Adaptive protection for active distribution networks: an approach based on fuses and relays with multiple setting groups
Protection schemes are essential in active distribution networks and microgrids’ reliable, efficient, and flexible operation. However, the protection of these networks presents significant challenges due to operational changes, such as variations in topology, distributed energy resources connection/...
- Autores:
-
Barranco Carlos, Adrian Osvaldo
OROZCO, CESAR
Marin Quintero, Juan Guillermo
Mora-Flórez, Juan
Herrera Orozco, Andres Ricardo
- Tipo de recurso:
- Article of investigation
- Fecha de publicación:
- 2023
- Institución:
- Corporación Universidad de la Costa
- Repositorio:
- REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
- Idioma:
- eng
- OAI Identifier:
- oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/10432
- Acceso en línea:
- https://hdl.handle.net/11323/10432
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/
- Palabra clave:
- Active distribution networks
Microgrids
Overcurrent devices
Clustering
Protection coordination scheme
- Rights
- openAccess
- License
- Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)
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dc.title.eng.fl_str_mv |
Adaptive protection for active distribution networks: an approach based on fuses and relays with multiple setting groups |
title |
Adaptive protection for active distribution networks: an approach based on fuses and relays with multiple setting groups |
spellingShingle |
Adaptive protection for active distribution networks: an approach based on fuses and relays with multiple setting groups Active distribution networks Microgrids Overcurrent devices Clustering Protection coordination scheme |
title_short |
Adaptive protection for active distribution networks: an approach based on fuses and relays with multiple setting groups |
title_full |
Adaptive protection for active distribution networks: an approach based on fuses and relays with multiple setting groups |
title_fullStr |
Adaptive protection for active distribution networks: an approach based on fuses and relays with multiple setting groups |
title_full_unstemmed |
Adaptive protection for active distribution networks: an approach based on fuses and relays with multiple setting groups |
title_sort |
Adaptive protection for active distribution networks: an approach based on fuses and relays with multiple setting groups |
dc.creator.fl_str_mv |
Barranco Carlos, Adrian Osvaldo OROZCO, CESAR Marin Quintero, Juan Guillermo Mora-Flórez, Juan Herrera Orozco, Andres Ricardo |
dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv |
Barranco Carlos, Adrian Osvaldo OROZCO, CESAR Marin Quintero, Juan Guillermo Mora-Flórez, Juan Herrera Orozco, Andres Ricardo |
dc.subject.proposal.eng.fl_str_mv |
Active distribution networks Microgrids Overcurrent devices Clustering Protection coordination scheme |
topic |
Active distribution networks Microgrids Overcurrent devices Clustering Protection coordination scheme |
description |
Protection schemes are essential in active distribution networks and microgrids’ reliable, efficient, and flexible operation. However, the protection of these networks presents significant challenges due to operational changes, such as variations in topology, distributed energy resources connection/disconnection, and microgrid operating modes, among others. This paper proposes an adaptive protection scheme based on overcurrent devices with several setting groups based on artificial intelligence algorithms. The developed strategy is composed of two stages. In the off-line stage, a clustering technique is employed to group the active distribution network operating scenarios exhibiting similarities. The optimal settings for the protection devices are determined for each set of scenarios. On the other hand, in the on-line stage, the protection strategy’s implementation and operation, considering the active distribution network’s existing communication system, are defined. Furthermore, the approach formulates the overcurrent relay coordination as a mixed-integer non-linear optimization problem, and as a result, the optimal setting of the overcurrent protection devices is obtained. It aims to minimize the operating time, considering the transformers’ thermal limits, fuse operating curves, and overcurrent relay settings. The solution is determined by using an Augmented Lagrangian genetic algorithm. The presented protection scheme is validated on the modified IEEE 34 node test feeder, considering the main operating scenarios of the active distribution networks, such as topology changes, distributed energy resource connection/disconnection, and microgrid operating modes (on-grid and off-grid). The results obtained and its easy implementation indicates the high potential for real-life applications. |
publishDate |
2023 |
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv |
2023-08-31T22:07:47Z |
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv |
2023-08-31T22:07:47Z |
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv |
2023-03-30 |
dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv |
Artículo de revista |
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http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1 |
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info:eu-repo/semantics/article |
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http://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ART |
dc.type.version.spa.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion |
dc.type.coarversion.spa.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85 |
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http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1 |
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dc.identifier.citation.spa.fl_str_mv |
A. Barranco-Carlos, C. Orozco-Henao, J. Marín-Quintero, J. Mora-Flórez and A. Herrera-Orozco, "Adaptive Protection for Active Distribution Networks: An Approach Based on Fuses and Relays With Multiple Setting Groups," in IEEE Access, vol. 11, pp. 31075-31091, 2023, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3261827 |
dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv |
https://hdl.handle.net/11323/10432 |
dc.identifier.doi.none.fl_str_mv |
10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3261827 |
dc.identifier.eissn.spa.fl_str_mv |
2169-3536 |
dc.identifier.instname.spa.fl_str_mv |
Corporación Universidad de la Costa |
dc.identifier.reponame.spa.fl_str_mv |
REDICUC - Repositorio CUC |
dc.identifier.repourl.spa.fl_str_mv |
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/ |
identifier_str_mv |
A. Barranco-Carlos, C. Orozco-Henao, J. Marín-Quintero, J. Mora-Flórez and A. Herrera-Orozco, "Adaptive Protection for Active Distribution Networks: An Approach Based on Fuses and Relays With Multiple Setting Groups," in IEEE Access, vol. 11, pp. 31075-31091, 2023, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3261827 10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3261827 2169-3536 Corporación Universidad de la Costa REDICUC - Repositorio CUC |
url |
https://hdl.handle.net/11323/10432 https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/ |
dc.language.iso.spa.fl_str_mv |
eng |
language |
eng |
dc.relation.ispartofjournal.spa.fl_str_mv |
IEEE Access |
dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv |
[1] British Petroleum. (2022). BP Energy Outlook: 2022 Edition. [Online]. Available: https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/businesssites/en/global/corporate/pdfs/energy-economics/energy-outlook/bpenergy-outlook-2022.pdf [2] Y. D. B. Ramirez, ‘‘Metodología de diseño conceptual de la automatización de red de distribución de energía que permita la integración de recursos energéticos distribuidos (der) e implementación de estrategias de gestión de demanda (DSM),’’ Ingeniería Eléctrica, to be published. [3] C. D’Adamo, S. Jupe, and C. Abbey, ‘‘Global survey on planning and operation of active distribution networks–update of CIGRE C6.11 working group activities,’’ in Proc. IET Conf. Publications, 2009, pp. 1–4. [4] C. Liu, Z. Chen, and Z. Liu, ‘‘A communication-less overcurrent protection for distribution system with distributed generation integrated,’’ in Proc. 3rd IEEE Int. Symp. Power Electron. Distrib. Gener. Syst. (PEDG), Jun. 2012, pp. 140–147. [5] S. M. Brahma and A. A. Girgis, ‘‘Development of adaptive protection scheme for distribution systems with high penetration of distributed generation,’’ IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 56–63, Jan. 2004. [6] F. Coffele, C. Booth, and A. Dysko, ‘‘An adaptive overcurrent protection scheme for distribution networks,’’ IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 30, no. 2, pp. 561–568, Apr. 2015. [7] Y. Ates, A. Boynuegri, M. Uzunoglu, A. Nadar, R. Yumurtacı, O. Erdinc, N. Paterakis, and J. Catalão, ‘‘Adaptive protection scheme for a distribution system considering grid-connected and islanded modes of operation,’’ Energies, vol. 9, no. 5, p. 378, May 2016. [8] P. Mahat, Z. Chen, B. Bak-Jensen, and C. L. Bak, ‘‘A simple adaptive overcurrent protection of distribution systems with distributed generation,’’ IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 428–437, Sep. 2011. [9] B. P. Bhattarai, B. Bak-Jensen, S. Chaudhary, and J. R. Pillai, ‘‘An adaptive overcurrent protection in smart distribution grid,’’ in Proc. IEEE Eindhoven PowerTech, Jun. 2015, pp. 1–6. [10] E. C. Piesciorovsky and N. N. Schulz, ‘‘Comparison of programmable logic and setting group methods for adaptive overcurrent protection in microgrids,’’ Electr. Power Syst. Res., vol. 151, pp. 273–282, Oct. 2017. [11] V. A. Papaspiliotopoulos, G. N. Korres, and N. D. Hatziargyriou, ‘‘Protection coordination in modern distribution grids integrating optimization techniques with adaptive relay setting,’’ in Proc. IEEE Eindhoven PowerTech, Jun. 2015, pp. 1–6. [12] M. Y. Shih, C. A. C. Salazar, and A. C. Enríquez, ‘‘Adaptive directional overcurrent relay coordination using ant colony optimisation,’’ IET Gener., Transmiss. Distrib., vol. 9, no. 14, pp. 2040–2049, Nov. 2015. [13] C. Reiz and J. B. Leite, ‘‘Optimal coordination of protection devices in distribution networks with distributed energy resources and microgrids,’’ IEEE Access, vol. 10, pp. 99584–99594, 2022. [14] A. Conde and M. Y. Shih, ‘‘An adaptive overcurrent coordination scheme withstanding active network operations,’’ IEEE Access, vol. 10, pp. 104270–104284, 2022. [15] A. H. El-Hamrawy, A. A. M. Ebrahiem, and A. I. Megahed, ‘‘Improved adaptive protection scheme based combined centralized/decentralized communications for power systems equipped with distributed generation,’’ IEEE Access, vol. 10, pp. 97061–97074, 2022. [16] M. Yousaf, A. Jalilian, K. M. Muttaqi, and D. Sutanto, ‘‘An adaptive overcurrent protection scheme for dual-setting directional recloser and fuse coordination in unbalanced distribution networks with distributed generation,’’ IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 58, no. 2, pp. 1831–1842, Mar. 2022. [17] N. El Naily, S. M. Saad, T. Hussein, and F. A. Mohamed, ‘‘Minimizing the impact of distributed generation of a weak distribution network with an artificial intelligence technique,’’ Appl. Sol. Energy, vol. 53, no. 2, pp. 109–122, Apr. 2017. [18] A. Ataee-Kachoee, H. Hashemi-Dezaki, and A. Ketabi, ‘‘Optimized adaptive protection coordination of microgrids by dual-setting directional overcurrent relays considering different topologies based on limited independent relays’ setting groups,’’ Electr. Power Syst. Res., vol. 214, Jan. 2023, Art. no. 108879. [Online]. Available: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378779622009324 [19] M. N. Alam, ‘‘Adaptive protection coordination scheme using numerical directional overcurrent relays,’’ IEEE Trans. Ind. Informat., vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 64–73, Jan. 2019. [20] A. Samadi and R. M. Chabanloo, ‘‘Adaptive coordination of overcurrent relays in active distribution networks based on independent change of relays’ setting groups,’’ Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst., vol. 120, Sep. 2020, Art. no. 106026. [Online]. Available: https://www. sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S014206151933532X [21] M. Ojaghi and V. Mohammadi, ‘‘Use of clustering to reduce the number of different setting groups for adaptive coordination of overcurrent relays,’’ IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 33, no. 3, pp. 1204–1212, Jun. 2018. [22] S. M. E. Ghadiri and K. Mazlumi, ‘‘Adaptive protection scheme for microgrids based on SOM clustering technique,’’ Appl. Soft Comput., vol. 88, Mar. 2020, Art. no. 106062. [Online]. Available: https://www. sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1568494620300028 [23] S. D. Saldarriaga-Zuluaga, J. M. López-Lezama, and N. Muñoz-Galeano, ‘‘Optimal coordination of over-current relays in microgrids using unsupervised learning techniques,’’ Appl. Sci., vol. 11, no. 3, p. 1241, Jan. 2021. [Online]. Available: https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/11/3/1241 [24] P. Naveen and P. Jena, ‘‘Adaptive protection scheme for microgrid with multiple point of common couplings,’’ IEEE Syst. J., vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 5618–5629, Dec. 2021. [25] M. Ghotbi-Maleki, R. M. Chabanloo, H. H. Zeineldin, and S. M. H. Miangafsheh, ‘‘Design of setting group-based overcurrent protection scheme for active distribution networks using MILP,’’ IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 1185–1193, Mar. 2021. [26] E. Sorrentino and J. V. Rodríguez, ‘‘Optimal coordination of directional overcurrent protections considering the occurrence probability of different configurations and the effect of grouping cases,’’ Electr. Power Syst. Res., vol. 218, May 2023, Art. no. 109163. [Online]. Available: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378779623000524 [27] A. K. Soni, A. Kumar, R. K. Panda, A. Mohapatra, and S. N. Singh, ‘‘Adaptive coordination of relays in AC microgrid considering operational and topological changes,’’ IEEE Syst. J., early access, Dec. 19, 2022, doi: 10.1109/JSYST.2022.3227311. [28] IEEE Standard Inverse-Time Characteristic Equations for Overcurrent Relays, Standard IEEE c37.112-1996, I. Power and E. Society, 1996. [29] Measuring Relays and Protection Equipement—Part 151: Functional Requirments for Over/Under Current Protection, International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), Geneva, Switzerland, 2008. [30] SANDC. (1986). Sc ‘k’ Speed Minimum Melting Time-Current Characteristic Curves. Positrol Fuse Links. [Online]. Available: https://www.sandc.com/en/products–services/products/positrol-fuselinks/ [31] A. M. Bayen and T. Siauw, ‘‘Interpolation,’’ in An Introduction to MATLAB Programming and Numerical Methods for Engineers, A. M. Bayen and T. Siauw, Eds. Boston, MA, USA: Academic, 2015, pp. 211–223. [Online]. Available: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ article/pii/B9780124202283000142 [32] Protection and Coordination of Industrial and Commercial Power Systems, Standard IEEE 242-2001, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 2001. [33] V. S. Madureira and T. C. Vieira, ‘‘Coordination of inverse-time overcurrent relays with fuses using genetic algorithm,’’ in Proc. Simposio Brasileiro de Sistemas Eletricos (SBSE), May 2018, pp. 1–6. [34] G. D. Ferreira, ‘‘Cuaderno didáctico de subestaciones eléctricas y protecciones de sistemas eléctricos,’’ Tech. Rep., 2012, pp. 1–123. [35] A. B. Carlos, C. O. Henao, J. M. Quintero, J. M. Florez, and A. H. Orozco, ‘‘Clustering techniques performance for the coordination of adaptive overcurrent protections,’’ in Proc. IEEE ANDESCON, Nov. 2022, pp. 1–6. [36] H. Belyadi and A. Haghighat, ‘‘Unsupervised machine learning: Clustering algorithms,’’ in Machine Learning Guide for Oil and Gas Using Python, H. Belyadi and A. Haghighat, Eds. London, U.K.: Gulf Professional Publishing, 2021, pp. 125–168. [Online]. Available: https:// www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128219294000020 [37] M. N. Alam, ‘‘Overcurrent protection of AC microgrids using mixed characteristic curves of relays,’’ Comput. Electr. Eng., vol. 74, pp. 74–88, Mar. 2019. [Online]. Available: https://www.sciencedirect. com/science/article/pii/S0045790618313181 [38] R. M. Chabanlooa, M. G. Maleki, S. M. M. Agah, and E. M. Habashi, ‘‘Comprehensive coordination of radial distribution network protection in the presence of synchronous distributed generation using fault current limiter,’’ Int. J. Elect. Power Energy Syst., vol. 99, pp. 214–224, Jul. 2018. [Online]. Available: https://www.sciencedirect.com/ science/article/pii/S0142061517314023 [39] A. E. Dahej, S. Esmaeili, and H. Hojabri, ‘‘Co-optimization of protection coordination and power quality in microgrids using unidirectional fault current limiters,’’ IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, vol. 9, no. 5, pp. 5080–5091, Sep. 2018. [40] MATLAB. (2022). Nonlinear Constraint Solver Algorithms Augmented Lagrangian Genetic Algorithm. [Online]. Available: https://la.mathworks.com/help/gads/description-of-the-nonlinearconstraint-solver.html [41] MATLAB. (2019). GA Find Minimum of Function Using Genetic Algorithm. [Online]. Available: https://la.mathworks.com/help/gads/ga.html [42] A. Almalawi, Z. Tari, A. Fahad, and X. Yi, SCADA-Based Security Testbed, 2021, pp. 25–62. [43] M. Singh, T. Vishnuvardhan, and S. G. Srivani, ‘‘Adaptive protection coordination scheme for power networks under penetration of distributed energy resources,’’ IET Gener., Transmiss. Distrib., vol. 10, no. 15, pp. 3919–3929, Nov. 2016. [44] J. Marin-Quintero, C. Orozco-Henao, and J. Mora-Florez, ‘‘Data-driven topology detector for self-healing strategies in active distribution networks,’’ Energy Rep., vol. 9, pp. 377–385, May 2023. [Online]. Available: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352484723000057 [45] (2001). IEEE 34 Node Test Feeder, Distribution System Analysis Subcommittee. [Online]. Available: https://site.ieee.org/pes-testfeeders/resources/ [46] S. AG. Overcurrent and Feeder Protecion Siprotec 7SJ82. [Online]. Available: https://cache.industry.siemens.com [47] S. Horowitz and A. Phadke, Power System Relaying. Hoboken, NJ, USA: Wiley, 2008. [Online]. Available: https://books.google.com. br/books?id=4A3Kw3fgNusC [48] N. A. E. R. Corporation. (2015). Considerations for Power Plant and Transmission System Protection Coordination. [Online]. Available: https://www.nerc.com/comm/PC/System%20Protection%20and% 20Control%20Subcommittee%20SPCS%2020/SPCS%20Gen% 20Prot%20Coordination%20Technical%20Reference%20Document.pdf [49] MATLAB Version 9.13.0.2049777 (R2022b), Mathworks, Inc., Natick, MA, USA, 2022. [50] H. K. Hoidalen, ATPDraw Windows Version 7.2. Rueil-Malmaison, France: Schneider Electric, 2020. [51] MATLAB. (2022). Mixed Integer Ga Optimization. [Online]. Available: https://la.mathworks.com/help/gads/mixed-integer-optimization.html |
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Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)© Copyright 2023 IEEE - All rights reserved.https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Barranco Carlos, Adrian OsvaldoOROZCO, CESARMarin Quintero, Juan GuillermoMora-Flórez, JuanHerrera Orozco, Andres Ricardo2023-08-31T22:07:47Z2023-08-31T22:07:47Z2023-03-30A. Barranco-Carlos, C. Orozco-Henao, J. Marín-Quintero, J. Mora-Flórez and A. Herrera-Orozco, "Adaptive Protection for Active Distribution Networks: An Approach Based on Fuses and Relays With Multiple Setting Groups," in IEEE Access, vol. 11, pp. 31075-31091, 2023, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3261827https://hdl.handle.net/11323/1043210.1109/ACCESS.2023.32618272169-3536Corporación Universidad de la CostaREDICUC - Repositorio CUChttps://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/Protection schemes are essential in active distribution networks and microgrids’ reliable, efficient, and flexible operation. However, the protection of these networks presents significant challenges due to operational changes, such as variations in topology, distributed energy resources connection/disconnection, and microgrid operating modes, among others. This paper proposes an adaptive protection scheme based on overcurrent devices with several setting groups based on artificial intelligence algorithms. The developed strategy is composed of two stages. In the off-line stage, a clustering technique is employed to group the active distribution network operating scenarios exhibiting similarities. The optimal settings for the protection devices are determined for each set of scenarios. On the other hand, in the on-line stage, the protection strategy’s implementation and operation, considering the active distribution network’s existing communication system, are defined. Furthermore, the approach formulates the overcurrent relay coordination as a mixed-integer non-linear optimization problem, and as a result, the optimal setting of the overcurrent protection devices is obtained. It aims to minimize the operating time, considering the transformers’ thermal limits, fuse operating curves, and overcurrent relay settings. The solution is determined by using an Augmented Lagrangian genetic algorithm. The presented protection scheme is validated on the modified IEEE 34 node test feeder, considering the main operating scenarios of the active distribution networks, such as topology changes, distributed energy resource connection/disconnection, and microgrid operating modes (on-grid and off-grid). The results obtained and its easy implementation indicates the high potential for real-life applications.17 páginasapplication/pdfengInstitute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.United Stateshttps://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10080932/authors#authorsAdaptive protection for active distribution networks: an approach based on fuses and relays with multiple setting groupsArtículo de revistahttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1Textinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARTinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85IEEE Access[1] British Petroleum. (2022). BP Energy Outlook: 2022 Edition. [Online]. Available: https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/businesssites/en/global/corporate/pdfs/energy-economics/energy-outlook/bpenergy-outlook-2022.pdf[2] Y. D. B. Ramirez, ‘‘Metodología de diseño conceptual de la automatización de red de distribución de energía que permita la integración de recursos energéticos distribuidos (der) e implementación de estrategias de gestión de demanda (DSM),’’ Ingeniería Eléctrica, to be published.[3] C. D’Adamo, S. Jupe, and C. Abbey, ‘‘Global survey on planning and operation of active distribution networks–update of CIGRE C6.11 working group activities,’’ in Proc. IET Conf. Publications, 2009, pp. 1–4.[4] C. Liu, Z. Chen, and Z. Liu, ‘‘A communication-less overcurrent protection for distribution system with distributed generation integrated,’’ in Proc. 3rd IEEE Int. Symp. Power Electron. Distrib. Gener. Syst. (PEDG), Jun. 2012, pp. 140–147.[5] S. M. Brahma and A. A. Girgis, ‘‘Development of adaptive protection scheme for distribution systems with high penetration of distributed generation,’’ IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 56–63, Jan. 2004.[6] F. Coffele, C. Booth, and A. Dysko, ‘‘An adaptive overcurrent protection scheme for distribution networks,’’ IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 30, no. 2, pp. 561–568, Apr. 2015.[7] Y. Ates, A. Boynuegri, M. Uzunoglu, A. Nadar, R. Yumurtacı, O. Erdinc, N. Paterakis, and J. Catalão, ‘‘Adaptive protection scheme for a distribution system considering grid-connected and islanded modes of operation,’’ Energies, vol. 9, no. 5, p. 378, May 2016.[8] P. Mahat, Z. Chen, B. Bak-Jensen, and C. L. Bak, ‘‘A simple adaptive overcurrent protection of distribution systems with distributed generation,’’ IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 428–437, Sep. 2011.[9] B. P. Bhattarai, B. Bak-Jensen, S. Chaudhary, and J. R. Pillai, ‘‘An adaptive overcurrent protection in smart distribution grid,’’ in Proc. IEEE Eindhoven PowerTech, Jun. 2015, pp. 1–6.[10] E. C. Piesciorovsky and N. N. Schulz, ‘‘Comparison of programmable logic and setting group methods for adaptive overcurrent protection in microgrids,’’ Electr. Power Syst. 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Networks.pdf.jpgAdaptive Protection for Active Distribution Networks.pdf.jpgGenerated Thumbnailimage/jpeg15300https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/3cbf8e43-20a2-4988-82f1-05216ab5fd57/download090e7684cc39eb7e83345894c6e906d8MD5411323/10432oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/104322024-09-17 14:22:27.146https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/© Copyright 2023 IEEE - All rights reserved.open.accesshttps://repositorio.cuc.edu.coRepositorio de la Universidad de la Costa 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ada en las Obras Colectivas.

b.	Distribuir copias o fonogramas de las Obras, exhibirlas públicamente, ejecutarlas públicamente y/o ponerlas a disposición pública, incluyéndolas como incorporadas en Obras Colectivas, según corresponda.

c.	Distribuir copias de las Obras Derivadas que se generen, exhibirlas públicamente, ejecutarlas públicamente y/o ponerlas a disposición pública.
Los derechos mencionados anteriormente pueden ser ejercidos en todos los medios y formatos, actualmente conocidos o que se inventen en el futuro. Los derechos antes mencionados incluyen el derecho a realizar dichas modificaciones en la medida que sean técnicamente necesarias para ejercer los derechos en otro medio o formatos, pero de otra manera usted no está autorizado para realizar obras derivadas. Todos los derechos no otorgados expresamente por el Licenciante quedan por este medio reservados, incluyendo pero sin limitarse a aquellos que se mencionan en las secciones 4(d) y 4(e).

4. Restricciones.
La licencia otorgada en la anterior Sección 3 está expresamente sujeta y limitada por las siguientes restricciones:

a.	Usted puede distribuir, exhibir públicamente, ejecutar públicamente, o poner a disposición pública la Obra sólo bajo las condiciones de esta Licencia, y Usted debe incluir una copia de esta licencia o del Identificador Universal de Recursos de la misma con cada copia de la Obra que distribuya, exhiba públicamente, ejecute públicamente o ponga a disposición pública. No es posible ofrecer o imponer ninguna condición sobre la Obra que altere o limite las condiciones de esta Licencia o el ejercicio de los derechos de los destinatarios otorgados en este documento. No es posible sublicenciar la Obra. Usted debe mantener intactos todos los avisos que hagan referencia a esta Licencia y a la cláusula de limitación de garantías. Usted no puede distribuir, exhibir públicamente, ejecutar públicamente, o poner a disposición pública la Obra con alguna medida tecnológica que controle el acceso o la utilización de ella de una forma que sea inconsistente con las condiciones de esta Licencia. Lo anterior se aplica a la Obra incorporada a una Obra Colectiva, pero esto no exige que la Obra Colectiva aparte de la obra misma quede sujeta a las condiciones de esta Licencia. Si Usted crea una Obra Colectiva, previo aviso de cualquier Licenciante debe, en la medida de lo posible, eliminar de la Obra Colectiva cualquier referencia a dicho Licenciante o al Autor Original, según lo solicitado por el Licenciante y conforme lo exige la cláusula 4(c).

b.	Usted no puede ejercer ninguno de los derechos que le han sido otorgados en la Sección 3 precedente de modo que estén principalmente destinados o directamente dirigidos a conseguir un provecho comercial o una compensación monetaria privada. El intercambio de la Obra por otras obras protegidas por derechos de autor, ya sea a través de un sistema para compartir archivos digitales (digital file-sharing) o de cualquier otra manera no será considerado como estar destinado principalmente o dirigido directamente a conseguir un provecho comercial o una compensación monetaria privada, siempre que no se realice un pago mediante una compensación monetaria en relación con el intercambio de obras protegidas por el derecho de autor.

c.	Si usted distribuye, exhibe públicamente, ejecuta públicamente o ejecuta públicamente en forma digital la Obra o cualquier Obra Derivada u Obra Colectiva, Usted debe mantener intacta toda la información de derecho de autor de la Obra y proporcionar, de forma razonable según el medio o manera que Usted esté utilizando: (i) el nombre del Autor Original si está provisto (o seudónimo, si fuere aplicable), y/o (ii) el nombre de la parte o las partes que el Autor Original y/o el Licenciante hubieren designado para la atribución (v.g., un instituto patrocinador, editorial, publicación) en la información de los derechos de autor del Licenciante, términos de servicios o de otras formas razonables; el título de la Obra si está provisto; en la medida de lo razonablemente factible y, si está provisto, el Identificador Uniforme de Recursos (Uniform Resource Identifier) que el Licenciante especifica para ser asociado con la Obra, salvo que tal URI no se refiera a la nota sobre los derechos de autor o a la información sobre el licenciamiento de la Obra; y en el caso de una Obra Derivada, atribuir el crédito identificando el uso de la Obra en la Obra Derivada (v.g., "Traducción Francesa de la Obra del Autor Original," o "Guión Cinematográfico basado en la Obra original del Autor Original"). Tal crédito puede ser implementado de cualquier forma razonable; en el caso, sin embargo, de Obras Derivadas u Obras Colectivas, tal crédito aparecerá, como mínimo, donde aparece el crédito de cualquier otro autor comparable y de una manera, al menos, tan destacada como el crédito de otro autor comparable.

d.	Para evitar toda confusión, el Licenciante aclara que, cuando la obra es una composición musical:

i.	Regalías por interpretación y ejecución bajo licencias generales. El Licenciante se reserva el derecho exclusivo de autorizar la ejecución pública o la ejecución pública digital de la obra y de recolectar, sea individualmente o a través de una sociedad de gestión colectiva de derechos de autor y derechos conexos (por ejemplo, SAYCO), las regalías por la ejecución pública o por la ejecución pública digital de la obra (por ejemplo Webcast) licenciada bajo licencias generales, si la interpretación o ejecución de la obra está primordialmente orientada por o dirigida a la obtención de una ventaja comercial o una compensación monetaria privada.

ii.	Regalías por Fonogramas. El Licenciante se reserva el derecho exclusivo de recolectar, individualmente o a través de una sociedad de gestión colectiva de derechos de autor y derechos conexos (por ejemplo, los consagrados por la SAYCO), una agencia de derechos musicales o algún agente designado, las regalías por cualquier fonograma que Usted cree a partir de la obra (“versión cover”) y distribuya, en los términos del régimen de derechos de autor, si la creación o distribución de esa versión cover está primordialmente destinada o dirigida a obtener una ventaja comercial o una compensación monetaria privada.

e.	Gestión de Derechos de Autor sobre Interpretaciones y Ejecuciones Digitales (WebCasting). Para evitar toda confusión, el Licenciante aclara que, cuando la obra sea un fonograma, el Licenciante se reserva el derecho exclusivo de autorizar la ejecución pública digital de la obra (por ejemplo, webcast) y de recolectar, individualmente o a través de una sociedad de gestión colectiva de derechos de autor y derechos conexos (por ejemplo, ACINPRO), las regalías por la ejecución pública digital de la obra (por ejemplo, webcast), sujeta a las disposiciones aplicables del régimen de Derecho de Autor, si esta ejecución pública digital está primordialmente dirigida a obtener una ventaja comercial o una compensación monetaria privada.

5. Representaciones, Garantías y Limitaciones de Responsabilidad.
A MENOS QUE LAS PARTES LO ACORDARAN DE OTRA FORMA POR ESCRITO, EL LICENCIANTE OFRECE LA OBRA (EN EL ESTADO EN EL QUE SE ENCUENTRA) “TAL CUAL”, SIN BRINDAR GARANTÍAS DE CLASE ALGUNA RESPECTO DE LA OBRA, YA SEA EXPRESA, IMPLÍCITA, LEGAL O CUALQUIERA OTRA, INCLUYENDO, SIN LIMITARSE A ELLAS, GARANTÍAS DE TITULARIDAD, COMERCIABILIDAD, ADAPTABILIDAD O ADECUACIÓN A PROPÓSITO DETERMINADO, AUSENCIA DE INFRACCIÓN, DE AUSENCIA DE DEFECTOS LATENTES O DE OTRO TIPO, O LA PRESENCIA O AUSENCIA DE ERRORES, SEAN O NO DESCUBRIBLES (PUEDAN O NO SER ESTOS DESCUBIERTOS). ALGUNAS JURISDICCIONES NO PERMITEN LA EXCLUSIÓN DE GARANTÍAS IMPLÍCITAS, EN CUYO CASO ESTA EXCLUSIÓN PUEDE NO APLICARSE A USTED.

6. Limitación de responsabilidad.
A MENOS QUE LO EXIJA EXPRESAMENTE LA LEY APLICABLE, EL LICENCIANTE NO SERÁ RESPONSABLE ANTE USTED POR DAÑO ALGUNO, SEA POR RESPONSABILIDAD EXTRACONTRACTUAL, PRECONTRACTUAL O CONTRACTUAL, OBJETIVA O SUBJETIVA, SE TRATE DE DAÑOS MORALES O PATRIMONIALES, DIRECTOS O INDIRECTOS, PREVISTOS O IMPREVISTOS PRODUCIDOS POR EL USO DE ESTA LICENCIA O DE LA OBRA, AUN CUANDO EL LICENCIANTE HAYA SIDO ADVERTIDO DE LA POSIBILIDAD DE DICHOS DAÑOS. ALGUNAS LEYES NO PERMITEN LA EXCLUSIÓN DE CIERTA RESPONSABILIDAD, EN CUYO CASO ESTA EXCLUSIÓN PUEDE NO APLICARSE A USTED.

7. Término.

a.	Esta Licencia y los derechos otorgados en virtud de ella terminarán automáticamente si Usted infringe alguna condición establecida en ella. Sin embargo, los individuos o entidades que han recibido Obras Derivadas o Colectivas de Usted de conformidad con esta Licencia, no verán terminadas sus licencias, siempre que estos individuos o entidades sigan cumpliendo íntegramente las condiciones de estas licencias. Las Secciones 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, y 8 subsistirán a cualquier terminación de esta Licencia.

b.	Sujeta a las condiciones y términos anteriores, la licencia otorgada aquí es perpetua (durante el período de vigencia de los derechos de autor de la obra). No obstante lo anterior, el Licenciante se reserva el derecho a publicar y/o estrenar la Obra bajo condiciones de licencia diferentes o a dejar de distribuirla en los términos de esta Licencia en cualquier momento; en el entendido, sin embargo, que esa elección no servirá para revocar esta licencia o que deba ser otorgada , bajo los términos de esta licencia), y esta licencia continuará en pleno vigor y efecto a menos que sea terminada como se expresa atrás. La Licencia revocada continuará siendo plenamente vigente y efectiva si no se le da término en las condiciones indicadas anteriormente.

8. Varios.

a.	Cada vez que Usted distribuya o ponga a disposición pública la Obra o una Obra Colectiva, el Licenciante ofrecerá al destinatario una licencia en los mismos términos y condiciones que la licencia otorgada a Usted bajo esta Licencia.

b.	Si alguna disposición de esta Licencia resulta invalidada o no exigible, según la legislación vigente, esto no afectará ni la validez ni la aplicabilidad del resto de condiciones de esta Licencia y, sin acción adicional por parte de los sujetos de este acuerdo, aquélla se entenderá reformada lo mínimo necesario para hacer que dicha disposición sea válida y exigible.

c.	Ningún término o disposición de esta Licencia se estimará renunciada y ninguna violación de ella será consentida a menos que esa renuncia o consentimiento sea otorgado por escrito y firmado por la parte que renuncie o consienta.

d.	Esta Licencia refleja el acuerdo pleno entre las partes respecto a la Obra aquí licenciada. No hay arreglos, acuerdos o declaraciones respecto a la Obra que no estén especificados en este documento. El Licenciante no se verá limitado por ninguna disposición adicional que pueda surgir en alguna comunicación emanada de Usted. Esta Licencia no puede ser modificada sin el consentimiento mutuo por escrito del Licenciante y Usted.
 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