.2022.19 2382-4700 Corporación Universidad de la Costa REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
url	https://hdl.handle.net/11323/9914 https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/
dc.language.iso.spa.fl_str_mv	eng
language	eng
dc.relation.ispartofjournal.spa.fl_str_mv	INGE CUC
dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv	[1] J. A. Castillo y O. Guerrero, “Efecto de controladores biológicos sobre hernia de las cruciferas en Tabio. Cundinamarca”, INVENTUM, vol. 3, no. 5, pp. 30–40, Jul. 2008. https://doi.org/10.26620/ uniminuto.inventum.3.5.2008.30-40 [2] P. He, W. Cui, S. Munir, P. He, X. Li, Y. Wu, X. Yang, P. Tang & Y. He, “Plasmodiophora brassicae root hair interaction and control by Bacillus subtilis XF-1 in Chinese cabbage,” Bio Control, vol. 128, pp. 56–63, Jan. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2018.09.020 [3] B. D. Gossen, S. E. Strelkov, V. P. Manolii, D. C. Rennie, T. Cao, S. F. Hwang, G. Peng & M. R. McDonald, “Spread of Plasmodiophora brassicae on canola in Canada. 2003–2014: Old pathogen, new home,” Can J Plant Pathol, vol. 37, no. 4. pp. 403–413, Dec. 2015. https://doi.org/10.1080/070 60661.2015.1105871 [4] J. Velandia, “Evaluación de cuatro fungicidas y tres dosis en el control de Plasmodiophora brassicae”, Secc. Hortalizas, ICA, TIBAITATÁ, CO, Informe Anual de Actividades, p. 14–17, 1992. [5] S. Tanaka, S. Kochi, H. Kunita, S. Ito & M. Kameya-Iwaki, “Biological mode of action of the fungicide. flusulfamide. against Plasmodiophora brassicae (clubroot),” Eur J Plant Pathol, vol. 105, no. 6, pp. 577–584, Sept. 1999. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008722005570 [6] D. Towley & R. T. V. Fox, “Control of clubroot disease using cyazofamid and fluazinam fungicides - Abstracts of Offered Papers,” present at 8th. International Congress of Plant Pathology, ICCP, CHC, NZ, Feb. 2-7, 2003. [7] S. Mitani, K. Sugimoto, H. Hayashi, Y. Takii, T. Ohshima & N. Matsuo, “Effects of cyazofamid against Plasmodiophora brassicae Woronin on Chinese cabbage,” Pest Manag Sci SCI, vol. 59, no.3, pp. 287–293, Mar. 2003. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.627 [8] P. A. Abbasi & G. Lazarovits, “Effect of soil application of AG3 phosphonate on the severity of clubroot of bok choy and cabbage caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae,” Plant Dis St Paul, vol. 89, no. 12, pp. 1517–1522, Dec. 2006. https://doi.org/10.1094/PD-90-1517 [9] P. J. Tamayo y J. E. Jaramillo, “Enfermedades de las crucíferas en Colombia”, C. Inv. "La Selva", Rionegro ANT, CO, Boletín Técnico, no. 24, 2004. Disponible en http://hdl.handle. net/20.500.12324/17189 [10] G. Valerín, “Evaluación de la eficacia de ocho fungicidas sintéticos y dos enmiendas en el control de la hernia de las crucíferas Plasmodiophora brassicae Wororin”, Tesis Licenciatura, Ing Agron, Fac Cienc agroalimen, UCR, SJO, CRI, 1917. Disponible en https://hdl.handle.net/10669/76980 [11] Alcaldía Municipal de Mutiscua, Plan de desarrollo municipio Mutiscua 2016-2019, 2016. Disponible en http://www.mutiscua-nortedesantander.gov.co/ [12] M. A. Villegas, Trichoderma Pers. Características generales y su potencial biológico en la agricultura sostenible. VVC, CO: Orius Biotech, 2005. Disponible en https://oriusbiotech.com/ [13] Y. Pérez. L. Castellanos y M. Almarales, “Manejo Integrado de nemátodos (Meloidogyne spp.) para hortalizas en casas de cultivos protegidos”, Tesis Master, Ing Agric, UCF, CF, CU, 2011. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.23148.26244 [14] Y. Ariza y L. Sánchez, “Determinación de metabolitos secundarios a partir de Bacillus subtilis con efecto biocontrolador sobre Fusarium sp”, Nova-Publ Cient Biomed, vol. 10, no. 18, pp. 135–250, Dic. 2012. https://doi.org/10.22490/24629448.1003 [15] Y. Toledo, A. Hernández, M. Álvarez, G. M. Martín y R. Márquez, “Determinación del efecto antagónico de un biopreparado a partir de una cepa de Burkholderia cepacia ante Fusarium sp. en el cultivo del gladiolo (Gladiolus sp.)”, Clvs Trop, vol. 23, no. 4, pp. 11–15, 2002. Disponible en https:// ediciones.inca.edu.cu/index.php/ediciones [16] A. Heinrich & A. Stone, “Clubroot (Plasmodiophora brassicae) control strategies on brassicas”, OSU, OR, USA, OPVC Continuing Project Report, 2014. Disponible en https://horticulture.oregonstate.edu/oregon-vegetables/clubroot-plasmodiophora-brassicae-control-strategies-brassicas-2014 [17] L. Castellanos, G. Martínez, M. Castro y C. Villamizar, “Alternativas para el control de la hernia de las crucíferas en coliflor en el municipio Mutiscua. provincia de Pamplona, Norte de Santander”, Cien Tecnol Agrop, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 75–81, 2019. Disponible en https://ojs.unipamplona.edu.co/ojsviceinves/index.php/rcyta/article/view/1014 [18] A. Botero, “Effect of three Trichoderma species on clubroot disease in cabbage”, Tesis Maestría, Cienc Agr, Fac Agricult Sci, Agronomy Dept, UNAL, BO, CO, 2016. Available: https://repositorio. unal.edu.co/handle/unal/57400 [19] “Hormonagro”, Colinagro, 2013. Disponible en https://www.colinagro.com/reguladores-de-crecimiento/ [20] “Trichox”, Semillas Valle, 2016. Disponible en http://semillasvalle.com/site/bioinsumos/antagonistas/trichox/ [21] “Agrofertas”, Agricultura & Ganadería, 2018. Disponible en https://agrofertas.co/ [22] V. E. Mejia, Coliflor. Importancia Económica y alimenticia, ICA, BO, CO, 1998. Disponible en http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12324/20929 [23] H. J. Moya, Manejo fitosanitario del cultivo de hortalizas. BO, CO: ICA, 2019. Disponible en http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12324/2285 [24] G. Agrios, Plant Pathology. AMS, NL: Elsevier Academic Press, 2005. [25] S. Horiuchi & M. Hori, “A simple greenhouse technique for obtaining high levels of clubroot incidence,” Bull Chugoku Natl Agric Exp Stn E (Environ Div.), no. 17, pp. 33–55, 1980. [26] S. E. Strelkov, J. P. Tewari & E. Smith-Degenhardt, “Characterization of Plasmodiophora brassicae populations from Alberta. Canada,” Can J Plant Pathol, vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 467–474, 2006. https://doi.org/10.1080/07060660609507321 [27] W. Püntener y O. Zahner, Manual de ensayos de campo en producción vegetal, 2 ed. CH: CIBAGeigy, 1981. [28] C. L. Campbell & L. V. Madden, Introduction to Plant Disease Epidemiology. NY, USA: John Wiley & Sons, 1990. [29] R. K. Perrin, D. L. Winkelmann, E.R. Moscardi y J. R. Anderson, Formulación de recomendaciones a partir de datos agronómicos: un manual metodológico de evaluación económica. MX: CIMMYT, 1988. Disponible en https://repository.cimmyt.org/handle/10883/3816 [30] B. Martínez, D. Infante y Y. Reyes, “Trichoderma spp. y su función en el control de plagas en los cultivos”, Rev Prot Veg, vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 1–11, May. 2013. Disponible en http://revistas.censa.edu. cu/index.php/RPV/article/view/41 [31] M. Labrador, E. Del Pozo y I. García, “Efecto de Trichoderma harzianum Rifai sobre Plasmodiophora brassicae Woronin, en brócoli, en la localidad de Escagüey, municipio Rangel, Estado Mérida”, C Agríc, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 85–90, Jun. 2014. Disponible en http://cagricola.uclv.edu.cu/index. php/es/volumen-41-2014/numero-2-2014/33-efecto-de-trichoderma-harzianum-rifai-sobre-plasmodiophora-brassicae-woronin-en-brocoli-en-la-localidad-de-escagueey-municipio-rangel-estado-merida [32] R. Lahlali, G. Peng, B. D. Gossen, L. McGregor, F. Q. Yu, R. K. Hynes, S. F. Hwang, M.R. McDonald & S. M. Boyetchko, “Evidence that the Biofungicide Serenade (Bacillus subtilis) Suppresses Clubroot on Canola via Antibiosis and Induced Host Resistance,” Phytopathology, vol. 103, no. 3, pp. 245–254, Feb. 2013. https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-06-12-0123-R [33] S. F. Hwang, R. Howard, S. Strelkov, B. Gossen & G. Peng, “Management of Clubroot (Plasmodiophora brassicae) on Canola (Brassica napus) in Western Canada,” Can J Plant Pathol, vol. 36, no. (supl1), pp. 49–65, Mar. 2014. https://doi.org/10.1080/07060661.2013.863806 [34] R. Niwa, T. Kumei, Y. Nomura, S. Yoshida, M. Osaki & T. Ezawa, “Increase in soil pH due Carich organic matter application causes suppression of the clubroot disease of crucifers,” Soil Biol Biochem, vol. 39, no. 3, pp. 778–785, Mar. 2007. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2006.09.027 [35] A. Botero, I. Gómez, E. Benítez & C. García, “Liming with dolomite reduce the efficacy of the biocontrol fungus Trichoderma koningiopsis against cabbage clubroot,” Agron Colom, vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 49–57, Apr, 2015. https://doi.org/10.15446/agron.colomb.v33n1.46759 [36] “Fortiraiz”, Ecoagro, 2014. Disponible en http://ecoagro-ec.com/producto/12/forti-raiz [37] N. Y. Telenchana, “Aplicación de productos sello verde en el manejo de la hernia de las crucíferas (Plasmodiophora brassicae) en el cultivo de brócoli (Brassica oleracea L. var. avenger). en las condiciones agroecológicas de Izamba”, Tesis titulación, UTA, AMB, CU, 2015. Disponible en http:// repositorio.uta.edu.ec/jspui/handle/123456789/18284 [38] SPSS. (version 21). IBM. [Online]. Available: https://www.ibm.com/mx-es/products/spss-statistics
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dc.rights.spa.fl_str_mv	Derechos de autor 2021 INGE CUC
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spelling	Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)Derechos de autor 2021 INGE CUChttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Castellanos González, LeonidesFuentes Rodríguez, Yerson YairVillamizar Valencia, Cristhian Jair2023-02-15T16:55:36Z2023-02-15T16:55:36Z2022L. Castellanos González. Y. Fuentes Rodríguez & C. Villamizar Valencia. “Biological alternatives combined with Naphthaleneacetic Acid (NA) for the management of Plasmodiophora brassicae Woronin in cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. var. Botrytis),” INGECUC, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 260–276, 2022. DOI: http://doi.org/10.17981/ingecuc.18.1.2022.190122-6517https://hdl.handle.net/11323/991410.17981/ingecuc.18.1.2022.192382-4700Corporación Universidad de la CostaREDICUC - Repositorio CUChttps://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/Introduction— Club root can cause yield losses in crucifers between 70% to 80% and it is a serious problem of crucifers in Colombia. Objective— To evaluate biological alternatives combined with Naphthaleneacetic Acid (NA) for the management of P. brassicae in cauliflower under the conditions of the municipality of Mutiscua. Methodology— A randomized block experimental design with six treatments and three replications was established in a cauliflower culture, comparing commercial products based on the antagonist microorganisms Trichoderma harzianum, Bacillus subtilis and Burkholderia cepacia + NA, NA alone, a treatment with lime as a production standard and a whiteness. Ten plants were evaluated per experimental unit; height, stem diameter, number of leaves and incidence and severity of the disease. Finally, with the results obtained, a cost benefit analysis was developed. Results— The results showed that the applications of the biological products T. harzianum and B. subtilis combined with the growth regulator NA, although they do not curatively control the disease, reduce it when applied preventively. The cost-benefit ratio was more favorable for T. harzianum + NA, followed by lime. Although with low effectiveness, lime treatment was the cheapest alternative. Conclusions— Trichoderma harziaanum + NA, as applied in the experiment, and lime constitute non-chemical alternatives feasible for use by farmers for disease management.Introducción— La raíz del palo puede causar pérdidas de rendimiento en las crucíferas entre el 70% y el 80% y es un grave problema de las crucíferas en Colombia. Objetivo— Evaluar alternativas biológicas combinadas con Ácido Naftalenoacético (AN) para el manejo de P. brassicae en coliflor en las condiciones del municipio de Mutiscua. Metodología— Se estableció un diseño experimental de bloques al azar con seis tratamientos y tres repeticiones en un cultivo de coliflor, comparando productos comerciales a base de los microorganismos antagonistas Trichoderma harzianum, Bacillus subtilis y Burkholderia cepacia + NA, NA solo, un tratamiento con cal como estándar de producción y un blanco. Se evaluaron diez plantas por unidad experimental; la altura, el diámetro del tallo, el número de hojas y la incidencia y severidad de la enfermedad. Finalmente, con los resultados obtenidos, se desarrolló un análisis coste-beneficio. Resultados— Los resultados mostraron que las aplicaciones de los productos biológicos T. harzianum y B. subtilis combinados con el regulador de crecimiento NA, aunque no controlan curativamente la enfermedad, la reducen cuando se aplican preventivamente. La relación coste-beneficio fue más favorable para T. harzianum + NA, seguido de la cal. Aunque con baja efectividad, el tratamiento con cal fue la alternativa más económica. Conclusiones— Trichoderma harziaanum + NA, tal y como se aplicó en el experimento, y la cal constituyen alternativas no químicas factibles de ser utilizadas por los agricultores para el manejo de enfermedades.17 páginasapplication/pdfenghttps://revistascientificas.cuc.edu.co/ingecuc/article/view/3485Colombiahttps://revistascientificas.cuc.edu.co/ingecuc/article/view/3485Biological alternatives combined with Naphthaleneacetic Acid (NA) for the management of Plasmodiophora brassicae Woronin in cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. var. Botrytis)Alternativas biológicas combinadas con ácido naftalenacético (ANA) para el manejo de Plasmodiophora brassicae Woronin en coliflor (Brassica oleracea L. var. Botrytis)Artículo de revistahttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1Textinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARTinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85INGE CUC[1] J. A. Castillo y O. Guerrero, “Efecto de controladores biológicos sobre hernia de las cruciferas en Tabio. Cundinamarca”, INVENTUM, vol. 3, no. 5, pp. 30–40, Jul. 2008. https://doi.org/10.26620/ uniminuto.inventum.3.5.2008.30-40[2] P. He, W. Cui, S. Munir, P. He, X. Li, Y. Wu, X. Yang, P. Tang & Y. He, “Plasmodiophora brassicae root hair interaction and control by Bacillus subtilis XF-1 in Chinese cabbage,” Bio Control, vol. 128, pp. 56–63, Jan. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2018.09.020[3] B. D. Gossen, S. E. Strelkov, V. P. 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Available: https://www.ibm.com/mx-es/products/spss-statistics276260118AntagonistsPhytopathogenClub root disease of crucifersCleaner productionAntagonistasFitopatógenoEnfermedad de la raíz del palo de las crucíferasProducción más limpiaPublicationORIGINALBiological alternatives combined with Naphthaleneacetic Acid (NA) for the management of Plasmodiophora brassicae Woronin in cauliflower.pdfBiological alternatives combined with Naphthaleneacetic Acid (NA) for the management of Plasmodiophora brassicae Woronin in cauliflower.pdfArtículoapplication/pdf859582https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/b179480a-eb38-4c13-b5b0-87ce8dc206ff/download69f0a995c2bbcd7c191c60ce7874ccdeMD51LICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-814828https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/dbf3d082-4a76-44fd-829b-bfef9a2ce4c3/download2f9959eaf5b71fae44bbf9ec84150c7aMD52TEXTBiological alternatives combined with Naphthaleneacetic Acid (NA) for the management of Plasmodiophora brassicae Woronin in cauliflower.pdf.txtBiological alternatives combined with Naphthaleneacetic Acid (NA) for the management of Plasmodiophora brassicae Woronin in cauliflower.pdf.txtExtracted texttext/plain55004https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/5b426718-fed7-4a76-b494-c69985945858/download9539da8807a16a35ca26597af671cecfMD53THUMBNAILBiological alternatives combined with Naphthaleneacetic Acid (NA) for the management of Plasmodiophora brassicae Woronin in cauliflower.pdf.jpgBiological alternatives combined with Naphthaleneacetic Acid (NA) for the management of Plasmodiophora brassicae Woronin in cauliflower.pdf.jpgGenerated Thumbnailimage/jpeg13145https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/1aef4e55-9aa3-49d2-8da1-31d291f8af06/downloadae8096f874c5394a0e226c2e03366ac0MD5411323/9914oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/99142024-09-17 14:07:24.019https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/Derechos de autor 2021 INGE CUCopen.accesshttps://repositorio.cuc.edu.coRepositorio de la Universidad de la Costa 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ada en las Obras Colectivas.

b.	Distribuir copias o fonogramas de las Obras, exhibirlas públicamente, ejecutarlas públicamente y/o ponerlas a disposición pública, incluyéndolas como incorporadas en Obras Colectivas, según corresponda.

c.	Distribuir copias de las Obras Derivadas que se generen, exhibirlas públicamente, ejecutarlas públicamente y/o ponerlas a disposición pública.
Los derechos mencionados anteriormente pueden ser ejercidos en todos los medios y formatos, actualmente conocidos o que se inventen en el futuro. Los derechos antes mencionados incluyen el derecho a realizar dichas modificaciones en la medida que sean técnicamente necesarias para ejercer los derechos en otro medio o formatos, pero de otra manera usted no está autorizado para realizar obras derivadas. Todos los derechos no otorgados expresamente por el Licenciante quedan por este medio reservados, incluyendo pero sin limitarse a aquellos que se mencionan en las secciones 4(d) y 4(e).

4. Restricciones.
La licencia otorgada en la anterior Sección 3 está expresamente sujeta y limitada por las siguientes restricciones:

a.	Usted puede distribuir, exhibir públicamente, ejecutar públicamente, o poner a disposición pública la Obra sólo bajo las condiciones de esta Licencia, y Usted debe incluir una copia de esta licencia o del Identificador Universal de Recursos de la misma con cada copia de la Obra que distribuya, exhiba públicamente, ejecute públicamente o ponga a disposición pública. No es posible ofrecer o imponer ninguna condición sobre la Obra que altere o limite las condiciones de esta Licencia o el ejercicio de los derechos de los destinatarios otorgados en este documento. No es posible sublicenciar la Obra. Usted debe mantener intactos todos los avisos que hagan referencia a esta Licencia y a la cláusula de limitación de garantías. Usted no puede distribuir, exhibir públicamente, ejecutar públicamente, o poner a disposición pública la Obra con alguna medida tecnológica que controle el acceso o la utilización de ella de una forma que sea inconsistente con las condiciones de esta Licencia. Lo anterior se aplica a la Obra incorporada a una Obra Colectiva, pero esto no exige que la Obra Colectiva aparte de la obra misma quede sujeta a las condiciones de esta Licencia. Si Usted crea una Obra Colectiva, previo aviso de cualquier Licenciante debe, en la medida de lo posible, eliminar de la Obra Colectiva cualquier referencia a dicho Licenciante o al Autor Original, según lo solicitado por el Licenciante y conforme lo exige la cláusula 4(c).

b.	Usted no puede ejercer ninguno de los derechos que le han sido otorgados en la Sección 3 precedente de modo que estén principalmente destinados o directamente dirigidos a conseguir un provecho comercial o una compensación monetaria privada. El intercambio de la Obra por otras obras protegidas por derechos de autor, ya sea a través de un sistema para compartir archivos digitales (digital file-sharing) o de cualquier otra manera no será considerado como estar destinado principalmente o dirigido directamente a conseguir un provecho comercial o una compensación monetaria privada, siempre que no se realice un pago mediante una compensación monetaria en relación con el intercambio de obras protegidas por el derecho de autor.

c.	Si usted distribuye, exhibe públicamente, ejecuta públicamente o ejecuta públicamente en forma digital la Obra o cualquier Obra Derivada u Obra Colectiva, Usted debe mantener intacta toda la información de derecho de autor de la Obra y proporcionar, de forma razonable según el medio o manera que Usted esté utilizando: (i) el nombre del Autor Original si está provisto (o seudónimo, si fuere aplicable), y/o (ii) el nombre de la parte o las partes que el Autor Original y/o el Licenciante hubieren designado para la atribución (v.g., un instituto patrocinador, editorial, publicación) en la información de los derechos de autor del Licenciante, términos de servicios o de otras formas razonables; el título de la Obra si está provisto; en la medida de lo razonablemente factible y, si está provisto, el Identificador Uniforme de Recursos (Uniform Resource Identifier) que el Licenciante especifica para ser asociado con la Obra, salvo que tal URI no se refiera a la nota sobre los derechos de autor o a la información sobre el licenciamiento de la Obra; y en el caso de una Obra Derivada, atribuir el crédito identificando el uso de la Obra en la Obra Derivada (v.g., "Traducción Francesa de la Obra del Autor Original," o "Guión Cinematográfico basado en la Obra original del Autor Original"). Tal crédito puede ser implementado de cualquier forma razonable; en el caso, sin embargo, de Obras Derivadas u Obras Colectivas, tal crédito aparecerá, como mínimo, donde aparece el crédito de cualquier otro autor comparable y de una manera, al menos, tan destacada como el crédito de otro autor comparable.

d.	Para evitar toda confusión, el Licenciante aclara que, cuando la obra es una composición musical:

i.	Regalías por interpretación y ejecución bajo licencias generales. El Licenciante se reserva el derecho exclusivo de autorizar la ejecución pública o la ejecución pública digital de la obra y de recolectar, sea individualmente o a través de una sociedad de gestión colectiva de derechos de autor y derechos conexos (por ejemplo, SAYCO), las regalías por la ejecución pública o por la ejecución pública digital de la obra (por ejemplo Webcast) licenciada bajo licencias generales, si la interpretación o ejecución de la obra está primordialmente orientada por o dirigida a la obtención de una ventaja comercial o una compensación monetaria privada.

ii.	Regalías por Fonogramas. El Licenciante se reserva el derecho exclusivo de recolectar, individualmente o a través de una sociedad de gestión colectiva de derechos de autor y derechos conexos (por ejemplo, los consagrados por la SAYCO), una agencia de derechos musicales o algún agente designado, las regalías por cualquier fonograma que Usted cree a partir de la obra (“versión cover”) y distribuya, en los términos del régimen de derechos de autor, si la creación o distribución de esa versión cover está primordialmente destinada o dirigida a obtener una ventaja comercial o una compensación monetaria privada.

e.	Gestión de Derechos de Autor sobre Interpretaciones y Ejecuciones Digitales (WebCasting). Para evitar toda confusión, el Licenciante aclara que, cuando la obra sea un fonograma, el Licenciante se reserva el derecho exclusivo de autorizar la ejecución pública digital de la obra (por ejemplo, webcast) y de recolectar, individualmente o a través de una sociedad de gestión colectiva de derechos de autor y derechos conexos (por ejemplo, ACINPRO), las regalías por la ejecución pública digital de la obra (por ejemplo, webcast), sujeta a las disposiciones aplicables del régimen de Derecho de Autor, si esta ejecución pública digital está primordialmente dirigida a obtener una ventaja comercial o una compensación monetaria privada.

5. Representaciones, Garantías y Limitaciones de Responsabilidad.
A MENOS QUE LAS PARTES LO ACORDARAN DE OTRA FORMA POR ESCRITO, EL LICENCIANTE OFRECE LA OBRA (EN EL ESTADO EN EL QUE SE ENCUENTRA) “TAL CUAL”, SIN BRINDAR GARANTÍAS DE CLASE ALGUNA RESPECTO DE LA OBRA, YA SEA EXPRESA, IMPLÍCITA, LEGAL O CUALQUIERA OTRA, INCLUYENDO, SIN LIMITARSE A ELLAS, GARANTÍAS DE TITULARIDAD, COMERCIABILIDAD, ADAPTABILIDAD O ADECUACIÓN A PROPÓSITO DETERMINADO, AUSENCIA DE INFRACCIÓN, DE AUSENCIA DE DEFECTOS LATENTES O DE OTRO TIPO, O LA PRESENCIA O AUSENCIA DE ERRORES, SEAN O NO DESCUBRIBLES (PUEDAN O NO SER ESTOS DESCUBIERTOS). ALGUNAS JURISDICCIONES NO PERMITEN LA EXCLUSIÓN DE GARANTÍAS IMPLÍCITAS, EN CUYO CASO ESTA EXCLUSIÓN PUEDE NO APLICARSE A USTED.

6. Limitación de responsabilidad.
A MENOS QUE LO EXIJA EXPRESAMENTE LA LEY APLICABLE, EL LICENCIANTE NO SERÁ RESPONSABLE ANTE USTED POR DAÑO ALGUNO, SEA POR RESPONSABILIDAD EXTRACONTRACTUAL, PRECONTRACTUAL O CONTRACTUAL, OBJETIVA O SUBJETIVA, SE TRATE DE DAÑOS MORALES O PATRIMONIALES, DIRECTOS O INDIRECTOS, PREVISTOS O IMPREVISTOS PRODUCIDOS POR EL USO DE ESTA LICENCIA O DE LA OBRA, AUN CUANDO EL LICENCIANTE HAYA SIDO ADVERTIDO DE LA POSIBILIDAD DE DICHOS DAÑOS. ALGUNAS LEYES NO PERMITEN LA EXCLUSIÓN DE CIERTA RESPONSABILIDAD, EN CUYO CASO ESTA EXCLUSIÓN PUEDE NO APLICARSE A USTED.

7. Término.

a.	Esta Licencia y los derechos otorgados en virtud de ella terminarán automáticamente si Usted infringe alguna condición establecida en ella. Sin embargo, los individuos o entidades que han recibido Obras Derivadas o Colectivas de Usted de conformidad con esta Licencia, no verán terminadas sus licencias, siempre que estos individuos o entidades sigan cumpliendo íntegramente las condiciones de estas licencias. Las Secciones 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, y 8 subsistirán a cualquier terminación de esta Licencia.

b.	Sujeta a las condiciones y términos anteriores, la licencia otorgada aquí es perpetua (durante el período de vigencia de los derechos de autor de la obra). No obstante lo anterior, el Licenciante se reserva el derecho a publicar y/o estrenar la Obra bajo condiciones de licencia diferentes o a dejar de distribuirla en los términos de esta Licencia en cualquier momento; en el entendido, sin embargo, que esa elección no servirá para revocar esta licencia o que deba ser otorgada , bajo los términos de esta licencia), y esta licencia continuará en pleno vigor y efecto a menos que sea terminada como se expresa atrás. La Licencia revocada continuará siendo plenamente vigente y efectiva si no se le da término en las condiciones indicadas anteriormente.

8. Varios.

a.	Cada vez que Usted distribuya o ponga a disposición pública la Obra o una Obra Colectiva, el Licenciante ofrecerá al destinatario una licencia en los mismos términos y condiciones que la licencia otorgada a Usted bajo esta Licencia.

b.	Si alguna disposición de esta Licencia resulta invalidada o no exigible, según la legislación vigente, esto no afectará ni la validez ni la aplicabilidad del resto de condiciones de esta Licencia y, sin acción adicional por parte de los sujetos de este acuerdo, aquélla se entenderá reformada lo mínimo necesario para hacer que dicha disposición sea válida y exigible.

c.	Ningún término o disposición de esta Licencia se estimará renunciada y ninguna violación de ella será consentida a menos que esa renuncia o consentimiento sea otorgado por escrito y firmado por la parte que renuncie o consienta.

d.	Esta Licencia refleja el acuerdo pleno entre las partes respecto a la Obra aquí licenciada. No hay arreglos, acuerdos o declaraciones respecto a la Obra que no estén especificados en este documento. El Licenciante no se verá limitado por ninguna disposición adicional que pueda surgir en alguna comunicación emanada de Usted. Esta Licencia no puede ser modificada sin el consentimiento mutuo por escrito del Licenciante y Usted.


Biological alternatives combined with Naphthaleneacetic Acid (NA) for the management of Plasmodiophora brassicae Woronin in cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. var. Botrytis)

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