Disruptive innovation in traditional clusters: the case of the kerajet ceramic tile cluster in Spain
Academic literature has often emphasized how firms in regional clusters exploit both place-specific local resources and external, world-class knowledge to strengthen their competitiveness by expanding the influence of regional systems of innovation. Innovation based on more complex and disruptive te...
- Autores:
-
albors-garrigos, jose
HERVAS-OLIVER, JOSE LUIS
- Tipo de recurso:
- Article of journal
- Fecha de publicación:
- 2019
- Institución:
- Corporación Universidad de la Costa
- Repositorio:
- REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
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- eng
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- oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/5852
- Acceso en línea:
- https://hdl.handle.net/11323/5852
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/
- Palabra clave:
- Tile ceramic clusters
Low and medium tech clusters
Radical innovation
Disruptive technology
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- openAccess
- License
- CC0 1.0 Universal
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dc.title.spa.fl_str_mv |
Disruptive innovation in traditional clusters: the case of the kerajet ceramic tile cluster in Spain |
title |
Disruptive innovation in traditional clusters: the case of the kerajet ceramic tile cluster in Spain |
spellingShingle |
Disruptive innovation in traditional clusters: the case of the kerajet ceramic tile cluster in Spain Tile ceramic clusters Low and medium tech clusters Radical innovation Disruptive technology |
title_short |
Disruptive innovation in traditional clusters: the case of the kerajet ceramic tile cluster in Spain |
title_full |
Disruptive innovation in traditional clusters: the case of the kerajet ceramic tile cluster in Spain |
title_fullStr |
Disruptive innovation in traditional clusters: the case of the kerajet ceramic tile cluster in Spain |
title_full_unstemmed |
Disruptive innovation in traditional clusters: the case of the kerajet ceramic tile cluster in Spain |
title_sort |
Disruptive innovation in traditional clusters: the case of the kerajet ceramic tile cluster in Spain |
dc.creator.fl_str_mv |
albors-garrigos, jose HERVAS-OLIVER, JOSE LUIS |
dc.contributor.author.spa.fl_str_mv |
albors-garrigos, jose HERVAS-OLIVER, JOSE LUIS |
dc.subject.spa.fl_str_mv |
Tile ceramic clusters Low and medium tech clusters Radical innovation Disruptive technology |
topic |
Tile ceramic clusters Low and medium tech clusters Radical innovation Disruptive technology |
description |
Academic literature has often emphasized how firms in regional clusters exploit both place-specific local resources and external, world-class knowledge to strengthen their competitiveness by expanding the influence of regional systems of innovation. Innovation based on more complex and disruptive technologies tends to also be based on more open systems that utilize the clusters’ external networks. However, most of the literature has associated clusters with incremental innovation. This paper will analyze the determinants of disruptive innovation development in traditional (low and medium tech) clusters caused by high-tech entrepreneurs. It will analyze the case of the development of breakthrough innovation, its diffusion in the Spanish ceramic tile cluster, and its consequent diffusion in the industry worldwide. It will examine how market demands, customer orientation, technology diffusion from other industries, industry competitiveness, as well as internal and external networking of clusters can facilitate the development of complex technology within a common set of social capital goals, cognitive schemes, and knowledge. The paper is based on a case study and field work carried out over10 years in the field in the Italian and Spanish tile ceramic clusters. The main contribution of this paper to technology strategy theory will be thorough the utilization of the disruptive technology paradigm in explaining industry changes and sustainability. |
publishDate |
2019 |
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv |
2019-12-14 |
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv |
2020-01-17T15:52:06Z |
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv |
2020-01-17T15:52:06Z |
dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv |
Artículo de revista |
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http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1 |
dc.type.coar.spa.fl_str_mv |
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dc.type.content.spa.fl_str_mv |
Text |
dc.type.driver.spa.fl_str_mv |
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http://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ART |
dc.type.version.spa.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion |
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acceptedVersion |
dc.identifier.issn.spa.fl_str_mv |
2076-3417 |
dc.identifier.uri.spa.fl_str_mv |
https://hdl.handle.net/11323/5852 |
dc.identifier.instname.spa.fl_str_mv |
Corporación Universidad de la Costa |
dc.identifier.reponame.spa.fl_str_mv |
REDICUC - Repositorio CUC |
dc.identifier.repourl.spa.fl_str_mv |
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/ |
identifier_str_mv |
2076-3417 Corporación Universidad de la Costa REDICUC - Repositorio CUC |
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https://hdl.handle.net/11323/5852 https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/ |
dc.language.iso.none.fl_str_mv |
eng |
language |
eng |
dc.relation.ispartof.spa.fl_str_mv |
https://doi.org/10.3390/app9245513 |
dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv |
1. Asheim, B.T.; Coenen, L. Knowledge bases and regional innovation systems: Comparing Nordic clusters. Res. Policy 2005, 34, 1173–1190. [CrossRef] 2. Asheim, B.T.; Smith, H.L.; Oughton, C. Regional innovation systems: Theory, empirics and policy. Reg. Stud. 2011, 45, 875–891. [CrossRef] 3. Asheim, B.T.; Isaksen, A.; Martin, R.; Trippl, M. The role of clusters and public policy in new regional economic path development. In The Life Cycle of Clusters; Forhnal, D., Hassink, R., Eds.; Edward Elgar Publishing: London, UK, 2017; pp. 13–34. 4. Hervas-Oliver, J.L.; Albors-Garrigos, J. Resources and Innovation in Low-tech Industries: An Empirical Study of Clusters in Spain and Italy; Paul, L., Robertson, P.L., Jacobson, D., Eds.; Edwar Elgar Publishers: London, UK, 2011; pp. 12–145. 5. Lissoni, F. Knowledge codification and the geography of innovation: The case of Brescia mechanical cluster. Res. Policy 2001, 30, 1479–1500. [CrossRef] 6. Belussi, F.; Sedita, S.R. Industrial districts as open learning systems: Combining emergent and deliberate knowledge structures. Reg. Stud. 2012, 46, 165–184. [CrossRef] 7. Asheim, B.T.; Gertler, M.S. Regional innovation systems and the geographical foundations of innovation. In The Oxford Handbook of Innovation; Fagerberg, J., Mowery, D., Nelson, D., Eds.; Oxford University Press: Oxford, UK, 2005; pp. 291–317. 85. 8. Steinle, C.; Schiele, C. When do industries cluster? A proposal on how to assess an industry’s propensity to concentrate at a single region or nation. Res. Policy 2002, 31, 849–858. [CrossRef] 9. Giulani, E. The wine industry: Persistence of tacit knowledge or increased codification? Some implications for catching-up countries. Int. J. Technol. Glob. 2007, 3, 138–154. [CrossRef] 10. Hervas-Oliver, J.L.; Albors-Garrigos, J. The role of the firm’s internal and relational capabilities in clusters: When distance and embeddedness are not enough to explain innovation. J. Econ. Geogr. 2009, 9, 263–283. [CrossRef] 11. Grashof, N.; Hesse, K.; Fornahl, D. Radical or not? The role of clusters in the emergence of radical innovations. Eur. Plan. Stud. 2019, 27, 1904–1923. [CrossRef] 12. Yin, R.K. Case Study Research: Design and Methods, 3rd ed.; Sage: New York, NY, USA, 2009. 13. Dube, L.; Pare, G. Rigor in information systems positivist case research: Current practices, trends, and recommendations. Mis Quaterly 2003, 27, 597–635. [CrossRef] 14. Creswell, J.W. Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, And Mixed Methods Approaches, 2nd ed.; Sage Publications: London, UK, 2013. 15. Molina-Morales, F.X. Industrial districts and innovation: The case of the Spanish ceramic tiles industry. Entrep. Reg. Dev. 2002, 14, 317–335. [CrossRef] 16. ASCER. Estudio Económico del Sector del Azulejo 2018, Castellón (Spanish). Available online: http//www. ascer.es (accessed on 19 September 2019). 17. Hervas-Oliver, J.L.; Albors-Garrigos, J. Do the cluster’s resources and capabilities matter? An application of resource-based view in clusters. Entrep. Reg. Dev. 2007, 19, 113–136. [CrossRef] 18. Hervas-Oliver, J.L.; Albors-Garrigos, J.; Dalmau, J.I. Externalties and the reduction of knowledge asymmetries among clusters within global value chains: The case of the ceramic tile district of Castellon. Eur. Plan. Stud. 2008, 16, 507–520. [CrossRef] 19. ASSOPIASTRELLE. Assopiastrelle and Asia Observatore, Corporate Information. 2019. Available online: www.assopiastrelle.it (accessed on 10 October 2019). 20. Albors, J. Networking and technology transfer in the Spanish ceramic tiles cluster: Its role in the sector competitiveness. J. Technol. Transf. 2002, 27, 263–273. [CrossRef] 21. Nelson, R.; Winter, S. An Evolutionary Theory of Economic Change, 5th ed.; The Belknap Press of Harvard University: London, UK, 2013. 22. Belussi, F.; Rita Sedita, S. The symbiotic division of labour between heterogeneous districts in the Dutch and Italian horticultural industry. Urban Stud. 2008, 45, 2715–2734. [CrossRef] 23. Breschi, S.; Malerba, F.; Orsenigo, L. Technological regimes and Schumpeterian patterns of innovation. Econ. J. 2000, 110, 388–410. [CrossRef] 24. Meyer-Stamer, J.; Maggi, C.; Seibel, S. Upgrading in the tile industry of Italy, Spain and Brazil. In Local Enterprises in the Global Economy: Issues of Governance and Upgrading; Schmitz, H., Ed.; Edward Elgar: Cheltenham, UK, 2004; pp. 210–235. 25. Hervas-Oliver, J.L.; Davide, M. The case of the European ceramic tile districts in Spain and Italy. In Local Clusters in Global Value Chains: Linking Actors and Territories Through Manufacturing and Innovation; DeMarchi, V., DiMaria, E., Gereffi, G., Eds.; Routledge: London, UK, 2017; pp. 135–147. 26. Iammarino, S.; McCann, P. The structure and evolution of industrial clusters: Transactions, technology and knowledge spillovers. Res. Policy 2006, 35, 1018–1036. [CrossRef] 27. Robertson, P.; Patel, P. New wine in old bottles: Echnological diffusion in developed economies. Res. Policy 2007, 36, 708–721. [CrossRef] 28. Baraldi, L. Italia e Spagna: Un duopolio europeo nelle piastrelle ceramiche. Ceram. World Rev. 2019, 131, 48–51. 29. St. John, S.H.; Pouder, R.W. Technology clusters versus industry clusters: Resources, networks, and regional advantages. Growth Chang. 2006, 37, 141–171. [CrossRef] 30. Mytelka, L.; Farinelli, F. Local Clusters, Innovation Systems and Sustained Competitiveness; Discussion Papers No. 5; United Nations University: New York, NY, USA, 2000. 31. Powell, W.W.; Grodal, S. Networks of innovators. In The Oxford Handbook of Innovation; Fagerberg, J., Mowery, D., Nelson, R., Eds.; Oxford University Press: Oxford, UK, 2005; pp. 56––85. 32. Beckman, C.M.; Haunschild, P.R. Networklearning: The effects of partners’ heterogeneity of experience. Adm. Sci. Q. 2002, 47, 92–124. [CrossRef] 33. Abernathy, W.J.; Utterback, J. Patterns of industrial innovation. Technol. Rev. 1978, 80, 40–47. 34. Abernathy, W.J.; Clark, K.B. Innovation: Mapping the winds of creative destruction. Res. Policy 1985, 14, 3–22. [CrossRef] 35. Ettlie, I.F.; Bridges, W.P.; O’Keefe, R. Organization strategy and structural differences for radical vs. incremental Innovation. Manag. Sci. 1984, 6, 682–695. [CrossRef] 36. Tushman, M.L.; Anderson, P. Technological discontinuities and organizational environments. Adm. Sci. Q. 1986, 31, 439–465. [CrossRef] 37. Freeman, C.; Soete, L. Economics of Industrial Innovation, 5th ed.; Mass MIT Press: Cambridge, MA, USA, 2013. 38. Dewar, R.D.; Dutton, J.E. The adoption of radical and incremental innovations: An empirical analysis. Manag. Sci. 1986, 32, 1422–1433. [CrossRef] 39. Urabe, K. Innovation and the Japanese management system. In Innovation and Management: International Comparisons; Urabe, K., Child, J., Kagono, T., Eds.; Walterde Gruyter: Berlin, Germany, 1988. 40. Dalum, B.; Pedersen, C.R.; Villumsen, G. Technological Life Cycles: Regional Clusters Facing Disruption; DRUID Working Paper No. 02-10; Druid: Copenhagen, Denmark, 2002. 41. Green, S.G.; Gavin, M.B.; Aiman-Smith, L. Assessing a multidimensional measure of radical technological innovation. Eng. Manag. IEEE 1995, 42, 203–214. [CrossRef] 42. Bower, J.L.; Christensen, C.M. Disruptive Technologies: Catching the wave. Harv. Bus. Rev. 1995, 73, 43–53. 43. Coccia, M. Radical innovations as drivers of breakthroughs: Characteristics and properties of the management of technology leading to superior organisational performance in the discovery process of R&D labs. Technol. Anal. Strateg. Manag. 2016, 28, 381–395. 44. Adner, R. When are technologies disruptive? A demand-based view of the emergence of competition. Strateg. Manag. J. 2002, 23, 667–688. [CrossRef] 45. Adner, R.; Kapoor, R. Innovation ecosystems and the pace of substitution: Re-examining technology S-curves. Strateg. Manag. J. 2016, 37, 625–648. [CrossRef] 46. Christensen, C.M. The Innovator’s Dilemma: When New Technologies Cause Great Firms to Fail, 5th ed.; Harvard Business Press: Cambridge, MA, USA, 2013. 47. Danneels, E. Disruptive technology reconsidered: A critique and research agenda. J. Prod. Innov. Manag. 2004, 21, 246–258. [CrossRef] 48. Markides, C. Disruptive innovation: In need of better theory. J. Prod. Innov. Manag. 2006, 23, 19–25. [CrossRef] 49. Tellis, G.J. Disruptive technology or visionary leadership? J. Prod. Innov. Manag. 2006, 23, 34–38. [CrossRef] 50. Von Hippel, E. Lead users: A source of novel product concepts. Manag. Sci. 1986, 32, 791–805. [CrossRef] 51. Chesbrough, H. Business model innovation: Opportunities and barriers. Long Range Plan. 2010, 43, 354–363. [CrossRef] 52. Schmidt, G.M.; Druehl, C.T. When is a Disruptive Innovation Disruptive? J. Prod. Innov. Manag. 2008, 25, 347–369. [CrossRef] 53. Isaksen, A. From success to failure, the disappearance of clusters: A study of a Norwegian boat-building cluster. Camb. J. Reg. Econ. Soc. 2018, 11, 241–255. [CrossRef] 54. Glasmeier, A. Technological discontinuities and flexible production networks: The case of Switzerland and the world watch industry. Res. Policy 1991, 20, 469–485. [CrossRef] 55. Hervas-Oliver, J.L.; Albors-Garrigos, J. Are technology gatekeepers renewing clusters? Understanding gatekeepers and their dynamics across cluster lifecycles. Entrep. Reg. Dev. 2014, 26, 431–452. [CrossRef] 56. Hervas-Oliver, J.L.; Sempere-Ripoll, F.; Estelles-Miguel, S.; Rojas-Alvarado, R. Radical vs incremental innovation in Marshallian Industrial Districts in the Valencian Region: What prevails? Eur. Plan. Stud. 2019, 27, 1924–1939. [CrossRef] 57. Albors, J.; Hervas-Oliver, J.L. The European tile ceramic industry in the XXI century. Challenges of the present decade. Biol. Soc. Esp. Ceram. 2006, 45, 13–21. [CrossRef] 58. Russo, M. Innovation Dynamics and Industrial Dynamics in A Local Production System; Working Paper 205; Universita di Modena: Modena, Italy, 2000. 59. Forcada, E. El mercado de la decoración digital ceramica. Técnica Cerámica 2012, 349, 1307–1322. 60. Forcada, E. Durst inicia en castellon su nuevo equipo. Técnica Cerámica 2012, 394, 497–498. 61. Utterback, J.M.; Abernathy, W.J. A dynamic model of process and product innovation. Omega 1975, 3, 639–656. [CrossRef] 62. Giacomini, P. A Digital future. Ceram. World Rev. 2010, 86, 210–220. 63. Ferrari, A. Digital printing technology. Ceram. World Rev. 2016, 115, 106–107. 64. Assink, M. Inhibitors of disruptive innovation capability: A conceptual model. European. J. Innov. Manag. 2006, 2, 215–233. [CrossRef] 65. Munari, F.; Sobrero,M.; Malipiero, A. Absorptive capacity and localized spillovers: Focal firms as technological gatekeepers in industrial districts. Ind. Corp. Chang. 2011, 22, 1–34. [CrossRef] 66. Landry, R.; Amara, N.; Lamari, M. Does social capital determine innovation? To what extent? Technol. Forecast. Soc. Chang. 2002, 69, 681–701. [CrossRef] 67. Angel, D.P. Inter-firm collaboration and technology development partnerships within US manufacturing industries. Reg. Stud. 2002, 36, 333–344. [CrossRef] 68. Ouimet, M.; Landry, R.; Amara, N. Network positions and radical innovation: A social network analysis of the Quebec optics and photonics. In Proceedings of the DRUID Conference on Industrial Dynamics, Innovation and Development, Elsinore, Denmark, 14–16 June 2004. 69. Reid, N.; Carroll, M.C. The dynamics of cluster formation in accelerated radical innovation: Bridging the inception to implementation gap. In Proceedings of the Portland International Conference on Management of Engineering & Technology, Portland, OR, USA, 5–9 August 2007. 70. Noteboom, B. Inter-Firm Collaboration, Learning and Networks: An Integrated Approach; Routledge: London, UK, 2004. 71. Chorafakis, G.; Laget, P. Mesoeconomic structure, Innovation and Complexity: The concept of Mesoeconomic Plexus. In Knowledge Matters; Carayannis, E., Formica, P., Eds.; Palgrave Mc Millan: Basingstoke, UK, 2008; pp. 52–86. 72. Tallman, S.; Jenkins, M.; Henry, N.; Pinch, S. Knowledge, clusters, and competitive advantage. Acad. Manag. Rev. 2004, 29, 258–271. [CrossRef] 73. Cohen, W.; Levinthal, D. Absorptive capacity: A new perspective on learning and innovation. Adm. Sci. Q. 1990, 35, 128–152. [CrossRef] |
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albors-garrigos, joseHERVAS-OLIVER, JOSE LUIS2020-01-17T15:52:06Z2020-01-17T15:52:06Z2019-12-142076-3417https://hdl.handle.net/11323/5852Corporación Universidad de la CostaREDICUC - Repositorio CUChttps://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/Academic literature has often emphasized how firms in regional clusters exploit both place-specific local resources and external, world-class knowledge to strengthen their competitiveness by expanding the influence of regional systems of innovation. Innovation based on more complex and disruptive technologies tends to also be based on more open systems that utilize the clusters’ external networks. However, most of the literature has associated clusters with incremental innovation. This paper will analyze the determinants of disruptive innovation development in traditional (low and medium tech) clusters caused by high-tech entrepreneurs. It will analyze the case of the development of breakthrough innovation, its diffusion in the Spanish ceramic tile cluster, and its consequent diffusion in the industry worldwide. It will examine how market demands, customer orientation, technology diffusion from other industries, industry competitiveness, as well as internal and external networking of clusters can facilitate the development of complex technology within a common set of social capital goals, cognitive schemes, and knowledge. The paper is based on a case study and field work carried out over10 years in the field in the Italian and Spanish tile ceramic clusters. The main contribution of this paper to technology strategy theory will be thorough the utilization of the disruptive technology paradigm in explaining industry changes and sustainability.albors-garrigos, jose-will be generated-orcid-0000-0003-3669-879X-600HERVAS-OLIVER, JOSE LUIS-will be generated-orcid-0000-0001-6438-5497-600engApplied Scienceshttps://doi.org/10.3390/app92455131. Asheim, B.T.; Coenen, L. Knowledge bases and regional innovation systems: Comparing Nordic clusters. Res. Policy 2005, 34, 1173–1190. [CrossRef]2. Asheim, B.T.; Smith, H.L.; Oughton, C. Regional innovation systems: Theory, empirics and policy. Reg. Stud. 2011, 45, 875–891. [CrossRef]3. Asheim, B.T.; Isaksen, A.; Martin, R.; Trippl, M. The role of clusters and public policy in new regional economic path development. In The Life Cycle of Clusters; Forhnal, D., Hassink, R., Eds.; Edward Elgar Publishing: London, UK, 2017; pp. 13–34.4. Hervas-Oliver, J.L.; Albors-Garrigos, J. Resources and Innovation in Low-tech Industries: An Empirical Study of Clusters in Spain and Italy; Paul, L., Robertson, P.L., Jacobson, D., Eds.; Edwar Elgar Publishers: London, UK, 2011; pp. 12–145.5. Lissoni, F. Knowledge codification and the geography of innovation: The case of Brescia mechanical cluster. Res. Policy 2001, 30, 1479–1500. [CrossRef]6. Belussi, F.; Sedita, S.R. Industrial districts as open learning systems: Combining emergent and deliberate knowledge structures. Reg. Stud. 2012, 46, 165–184. [CrossRef]7. Asheim, B.T.; Gertler, M.S. Regional innovation systems and the geographical foundations of innovation. In The Oxford Handbook of Innovation; Fagerberg, J., Mowery, D., Nelson, D., Eds.; Oxford University Press: Oxford, UK, 2005; pp. 291–317. 85.8. Steinle, C.; Schiele, C. When do industries cluster? A proposal on how to assess an industry’s propensity to concentrate at a single region or nation. Res. Policy 2002, 31, 849–858. [CrossRef]9. Giulani, E. The wine industry: Persistence of tacit knowledge or increased codification? Some implications for catching-up countries. Int. J. Technol. Glob. 2007, 3, 138–154. [CrossRef]10. Hervas-Oliver, J.L.; Albors-Garrigos, J. The role of the firm’s internal and relational capabilities in clusters: When distance and embeddedness are not enough to explain innovation. J. Econ. Geogr. 2009, 9, 263–283. [CrossRef]11. Grashof, N.; Hesse, K.; Fornahl, D. Radical or not? The role of clusters in the emergence of radical innovations. Eur. Plan. Stud. 2019, 27, 1904–1923. [CrossRef]12. Yin, R.K. Case Study Research: Design and Methods, 3rd ed.; Sage: New York, NY, USA, 2009.13. Dube, L.; Pare, G. Rigor in information systems positivist case research: Current practices, trends, and recommendations. Mis Quaterly 2003, 27, 597–635. [CrossRef]14. Creswell, J.W. Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, And Mixed Methods Approaches, 2nd ed.; Sage Publications: London, UK, 2013.15. Molina-Morales, F.X. Industrial districts and innovation: The case of the Spanish ceramic tiles industry. Entrep. Reg. Dev. 2002, 14, 317–335. [CrossRef]16. ASCER. Estudio Económico del Sector del Azulejo 2018, Castellón (Spanish). Available online: http//www. ascer.es (accessed on 19 September 2019).17. Hervas-Oliver, J.L.; Albors-Garrigos, J. Do the cluster’s resources and capabilities matter? An application of resource-based view in clusters. Entrep. Reg. Dev. 2007, 19, 113–136. [CrossRef]18. Hervas-Oliver, J.L.; Albors-Garrigos, J.; Dalmau, J.I. Externalties and the reduction of knowledge asymmetries among clusters within global value chains: The case of the ceramic tile district of Castellon. Eur. Plan. Stud. 2008, 16, 507–520. [CrossRef]19. ASSOPIASTRELLE. Assopiastrelle and Asia Observatore, Corporate Information. 2019. Available online: www.assopiastrelle.it (accessed on 10 October 2019).20. Albors, J. Networking and technology transfer in the Spanish ceramic tiles cluster: Its role in the sector competitiveness. J. Technol. Transf. 2002, 27, 263–273. [CrossRef]21. Nelson, R.; Winter, S. An Evolutionary Theory of Economic Change, 5th ed.; The Belknap Press of Harvard University: London, UK, 2013.22. Belussi, F.; Rita Sedita, S. The symbiotic division of labour between heterogeneous districts in the Dutch and Italian horticultural industry. Urban Stud. 2008, 45, 2715–2734. [CrossRef]23. Breschi, S.; Malerba, F.; Orsenigo, L. Technological regimes and Schumpeterian patterns of innovation. Econ. J. 2000, 110, 388–410. [CrossRef]24. Meyer-Stamer, J.; Maggi, C.; Seibel, S. Upgrading in the tile industry of Italy, Spain and Brazil. In Local Enterprises in the Global Economy: Issues of Governance and Upgrading; Schmitz, H., Ed.; Edward Elgar: Cheltenham, UK, 2004; pp. 210–235.25. Hervas-Oliver, J.L.; Davide, M. The case of the European ceramic tile districts in Spain and Italy. In Local Clusters in Global Value Chains: Linking Actors and Territories Through Manufacturing and Innovation; DeMarchi, V., DiMaria, E., Gereffi, G., Eds.; Routledge: London, UK, 2017; pp. 135–147.26. Iammarino, S.; McCann, P. The structure and evolution of industrial clusters: Transactions, technology and knowledge spillovers. Res. Policy 2006, 35, 1018–1036. [CrossRef]27. Robertson, P.; Patel, P. New wine in old bottles: Echnological diffusion in developed economies. Res. Policy 2007, 36, 708–721. [CrossRef]28. Baraldi, L. Italia e Spagna: Un duopolio europeo nelle piastrelle ceramiche. Ceram. World Rev. 2019, 131, 48–51.29. St. John, S.H.; Pouder, R.W. Technology clusters versus industry clusters: Resources, networks, and regional advantages. Growth Chang. 2006, 37, 141–171. [CrossRef]30. Mytelka, L.; Farinelli, F. Local Clusters, Innovation Systems and Sustained Competitiveness; Discussion Papers No. 5; United Nations University: New York, NY, USA, 2000.31. 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