Estimates of the global, regional, and national morbidity, mortality, and aetiologies of lower respiratory infections in 195 countries, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

Background Lower respiratory infections are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality around the world. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors (GBD) Study 2016, provides an up-to-date analysis of the burden of lower respiratory infections in 195 countries. This study assesses cas...

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Autores:: Troeger, Christopher
Blacker, Brigette
Khalil, Ibrahim A
Rao, Puja C
Cao, Jackie
Zimsen M, Stephanie R
Albertson, Samuel B
Deshpande, Aniruddha
Farag, Tamer
Alvis-Guzman, Nelson

Tipo de recurso:: Article of journal

Fecha de publicación:: 2018

Institución:: Corporación Universidad de la Costa

Repositorio:: REDICUC - Repositorio CUC

Idioma:: eng

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repository_id_str
dc.title.spa.fl_str_mv	Estimates of the global, regional, and national morbidity, mortality, and aetiologies of lower respiratory infections in 195 countries, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016
dc.title.translated.spa.fl_str_mv	Estimaciones de la morbilidad global, regional y nacional, Mortalidad y etiología de las infecciones respiratorias inferiores. En 195 países, 1990-2016: un análisis sistemático para el estudio de la carga mundial de la enfermedad 2016
title	Estimates of the global, regional, and national morbidity, mortality, and aetiologies of lower respiratory infections in 195 countries, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016
spellingShingle	Estimates of the global, regional, and national morbidity, mortality, and aetiologies of lower respiratory infections in 195 countries, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016 Infecciones respiratorias bajas Principales causas de morbilidad y mortalidad Enfermedades, lesiones y factores de riesgo Low respiratory infections Main causes of morbidity and mortality Diseases, injuries and risk factors
title_short	Estimates of the global, regional, and national morbidity, mortality, and aetiologies of lower respiratory infections in 195 countries, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016
title_full	Estimates of the global, regional, and national morbidity, mortality, and aetiologies of lower respiratory infections in 195 countries, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016
title_fullStr	Estimates of the global, regional, and national morbidity, mortality, and aetiologies of lower respiratory infections in 195 countries, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016
title_full_unstemmed	Estimates of the global, regional, and national morbidity, mortality, and aetiologies of lower respiratory infections in 195 countries, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016
title_sort	Estimates of the global, regional, and national morbidity, mortality, and aetiologies of lower respiratory infections in 195 countries, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016
dc.creator.fl_str_mv	Troeger, Christopher Blacker, Brigette Khalil, Ibrahim A Rao, Puja C Cao, Jackie Zimsen M, Stephanie R Albertson, Samuel B Deshpande, Aniruddha Farag, Tamer Alvis-Guzman, Nelson
dc.contributor.author.spa.fl_str_mv	Troeger, Christopher Blacker, Brigette Khalil, Ibrahim A Rao, Puja C Cao, Jackie Zimsen M, Stephanie R Albertson, Samuel B Deshpande, Aniruddha Farag, Tamer Alvis-Guzman, Nelson
dc.subject.spa.fl_str_mv	Infecciones respiratorias bajas Principales causas de morbilidad y mortalidad Enfermedades, lesiones y factores de riesgo Low respiratory infections Main causes of morbidity and mortality Diseases, injuries and risk factors
topic	Infecciones respiratorias bajas Principales causas de morbilidad y mortalidad Enfermedades, lesiones y factores de riesgo Low respiratory infections Main causes of morbidity and mortality Diseases, injuries and risk factors
description	Background Lower respiratory infections are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality around the world. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors (GBD) Study 2016, provides an up-to-date analysis of the burden of lower respiratory infections in 195 countries. This study assesses cases, deaths, and aetiologies spanning the past 26 years and shows how the burden of lower respiratory infection has changed in people of all ages.
publishDate	2018
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv	2018
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv	2019-06-04T14:08:00Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv	2019-06-04T14:08:00Z
dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv	Artículo de revista
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dc.type.content.spa.fl_str_mv	Text
dc.type.driver.spa.fl_str_mv	info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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dc.identifier.uri.spa.fl_str_mv	https://hdl.handle.net/11323/4782
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identifier_str_mv	Corporación Universidad de la Costa REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
dc.language.iso.none.fl_str_mv	eng
language	eng
dc.relation.ispartof.spa.fl_str_mv	DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(18)30310-4
dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv	1 GBD 2016 Causes of Death Collaborators. Global, regional, and national age-sex specific mortality for 264 causes of death, 1980–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet 2017; 390: 1151–210. 2 UNICEF. One is too many: ending child deaths from pneumonia and diarrhoea. New York: United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund, 2016. 3 WHO, UNICEF. End preventable deaths: global action plan for prevention and control of pneumonia and diarrhoea. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2013. 4 UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Transforming our world: the 2030 agenda for sustainable development. 2015. https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/post2015/ transformingourworld (accessed Oct 23, 2016). 5 GBD 2015 LRI Collaborators. Estimates of the global, regional, and national morbidity, mortality, and aetiologies of lower respiratory tract infections in 195 countries: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Lancet Infect Dis 2017; 17: 1133–61. 6 Stevens GA, Alkema L, Black RE, et al. Guidelines for Accurate and Transparent Health Estimates Reporting: the GATHER statement. Lancet 2016; 388: e19–23. 7 Foreman KJ, Lozano R, Lopez AD, Murray CJ. Modeling causes of death: an integrated approach using CODEm. Popul Health Metr 2012; 10: 1. 8 GBD 2016 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 328 diseases and injuries for 195 countries, 1990-2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet 2017; 390: 1211–59. 9 Feikin DR, Scott JAG, Gessner BD. Use of vaccines as probes to define disease burden. Lancet 2014; 383: 1762–70. 10 O’Brien KL, Wolfson LJ, Watt JP, et al. Burden of disease caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae in children younger than 5 years: global estimates. Lancet 2009; 374: 893–902. 11 Watt JP, Wolfson LJ, O’Brien KL, et al. Burden of disease caused by Haemophilus influenzae type b in children younger than 5 years: global estimates. Lancet 2009; 374: 903–11. 12 Swingler G, Fransman D, Hussey G. Conjugate vaccines for preventing Haemophilus influenzae type B infections. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007; 4: CD001729. 13 Lucero MG, Dulalia VE, Nillos LT, et al. Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines for preventing vaccine-type invasive pneumococcal disease and X-ray defined pneumonia in children less than two years of age. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009; 4: CD004977. 14 Shi T, McLean K, Campbell H, Nair H. Aetiological role of common respiratory viruses in acute lower respiratory infections in children under five years: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Glob Health 2015; 5: 010408. 15 Miettinen OS. Proportion of disease caused or prevented by a given exposure, trait or intervention. Am J Epidemiol 1974; 99: 325–32. 16 GBD 2015 Risk Factors Collaborators. Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 79 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Lancet 2016; 388: 1659–724. 17 GBD 2016 Risk Factors Collaborators. Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet 2017; 390: 1345–422. 18 Rothman K, Greenland S, Lash T. Modern epidemiology, 3rd edn. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2008. 19 Das Gupta P. Standardization and decomposition of rates: a user’s manual. Washington, DC: US Department of Commerce, Economics and Statistics Administration, Bureau of the Census, 1993. 20 GBD 2016 Mortality Collaborators. Global, regional, and national under-5 mortality, adult mortality, age-specific mortality, and life expectancy, 1970–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet 2017; 390: 1084–150. 21 Duke T, Wandi F, Jonathan M, et al. Improved oxygen systems for childhood pneumonia: a multihospital effectiveness study in Papua New Guinea. Lancet 2008; 372: 1328–33. 22 Hazir T, Begum K, El Arifeen S, et al. Measuring coverage in MNCH: a prospective validation study in Pakistan and Bangladesh on measuring correct treatment of childhood pneumonia. PLoS Med 2013; 10: e1001422. 23 Rambaud-Althaus C, Althaus F, Genton B, D’Acremont V. Clinical features for diagnosis of pneumonia in children younger than 5 years: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis 2015; 15: 439–50. 24 Kim L, McGee L, Tomczyk S, Beall B. Biological and epidemiological features of antibiotic-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in pre- and post-conjugate vaccine eras: a United States perspective. Clin Microbiol Rev 2016; 29: 525–52. 25 Malosh RE, Martin ET, Ortiz JR, Monto AS. The risk of lower respiratory tract infection following influenza virus infection: a systematic and narrative review. Vaccine 2018; 36: 141–47. 26 Olofin I, McDonald CM, Ezzati M, et al. Associations of suboptimal growth with all-cause and cause-specific mortality in children under five years: a pooled analysis of ten prospective studies. PloS One 2013; 8: e64636. 27 Colombara DV, Khalil IA-M, Rao PC, et al. Chronic health consequences of acute enteric infections in the developing world. Am J Gastroenterol Suppl 2016; 3: 4–11. 28 Salam RA, Das JK, Bhutta ZA. Current issues and priorities in childhood nutrition, growth, and infections. J Nutr 2015; 145: 1116S–22. 29 Ibrahim MK, Zambruni M, Melby CL, Melby PC. Impact of childhood malnutrition on host defense and infection. Clin Microbiol Rev 2017; 30: 919–71. 30 Akombi BJ, Agho KE, Hall JJ, Wali N, Renzaho AMN, Merom D. Stunting, wasting and underweight in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2017; published online Aug 1. DOI:10.3390/ijerph14080863. 31 Duggan MB. Prevention of childhood malnutrition: immensity of the challenge and variety of strategies. Paediatr Int Child Health 2014; 34: 271–78. 32 Imdad A, Sadiq K, Bhutta ZA. Evidence-based prevention of childhood malnutrition. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2011; 14: 276–85. 33 Burnett RT, Pope CA, Ezzati M, et al. An integrated risk function for estimating the global burden of disease attributable to ambient fine particulate matter exposure. Environ Health Perspect 2014; 122: 397–403. 34 Kurmi OP, Lam KBH, Ayres JG. Indoor air pollution and the lung in low- and medium-income countries. Eur Respir J 2012; 40: 239–54. 35 Dherani M, Pope D, Mascarenhas M, Smith KR, Weber M, Bruce N. Indoor air pollution from unprocessed solid fuel use and pneumonia risk in children aged under five years: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Bull World Health Organ 2008; 86: 390–98C. 36 Nhung NTT, Amini H, Schindler C, et al. Short-term association between ambient air pollution and pneumonia in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis of time-series and case-crossover studies. Environ Pollut 1987 2017; 230: 1000–08. 37 Mehta S, Shin H, Burnett R, North T, Cohen AJ. Ambient particulate air pollution and acute lower respiratory infections: a systematic review and implications for estimating the global burden of disease. Air Qual Atmosphere Health 2013; 6: 69–83. 38 Quansah R, Semple S, Ochieng CA, et al. Effectiveness of interventions to reduce household air pollution and/or improve health in homes using solid fuel in low-and-middle income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Environ Int 2017; 103: 73–90. 39 Mortimer K, Ndamala CB, Naunje AW, et al. A cleaner burning biomass-fuelled cookstove intervention to prevent pneumonia in children under 5 years old in rural Malawi (the Cooking and Pneumonia Study): a cluster randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2017; 389: 167–75. 40 Smith KR, McCracken JP, Weber MW, et al. Effect of reduction in household air pollution on childhood pneumonia in Guatemala (RESPIRE): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2011; 378: 1717–26. 41 Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. Maternal child epidemiology estimation. https://www.jhsph.edu/research/centersand-institutes/institute-for-international-programs/current-projects/ maternal-child-epidemiology-estimation/ (accessed Oct 23, 2017). 42 WHO. Estimates for 2000–2015. http://apps.who.int/gho/data/view. main.CM1002015WORLD-CH9?lang=en (accessed June 25, 2018). 43 Walker CLF, Rudan I, Liu L, et al. Global burden of childhood pneumonia and diarrhoea. Lancet 2013; 381: 1405–16. 44 Rudan I, O’Brien KL, Nair H, et al. Epidemiology and etiology of childhood pneumonia in 2010: estimates of incidence, severe morbidity, mortality, underlying risk factors and causative pathogens for 192 countries. J Glob Health 2013; 3: 010401. 45 Shi T, McAllister DA, O’Brien KL, et al. Global, regional, and national disease burden estimates of acute lower respiratory infections due to respiratory syncytial virus in young children in 2015: a systematic review and modelling study. Lancet 2017; 390: 946–58. 46 Iuliano AD, Roguski KM, Chang HH, et al. Estimates of global seasonal influenza-associated respiratory mortality: a modelling study. Lancet 2018; 391: 1285–300. 47 Mikkelsen L, Phillips DE, AbouZahr C, et al. A global assessment of civil registration and vital statistics systems: monitoring data quality and progress. Lancet 2015; 386: 1395–406. 48 Scott JAG, Brooks WA, Peiris JSM, Holtzman D, Mulhollan EK. Pneumonia research to reduce childhood mortality in the developing world. J Clin Invest 2008; 118: 1291–300. 49 Templeton KE, Scheltinga SA, van den Eeden WC, Graffelman AW, van den Broek PJ, Claas EC. Improved diagnosis of the etiology of community-acquired pneumonia with real-time polymerase chain reaction. Clin Infect Dis 2005; 41: 345–51. 50 India State-Level Disease Burden Initiative Collaborators. Nations within a nation: variations in epidemiological transition across the states of India, 1990–2016 in the Global Burden of Disease Study. Lancet 2017; 390: 2437–60. 51 Gething PW, Casey DC, Weiss DJ, et al. Mapping Plasmodium falciparum mortality in Africa between 1990 and 2015. N Engl J Med 2016; 375: 2435–45. 52 Golding N, Burstein R, Longbottom J, et al. Mapping under-5 and neonatal mortality in Africa, 2000-15: a baseline analysis for the Sustainable Development Goals. Lancet 2017; 390: 2171–82. 53 Dowell SF, Blazes D, Desmond-Hellmann S. Four steps to precision public health. Nature 2016; 540: 189.
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spelling	Troeger, ChristopherBlacker, BrigetteKhalil, Ibrahim ARao, Puja CCao, JackieZimsen M, Stephanie RAlbertson, Samuel BDeshpande, AniruddhaFarag, TamerAlvis-Guzman, Nelson2019-06-04T14:08:00Z2019-06-04T14:08:00Z2018https://hdl.handle.net/11323/4782Corporación Universidad de la CostaREDICUC - Repositorio CUChttps://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/Background Lower respiratory infections are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality around the world. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors (GBD) Study 2016, provides an up-to-date analysis of the burden of lower respiratory infections in 195 countries. This study assesses cases, deaths, and aetiologies spanning the past 26 years and shows how the burden of lower respiratory infection has changed in people of all ages.Antecedentes Las infecciones respiratorias bajas son una de las principales causas de morbilidad y mortalidad en todo el mundo. Lo global El estudio sobre la carga de enfermedades, lesiones y factores de riesgo (GBD) de 2016 proporciona un análisis actualizado de la carga de Infecciones respiratorias bajas en 195 países. Este estudio evalúa casos, muertes y etiologías que abarcan el pasado 26 años y muestra cómo la carga de la infección respiratoria inferior ha cambiado en personas de todas las edades.Troeger, Christopher-2c31569d-12c0-4cad-a85e-2d135ef1d23e-0Blacker, Brigette-3deeb7f9-a418-4389-933c-586cbb507133-0Khalil, Ibrahim A-047fed6c-749b-4318-aa10-525ce67c91a6-0Rao, Puja C-05b9cc63-3e63-4570-a518-ed5143d6b2b5-0Cao, Jackie-86bcc0b4-5f77-48fb-8aca-f9d504b2129c-0Zimsen M, Stephanie R-44d2377f-8e4d-463f-ae8f-5afbaa1a40d2-0Albertson, Samuel B-6e8bd9aa-d234-4069-9e0d-b91df27c91af-0Deshpande, Aniruddha-cc09f9df-26be-4a11-a41d-f965f2b8edde-0Farag, Tamer-683e5fcb-5c2c-41a8-9106-0428e1c3979c-0Alvis-Guzman, Nelson-8bd90d52-51ab-4917-ad57-b2424f106eac-0engThe LancetDOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(18)30310-41 GBD 2016 Causes of Death Collaborators. Global, regional, and national age-sex specific mortality for 264 causes of death, 1980–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet 2017; 390: 1151–210. 2 UNICEF. One is too many: ending child deaths from pneumonia and diarrhoea. New York: United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund, 2016. 3 WHO, UNICEF. End preventable deaths: global action plan for prevention and control of pneumonia and diarrhoea. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2013. 4 UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Transforming our world: the 2030 agenda for sustainable development. 2015. https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/post2015/ transformingourworld (accessed Oct 23, 2016). 5 GBD 2015 LRI Collaborators. Estimates of the global, regional, and national morbidity, mortality, and aetiologies of lower respiratory tract infections in 195 countries: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Lancet Infect Dis 2017; 17: 1133–61. 6 Stevens GA, Alkema L, Black RE, et al. Guidelines for Accurate and Transparent Health Estimates Reporting: the GATHER statement. Lancet 2016; 388: e19–23. 7 Foreman KJ, Lozano R, Lopez AD, Murray CJ. Modeling causes of death: an integrated approach using CODEm. Popul Health Metr 2012; 10: 1. 8 GBD 2016 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 328 diseases and injuries for 195 countries, 1990-2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet 2017; 390: 1211–59. 9 Feikin DR, Scott JAG, Gessner BD. Use of vaccines as probes to define disease burden. Lancet 2014; 383: 1762–70. 10 O’Brien KL, Wolfson LJ, Watt JP, et al. Burden of disease caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae in children younger than 5 years: global estimates. Lancet 2009; 374: 893–902. 11 Watt JP, Wolfson LJ, O’Brien KL, et al. Burden of disease caused by Haemophilus influenzae type b in children younger than 5 years: global estimates. Lancet 2009; 374: 903–11. 12 Swingler G, Fransman D, Hussey G. Conjugate vaccines for preventing Haemophilus influenzae type B infections. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007; 4: CD001729. 13 Lucero MG, Dulalia VE, Nillos LT, et al. Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines for preventing vaccine-type invasive pneumococcal disease and X-ray defined pneumonia in children less than two years of age. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009; 4: CD004977. 14 Shi T, McLean K, Campbell H, Nair H. Aetiological role of common respiratory viruses in acute lower respiratory infections in children under five years: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Glob Health 2015; 5: 010408. 15 Miettinen OS. Proportion of disease caused or prevented by a given exposure, trait or intervention. Am J Epidemiol 1974; 99: 325–32. 16 GBD 2015 Risk Factors Collaborators. Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 79 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Lancet 2016; 388: 1659–724. 17 GBD 2016 Risk Factors Collaborators. Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet 2017; 390: 1345–422. 18 Rothman K, Greenland S, Lash T. Modern epidemiology, 3rd edn. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2008. 19 Das Gupta P. Standardization and decomposition of rates: a user’s manual. Washington, DC: US Department of Commerce, Economics and Statistics Administration, Bureau of the Census, 1993. 20 GBD 2016 Mortality Collaborators. Global, regional, and national under-5 mortality, adult mortality, age-specific mortality, and life expectancy, 1970–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet 2017; 390: 1084–150. 21 Duke T, Wandi F, Jonathan M, et al. Improved oxygen systems for childhood pneumonia: a multihospital effectiveness study in Papua New Guinea. Lancet 2008; 372: 1328–33. 22 Hazir T, Begum K, El Arifeen S, et al. Measuring coverage in MNCH: a prospective validation study in Pakistan and Bangladesh on measuring correct treatment of childhood pneumonia. PLoS Med 2013; 10: e1001422. 23 Rambaud-Althaus C, Althaus F, Genton B, D’Acremont V. Clinical features for diagnosis of pneumonia in children younger than 5 years: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis 2015; 15: 439–50. 24 Kim L, McGee L, Tomczyk S, Beall B. Biological and epidemiological features of antibiotic-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in pre- and post-conjugate vaccine eras: a United States perspective. Clin Microbiol Rev 2016; 29: 525–52. 25 Malosh RE, Martin ET, Ortiz JR, Monto AS. The risk of lower respiratory tract infection following influenza virus infection: a systematic and narrative review. Vaccine 2018; 36: 141–47. 26 Olofin I, McDonald CM, Ezzati M, et al. Associations of suboptimal growth with all-cause and cause-specific mortality in children under five years: a pooled analysis of ten prospective studies. PloS One 2013; 8: e64636. 27 Colombara DV, Khalil IA-M, Rao PC, et al. Chronic health consequences of acute enteric infections in the developing world. Am J Gastroenterol Suppl 2016; 3: 4–11. 28 Salam RA, Das JK, Bhutta ZA. Current issues and priorities in childhood nutrition, growth, and infections. J Nutr 2015; 145: 1116S–22. 29 Ibrahim MK, Zambruni M, Melby CL, Melby PC. Impact of childhood malnutrition on host defense and infection. Clin Microbiol Rev 2017; 30: 919–71. 30 Akombi BJ, Agho KE, Hall JJ, Wali N, Renzaho AMN, Merom D. Stunting, wasting and underweight in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2017; published online Aug 1. DOI:10.3390/ijerph14080863. 31 Duggan MB. Prevention of childhood malnutrition: immensity of the challenge and variety of strategies. Paediatr Int Child Health 2014; 34: 271–78. 32 Imdad A, Sadiq K, Bhutta ZA. Evidence-based prevention of childhood malnutrition. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2011; 14: 276–85. 33 Burnett RT, Pope CA, Ezzati M, et al. An integrated risk function for estimating the global burden of disease attributable to ambient fine particulate matter exposure. Environ Health Perspect 2014; 122: 397–403. 34 Kurmi OP, Lam KBH, Ayres JG. Indoor air pollution and the lung in low- and medium-income countries. Eur Respir J 2012; 40: 239–54. 35 Dherani M, Pope D, Mascarenhas M, Smith KR, Weber M, Bruce N. Indoor air pollution from unprocessed solid fuel use and pneumonia risk in children aged under five years: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Bull World Health Organ 2008; 86: 390–98C. 36 Nhung NTT, Amini H, Schindler C, et al. Short-term association between ambient air pollution and pneumonia in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis of time-series and case-crossover studies. Environ Pollut 1987 2017; 230: 1000–08. 37 Mehta S, Shin H, Burnett R, North T, Cohen AJ. Ambient particulate air pollution and acute lower respiratory infections: a systematic review and implications for estimating the global burden of disease. Air Qual Atmosphere Health 2013; 6: 69–83. 38 Quansah R, Semple S, Ochieng CA, et al. Effectiveness of interventions to reduce household air pollution and/or improve health in homes using solid fuel in low-and-middle income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Environ Int 2017; 103: 73–90. 39 Mortimer K, Ndamala CB, Naunje AW, et al. A cleaner burning biomass-fuelled cookstove intervention to prevent pneumonia in children under 5 years old in rural Malawi (the Cooking and Pneumonia Study): a cluster randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2017; 389: 167–75. 40 Smith KR, McCracken JP, Weber MW, et al. Effect of reduction in household air pollution on childhood pneumonia in Guatemala (RESPIRE): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2011; 378: 1717–26. 41 Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. Maternal child epidemiology estimation. https://www.jhsph.edu/research/centersand-institutes/institute-for-international-programs/current-projects/ maternal-child-epidemiology-estimation/ (accessed Oct 23, 2017). 42 WHO. 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A global assessment of civil registration and vital statistics systems: monitoring data quality and progress. Lancet 2015; 386: 1395–406. 48 Scott JAG, Brooks WA, Peiris JSM, Holtzman D, Mulhollan EK. Pneumonia research to reduce childhood mortality in the developing world. J Clin Invest 2008; 118: 1291–300. 49 Templeton KE, Scheltinga SA, van den Eeden WC, Graffelman AW, van den Broek PJ, Claas EC. Improved diagnosis of the etiology of community-acquired pneumonia with real-time polymerase chain reaction. Clin Infect Dis 2005; 41: 345–51. 50 India State-Level Disease Burden Initiative Collaborators. Nations within a nation: variations in epidemiological transition across the states of India, 1990–2016 in the Global Burden of Disease Study. Lancet 2017; 390: 2437–60. 51 Gething PW, Casey DC, Weiss DJ, et al. Mapping Plasmodium falciparum mortality in Africa between 1990 and 2015. N Engl J Med 2016; 375: 2435–45. 52 Golding N, Burstein R, Longbottom J, et al. Mapping under-5 and neonatal mortality in Africa, 2000-15: a baseline analysis for the Sustainable Development Goals. Lancet 2017; 390: 2171–82. 53 Dowell SF, Blazes D, Desmond-Hellmann S. Four steps to precision public health. Nature 2016; 540: 189.http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Infecciones respiratorias bajasPrincipales causas de morbilidad y mortalidadEnfermedades, lesiones y factores de riesgoLow respiratory infectionsMain causes of morbidity and mortalityDiseases, injuries and risk factorsEstimates of the global, regional, and national morbidity, mortality, and aetiologies of lower respiratory infections in 195 countries, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016Estimaciones de la morbilidad global, regional y nacional, Mortalidad y etiología de las infecciones respiratorias inferiores. En 195 países, 1990-2016: un análisis sistemático para el estudio de la carga mundial de la enfermedad 2016Artículo de revistahttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1Textinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARTinfo:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersionPublicationORIGINALEstimates of the global, regional, and national morbidity,.pdfEstimates of the global, regional, and national morbidity,.pdfapplication/pdf7840528https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/6c647058-f14c-4bf7-9e02-ec536b666c68/download31b4b76f12ffe0e8e9a641b23ab9e53aMD51CC-LICENSElicense_rdflicense_rdfapplication/rdf+xml; charset=utf-81031https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/23bc465d-c2da-4b83-85ae-f346c79e6ad7/download934f4ca17e109e0a05eaeaba504d7ce4MD52LICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-81748https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/89e6d95a-fde4-49ae-b060-ff021b808000/download8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33MD53THUMBNAILEstimates of the global, regional, and national morbidity,.pdf.jpgEstimates of the global, regional, and national morbidity,.pdf.jpgimage/jpeg76261https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/c9e904d9-7ee1-4feb-b303-5bdc0ce95637/download321a36df9785faa3b2ad59312f5d4225MD55TEXTEstimates of the global, regional, and national morbidity,.pdf.txtEstimates of the global, regional, and national morbidity,.pdf.txttext/plain95275https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/8a65a0f2-cb56-4cb4-8954-e17a26f88765/downloadb0f8d47ecc3545ebea26f4fd9458ab75MD5611323/4782oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/47822024-09-17 12:49:50.968http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/open.accesshttps://repositorio.cuc.edu.coRepositorio de la Universidad de la Costa CUCrepdigital@cuc.edu.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

Estimates of the global, regional, and national morbidity, mortality, and aetiologies of lower respiratory infections in 195 countries, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

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