Psychological and physiological features associated with swimming performance

The aim of the present research was to study the psychological and physiological features associated with aerobic and anaerobic performance in trained swimmers. Methods: A correlation and stepwise regression analyses were conducted with the data obtained in a RESTQ-76 sport questionnaire, a heart ra...

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Autores:
Clemente-Suárez, Vicente Javier
Fuentes García, Juan Pedro
Fernandes, Ricardo J.
Vilas-Boas, João Paulo
Tipo de recurso:
Article of journal
Fecha de publicación:
2021
Institución:
Corporación Universidad de la Costa
Repositorio:
REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
Idioma:
eng
OAI Identifier:
oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/8345
Acceso en línea:
https://hdl.handle.net/11323/8345
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18094561
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/
Palabra clave:
Autonomic nervous system
Fatigue
Maximal aerobic speed
Sport performance
Sistema nervioso autónomo
Fatiga
Velocidad aeróbica máxima
Rendimiento deportivo
Rights
openAccess
License
CC0 1.0 Universal
id RCUC2_d79abb01b631a2316b225c21954236ef
oai_identifier_str oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/8345
network_acronym_str RCUC2
network_name_str REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
repository_id_str
dc.title.eng.fl_str_mv Psychological and physiological features associated with swimming performance
dc.title.translated.spa.fl_str_mv Características psicológicas y fisiológicas asociadas con el rendimiento de la natación
title Psychological and physiological features associated with swimming performance
spellingShingle Psychological and physiological features associated with swimming performance
Autonomic nervous system
Fatigue
Maximal aerobic speed
Sport performance
Sistema nervioso autónomo
Fatiga
Velocidad aeróbica máxima
Rendimiento deportivo
title_short Psychological and physiological features associated with swimming performance
title_full Psychological and physiological features associated with swimming performance
title_fullStr Psychological and physiological features associated with swimming performance
title_full_unstemmed Psychological and physiological features associated with swimming performance
title_sort Psychological and physiological features associated with swimming performance
dc.creator.fl_str_mv Clemente-Suárez, Vicente Javier
Fuentes García, Juan Pedro
Fernandes, Ricardo J.
Vilas-Boas, João Paulo
dc.contributor.author.spa.fl_str_mv Clemente-Suárez, Vicente Javier
Fuentes García, Juan Pedro
Fernandes, Ricardo J.
Vilas-Boas, João Paulo
dc.subject.eng.fl_str_mv Autonomic nervous system
Fatigue
Maximal aerobic speed
Sport performance
topic Autonomic nervous system
Fatigue
Maximal aerobic speed
Sport performance
Sistema nervioso autónomo
Fatiga
Velocidad aeróbica máxima
Rendimiento deportivo
dc.subject.spa.fl_str_mv Sistema nervioso autónomo
Fatiga
Velocidad aeróbica máxima
Rendimiento deportivo
description The aim of the present research was to study the psychological and physiological features associated with aerobic and anaerobic performance in trained swimmers. Methods: A correlation and stepwise regression analyses were conducted with the data obtained in a RESTQ-76 sport questionnaire, a heart rate variability test, and an anaerobic and aerobic swimming performance efforts of 20 swimmers. Results: Aerobic performance correlated, principally, with parameters related to parasympathetic modulation measured in the frequency and time domains of the heart rate variability (LF/HF r: −0.806, p < 0.001; NN50 r: 0.937, p < 0.001). Swimmers’ anaerobic performance correlated to psychological features (low stress r: 0.526, p: 0.025, and high fatigue r: −0.506, p: 0.032). Conclusion: Swimming performance presented different psychological and physiological features depending on the probe characteristic. Specifically, swimmers’ anaerobic performance was associated with psychological features (low stress and high fatigue perception) and aerobic performance with physiological features (high parasympathetic modulation). This information could help coaches to know the variables to control in their swimmers, depending on the probe in which they compete (anaerobic or aerobic).
publishDate 2021
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv 2021-06-02T22:33:54Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv 2021-06-02T22:33:54Z
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv 2021-04-25
dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv Artículo de revista
dc.type.coar.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1
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dc.type.content.spa.fl_str_mv Text
dc.type.driver.spa.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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dc.type.version.spa.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion
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dc.identifier.issn.spa.fl_str_mv 16604601
dc.identifier.uri.spa.fl_str_mv https://hdl.handle.net/11323/8345
dc.identifier.doi.spa.fl_str_mv https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18094561
dc.identifier.instname.spa.fl_str_mv Corporación Universidad de la Costa
dc.identifier.reponame.spa.fl_str_mv REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
dc.identifier.repourl.spa.fl_str_mv https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/
identifier_str_mv 16604601
Corporación Universidad de la Costa
REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
url https://hdl.handle.net/11323/8345
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18094561
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/
dc.language.iso.none.fl_str_mv eng
language eng
dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv 1. McKenzie, D.C. Markers of excessive exercise. Can. J. Appl. Physiol. Rev. Can. Physiol. Appl. 1999, 24, 66–73. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
2. Kellmann, M. Preventing overtraining in athletes in high-intensity sports and stress/recovery monitoring. Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports 2010, 20, 95–102. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
3. Le Meur, Y.; Hausswirth, C.; Natta, F.; Couturier, A.; Bignet, F.; Vidal, P.P. A multidisciplinary approach to overreaching detection in endurance trained athletes. J. Appl. Physiol. 2013, 114, 411–420. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
4. Lehmann, M.J.; Lormes, W.; OpitzGress, A.; Steinacker, J.M.; Netzer, N.; Foster, C.; Gastmann, U. Training and overtraining: An overview and experimental results in endurance sports. J. Sports Med. Phys. Fit. 1997, 37, 7–17.
5. Naessens, G.; Chandler, T.J.; Ben Kibler, W.; Driessens, M. Clinical usefulness of nocturnal urinary noradrenaline excretion patterns in the follow-up of training processes in high-level soccer players. J. Strength Cond. Res. 2000, 14, 125–131.
6. Gonzalez-Boto, R.; Salguero, A.; Tuero, C.; Marquez, S.; Kellmann, M. Spanish adaptation and analysis by structural equation modeling of an instrument for monitoring overtraining: The Recovery-Stress Questionnaire. Soc. Behav. Pers. 2008, 36, 635–649. [CrossRef]
7. Clemente-Suarez, V.J. Psychophysiological response and energy balance during a 14-h ultraendurance mountain running event. Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab. 2015, 40, 269–273. [CrossRef]
8. Clemente-Suárez, V.J.; Ramos-Campo, D.J. Effectiveness of reverse vs. traditional linear training periodization in triathlon. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 2807. [CrossRef]
9. Tulppo, M.P.; Hautala, A.J.; Makikallio, T.H.; Laukkanen, R.T.; Nissila, S.; Hughson, R.L.; Huikuri, H.V. Effects of aerobic training on heart rate dynamics in sedentary subjects. J. Appl. Physiol. 2003, 95, 364–372. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
10. Lazarus, R.S. How emotions influence performance in competitive sports. Sport Psychol. 2000, 14, 229–252. [CrossRef]
11. Clemente-Suárez, V.J.; Fernandes, R.J.; de Jesus, K.; Pelarigo, J.G.; Arroyo-Toledo, J.J.; Vilas-Boas, J.P. Do traditional and reverse swimming training periodizations lead to similar aerobic performance improvements? J. Sports Med. Phys. Fit. 2018, 58, 761–767.
12. Kellmann, M.; Gunther, K.D. Changes in stress and recovery in elite rowers during preparation for the Olympic Games. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 2000, 32, 676–683. [CrossRef]
13. Rossi, S.J.; McMillan, J.; Buckley, T. Seasonal changes in drop jump performance and recovery-stress scores in collegiate soccer players. J. Strength Cond. Res. 2010, 25, S106. [CrossRef]
14. Kellmann, M.; Kallus, K.W. Recovery-Stress Questionnaire for Athletes: User Manual; Human Kinetics: Champaign, IL, USA, 2001; pp. 1–357.
15. Costa, L.O.P.; Samulski, D.M. Validation process of RESTQ-Sport in Portuguese languaje. RBCM 2005, 13, 79–86.
16. Coutts, A.J.; Wallace, L.K.; Slattery, K.M. Monitoring changes in performance, physiology, biochemistry, and psychology during overreaching and recovery in triathletes. Int. J. Sports Med. 2007, 28, 125–134. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
17. Gonzalez-Boto, R.; Salguero, A.; Tuero, C.; Marquez, S. Concurrent validity of the Spanish version of the recovery-stress questionnaire for athletes (RESTQ-SPORT). Rev. Psicol. Deporte 2009, 18, 53–72.
18. Clemente-Suarez, V.J.; Fernandes, R.J.; Arroyo-Toledo, J.J.; Figueiredo, P.; Gonzalez-Rave, J.M.; Vilas-Boas, J.P. Autonomic adaptation after traditional and reverse swimming training periodizations. Acta Physiol. Hung. 2015, 102, 105–113. [CrossRef]
19. Clemente-Suarez, V.J.; de la Vega, R.; Robles-Perez, J.J.; Lautenschlaeger, M.; Fernandez-Lucas, J. Experience modulates the psychophysiological response of airborne warfighters during a tactical combat parachute jump. Int. J. Psychophysiol. 2016, 110, 212–216. [CrossRef]
20. Nunan, D.; Donovan, G.; Jakovljevic, D.G.; Hodges, L.D.; Sandercock, G.R.H.; Brodie, D.A. Validity and Reliability of Short-Term Heart-Rate Variability from the Polar S810. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 2009, 41, 243–250. [CrossRef]
21. Camm, A.J.; Malik, M.; Bigger, J.T.; Breithardt, G.; Cerutti, S.; Cohen, R.J.; Coumel, P.; Fallen, E.L.; Kennedy, H.L.; Kleiger, R.E.; et al. Heart rate variability—Standards of measurement, physiological interpretation, and clinical use. Circulation 1996, 93, 1043–1065.
22. Gersch, W. Smoothness priors in new directions in time series analysis, part II. In The IMA Volumes in Mathematics and Its Applications; Brillinger, P., Caines, J., Geweke, E., Parzen, M., Rosenblatt Taqqu, M., Eds.; Springer: New York, NY, USA, 1992; pp. 112–143.
23. Hopkins, W.G.; Hawley, J.A.; Burke, L.M. Design and analysis of research on sport performance enhancement. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 1999, 31, 472–485. [CrossRef]
24. Clemente-Suarez, V.J.; Dalamitros, A.; Ribeiro, J.; Sousa, A.; Fernandes, R.J.; Vilas-Boas, J.P. The effects of two different swimming training periodization on physiological parameters at various exercise intensities. Eur. J. Sport Sci. 2017, 17, 425–432. [CrossRef]
25. Howley, E.T.; Bassett, D.R.; Welch, H.G. Criteria for maximal oxygen-uptake—Review and commentary. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 1995, 27, 1292–1301. [CrossRef]
26. Billat, V.; Renoux, J.C.; Pinoteau, J.; Petit, B.; Koralsztein, J.P. Times to exhaustion at 90, 100 and 105-percent of velocity at vo2 max (maximal aerobic speed) and critical speed in elite longdistance runners. Arch. Physiol. Biochem. 1995, 103, 129–135. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
27. Noce, F.; da Costa, V.T.; Simim, M.A.D.; Castro, H.D.; Samulski, D.M.; de Mello, M.T. Analysis of Overtraining Symptoms During Training and Rehabilitation Periods: A Case Study of Superleague Women’S Volleyball Team 2003/2004. Rev. Bras. Med. Esporte 2011, 17, 397–400. [CrossRef]
28. Filaire, E.; Ferreira, J.P.; Oliveira, M.; Massart, A. Diurnal patterns of salivary alpha-amylase and cortisol secretion in female adolescent tennis players after 16 weeks of training. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2013, 38, 1122–1132. [CrossRef]
29. Williams, J.M.; Andersen, M.B. Psychosocial antecedents of sport injury: Review and critique of the stress and injury model. J. Appl. Sport Psychol. 1998, 10, 5–25. [CrossRef]
30. Stefanello, J. Concentration disturbing factors: A study case with the Olympic beach volley champions. Rev. Bras. Ativ. Fís. Saúde 2007, 2, 121–133.
31. Vicente-Rodriguez, M.; Fuentes-Garcia, J.P.; Clemente-Suarez, V.J. Psychophysiological Stress Response in an Underwater Evacuation Training. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 2307. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
32. Vicente-Rodriguez, M.; Clemente-Suárez, V.J. Psychophysiological anxiety response of a rescue helicopter crew in a crane rescue manoeuvre. BMJ Mil. Health 2020. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
33. Furlan, R.; Piazza, S.; Orto, S.D.; Gentile, E.; Cerutti, S.; Pagani, M.; Malliani, A. Early and late effects of exercise and athletic training on neural mechanisms controlling heart-rate. Cardiovasc. Res. 1993, 27, 482–488. [CrossRef]
34. Iellamo, F.; Pigozzi, F.; Spataro, A.; Lucini, D.; Pagani, M. T-wave and heart rate variability changes to assess training in world-class athletes. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 2004, 36, 1342–1346. [CrossRef]
35. Clemente-Suárez, V.J.; Arroyo-Toledo, J.J. The use of autonomic modulation device to control training performance after highintensity interval training program. J. Med. Syst. 2018, 42, 47. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
36. Gómez Martín, J.P.; Clemente-Suárez, V.J.; Ramos-Campo, D.J. Hematological and Running Performance Modification of Trained Athletes after Reverse vs. Block Training Periodization. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 4825. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
37. Clemente-Suárez, V.J. Periodized training achieves better autonomic modulation and aerobic performance than non-periodized training. J. Sports Med. Phys. Fit. 2017, 58, 1559–1564. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
38. Jiménez, M.; Fernández-Navas, M.; Alvero-Cruz, J.R.; García-Romero, J.; García-Coll, V.; Rivilla, I.; Clemente-Suárez, V.J. Differences in Psychoneuroendocrine Stress Responses of High-Level Swimmers Depending on Autocratic and Democratic Coaching Style. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 5089. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
39. Reis, J.F.; Matias, C.N.; Campa, F.; Morgado, J.P.; Franco, P.; Quaresma, P.; Almeida, N.; Curto, D.; Toselli, S.; Monteiro, C.P. Bioimpedance vector patterns changes in response to swimming training: An ecological approach. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 4851. [CrossRef]
40. Piras, A.; Cortesi, M.; Campa, F.; Perazzolo, M.; Gatta, G. Recovery time profiling after short-, middle-and long-distance swimming performance. J. Strength Cond. Res. 2019, 33, 1408–1415. [CrossRef]
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spelling Clemente-Suárez, Vicente JavierFuentes García, Juan PedroFernandes, Ricardo J.Vilas-Boas, João Paulo2021-06-02T22:33:54Z2021-06-02T22:33:54Z2021-04-2516604601https://hdl.handle.net/11323/8345https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18094561Corporación Universidad de la CostaREDICUC - Repositorio CUChttps://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/The aim of the present research was to study the psychological and physiological features associated with aerobic and anaerobic performance in trained swimmers. Methods: A correlation and stepwise regression analyses were conducted with the data obtained in a RESTQ-76 sport questionnaire, a heart rate variability test, and an anaerobic and aerobic swimming performance efforts of 20 swimmers. Results: Aerobic performance correlated, principally, with parameters related to parasympathetic modulation measured in the frequency and time domains of the heart rate variability (LF/HF r: −0.806, p < 0.001; NN50 r: 0.937, p < 0.001). Swimmers’ anaerobic performance correlated to psychological features (low stress r: 0.526, p: 0.025, and high fatigue r: −0.506, p: 0.032). Conclusion: Swimming performance presented different psychological and physiological features depending on the probe characteristic. Specifically, swimmers’ anaerobic performance was associated with psychological features (low stress and high fatigue perception) and aerobic performance with physiological features (high parasympathetic modulation). This information could help coaches to know the variables to control in their swimmers, depending on the probe in which they compete (anaerobic or aerobic).El objetivo de la presente investigación fue estudiar las características psicológicas y fisiológicas asociadas con el rendimiento aeróbico y anaeróbico en nadadores entrenados. Métodos: A Se realizaron análisis de correlación y regresión por pasos con los datos obtenidos en un RESTQ-76 cuestionario deportivo, una prueba de variabilidad de la frecuencia cardíaca y un esfuerzo de rendimiento de natación anaeróbica y aeróbica de 20 nadadores. Resultados: El rendimiento aeróbico se correlacionó, principalmente, con los parámetros. relacionado con la modulación parasimpática medida en los dominios de frecuencia y tiempo de la frecuencia cardíaca variabilidad (LF / HF r: −0,806, p <0,001; NN50 r: 0,937, p <0,001). Rendimiento anaeróbico de los nadadores correlacionados con características psicológicas (bajo estrés r: 0.526, p: 0.025 y alta fatiga r: −0.506, p: 0.032). Conclusión: el rendimiento en la natación presentó diferentes características psicológicas y fisiológicas. dependiendo de la característica de la sonda. Específicamente, el rendimiento anaeróbico de los nadadores se asoció con características psicológicas (bajo estrés y alta percepción de fatiga) y rendimiento aeróbico con características fisiológicas (alta modulación parasimpática). Esta información podría ayudar a los entrenadores a conocer las variables a controlar en sus nadadores, dependiendo de la sonda en la que compitan (anaeróbico o aeróbico).Clemente-Suárez, Vicente Javier-will be generated-orcid-0000-0002-2397-2801-600Fuentes García, Juan Pedro-will be generated-orcid-0000-0002-8299-1092-600Fernandes, Ricardo J.-will be generated-orcid-0000-0002-5811-0443-600Vilas-Boas, João Pauloapplication/pdfengInternational Journal of Environmental Research and Public HealthCC0 1.0 Universalhttp://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Autonomic nervous systemFatigueMaximal aerobic speedSport performanceSistema nervioso autónomoFatigaVelocidad aeróbica máximaRendimiento deportivoPsychological and physiological features associated with swimming performanceCaracterísticas psicológicas y fisiológicas asociadas con el rendimiento de la nataciónArtículo de revistahttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1Textinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARTinfo:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersionhttps://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/9/45611. McKenzie, D.C. Markers of excessive exercise. Can. J. Appl. Physiol. Rev. Can. Physiol. Appl. 1999, 24, 66–73. [CrossRef] [PubMed]2. Kellmann, M. Preventing overtraining in athletes in high-intensity sports and stress/recovery monitoring. Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports 2010, 20, 95–102. [CrossRef] [PubMed]3. Le Meur, Y.; Hausswirth, C.; Natta, F.; Couturier, A.; Bignet, F.; Vidal, P.P. A multidisciplinary approach to overreaching detection in endurance trained athletes. J. Appl. Physiol. 2013, 114, 411–420. [CrossRef] [PubMed]4. Lehmann, M.J.; Lormes, W.; OpitzGress, A.; Steinacker, J.M.; Netzer, N.; Foster, C.; Gastmann, U. Training and overtraining: An overview and experimental results in endurance sports. J. Sports Med. Phys. Fit. 1997, 37, 7–17.5. Naessens, G.; Chandler, T.J.; Ben Kibler, W.; Driessens, M. Clinical usefulness of nocturnal urinary noradrenaline excretion patterns in the follow-up of training processes in high-level soccer players. J. Strength Cond. Res. 2000, 14, 125–131.6. Gonzalez-Boto, R.; Salguero, A.; Tuero, C.; Marquez, S.; Kellmann, M. Spanish adaptation and analysis by structural equation modeling of an instrument for monitoring overtraining: The Recovery-Stress Questionnaire. Soc. Behav. Pers. 2008, 36, 635–649. [CrossRef]7. Clemente-Suarez, V.J. Psychophysiological response and energy balance during a 14-h ultraendurance mountain running event. Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab. 2015, 40, 269–273. [CrossRef]8. Clemente-Suárez, V.J.; Ramos-Campo, D.J. Effectiveness of reverse vs. traditional linear training periodization in triathlon. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 2807. [CrossRef]9. Tulppo, M.P.; Hautala, A.J.; Makikallio, T.H.; Laukkanen, R.T.; Nissila, S.; Hughson, R.L.; Huikuri, H.V. Effects of aerobic training on heart rate dynamics in sedentary subjects. J. Appl. Physiol. 2003, 95, 364–372. [CrossRef] [PubMed]10. Lazarus, R.S. How emotions influence performance in competitive sports. Sport Psychol. 2000, 14, 229–252. [CrossRef]11. Clemente-Suárez, V.J.; Fernandes, R.J.; de Jesus, K.; Pelarigo, J.G.; Arroyo-Toledo, J.J.; Vilas-Boas, J.P. Do traditional and reverse swimming training periodizations lead to similar aerobic performance improvements? J. Sports Med. Phys. Fit. 2018, 58, 761–767.12. Kellmann, M.; Gunther, K.D. Changes in stress and recovery in elite rowers during preparation for the Olympic Games. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 2000, 32, 676–683. [CrossRef]13. Rossi, S.J.; McMillan, J.; Buckley, T. Seasonal changes in drop jump performance and recovery-stress scores in collegiate soccer players. J. Strength Cond. Res. 2010, 25, S106. [CrossRef]14. Kellmann, M.; Kallus, K.W. Recovery-Stress Questionnaire for Athletes: User Manual; Human Kinetics: Champaign, IL, USA, 2001; pp. 1–357.15. Costa, L.O.P.; Samulski, D.M. Validation process of RESTQ-Sport in Portuguese languaje. RBCM 2005, 13, 79–86.16. Coutts, A.J.; Wallace, L.K.; Slattery, K.M. Monitoring changes in performance, physiology, biochemistry, and psychology during overreaching and recovery in triathletes. Int. J. Sports Med. 2007, 28, 125–134. [CrossRef] [PubMed]17. Gonzalez-Boto, R.; Salguero, A.; Tuero, C.; Marquez, S. Concurrent validity of the Spanish version of the recovery-stress questionnaire for athletes (RESTQ-SPORT). Rev. Psicol. Deporte 2009, 18, 53–72.18. Clemente-Suarez, V.J.; Fernandes, R.J.; Arroyo-Toledo, J.J.; Figueiredo, P.; Gonzalez-Rave, J.M.; Vilas-Boas, J.P. Autonomic adaptation after traditional and reverse swimming training periodizations. Acta Physiol. Hung. 2015, 102, 105–113. [CrossRef]19. Clemente-Suarez, V.J.; de la Vega, R.; Robles-Perez, J.J.; Lautenschlaeger, M.; Fernandez-Lucas, J. Experience modulates the psychophysiological response of airborne warfighters during a tactical combat parachute jump. Int. J. Psychophysiol. 2016, 110, 212–216. [CrossRef]20. Nunan, D.; Donovan, G.; Jakovljevic, D.G.; Hodges, L.D.; Sandercock, G.R.H.; Brodie, D.A. Validity and Reliability of Short-Term Heart-Rate Variability from the Polar S810. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 2009, 41, 243–250. [CrossRef]21. Camm, A.J.; Malik, M.; Bigger, J.T.; Breithardt, G.; Cerutti, S.; Cohen, R.J.; Coumel, P.; Fallen, E.L.; Kennedy, H.L.; Kleiger, R.E.; et al. Heart rate variability—Standards of measurement, physiological interpretation, and clinical use. Circulation 1996, 93, 1043–1065.22. Gersch, W. Smoothness priors in new directions in time series analysis, part II. In The IMA Volumes in Mathematics and Its Applications; Brillinger, P., Caines, J., Geweke, E., Parzen, M., Rosenblatt Taqqu, M., Eds.; Springer: New York, NY, USA, 1992; pp. 112–143.23. Hopkins, W.G.; Hawley, J.A.; Burke, L.M. Design and analysis of research on sport performance enhancement. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 1999, 31, 472–485. [CrossRef]24. 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