The effect of loneliness in psychological and behavioral profile among high school students in Spain
Loneliness is a distressing feeling that can be a barrier to a student’s development and affect their mental health. This research aimed to analyse the effects of loneliness on psychological and behavioral factors among students aged 12–19 years in Spain. Loneliness, experiential avoidance, psycholo...
- Autores:
-
Martín-Rodríguez, Alexandra
Tornero Aguilera, José Francisco
López-Pérez, Pedro Javier
Clemente-Suárez, Vicente Javier
- Tipo de recurso:
- Article of journal
- Fecha de publicación:
- 2021
- Institución:
- Corporación Universidad de la Costa
- Repositorio:
- REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
- Idioma:
- eng
- OAI Identifier:
- oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/9208
- Acceso en línea:
- https://hdl.handle.net/11323/9208
https://doi.org/10.3390/su14010168
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/
- Palabra clave:
- loneliness
Physical activity
Psychological inflexibility
Adolescence
Experiential avoidance
- Rights
- openAccess
- License
- © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
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The effect of loneliness in psychological and behavioral profile among high school students in Spain |
| title |
The effect of loneliness in psychological and behavioral profile among high school students in Spain |
| spellingShingle |
The effect of loneliness in psychological and behavioral profile among high school students in Spain loneliness Physical activity Psychological inflexibility Adolescence Experiential avoidance |
| title_short |
The effect of loneliness in psychological and behavioral profile among high school students in Spain |
| title_full |
The effect of loneliness in psychological and behavioral profile among high school students in Spain |
| title_fullStr |
The effect of loneliness in psychological and behavioral profile among high school students in Spain |
| title_full_unstemmed |
The effect of loneliness in psychological and behavioral profile among high school students in Spain |
| title_sort |
The effect of loneliness in psychological and behavioral profile among high school students in Spain |
| dc.creator.fl_str_mv |
Martín-Rodríguez, Alexandra Tornero Aguilera, José Francisco López-Pérez, Pedro Javier Clemente-Suárez, Vicente Javier |
| dc.contributor.author.spa.fl_str_mv |
Martín-Rodríguez, Alexandra Tornero Aguilera, José Francisco López-Pérez, Pedro Javier Clemente-Suárez, Vicente Javier |
| dc.subject.proposal.eng.fl_str_mv |
loneliness Physical activity Psychological inflexibility Adolescence Experiential avoidance |
| topic |
loneliness Physical activity Psychological inflexibility Adolescence Experiential avoidance |
| description |
Loneliness is a distressing feeling that can be a barrier to a student’s development and affect their mental health. This research aimed to analyse the effects of loneliness on psychological and behavioral factors among students aged 12–19 years in Spain. Loneliness, experiential avoidance, psychological inflexibility, physical activity, mobile phone use, and smoke habits were analysed in a sample of 110 men and 122 women assigned into two groups depending on their loneliness levels: higher loneliness group (HLG) and lower loneliness group (LLG). Results showed that experimental avoidance and psychological inflexibility were related with loneliness (r = 0.471; p = 0.000). Experiential avoidance and psychological inflexibility were higher in HLG than LLG. Regarding the use of mobile phones and smoking habits, LLG presented significantly higher values than HLG. Higher age correlated with lower loneliness values (r = −0.155; p = 0.017). The present research found how students with higher loneliness presented higher experiential avoidance and psychological inflexibility and lower age, use of mobile phone, and smoking habits. These findings reveal the importance of considering multiple social behaviours when examining adolescent mental health factors |
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2021 |
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2021-12-24 |
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2022-06-01T22:35:48Z |
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2022-06-01T22:35:48Z |
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Artículo de revista |
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Martín-Rodríguez, A.; Tornero-Aguilera, J.F.; López-Pérez, P.J.; Clemente-Suárez, V.J. The Effect of Loneliness in Psychological and Behavioral Profile among High School Students in Spain. Sustainability 2022, 14, 168. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14010168 |
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2071-1050 |
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https://hdl.handle.net/11323/9208 |
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https://doi.org/10.3390/su14010168 |
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10.3390/su14010168 |
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Corporación Universidad de la Costa |
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REDICUC - Repositorio CUC |
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https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/ |
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Martín-Rodríguez, A.; Tornero-Aguilera, J.F.; López-Pérez, P.J.; Clemente-Suárez, V.J. The Effect of Loneliness in Psychological and Behavioral Profile among High School Students in Spain. Sustainability 2022, 14, 168. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14010168 2071-1050 10.3390/su14010168 Corporación Universidad de la Costa REDICUC - Repositorio CUC |
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https://hdl.handle.net/11323/9208 https://doi.org/10.3390/su14010168 https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/ |
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eng |
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eng |
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Sustainability |
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1. Hagerty, B.M.; Williams, R.A. The effects of sense of belonging, social support, conflict, and loneliness on depression. Nurs. Res. 1999, 48, 215–219. [CrossRef] 2. Wang, J.; Mann, F.; Lloyd-Evans, B.; Ma, R.; Johnson, S. Associations between loneliness and perceived social support and outcomes of mental health problems. A systematic review. BMC Psychiatry 2018, 18, 156. [CrossRef] 3. Shute, R.H.; Walsh, C. Adolescents with chronic illnesses: School absenteeism, perceived peer aggression, and loneliness. Sci. World J. 2005, 5, 535–544. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 4. WHO. Adolescent Health. Available online: https://www.who.int/health-topics/adolescent-health#tab=tab_1 (accessed on 19 December 2021). 5. Goosby, B.J.; Bellatorre, A.; Walsemann, K.M.; Cheadle, J.E. Adolescent Loneliness and Health in Early Adulthood. Soc. Inq. 2013, 83, 505–536. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 6. Muris, P.; van Brakel, A.M.; Arntz, A.; Schouten, E. Behavioral inhibition as a risk factor for the development of childhood anxiety disorders: A longitudinal study. J. Child Fam. Stud. 2011, 20, 157–170. [CrossRef] 7. Bangee, M.; Harris, R.A.; Bridges, N.; Rotenberg, K.J.; Qualter, P. Loneliness and attention to social threat in adults: Findings from an eye-tracker study. Personal. Individ. Differ. 2014, 63, 16–23. [CrossRef] 8. Loades, M.E.; Chatburn, E.; Higson-Sweeney, N.; Reynolds, S.; Shafran, R.; Brigden, A.; Linney, C.; McManus, M.N.; Borwick, C.; Crawley, E. Rapid Systematic Review: The Impact of Social Isolation and Loneliness on the Mental Health of Children and Adolescents in the Context of COVID-19. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2020, 59, 1218–1239. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 9. Krause-Parello, C.A. Loneliness in the school setting. J. Sch. Nurs. 2008, 24, 66–70. [CrossRef] 10. Niño, M.D.; Cai, T.; Ignatow, G. Social isolation, drunkenness, and cigarette use among adolescents. Addict. Behav. 2016, 53, 94–100. [CrossRef] 11. Ezzati, M.; Lopez, A.D.; Rodgers, A.; Vander Hoorn, S.; Murray, C.J.; Comparative Risk Assessment Collaborating Group. Selected major risk factors and global and regional burden of disease. Lancet 2002, 360, 1347–1360. [CrossRef] 12. Madsen, K.R.; Holstein, B.E.; Damsgaard, M.T.; Rayce, S.B.; Jespersen, L.N.; Due, P. Trends in social inequality in loneliness among adolescents 1991–2014. J. Public Health 2019, 41, e133–e140. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 13. Pinto, A.A.; Oppong Asante, K.; Puga Barbosa, R.; Nahas, M.V.; Dias, D.T.; Pelegrini, A. Association between loneliness, physical activity, and participation in physical education among adolescents in Amazonas, Brazil. J. Health Psychol. 2019, 26, 1359105319833741. [CrossRef] 14. Wilson, R.S.; Krueger, K.R.; Arnold, S.E.; Schneider, J.A.; Kelly, J.F.; Barnes, L.L.; Tang, Y.; Bennett, D.A. Loneliness and risk of Alzheimer disease. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 2007, 64, 234–240. [CrossRef] 15. Cacioppo, J.T.; Hawkley, L.C.; Crawford, E.; Ernst, J.M.; Burleson, M.H.; Kowalewski, R.B.; Malarkey, W.B.; Van Cauter, E.; Bernston, G.G. Loneliness and Health: Potential Mechanisms. Psychosom. Med. 2002, 64, 407–417. [CrossRef] 16. Cacioppo, S.; Grippo, A.J.; London, S.; Goossens, L.; Cacioppo, J.T. Loneliness: Clinical import and interventions. Perspect. Psychol. Sci. 2015, 10, 238–249. [CrossRef] 17. Adam, E.K.; Hawkley, L.C.; Kudielka, B.M.; Cacioppo, J.T. Day-today dynamics of experience-cortisol associations in a population based sample of older adults. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2006, 103, 17058–17063. [CrossRef] 18. Cacioppo, J.T.; Hawkley, L.C.; Berntson, G.G.; Ernst, J.M.; Gibbs, A.C.; Stickgold, R.; Hobson, J.A. Do lonely days invade the nights? Potential social modulation of sleep efficiency. Psychol. Sci. 2002, 13, 384–387. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 19. Eccles, A.M.; Qualter, P.; Madsen, K.R.; Holstein, B.E. Loneliness in the lives of Danish adolescents: Associations with health and sleep. Scand. J. Public Health 2020, 48, 877–887. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 20. Stickley, A.; Koyanagi, A.; Koposov, R. Loneliness and its association with psychological and somatic health problems among Czech Russia and US adolescents. BMC Psychiatry 2016, 16, 128. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 21. Harris, R.A.; Qualter, P.; Robinson, S.J. Loneliness trajectories from middle childhood to pre-adolescence: Impact of perceived health and sleep disturbance. J. Adolesc. 2013, 36, 1295–1304. [CrossRef] 22. Ejan, J.; Reiter, R.J.; Bax, M.C. Long-term sleep-disturbances in children: A cause of neuronal loss. Eur. J. Paediatr. Neurol. 2010, 14, 380–390. 23. Tarokh, L.; Saletin, J.M.; Carskadon, M.A. Sleep in adolescence:physiology, cognition and mental health. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 2016, 70, 182–188. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 24. Shochat, T.; Cohen-Zion, M.; Tzischinsky, O. Functional consequences of inadequate sleep in adolescents: A systematic review. Sleep Med. Rev. 2014, 18, 75–87. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 25. Hughes, M.E.; Waite, L.J.; Hawkley, L.C.; Cacioppo, J.T. A Short Scale for Measuring Loneliness in Large Surveys: Results from Two Population-Based Studies. Res. Aging 2004, 26, 655–672. [CrossRef] 26. Rodriguez-Besteiro, S.; Tornero-Aguilera, J.F.; Fernández-Lucas, J.; Clemente-Suárez, V.J. Gender differences in the COVID-19 pandemic risk perception, psychology and behaviors of spanish university students. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 3908. [CrossRef] 27. Steptoe, A.; Shankar, A.; Demakakos, P.; Wardle, J. Social isolation, loneliness, and all-cause mortality in older men and women. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2013, 110, 5797–5801. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 28. Sánchez-Conde, P.; Beltrán-Velasco, A.I.; Clemente-Suárez, V.J. Influence of psychological profile in autonomic response of nursing students in their first hospital clinical stays. Physiol. Behav. 2019, 1, 99–103. [CrossRef] 29. Hayes, S.C.; Strosahl, K.; Wilson, K.G.; Bissett, R.T.; Pistorello, J.; Toarmino, D.; Polusny, M.A.; Dykstra, T.A.; Batten, S.V.; Bergan, J.; et al. Measuring Experiential Avoidance: A Preliminary Test of a Working Model. Psychol. Rec. 2004, 54, 553–578. [CrossRef] 30. Woodruff, S.C.; Glass, C.R.; Arnkoff, D.B.; Crowley, K.J.; Hindman, R.K.; Hirschhorn, E.W. Comparing self-compassion, mindfulness, and psychological inflexibility as predictors of psychological health. Mindfulness 2014, 5, 410–421. [CrossRef] 31. Clemente-Suárez, V.J.; Fuentes-García, J.P.; de la Vega Marcos, R.; Martínez Patiño, M.J. Modulators of the Personal and Professional Threat Perception of Olympic Athletes in the Actual COVID-19 Crisis. Front. Psychol. 2020, 11, 1985. [CrossRef] 32. Hoffart, A.; Johnson, S.U.; Ebrahimi, O.V. Loneliness and Social Distancing During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Risk Factors and Associations with Psychopathology. Front. Psychiatry 2020, 11, 589127. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 33. Rokach, A. The effect of gender and culture on loneliness: A mini review. Emerg. Sci. J. 2018, 2, 59–64. [CrossRef] 34. Borys, S.; Perlman, D. Gender Differences in Loneliness. Personal. Soc. Psychol. Bull. 1985, 11, 63–74. [CrossRef] 35. Matthews, T.; Danese, A.; Gregory, A.M. Sleeping with one eye open: Loneliness and sleep quality in young adults. Psychol. Med. 2017, 47, 2177–2186. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 36. Griffin, S.C.; Williams, A.B.; Ravyts, S.G.; Mladen, S.N.; Rybarczyk, B.D. Loneliness and sleep: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Health Psychol. Open 2020, 7, 2055102920913235. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 37. Qualter, P.; Brown, S.L.; Rotenberg, K.J. Trajectories of loneliness during childhood and adolescence: Predictorsand health outcomes. J. Adolesc. 2013, 36, 1283–1293. [CrossRef] 38. Curcio, G.; Ferrara, M.; De Gennaro, L. Sleep loss, learning capacity and academic performance. Sleep Med. Rev. 2006, 10, 323–337. [CrossRef] 39. Douglas, P.K.; Douglas, D.B.; Harrigan, D.C.; Douglas, K.M. Preparing for pandemic influenza and its aftermath: Mental health issues considered. Int. J. Emerg. Ment. Health 2009, 11, 137–144. 40. Csibi, S.; Griffiths, M.D.; Demetrovics, Z.; Szabo, A. Analysis of Problematic Smartphone Use Across Different Age Groups within the ‘Components Model of Addiction’. Int. J. Ment. Health Addict. 2021, 19, 616–631. [CrossRef] 41. Bonetti, L.; Campbell, M.A.; Gilmore, L. The relationship of loneliness and social anxiety with children’s and adolescents’ online communication. Cyberpsychol. Behav. Soc. Netw. 2010, 13, 279–285. [CrossRef] 42. O’Reilly, M. Social media and adolescent mental health: The good, the bad and the ugly. J. Ment. Health 2020, 29, 200–206. [CrossRef] 43. Nathan DeWall, C.; Pond, R.S., Jr. Loneliness and smoking: The costs of the desire to reconnect. Self-Identity 2011, 10, 375–385. [CrossRef] 44. Sember, V.; Jurak, G.; Kovaˇc, M.; Ðuri´c, S.; Starc, G. Decline of physical activity in early adolescence: A 3-year cohort study. PLoS ONE 2020, 15, e0229305. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 45. Hawkley, L.C.; Thisted, R.A.; Cacioppo, J.T. Loneliness predicts reduced physical activity: Cross-sectional & longitudinal analyses. Health Psychol. 2009, 28, 354–363. [PubMed] 46. Laursen, B.; Hartl, A.C. Understanding loneliness during adolescence: Developmental changes that increase the risk of perceived social isolation. J. Adolesc. 2013, 36, 1261–1268. [CrossRef] 47. Lasgaard, M.; Goossens, L.; Elklit, A. Loneliness, depressive symptomatology, and suicide ideation in adolescence: Cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses. J. Abnorm. Child Psychol. 2011, 39, 137–150. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 48. Martínez-González, M.B.; Turizo-Palencia, Y.; Arenas-Rivera, C.; Acuña-Rodríguez, M.; Gómez-López, Y.; Clemente-Suárez, V.J. Gender, Anxiety, and Legitimation of Violence in Adolescents Facing Simulated Physical Aggression at School. Brain Sci. 2021, 11, 458. [CrossRef] 49. Martínez-González, M.B.; Arenas-Rivera, C.P.; Cardozo-Rusinque, A.A.; Morales-Cuadro, A.R.; Acuña-Rodríguez, M.; TurizoPalencia, Y.; Clemente-Suárez, V.J. Psychological and Gender Differences in a Simulated Cheating Coercion Situation at School. Soc. Sci. 2021, 10, 265. [CrossRef] 50. Martínez-González, M.B.; Pérez-Pedraza, D.C.; Alfaro-Álvarez, J.; Reyes-Cervantes, C.; González-Malabet, M.; Clemente-Suárez, V.J. Women Facing Psychological Abuse: How Do They Respond to Maternal Identity Humiliation and Body Shaming? Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 6627. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 51. Clemente-Suárez, V.J.; Ramos-Campo, D.J.; Mielgo-Ayuso, J.; Dalamitros, A.A.; Nikolaidis, P.A.; Hormeño-Holgado, A.; TorneroAguilera, J.F. Nutrition in the Actual COVID-19 Pandemic. A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2021, 13, 1924. [CrossRef] 52. Clemente-Suárez, V.J.; Martínez-González, M.B.; Benitez-Agudelo, J.C.; Navarro-Jiménez, E.; Beltran-Velasco, A.I.; Ruisoto, P.; Diaz Arroyo, E.; Laborde-Cárdenas, C.C.; Tornero-Aguilera, J.F. The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Mental Disorders. A Critical Review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 10041. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 53. Clemente-Suárez, V.J.; Dalamitros, A.A.; Beltran-Velasco, A.I.; Mielgo-Ayuso, J.; Tornero-Aguilera, J.F. Social and psychophysiological consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic: An extensive literature review. Front. Psychol. 2020, 11, 3077. [CrossRef] 54. Clemente-Suárez, V.J.; Navarro-Jiménez, E.; Moreno-Luna, L.; Saavedra-Serrano, M.C.; Jimenez, M.; Simón, J.A.; Tornero-Aguilera, J.F. The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Social, Health, and Economy. Sustainability 2021, 13, 6314. [CrossRef] 55. Martín-Rodríguez, A.; Tornero-Aguilera, J.F.; López-Pérez, P.J.; Clemente-Suárez, V.J. Gender Differences in Nutritional, Odontological and Psychological Patterns of Adolescent Students during COVID-19 Pandemic. Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 8499. [CrossRef] |
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Martín-Rodríguez, AlexandraTornero Aguilera, José FranciscoLópez-Pérez, Pedro JavierClemente-Suárez, Vicente Javier2022-06-01T22:35:48Z2022-06-01T22:35:48Z2021-12-24Martín-Rodríguez, A.; Tornero-Aguilera, J.F.; López-Pérez, P.J.; Clemente-Suárez, V.J. The Effect of Loneliness in Psychological and Behavioral Profile among High School Students in Spain. Sustainability 2022, 14, 168. https://doi.org/10.3390/su140101682071-1050https://hdl.handle.net/11323/9208https://doi.org/10.3390/su1401016810.3390/su14010168Corporación Universidad de la CostaREDICUC - Repositorio CUChttps://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/Loneliness is a distressing feeling that can be a barrier to a student’s development and affect their mental health. This research aimed to analyse the effects of loneliness on psychological and behavioral factors among students aged 12–19 years in Spain. Loneliness, experiential avoidance, psychological inflexibility, physical activity, mobile phone use, and smoke habits were analysed in a sample of 110 men and 122 women assigned into two groups depending on their loneliness levels: higher loneliness group (HLG) and lower loneliness group (LLG). Results showed that experimental avoidance and psychological inflexibility were related with loneliness (r = 0.471; p = 0.000). Experiential avoidance and psychological inflexibility were higher in HLG than LLG. Regarding the use of mobile phones and smoking habits, LLG presented significantly higher values than HLG. Higher age correlated with lower loneliness values (r = −0.155; p = 0.017). The present research found how students with higher loneliness presented higher experiential avoidance and psychological inflexibility and lower age, use of mobile phone, and smoking habits. These findings reveal the importance of considering multiple social behaviours when examining adolescent mental health factors9 páginasapplication/pdfengMDPI AGSwitzerland© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.Atribución 4.0 Internacional (CC BY 4.0)https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2The effect of loneliness in psychological and behavioral profile among high school students in SpainArtículo de revistahttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1Textinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARTinfo:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersionhttps://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/14/1/168SpainSustainability1. Hagerty, B.M.; Williams, R.A. The effects of sense of belonging, social support, conflict, and loneliness on depression. Nurs. Res. 1999, 48, 215–219. [CrossRef]2. Wang, J.; Mann, F.; Lloyd-Evans, B.; Ma, R.; Johnson, S. Associations between loneliness and perceived social support and outcomes of mental health problems. A systematic review. BMC Psychiatry 2018, 18, 156. [CrossRef]3. Shute, R.H.; Walsh, C. Adolescents with chronic illnesses: School absenteeism, perceived peer aggression, and loneliness. Sci. World J. 2005, 5, 535–544. [CrossRef] [PubMed]4. WHO. Adolescent Health. Available online: https://www.who.int/health-topics/adolescent-health#tab=tab_1 (accessed on 19 December 2021).5. Goosby, B.J.; Bellatorre, A.; Walsemann, K.M.; Cheadle, J.E. Adolescent Loneliness and Health in Early Adulthood. Soc. Inq. 2013, 83, 505–536. [CrossRef] [PubMed]6. Muris, P.; van Brakel, A.M.; Arntz, A.; Schouten, E. Behavioral inhibition as a risk factor for the development of childhood anxiety disorders: A longitudinal study. J. Child Fam. Stud. 2011, 20, 157–170. [CrossRef]7. Bangee, M.; Harris, R.A.; Bridges, N.; Rotenberg, K.J.; Qualter, P. 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[CrossRef]91114lonelinessPhysical activityPsychological inflexibilityAdolescenceExperiential avoidancePublicationORIGINALThe effect of loneliness in psychological and behavioral profile among high school students in Spain.pdfThe effect of loneliness in psychological and behavioral profile among high school students in Spain.pdfapplication/pdf281509https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/b21c0ff7-a403-4dc9-afd5-2f954b540f2b/download7c95caa9bce5ffb2f06ae83df01802a7MD51LICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-83196https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/4c8351d2-eb3c-4b5f-a20c-7d5b7c33fff2/downloade30e9215131d99561d40d6b0abbe9badMD52TEXTThe effect of loneliness in psychological and behavioral profile among high school students in Spain.pdf.txtThe effect of loneliness in psychological and behavioral profile among high school students in Spain.pdf.txttext/plain38235https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/db935fee-6e33-4d31-9943-a2c4bbee9d94/downloada1610c2ab7e2036b6b06507e5ffca825MD53THUMBNAILThe effect of loneliness in psychological and behavioral profile among high school students in Spain.pdf.jpgThe effect of loneliness in psychological and behavioral profile among high school students in Spain.pdf.jpgimage/jpeg16078https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/fe87bd9e-6918-446c-9a35-a55699908957/download66f3c0ad586dc036bdc434a202704de0MD5411323/9208oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/92082024-09-17 14:10:56.481https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.open.accesshttps://repositorio.cuc.edu.coRepositorio de la Universidad de la Costa CUCrepdigital@cuc.edu.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 |