Marine litter arrived: Distribution and potential sources on an unpopulated atoll in the Seaflower Biosphere Reserve, Caribbean Sea

The Albuquerque atoll was studied as a representative natural laboratory to explore the role of sea-based sources of marine litter. This work aimed to identify the small-scale spatial distribution of marine litter (i.e., plastic, glass, paper, and others) as well as to explore the connectivity among...

Full description

Autores:
Portz, Luana
Portantiolo Manzolli, Rogério
Vasquez Herrera, Guido
Laiton Garcia, Liliana
Villate, Diego A.
Ivar do Su, Juliana A.
Tipo de recurso:
Article of journal
Fecha de publicación:
2020
Institución:
Corporación Universidad de la Costa
Repositorio:
REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
Idioma:
eng
OAI Identifier:
oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/6455
Acceso en línea:
https://hdl.handle.net/11323/6455
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/
Palabra clave:
Marine pollution
Marine ecosystems
Plastic pollution
Microplastics
Albuquerque atoll
Rights
openAccess
License
CC0 1.0 Universal
id RCUC2_ebdaa95c5c863e18a97e2fda430f92dd
oai_identifier_str oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/6455
network_acronym_str RCUC2
network_name_str REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
repository_id_str
dc.title.spa.fl_str_mv Marine litter arrived: Distribution and potential sources on an unpopulated atoll in the Seaflower Biosphere Reserve, Caribbean Sea
title Marine litter arrived: Distribution and potential sources on an unpopulated atoll in the Seaflower Biosphere Reserve, Caribbean Sea
spellingShingle Marine litter arrived: Distribution and potential sources on an unpopulated atoll in the Seaflower Biosphere Reserve, Caribbean Sea
Marine pollution
Marine ecosystems
Plastic pollution
Microplastics
Albuquerque atoll
title_short Marine litter arrived: Distribution and potential sources on an unpopulated atoll in the Seaflower Biosphere Reserve, Caribbean Sea
title_full Marine litter arrived: Distribution and potential sources on an unpopulated atoll in the Seaflower Biosphere Reserve, Caribbean Sea
title_fullStr Marine litter arrived: Distribution and potential sources on an unpopulated atoll in the Seaflower Biosphere Reserve, Caribbean Sea
title_full_unstemmed Marine litter arrived: Distribution and potential sources on an unpopulated atoll in the Seaflower Biosphere Reserve, Caribbean Sea
title_sort Marine litter arrived: Distribution and potential sources on an unpopulated atoll in the Seaflower Biosphere Reserve, Caribbean Sea
dc.creator.fl_str_mv Portz, Luana
Portantiolo Manzolli, Rogério
Vasquez Herrera, Guido
Laiton Garcia, Liliana
Villate, Diego A.
Ivar do Su, Juliana A.
dc.contributor.author.spa.fl_str_mv Portz, Luana
Portantiolo Manzolli, Rogério
Vasquez Herrera, Guido
Laiton Garcia, Liliana
Villate, Diego A.
Ivar do Su, Juliana A.
dc.subject.spa.fl_str_mv Marine pollution
Marine ecosystems
Plastic pollution
Microplastics
Albuquerque atoll
topic Marine pollution
Marine ecosystems
Plastic pollution
Microplastics
Albuquerque atoll
description The Albuquerque atoll was studied as a representative natural laboratory to explore the role of sea-based sources of marine litter. This work aimed to identify the small-scale spatial distribution of marine litter (i.e., plastic, glass, paper, and others) as well as to explore the connectivity among the atoll habitats (sand beach, water surface, and reef) to give insights of potential sources of marine litter (>5 cm), mainly plastics. Marine litter was dominated by plastic items, as expected, with an average value of 0.5 items/m2. Large microplastics (1–5 mm) were also sampled on beaches with an average value of 90 particles/m2. In the atoll inner lagoon, marine litter was also composed by plastic, mainly fragments (average 0.059 items/m3). The predominance of plastic fragments on both the sea surface and beaches of the atoll makes inferences on sources limited. However, o fishing activities and sea-based sources might be relevant since local sources are very limited.
publishDate 2020
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv 2020-07-03T21:21:16Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv 2020-07-03T21:21:16Z
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv 2020-05-27
dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv Artículo de revista
dc.type.coar.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1
dc.type.coar.spa.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501
dc.type.content.spa.fl_str_mv Text
dc.type.driver.spa.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/article
dc.type.redcol.spa.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ART
dc.type.version.spa.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion
format http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501
status_str acceptedVersion
dc.identifier.uri.spa.fl_str_mv https://hdl.handle.net/11323/6455
dc.identifier.doi.spa.fl_str_mv 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111323 R
dc.identifier.instname.spa.fl_str_mv Corporación Universidad de la Costa
dc.identifier.reponame.spa.fl_str_mv REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
dc.identifier.repourl.spa.fl_str_mv https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/
url https://hdl.handle.net/11323/6455
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/
identifier_str_mv 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111323 R
Corporación Universidad de la Costa
REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
dc.language.iso.none.fl_str_mv eng
language eng
dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv Acero, P.A., Tavera, J.J., Polanco, F.A., Bolaños-Cubillos, N., 2019. Fish biodiversity in three northern islands of the seaflower biosphere reserve (Colombian Caribbean). Front. Mar. Sci. 6, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00113.
Agustin, A.E., Merrifield, M.A., Potemra, J.T., Morishige, C., 2015. Temporal variability of marine debris deposition at Tern Island in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 101, 200–207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.10.076.
Andrades, R., Santos, R.G., Joyeux, J.C., Chelazzi, D., Cincinelli, A., Giarrizzo, T., 2018. Marine debris in Trindade Island, a remote island of the South Atlantic. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 137, 180–184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.10.003.
Andrady, A.L., 2017. The plastic in microplastics: a review. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 119, 12–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.01.082.
Araújo, M.C.B., Costa, M.F., 2019. A critical review of the issue of cigarette butt pollution in coastal environments. Environ. Res. 172, 137–149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. envres.2019.02.005.
Baptista Neto, J.A., de Carvalho, D.G., Medeiros, K., Drabinski, T.L., de Melo, G.V., Silva, R.C.O., Silva, D.C.P., de Sousa Batista, L., Dias, G.T.M., da Fonseca, E.M., dos Santos Filho, J.R., 2019. The impact of sediment dumping sites on the concentrations of microplastic in the inner continental shelf of Rio de Janeiro/Brazil. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 149, 110558. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.110558
Barnes, D.K.A., Galgani, F., Thompson, R.C., Barlaz, M., 2009. Accumulation and fragmentation of plastic debris in global environments. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 364, 1985–1998. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb. 2008.0205.
Borrero-Pérez, G.H., Benavides-Serrato, M., Campos, N.H., Galeano-Galeano, E., Gavio, B., Medina, J., Abril-Howard, A., 2019. Echinoderms of the seaflower biosphere reserve: state of knowledge and new findings. Front. Mar. Sci. 6. https://doi.org/10. 3389/fmars.2019.00188.
Bouwman, H., Evans, S.W., Cole, N., Choong Kwet Yive, N.S., Kylin, H., 2016. The flip-orflop boutique: marine debris on the shores of St Brandon’s rock, an isolated tropical atoll in the Indian Ocean. Mar. Environ. Res. 114, 58–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. marenvres.2015.12.013.
Brown, T.M., Takada, H., 2017. Indicators of marine pollution in the North Pacific Ocean. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 73, 171–175. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-017- 0424-7.
CCO, 2015. Aportes al conocimiento de la Reserva de Biosfera Seaflower. Comisión Colombiana del Océano, Bogotá, Colombia.
Chapron, L., Peru, E., Engler, A., Ghiglione, J.F., Meistertzheim, A.L., Pruski, A.M., Purser, A., Vétion, G., Galand, P.E., Lartaud, F., 2018. Macro- and microplastics affect coldwater corals growth, feeding and behaviour. Sci. Rep. 8, 1–8. https://doi.org/10. 1038/s41598-018-33683-6.
Chen, M.C., Chen, T.H., 2020. Spatial and seasonal distribution of microplastics on sandy beaches along the coast of the Hengchun Peninsula, Taiwan. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 151, 110861. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.110861.
Cole, M., Lindeque, P., Halsband, C., Galloway, T.S., 2011. Microplastics as contaminants in the marine environment: a review. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 62, 2588–2597. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.09.025.
De-la-Torre, G.E., Dioses-Salinas, D.C., Castro, J.M., Antay, R., Fernández, N.Y., EspinozaMorriberón, D., Saldaña-Serrano, M., 2020. Abundance and distribution of microplastics on sandy beaches of Lima, Peru. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 151, 110877. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.110877.
Diaz, J.M., Diaz-Pulido, G., Garzon-Ferreira, J., Sanchez, J.A., 1996. Atlas de los Arrecifes Coralinos del Caribe Colombiano.
Duhec, A.V., Jeanne, R.F., Maximenko, N., Hafner, J., 2015. Composition and potential origin of marine debris stranded in the Western Indian Ocean on remote Alphonse Island, Seychelles. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 96, 76–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. marpolbul.2015.05.042.
Edo, C., Tamayo-Belda, M., Martínez-Campos, S., Martín-Betancor, K., González-Pleiter, M., Pulido-Reyes, G., García-Ruiz, C., Zapata, F., Leganés, F., Fernández-Piñas, F., Rosal, R., 2019. Occurrence and identification of microplastics along a beach in the Biosphere Reserve of Lanzarote. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 143, 220–227. https://doi.org/10. 1016/j.marpolbul.2019.04.061.
Eriksson, C., Burton, H., Fitch, S., Schulz, M., van den Hoff, J., 2013. Daily accumulation rates of marine debris on sub-Antarctic island beaches. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 66, 199–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2012.08.026.
Galgani, F., Hanke, G., Werner, S., Oosterbaan, L., Nilsson, P., Fleet, D., Al, E., 2013. Monitoring Guidance for Marine Litter in European Seas.
Gavio, B., Cifuentes-Ossa, M.A., Wynne, M.J., 2015. Notes on the marine algae of the International Biosphere Reserve Seaflower, Caribbean Colombia: first study of the algal flora of Quitasueño Bank. Boletín de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras 44, 117–126.
Geyer, R., Jambeck, J.R., Law, K.L., 2017. Production, use, and fate of all plastics ever made. Sci. Adv. 3, 25–29. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1700782.
Gómez, D.I.L., 2012. In: Serie de, P. (Ed.), Atlas de la reserva de Biósfera Seaflower. Archipiélago de San Andrés, Providencia y Santa Catalina. Corporación para el Desarrollo Sostenible del Archipiélago de San Andrés, Providencia y Santa Catalina (CORALINA). CORALINA-INVEMAR, Santa Marta, Colombia
Guarderas, A.P., Hacker, S.D., Lubchenco, J., 2008. Current status of marine protected areas in Latin America and the Caribbean. Conserv. Biol. 22, 1630–1640. https://doi. org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2008.01023.x.
Halden, R.U., 2015. Epistemology of contaminants of emerging concern and literature meta-analysis. J. Hazard. Mater. 282, 2–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014. 08.074.
Hall, N.M., Berry, K.L.E., Rintoul, L., Hoogenboom, M.O., 2015. Microplastic ingestion by scleractinian corals. Mar. Biol. 162, 725–732. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-015- 2619-7.
Herrera, A., Asensio, M., Martínez, I., Santana, A., Packard, T., Gómez, M., 2018. Microplastic and tar pollution on three Canary Islands beaches: an annual study. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 129, 494–502. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.10.020.
Hidalgo-Ruz, V., Honorato-Zimmer, D., Gatta-Rosemary, M., Nuñez, P., Hinojosa, I.A., Thiel, M., 2018. Spatio-temporal variation of anthropogenic marine debris on Chilean beaches. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 126, 516–524. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul. 2017.11.014.
INVEMAR, 2017. Protocolo de muestreo y análisis de microplásticos en aguas marinas superficiales, sedimentos de playas y tracto digestivo de peces. Componente 5: Diagnóstico de Microplásticos en zonas costeras de Colombia. Santa Marta, Colombia. Ivar do Sul, J.A., Costa, M.F., 2007. Marine debris review for Latin America and the Wider Caribbean Region: from the 1970s until now, and where do we go from here? Mar. Pollut. Bull. 54, 1087–1104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2007.05.004.
Ivar do Sul, J.A., Spengler, Â., Costa, M.F., 2009. Here, there and everywhere. Small plastic fragments and pellets on beaches of Fernando de Noronha (Equatorial Western Atlantic). Mar. Pollut. Bull. 58, 1236–1238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul. 2009.05.004. Ivar do Sul, J.A., Costa, M.F., Fillmann, G., 2014. Microplastics in the pelagic environment around oceanic islands of the Western Tropical Atlantic Ocean. Water Air Soil Pollut. 225, 2004. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-014-2004-z. Jambeck, J.R., Geyer, R., Wilcox, C., Narayan, R., Law, K.L., 2015. Plastic waste inputs from land into the ocean. Science 768–771. https://doi.org/10.1126/science. 1260352
Kroon, F.J., Berry, K.L.E., Brinkman, D.L., Kookana, R., Leusch, F.D.L., Melvin, S.D., Neale, P.A., Negri, A.P., Puotinen, M., Tsang, J.J., van de Merwe, J.P., Williams, M., 2020. Sources, presence and potential effects of contaminants of emerging concern in the marine environments of the Great Barrier Reef and Torres Strait, Australia. Sci. Total Environ. 719, 135140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135140.
Kühn, S., Bravo, E.L.R., Franeker, J.A. van, 2015. Deleterious effects of litter on marine life. In: Bergmann, M., Gutow, L., Klages, M. (Eds.), Marine Anthropogenic Litter, pp. 9–14. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16510-3. Cham.
Lamb, J.B., Willis, B.L., Fiorenza, E.A., Couch, C.S., Howard, R., Rader, D.N., True, J.D., Kelly, L.A., Ahmad, A., Jompa, J., Harvell, C.D., 2018. Plastic waste associated with disease on coral reefs. Science 359, 460–462. https://doi.org/10.1126/science. aar3320.
Lavers, J.L., Bond, A.L., 2017. Exceptional and rapid accumulation of anthropogenic debris on one of the world’s most remote and pristine islands. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 114, 6052–6055. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1619818114.
Lee, H., Kunz, A., Shim, W.J., Walther, B.A., 2019. Microplastic contamination of table salts from Taiwan, including a global review. Sci. Rep. 9, 1–9. https://doi.org/10. 1038/s41598-019-46417-z.
Mestanza, C., Botero, C.M., Anfuso, G., Chica-Ruiz, J.A., Pranzini, E., Mooser, A., 2019. Beach litter in Ecuador and the Galapagos islands: a baseline to enhance environmental conservation and sustainable beach tourism. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 140, 573–578. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.02.003.
Monteiro, R.C.P., Ivar do Sul, J.A., Costa, M.F., 2018. Plastic pollution in islands of the Atlantic Ocean. Environ. Pollut. 238, 103–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol. 2018.01.096. Moore, C.J., 2008. Synthetic polymers in the marine environment: a rapidly increasing, long-term threat. Environ. Res. 108, 131–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres. 2008.07.025.
Oey, L.Y., Lee, H.C., Schmitz Jr., W.J., 2003. Effects of winds and Caribbean eddies on the frequency of Loop Current eddy shedding: a numerical model study. J. Geophys. Res. 108, 3324. https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JC001698
Portz, L., Manzolli, R.P., Garzon, N., 2018. Management priorities in San Andres Island beaches, Colombia: associated risks. J. Coast. Res. 85, 1421–1425. https://doi.org/ 10.2112/si85-285.1.
Prato, J., Newball, R., 2015. Aproximación a la valoración económica ambiental del departamento Archipiélago de San Andrés, Providencia y Santa Catalina – Reserva de la Biósfera Seaflower. Secretaría Ejecutiva de la Comisión Colombiana del OcéanoSECCO. Corporación para el desarrollo sostenible del Archipiélago de San Andrés, Providencia y Santa Catalina-CORALINA., Bogotá.
Ramirez-Gallego, C., Barrientos-Muñoz, K.G., 2020. Sea turtles at Serrana Island and Serranilla Island, Seaflower Biosphere Reserve, Colombian Caribbean. Front. Mar. Sci. 6, 1–5. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00817.
Rangel-Buitrago, N., Gracia, C.A., Velez-Mendoza, A., Carvajal-Florián, A., MojicaMartinez, L., Neal, W.J., 2019. Where did this refuse come from? Marine anthropogenic litter on a remote island of the Colombian Caribbean sea. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.110611.
Ribic, C.A., Sheavly, S.B., Klavitter, J., 2012. Baseline for beached marine debris on Sand Island, Midway Atoll. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 64, 1726–1729. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. marpolbul.2012.04.001.
Sánchez, J.A., Gómez-Corrales, M., Gutierrez-Cala, L., Vergara, D.C., Roa, P., GonzálezZapata, F.L., Gnecco, M., Puerto, N., Neira, L., Sarmiento, A., 2019. Steady decline of corals and other benthic organisms in the SeaFlower Biosphere reserve (Southwestern Caribbean). Front. Mar. Sci. 6, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00073.
Schmuck, A.M., Lavers, J.L., Stuckenbrock, S., Sharp, P.B., Bond, A.L., 2017. Geophysical features influence the accumulation of beach debris on Caribbean islands. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 121, 45–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.05.043.
Tan, F., Yang, H., Xu, X., Fang, Z., Xu, H., Shi, Q., Zhang, X., Wang, G., Lin, L., Zhou, S., Huang, L., Li, H., 2020. Microplastic pollution around remote uninhabited coral reefs of Nansha Islands, South China Sea. Sci. Total Environ. 725, 138383. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138383.
UNEP, 2009. Sustainable Coastal Tourism e an Integrated Planning Management Approach. Veerasingam, S., Mugilarasan, M., Venkatachalapathy, R., Vethamony, P., 2016. Influence of 2015 flood on the distribution and occurrence of microplastic pellets along the Chennai coast, India. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 109, 196–204. https://doi.org/10. 1016/j.marpolbul.2016.05.082.
Zhu, C., Li, D., Sun, Y., Zheng, X., Peng, X., Zheng, K., Hu, B., Luo, X., Mai, B., 2019. Plastic debris in marine birds from an island located in the South China Sea. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 149, 110566. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.110566.
dc.rights.spa.fl_str_mv CC0 1.0 Universal
dc.rights.uri.spa.fl_str_mv http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
dc.rights.accessrights.spa.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
dc.rights.coar.spa.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
rights_invalid_str_mv CC0 1.0 Universal
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
eu_rights_str_mv openAccess
dc.publisher.spa.fl_str_mv Marine Pollution Bulletin
institution Corporación Universidad de la Costa
bitstream.url.fl_str_mv https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstream/11323/6455/1/Marine%20litter%20arrived.pdf
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstream/11323/6455/2/license_rdf
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstream/11323/6455/3/license.txt
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstream/11323/6455/4/Marine%20litter%20arrived.pdf.jpg
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstream/11323/6455/5/Marine%20litter%20arrived.pdf.txt
bitstream.checksum.fl_str_mv 94afa0c7ca59987206c2b481341e294d
42fd4ad1e89814f5e4a476b409eb708c
e30e9215131d99561d40d6b0abbe9bad
c8e37abb1d49cf25bd06ee187e0218c1
71c5bb09bef11eb930e1f39e99c91102
bitstream.checksumAlgorithm.fl_str_mv MD5
MD5
MD5
MD5
MD5
repository.name.fl_str_mv Repositorio Universidad de La Costa
repository.mail.fl_str_mv bdigital@metabiblioteca.com
_version_ 1808400086070198272
spelling Portz, Luana21829a3d00305764abf718eebb93161fPortantiolo Manzolli, Rogério7f83898cdc4fe8a5f1fb2cdf15f7c5b4Vasquez Herrera, Guido9d2436f7f5d95636aa5323718a7315f4Laiton Garcia, Liliana787ce1efcf1679dd05bb473a6aa74c1fVillate, Diego A.951d5533e00061c34d81780299db41f7Ivar do Su, Juliana A.d439d3842f11e47be79c6be0382774852020-07-03T21:21:16Z2020-07-03T21:21:16Z2020-05-27https://hdl.handle.net/11323/645510.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111323 RCorporación Universidad de la CostaREDICUC - Repositorio CUChttps://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/The Albuquerque atoll was studied as a representative natural laboratory to explore the role of sea-based sources of marine litter. This work aimed to identify the small-scale spatial distribution of marine litter (i.e., plastic, glass, paper, and others) as well as to explore the connectivity among the atoll habitats (sand beach, water surface, and reef) to give insights of potential sources of marine litter (>5 cm), mainly plastics. Marine litter was dominated by plastic items, as expected, with an average value of 0.5 items/m2. Large microplastics (1–5 mm) were also sampled on beaches with an average value of 90 particles/m2. In the atoll inner lagoon, marine litter was also composed by plastic, mainly fragments (average 0.059 items/m3). The predominance of plastic fragments on both the sea surface and beaches of the atoll makes inferences on sources limited. However, o fishing activities and sea-based sources might be relevant since local sources are very limited.engMarine Pollution BulletinCC0 1.0 Universalhttp://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Marine pollutionMarine ecosystemsPlastic pollutionMicroplasticsAlbuquerque atollMarine litter arrived: Distribution and potential sources on an unpopulated atoll in the Seaflower Biosphere Reserve, Caribbean SeaArtículo de revistahttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1Textinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARTinfo:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersionAcero, P.A., Tavera, J.J., Polanco, F.A., Bolaños-Cubillos, N., 2019. Fish biodiversity in three northern islands of the seaflower biosphere reserve (Colombian Caribbean). Front. Mar. Sci. 6, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00113.Agustin, A.E., Merrifield, M.A., Potemra, J.T., Morishige, C., 2015. Temporal variability of marine debris deposition at Tern Island in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 101, 200–207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.10.076.Andrades, R., Santos, R.G., Joyeux, J.C., Chelazzi, D., Cincinelli, A., Giarrizzo, T., 2018. Marine debris in Trindade Island, a remote island of the South Atlantic. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 137, 180–184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.10.003.Andrady, A.L., 2017. The plastic in microplastics: a review. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 119, 12–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.01.082.Araújo, M.C.B., Costa, M.F., 2019. A critical review of the issue of cigarette butt pollution in coastal environments. Environ. Res. 172, 137–149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. envres.2019.02.005.Baptista Neto, J.A., de Carvalho, D.G., Medeiros, K., Drabinski, T.L., de Melo, G.V., Silva, R.C.O., Silva, D.C.P., de Sousa Batista, L., Dias, G.T.M., da Fonseca, E.M., dos Santos Filho, J.R., 2019. The impact of sediment dumping sites on the concentrations of microplastic in the inner continental shelf of Rio de Janeiro/Brazil. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 149, 110558. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.110558Barnes, D.K.A., Galgani, F., Thompson, R.C., Barlaz, M., 2009. Accumulation and fragmentation of plastic debris in global environments. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 364, 1985–1998. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb. 2008.0205.Borrero-Pérez, G.H., Benavides-Serrato, M., Campos, N.H., Galeano-Galeano, E., Gavio, B., Medina, J., Abril-Howard, A., 2019. Echinoderms of the seaflower biosphere reserve: state of knowledge and new findings. Front. Mar. Sci. 6. https://doi.org/10. 3389/fmars.2019.00188.Bouwman, H., Evans, S.W., Cole, N., Choong Kwet Yive, N.S., Kylin, H., 2016. The flip-orflop boutique: marine debris on the shores of St Brandon’s rock, an isolated tropical atoll in the Indian Ocean. Mar. Environ. Res. 114, 58–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. marenvres.2015.12.013.Brown, T.M., Takada, H., 2017. Indicators of marine pollution in the North Pacific Ocean. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 73, 171–175. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-017- 0424-7.CCO, 2015. Aportes al conocimiento de la Reserva de Biosfera Seaflower. Comisión Colombiana del Océano, Bogotá, Colombia.Chapron, L., Peru, E., Engler, A., Ghiglione, J.F., Meistertzheim, A.L., Pruski, A.M., Purser, A., Vétion, G., Galand, P.E., Lartaud, F., 2018. Macro- and microplastics affect coldwater corals growth, feeding and behaviour. Sci. Rep. 8, 1–8. https://doi.org/10. 1038/s41598-018-33683-6.Chen, M.C., Chen, T.H., 2020. Spatial and seasonal distribution of microplastics on sandy beaches along the coast of the Hengchun Peninsula, Taiwan. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 151, 110861. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.110861.Cole, M., Lindeque, P., Halsband, C., Galloway, T.S., 2011. Microplastics as contaminants in the marine environment: a review. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 62, 2588–2597. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.09.025.De-la-Torre, G.E., Dioses-Salinas, D.C., Castro, J.M., Antay, R., Fernández, N.Y., EspinozaMorriberón, D., Saldaña-Serrano, M., 2020. Abundance and distribution of microplastics on sandy beaches of Lima, Peru. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 151, 110877. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.110877.Diaz, J.M., Diaz-Pulido, G., Garzon-Ferreira, J., Sanchez, J.A., 1996. Atlas de los Arrecifes Coralinos del Caribe Colombiano.Duhec, A.V., Jeanne, R.F., Maximenko, N., Hafner, J., 2015. Composition and potential origin of marine debris stranded in the Western Indian Ocean on remote Alphonse Island, Seychelles. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 96, 76–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. marpolbul.2015.05.042.Edo, C., Tamayo-Belda, M., Martínez-Campos, S., Martín-Betancor, K., González-Pleiter, M., Pulido-Reyes, G., García-Ruiz, C., Zapata, F., Leganés, F., Fernández-Piñas, F., Rosal, R., 2019. Occurrence and identification of microplastics along a beach in the Biosphere Reserve of Lanzarote. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 143, 220–227. https://doi.org/10. 1016/j.marpolbul.2019.04.061.Eriksson, C., Burton, H., Fitch, S., Schulz, M., van den Hoff, J., 2013. Daily accumulation rates of marine debris on sub-Antarctic island beaches. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 66, 199–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2012.08.026.Galgani, F., Hanke, G., Werner, S., Oosterbaan, L., Nilsson, P., Fleet, D., Al, E., 2013. Monitoring Guidance for Marine Litter in European Seas.Gavio, B., Cifuentes-Ossa, M.A., Wynne, M.J., 2015. Notes on the marine algae of the International Biosphere Reserve Seaflower, Caribbean Colombia: first study of the algal flora of Quitasueño Bank. Boletín de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras 44, 117–126.Geyer, R., Jambeck, J.R., Law, K.L., 2017. Production, use, and fate of all plastics ever made. Sci. Adv. 3, 25–29. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1700782.Gómez, D.I.L., 2012. In: Serie de, P. (Ed.), Atlas de la reserva de Biósfera Seaflower. Archipiélago de San Andrés, Providencia y Santa Catalina. Corporación para el Desarrollo Sostenible del Archipiélago de San Andrés, Providencia y Santa Catalina (CORALINA). CORALINA-INVEMAR, Santa Marta, ColombiaGuarderas, A.P., Hacker, S.D., Lubchenco, J., 2008. Current status of marine protected areas in Latin America and the Caribbean. Conserv. Biol. 22, 1630–1640. https://doi. org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2008.01023.x.Halden, R.U., 2015. Epistemology of contaminants of emerging concern and literature meta-analysis. J. Hazard. Mater. 282, 2–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014. 08.074.Hall, N.M., Berry, K.L.E., Rintoul, L., Hoogenboom, M.O., 2015. Microplastic ingestion by scleractinian corals. Mar. Biol. 162, 725–732. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-015- 2619-7.Herrera, A., Asensio, M., Martínez, I., Santana, A., Packard, T., Gómez, M., 2018. Microplastic and tar pollution on three Canary Islands beaches: an annual study. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 129, 494–502. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.10.020.Hidalgo-Ruz, V., Honorato-Zimmer, D., Gatta-Rosemary, M., Nuñez, P., Hinojosa, I.A., Thiel, M., 2018. Spatio-temporal variation of anthropogenic marine debris on Chilean beaches. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 126, 516–524. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul. 2017.11.014.INVEMAR, 2017. Protocolo de muestreo y análisis de microplásticos en aguas marinas superficiales, sedimentos de playas y tracto digestivo de peces. Componente 5: Diagnóstico de Microplásticos en zonas costeras de Colombia. Santa Marta, Colombia. Ivar do Sul, J.A., Costa, M.F., 2007. Marine debris review for Latin America and the Wider Caribbean Region: from the 1970s until now, and where do we go from here? Mar. Pollut. Bull. 54, 1087–1104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2007.05.004.Ivar do Sul, J.A., Spengler, Â., Costa, M.F., 2009. Here, there and everywhere. Small plastic fragments and pellets on beaches of Fernando de Noronha (Equatorial Western Atlantic). Mar. Pollut. Bull. 58, 1236–1238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul. 2009.05.004. Ivar do Sul, J.A., Costa, M.F., Fillmann, G., 2014. Microplastics in the pelagic environment around oceanic islands of the Western Tropical Atlantic Ocean. Water Air Soil Pollut. 225, 2004. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-014-2004-z. Jambeck, J.R., Geyer, R., Wilcox, C., Narayan, R., Law, K.L., 2015. Plastic waste inputs from land into the ocean. Science 768–771. https://doi.org/10.1126/science. 1260352Kroon, F.J., Berry, K.L.E., Brinkman, D.L., Kookana, R., Leusch, F.D.L., Melvin, S.D., Neale, P.A., Negri, A.P., Puotinen, M., Tsang, J.J., van de Merwe, J.P., Williams, M., 2020. Sources, presence and potential effects of contaminants of emerging concern in the marine environments of the Great Barrier Reef and Torres Strait, Australia. Sci. Total Environ. 719, 135140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135140.Kühn, S., Bravo, E.L.R., Franeker, J.A. van, 2015. Deleterious effects of litter on marine life. In: Bergmann, M., Gutow, L., Klages, M. (Eds.), Marine Anthropogenic Litter, pp. 9–14. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16510-3. Cham.Lamb, J.B., Willis, B.L., Fiorenza, E.A., Couch, C.S., Howard, R., Rader, D.N., True, J.D., Kelly, L.A., Ahmad, A., Jompa, J., Harvell, C.D., 2018. Plastic waste associated with disease on coral reefs. Science 359, 460–462. https://doi.org/10.1126/science. aar3320.Lavers, J.L., Bond, A.L., 2017. Exceptional and rapid accumulation of anthropogenic debris on one of the world’s most remote and pristine islands. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 114, 6052–6055. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1619818114.Lee, H., Kunz, A., Shim, W.J., Walther, B.A., 2019. Microplastic contamination of table salts from Taiwan, including a global review. Sci. Rep. 9, 1–9. https://doi.org/10. 1038/s41598-019-46417-z.Mestanza, C., Botero, C.M., Anfuso, G., Chica-Ruiz, J.A., Pranzini, E., Mooser, A., 2019. Beach litter in Ecuador and the Galapagos islands: a baseline to enhance environmental conservation and sustainable beach tourism. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 140, 573–578. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.02.003.Monteiro, R.C.P., Ivar do Sul, J.A., Costa, M.F., 2018. Plastic pollution in islands of the Atlantic Ocean. Environ. Pollut. 238, 103–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol. 2018.01.096. Moore, C.J., 2008. Synthetic polymers in the marine environment: a rapidly increasing, long-term threat. Environ. Res. 108, 131–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres. 2008.07.025.Oey, L.Y., Lee, H.C., Schmitz Jr., W.J., 2003. Effects of winds and Caribbean eddies on the frequency of Loop Current eddy shedding: a numerical model study. J. Geophys. Res. 108, 3324. https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JC001698Portz, L., Manzolli, R.P., Garzon, N., 2018. Management priorities in San Andres Island beaches, Colombia: associated risks. J. Coast. Res. 85, 1421–1425. https://doi.org/ 10.2112/si85-285.1.Prato, J., Newball, R., 2015. Aproximación a la valoración económica ambiental del departamento Archipiélago de San Andrés, Providencia y Santa Catalina – Reserva de la Biósfera Seaflower. Secretaría Ejecutiva de la Comisión Colombiana del OcéanoSECCO. Corporación para el desarrollo sostenible del Archipiélago de San Andrés, Providencia y Santa Catalina-CORALINA., Bogotá.Ramirez-Gallego, C., Barrientos-Muñoz, K.G., 2020. Sea turtles at Serrana Island and Serranilla Island, Seaflower Biosphere Reserve, Colombian Caribbean. Front. Mar. Sci. 6, 1–5. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00817.Rangel-Buitrago, N., Gracia, C.A., Velez-Mendoza, A., Carvajal-Florián, A., MojicaMartinez, L., Neal, W.J., 2019. Where did this refuse come from? Marine anthropogenic litter on a remote island of the Colombian Caribbean sea. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.110611.Ribic, C.A., Sheavly, S.B., Klavitter, J., 2012. Baseline for beached marine debris on Sand Island, Midway Atoll. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 64, 1726–1729. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. marpolbul.2012.04.001.Sánchez, J.A., Gómez-Corrales, M., Gutierrez-Cala, L., Vergara, D.C., Roa, P., GonzálezZapata, F.L., Gnecco, M., Puerto, N., Neira, L., Sarmiento, A., 2019. Steady decline of corals and other benthic organisms in the SeaFlower Biosphere reserve (Southwestern Caribbean). Front. Mar. Sci. 6, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00073.Schmuck, A.M., Lavers, J.L., Stuckenbrock, S., Sharp, P.B., Bond, A.L., 2017. Geophysical features influence the accumulation of beach debris on Caribbean islands. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 121, 45–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.05.043.Tan, F., Yang, H., Xu, X., Fang, Z., Xu, H., Shi, Q., Zhang, X., Wang, G., Lin, L., Zhou, S., Huang, L., Li, H., 2020. Microplastic pollution around remote uninhabited coral reefs of Nansha Islands, South China Sea. Sci. Total Environ. 725, 138383. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138383.UNEP, 2009. Sustainable Coastal Tourism e an Integrated Planning Management Approach. Veerasingam, S., Mugilarasan, M., Venkatachalapathy, R., Vethamony, P., 2016. Influence of 2015 flood on the distribution and occurrence of microplastic pellets along the Chennai coast, India. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 109, 196–204. https://doi.org/10. 1016/j.marpolbul.2016.05.082.Zhu, C., Li, D., Sun, Y., Zheng, X., Peng, X., Zheng, K., Hu, B., Luo, X., Mai, B., 2019. Plastic debris in marine birds from an island located in the South China Sea. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 149, 110566. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.110566.ORIGINALMarine litter arrived.pdfMarine litter arrived.pdfapplication/pdf5278165https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstream/11323/6455/1/Marine%20litter%20arrived.pdf94afa0c7ca59987206c2b481341e294dMD51open accessCC-LICENSElicense_rdflicense_rdfapplication/rdf+xml; charset=utf-8701https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstream/11323/6455/2/license_rdf42fd4ad1e89814f5e4a476b409eb708cMD52open accessLICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-83196https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstream/11323/6455/3/license.txte30e9215131d99561d40d6b0abbe9badMD53open accessTHUMBNAILMarine litter arrived.pdf.jpgMarine litter arrived.pdf.jpgimage/jpeg66692https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstream/11323/6455/4/Marine%20litter%20arrived.pdf.jpgc8e37abb1d49cf25bd06ee187e0218c1MD54open accessTEXTMarine litter arrived.pdf.txtMarine litter arrived.pdf.txttext/plain43082https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstream/11323/6455/5/Marine%20litter%20arrived.pdf.txt71c5bb09bef11eb930e1f39e99c91102MD55open access11323/6455oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/64552023-12-14 13:10:21.974CC0 1.0 Universal|||http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/open accessRepositorio Universidad de La Costabdigital@metabiblioteca.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