Linking of built environment inequalities with air quality: a case study
In developing countries, where few air quality stations and studies exist, measuring the spatial gradient of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) in urban areas is challenging. Our research explores the linking the of built environment with air quality by developing a model that allows relating NO2 with transport...
- Autores:
-
Agudelo-Castañeda, Dayana
Arellana, Julian
MORGADO GAMERO, WENDY BEATRIZ
De Paoli, Fabrício
Portz, Luana
- Tipo de recurso:
- Article of investigation
- Fecha de publicación:
- 2023
- Institución:
- Corporación Universidad de la Costa
- Repositorio:
- REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
- Idioma:
- eng
- OAI Identifier:
- oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/9977
- Acceso en línea:
- https://hdl.handle.net/11323/9977
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/
- Palabra clave:
- NO2
Built environment
Inequalities
Walkability
Air pollution
- Rights
- embargoedAccess
- License
- Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)
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Linking of built environment inequalities with air quality: a case study |
| title |
Linking of built environment inequalities with air quality: a case study |
| spellingShingle |
Linking of built environment inequalities with air quality: a case study NO2 Built environment Inequalities Walkability Air pollution |
| title_short |
Linking of built environment inequalities with air quality: a case study |
| title_full |
Linking of built environment inequalities with air quality: a case study |
| title_fullStr |
Linking of built environment inequalities with air quality: a case study |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Linking of built environment inequalities with air quality: a case study |
| title_sort |
Linking of built environment inequalities with air quality: a case study |
| dc.creator.fl_str_mv |
Agudelo-Castañeda, Dayana Arellana, Julian MORGADO GAMERO, WENDY BEATRIZ De Paoli, Fabrício Portz, Luana |
| dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv |
Agudelo-Castañeda, Dayana Arellana, Julian MORGADO GAMERO, WENDY BEATRIZ De Paoli, Fabrício Portz, Luana |
| dc.subject.proposal.eng.fl_str_mv |
NO2 Built environment Inequalities Walkability Air pollution |
| topic |
NO2 Built environment Inequalities Walkability Air pollution |
| description |
In developing countries, where few air quality stations and studies exist, measuring the spatial gradient of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) in urban areas is challenging. Our research explores the linking the of built environment with air quality by developing a model that allows relating NO2 with transport, land use, socioeconomics, and built environment characteristics. For the model estimation, we installed and quantified 114 diffusion tubes from Gradko© in Barranquilla, Colombia, a Caribbean city. Our results indicated that the lowest NO2 values occurred in remaining green areas, reduced traffic, and places that favor walking. However, the city design and current conditions of the built environment generate inequalities in exposure to air pollution. Low-income inhabitants are exposed to higher NO2 values than wealthier people. Therefore, planning sustainable and equitable cities should involve reducing NO2 concentrations by designing sound strategies for adequate mobility and developing an urban design that promotes walking. |
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2023 |
| dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv |
2023-04-11T15:52:26Z |
| dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv |
2023-04-11T15:52:26Z 2025 |
| dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv |
2023 |
| dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv |
Artículo de revista |
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http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1 |
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Text |
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info:eu-repo/semantics/article |
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http://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ART |
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Dayana Agudelo-Castañeda, Julián Arellana, Wendy B. Morgado-Gamero, Fabrício De Paoli, Luana Carla Portz, Linking of built environment inequalities with air quality: A case study, Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, Volume 117, 2023, 103668, ISSN 1361-9209, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2023.103668 |
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1361-9209 |
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https://hdl.handle.net/11323/9977 |
| dc.identifier.doi.none.fl_str_mv |
10.1016/j.trd.2023.103668 |
| dc.identifier.eissn.spa.fl_str_mv |
1879-2340 |
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Corporación Universidad de la Costa |
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REDICUC - Repositorio CUC |
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https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/ |
| identifier_str_mv |
Dayana Agudelo-Castañeda, Julián Arellana, Wendy B. Morgado-Gamero, Fabrício De Paoli, Luana Carla Portz, Linking of built environment inequalities with air quality: A case study, Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, Volume 117, 2023, 103668, ISSN 1361-9209, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2023.103668 1361-9209 10.1016/j.trd.2023.103668 1879-2340 Corporación Universidad de la Costa REDICUC - Repositorio CUC |
| url |
https://hdl.handle.net/11323/9977 https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/ |
| dc.language.iso.spa.fl_str_mv |
eng |
| language |
eng |
| dc.relation.ispartofjournal.spa.fl_str_mv |
Transportation Research, Part D: Transport and Environment |
| dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv |
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Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)© 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/embargoedAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_f1cfAgudelo-Castañeda, DayanaArellana, JulianMORGADO GAMERO, WENDY BEATRIZDe Paoli, FabrícioPortz, Luana2023-04-11T15:52:26Z20252023-04-11T15:52:26Z2023Dayana Agudelo-Castañeda, Julián Arellana, Wendy B. Morgado-Gamero, Fabrício De Paoli, Luana Carla Portz, Linking of built environment inequalities with air quality: A case study, Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, Volume 117, 2023, 103668, ISSN 1361-9209, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2023.1036681361-9209https://hdl.handle.net/11323/997710.1016/j.trd.2023.1036681879-2340Corporación Universidad de la CostaREDICUC - Repositorio CUChttps://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/In developing countries, where few air quality stations and studies exist, measuring the spatial gradient of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) in urban areas is challenging. Our research explores the linking the of built environment with air quality by developing a model that allows relating NO2 with transport, land use, socioeconomics, and built environment characteristics. For the model estimation, we installed and quantified 114 diffusion tubes from Gradko© in Barranquilla, Colombia, a Caribbean city. Our results indicated that the lowest NO2 values occurred in remaining green areas, reduced traffic, and places that favor walking. However, the city design and current conditions of the built environment generate inequalities in exposure to air pollution. Low-income inhabitants are exposed to higher NO2 values than wealthier people. Therefore, planning sustainable and equitable cities should involve reducing NO2 concentrations by designing sound strategies for adequate mobility and developing an urban design that promotes walking.17 páginasapplication/pdfengElsevier Ltd.United Kingdomhttps://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1361920923000652?via%3DihubLinking of built environment inequalities with air quality: a case studyArtículo de revistahttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1Textinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARTinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85Transportation Research, Part D: Transport and EnvironmentAbhijith, K.V., Kumar, P., 2019. Field investigations for evaluating green infrastructure effects on air quality in open-road conditions. 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Associations between green space, air pollution and birthweight in Sydney Metropolitan Area, Australia. Urban For Urban Green 76, 127726. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2022.127726.Allen, R.W., Amram, O., Wheeler, A.J., Brauer, M., 2011. The transferability of NO and NO2 land use regression models between cities and pollutants. Atmos Environ 45, 369–378. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.10.002.Arellana, J., Saltarín, M., Larranaga, ˜ A.M., Alvarez, V., Henao, C.A., 2020b. Urban walkability considering pedestrians’ perceptions of the built environment: a 10- year review and a case study in a medium-sized city in Latin America. Transp Rev 40, 183–203. https://doi.org/10.1080/01441647.2019.1703842.Arellana, J., Saltarín, M., Larranaga, ˜ A.M., Gonz´alez, V.I., Henao, C.A., 2020c. Developing an urban bikeability index for different types of cyclists as a tool to prioritise bicycle infrastructure investments. Transp Res Part A Policy Pract 139, 310–334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2020.07.010.Arellana, J., Alvarez, V., Oviedo, D., Guzman, L.A., 2021a. Walk this way: Pedestrian accessibility and equity in Barranquilla and Soledad. Colombia. Research in Transportation Economics 86, 101024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.retrec.2020.101024.Arellana, J., Oviedo, D., Guzman, L.A., Alvarez, V., 2020a. Urban transport planning and access inequalities: A tale of two Colombian cities. Research in Transportation Business and Management 100554. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rtbm.2020.100554.Arellana, J., Oviedo, D., Guzman, L.A., Alvarez, V., 2021b. Urban transport planning and access inequalities: A tale of two Colombian cities. Research in Transportation Business & Management 40, 100554. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rtbm.2020.100554.Baldauf, R.W., Heist, D., Isakov, V., Perry, S., Hagler, G.S.W., Kimbrough, S., Shores, R., Black, K., Brixey, L., 2013. 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Chemosphere 220, 155–162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.12.095.171117NO2Built environmentInequalitiesWalkabilityAir pollutionPublicationORIGINALLinking of built environment inequalities with air quality.pdfLinking of built environment inequalities with air quality.pdfArtículoapplication/pdf23322973https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/c7e57868-600d-4e45-bd48-791c10fe986d/download91dd0083e9ab99f5980bf2266ca156a5MD51LICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-814828https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/5f089a4f-82b2-4fc6-a877-2cd7160268db/download2f9959eaf5b71fae44bbf9ec84150c7aMD52TEXTLinking of built environment inequalities with air quality.pdf.txtLinking of built environment inequalities with air quality.pdf.txtExtracted texttext/plain78483https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/600dd107-f63d-4277-b05f-960d4a9cc096/download96d5eb8dd8a58af93f544e66d44c189aMD53THUMBNAILLinking of built environment inequalities with air quality.pdf.jpgLinking of built environment inequalities with air quality.pdf.jpgGenerated Thumbnailimage/jpeg12986https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/ae87eebb-b833-4138-9679-74a504090434/download29e24f86f5cb98aaca660780e9da8b49MD5411323/9977oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/99772024-09-17 14:18:34.653https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/© 2023 The Author(s). 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ada en las Obras Colectivas.

b.	Distribuir copias o fonogramas de las Obras, exhibirlas públicamente, ejecutarlas públicamente y/o ponerlas a disposición pública, incluyéndolas como incorporadas en Obras Colectivas, según corresponda.

c.	Distribuir copias de las Obras Derivadas que se generen, exhibirlas públicamente, ejecutarlas públicamente y/o ponerlas a disposición pública.
Los derechos mencionados anteriormente pueden ser ejercidos en todos los medios y formatos, actualmente conocidos o que se inventen en el futuro. Los derechos antes mencionados incluyen el derecho a realizar dichas modificaciones en la medida que sean técnicamente necesarias para ejercer los derechos en otro medio o formatos, pero de otra manera usted no está autorizado para realizar obras derivadas. Todos los derechos no otorgados expresamente por el Licenciante quedan por este medio reservados, incluyendo pero sin limitarse a aquellos que se mencionan en las secciones 4(d) y 4(e).

4. Restricciones.
La licencia otorgada en la anterior Sección 3 está expresamente sujeta y limitada por las siguientes restricciones:

a.	Usted puede distribuir, exhibir públicamente, ejecutar públicamente, o poner a disposición pública la Obra sólo bajo las condiciones de esta Licencia, y Usted debe incluir una copia de esta licencia o del Identificador Universal de Recursos de la misma con cada copia de la Obra que distribuya, exhiba públicamente, ejecute públicamente o ponga a disposición pública. No es posible ofrecer o imponer ninguna condición sobre la Obra que altere o limite las condiciones de esta Licencia o el ejercicio de los derechos de los destinatarios otorgados en este documento. No es posible sublicenciar la Obra. Usted debe mantener intactos todos los avisos que hagan referencia a esta Licencia y a la cláusula de limitación de garantías. Usted no puede distribuir, exhibir públicamente, ejecutar públicamente, o poner a disposición pública la Obra con alguna medida tecnológica que controle el acceso o la utilización de ella de una forma que sea inconsistente con las condiciones de esta Licencia. Lo anterior se aplica a la Obra incorporada a una Obra Colectiva, pero esto no exige que la Obra Colectiva aparte de la obra misma quede sujeta a las condiciones de esta Licencia. Si Usted crea una Obra Colectiva, previo aviso de cualquier Licenciante debe, en la medida de lo posible, eliminar de la Obra Colectiva cualquier referencia a dicho Licenciante o al Autor Original, según lo solicitado por el Licenciante y conforme lo exige la cláusula 4(c).

b.	Usted no puede ejercer ninguno de los derechos que le han sido otorgados en la Sección 3 precedente de modo que estén principalmente destinados o directamente dirigidos a conseguir un provecho comercial o una compensación monetaria privada. El intercambio de la Obra por otras obras protegidas por derechos de autor, ya sea a través de un sistema para compartir archivos digitales (digital file-sharing) o de cualquier otra manera no será considerado como estar destinado principalmente o dirigido directamente a conseguir un provecho comercial o una compensación monetaria privada, siempre que no se realice un pago mediante una compensación monetaria en relación con el intercambio de obras protegidas por el derecho de autor.

c.	Si usted distribuye, exhibe públicamente, ejecuta públicamente o ejecuta públicamente en forma digital la Obra o cualquier Obra Derivada u Obra Colectiva, Usted debe mantener intacta toda la información de derecho de autor de la Obra y proporcionar, de forma razonable según el medio o manera que Usted esté utilizando: (i) el nombre del Autor Original si está provisto (o seudónimo, si fuere aplicable), y/o (ii) el nombre de la parte o las partes que el Autor Original y/o el Licenciante hubieren designado para la atribución (v.g., un instituto patrocinador, editorial, publicación) en la información de los derechos de autor del Licenciante, términos de servicios o de otras formas razonables; el título de la Obra si está provisto; en la medida de lo razonablemente factible y, si está provisto, el Identificador Uniforme de Recursos (Uniform Resource Identifier) que el Licenciante especifica para ser asociado con la Obra, salvo que tal URI no se refiera a la nota sobre los derechos de autor o a la información sobre el licenciamiento de la Obra; y en el caso de una Obra Derivada, atribuir el crédito identificando el uso de la Obra en la Obra Derivada (v.g., "Traducción Francesa de la Obra del Autor Original," o "Guión Cinematográfico basado en la Obra original del Autor Original"). Tal crédito puede ser implementado de cualquier forma razonable; en el caso, sin embargo, de Obras Derivadas u Obras Colectivas, tal crédito aparecerá, como mínimo, donde aparece el crédito de cualquier otro autor comparable y de una manera, al menos, tan destacada como el crédito de otro autor comparable.

d.	Para evitar toda confusión, el Licenciante aclara que, cuando la obra es una composición musical:

i.	Regalías por interpretación y ejecución bajo licencias generales. El Licenciante se reserva el derecho exclusivo de autorizar la ejecución pública o la ejecución pública digital de la obra y de recolectar, sea individualmente o a través de una sociedad de gestión colectiva de derechos de autor y derechos conexos (por ejemplo, SAYCO), las regalías por la ejecución pública o por la ejecución pública digital de la obra (por ejemplo Webcast) licenciada bajo licencias generales, si la interpretación o ejecución de la obra está primordialmente orientada por o dirigida a la obtención de una ventaja comercial o una compensación monetaria privada.

ii.	Regalías por Fonogramas. El Licenciante se reserva el derecho exclusivo de recolectar, individualmente o a través de una sociedad de gestión colectiva de derechos de autor y derechos conexos (por ejemplo, los consagrados por la SAYCO), una agencia de derechos musicales o algún agente designado, las regalías por cualquier fonograma que Usted cree a partir de la obra (“versión cover”) y distribuya, en los términos del régimen de derechos de autor, si la creación o distribución de esa versión cover está primordialmente destinada o dirigida a obtener una ventaja comercial o una compensación monetaria privada.

e.	Gestión de Derechos de Autor sobre Interpretaciones y Ejecuciones Digitales (WebCasting). Para evitar toda confusión, el Licenciante aclara que, cuando la obra sea un fonograma, el Licenciante se reserva el derecho exclusivo de autorizar la ejecución pública digital de la obra (por ejemplo, webcast) y de recolectar, individualmente o a través de una sociedad de gestión colectiva de derechos de autor y derechos conexos (por ejemplo, ACINPRO), las regalías por la ejecución pública digital de la obra (por ejemplo, webcast), sujeta a las disposiciones aplicables del régimen de Derecho de Autor, si esta ejecución pública digital está primordialmente dirigida a obtener una ventaja comercial o una compensación monetaria privada.

5. Representaciones, Garantías y Limitaciones de Responsabilidad.
A MENOS QUE LAS PARTES LO ACORDARAN DE OTRA FORMA POR ESCRITO, EL LICENCIANTE OFRECE LA OBRA (EN EL ESTADO EN EL QUE SE ENCUENTRA) “TAL CUAL”, SIN BRINDAR GARANTÍAS DE CLASE ALGUNA RESPECTO DE LA OBRA, YA SEA EXPRESA, IMPLÍCITA, LEGAL O CUALQUIERA OTRA, INCLUYENDO, SIN LIMITARSE A ELLAS, GARANTÍAS DE TITULARIDAD, COMERCIABILIDAD, ADAPTABILIDAD O ADECUACIÓN A PROPÓSITO DETERMINADO, AUSENCIA DE INFRACCIÓN, DE AUSENCIA DE DEFECTOS LATENTES O DE OTRO TIPO, O LA PRESENCIA O AUSENCIA DE ERRORES, SEAN O NO DESCUBRIBLES (PUEDAN O NO SER ESTOS DESCUBIERTOS). ALGUNAS JURISDICCIONES NO PERMITEN LA EXCLUSIÓN DE GARANTÍAS IMPLÍCITAS, EN CUYO CASO ESTA EXCLUSIÓN PUEDE NO APLICARSE A USTED.

6. Limitación de responsabilidad.
A MENOS QUE LO EXIJA EXPRESAMENTE LA LEY APLICABLE, EL LICENCIANTE NO SERÁ RESPONSABLE ANTE USTED POR DAÑO ALGUNO, SEA POR RESPONSABILIDAD EXTRACONTRACTUAL, PRECONTRACTUAL O CONTRACTUAL, OBJETIVA O SUBJETIVA, SE TRATE DE DAÑOS MORALES O PATRIMONIALES, DIRECTOS O INDIRECTOS, PREVISTOS O IMPREVISTOS PRODUCIDOS POR EL USO DE ESTA LICENCIA O DE LA OBRA, AUN CUANDO EL LICENCIANTE HAYA SIDO ADVERTIDO DE LA POSIBILIDAD DE DICHOS DAÑOS. ALGUNAS LEYES NO PERMITEN LA EXCLUSIÓN DE CIERTA RESPONSABILIDAD, EN CUYO CASO ESTA EXCLUSIÓN PUEDE NO APLICARSE A USTED.

7. Término.

a.	Esta Licencia y los derechos otorgados en virtud de ella terminarán automáticamente si Usted infringe alguna condición establecida en ella. Sin embargo, los individuos o entidades que han recibido Obras Derivadas o Colectivas de Usted de conformidad con esta Licencia, no verán terminadas sus licencias, siempre que estos individuos o entidades sigan cumpliendo íntegramente las condiciones de estas licencias. Las Secciones 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, y 8 subsistirán a cualquier terminación de esta Licencia.

b.	Sujeta a las condiciones y términos anteriores, la licencia otorgada aquí es perpetua (durante el período de vigencia de los derechos de autor de la obra). No obstante lo anterior, el Licenciante se reserva el derecho a publicar y/o estrenar la Obra bajo condiciones de licencia diferentes o a dejar de distribuirla en los términos de esta Licencia en cualquier momento; en el entendido, sin embargo, que esa elección no servirá para revocar esta licencia o que deba ser otorgada , bajo los términos de esta licencia), y esta licencia continuará en pleno vigor y efecto a menos que sea terminada como se expresa atrás. La Licencia revocada continuará siendo plenamente vigente y efectiva si no se le da término en las condiciones indicadas anteriormente.

8. Varios.

a.	Cada vez que Usted distribuya o ponga a disposición pública la Obra o una Obra Colectiva, el Licenciante ofrecerá al destinatario una licencia en los mismos términos y condiciones que la licencia otorgada a Usted bajo esta Licencia.

b.	Si alguna disposición de esta Licencia resulta invalidada o no exigible, según la legislación vigente, esto no afectará ni la validez ni la aplicabilidad del resto de condiciones de esta Licencia y, sin acción adicional por parte de los sujetos de este acuerdo, aquélla se entenderá reformada lo mínimo necesario para hacer que dicha disposición sea válida y exigible.

c.	Ningún término o disposición de esta Licencia se estimará renunciada y ninguna violación de ella será consentida a menos que esa renuncia o consentimiento sea otorgado por escrito y firmado por la parte que renuncie o consienta.

d.	Esta Licencia refleja el acuerdo pleno entre las partes respecto a la Obra aquí licenciada. No hay arreglos, acuerdos o declaraciones respecto a la Obra que no estén especificados en este documento. El Licenciante no se verá limitado por ninguna disposición adicional que pueda surgir en alguna comunicación emanada de Usted. Esta Licencia no puede ser modificada sin el consentimiento mutuo por escrito del Licenciante y Usted.
 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