Effectiveness of an applied high intensity interval training as a specific operative training

The psychophysiological response due to stress of soldiers in actual combat operations have been determined by recent researchers, but there is a lack of knowledge about the most effective training methodologies to prepare these population for these new psychophysiological and tactical requirements....

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Autores:
Curiel-Regueros, Agustín
Fernández-Lucas, Jesús
Clemente Suárez, Vicente Javier
Tipo de recurso:
Article of journal
Fecha de publicación:
2019
Institución:
Corporación Universidad de la Costa
Repositorio:
REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
Idioma:
eng
OAI Identifier:
oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/3334
Acceso en línea:
https://hdl.handle.net/11323/3334
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/
Palabra clave:
Stress
Combat
Cortical arousal
Soldier
Anxiety
Estrés
Combate
Excitación cortical
Soldado
Ansiedad
Rights
openAccess
License
Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International
id RCUC2_d72f2d146085ca49b67078de484ae7f7
oai_identifier_str oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/3334
network_acronym_str RCUC2
network_name_str REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
repository_id_str
dc.title.spa.fl_str_mv Effectiveness of an applied high intensity interval training as a specific operative training
dc.title.translated.spa.fl_str_mv Efectividad de un entrenamiento de intervalo de alta intensidad aplicado como entrenamiento operativo específico
title Effectiveness of an applied high intensity interval training as a specific operative training
spellingShingle Effectiveness of an applied high intensity interval training as a specific operative training
Stress
Combat
Cortical arousal
Soldier
Anxiety
Estrés
Combate
Excitación cortical
Soldado
Ansiedad
title_short Effectiveness of an applied high intensity interval training as a specific operative training
title_full Effectiveness of an applied high intensity interval training as a specific operative training
title_fullStr Effectiveness of an applied high intensity interval training as a specific operative training
title_full_unstemmed Effectiveness of an applied high intensity interval training as a specific operative training
title_sort Effectiveness of an applied high intensity interval training as a specific operative training
dc.creator.fl_str_mv Curiel-Regueros, Agustín
Fernández-Lucas, Jesús
Clemente Suárez, Vicente Javier
dc.contributor.author.spa.fl_str_mv Curiel-Regueros, Agustín
Fernández-Lucas, Jesús
Clemente Suárez, Vicente Javier
dc.subject.spa.fl_str_mv Stress
Combat
Cortical arousal
Soldier
Anxiety
Estrés
Combate
Excitación cortical
Soldado
Ansiedad
topic Stress
Combat
Cortical arousal
Soldier
Anxiety
Estrés
Combate
Excitación cortical
Soldado
Ansiedad
description The psychophysiological response due to stress of soldiers in actual combat operations have been determined by recent researchers, but there is a lack of knowledge about the most effective training methodologies to prepare these population for these new psychophysiological and tactical requirements. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of an operative high intensity interval training (HIIT) in the psychophysiological response and shooting performance of professional soldiers. We analyzed 20 soldiers of the Spanish Army which performed an operative HIIT composed by 3 series of 7 repetitions of exercises based on operative military procedures with 30 s of workload and 30 s of resting between repetitions and 5 min resting between series. Blood lactate, rate of perceived exertion and stress, upper and lower limbs, and respiratory muscle strength, skin temperature, blood oxygen saturation, heart rate, cortical arousal, short-term memory and anxiety response were measured before and after the training. After the training rated of perceived exertion and stress, leg strength, heart rate and lactate presented a significant increase and blood oxygen saturation and cortical arousal significantly decreased. An operative HIIT achieves similar psychophysical response than the evaluated in combat simulations in professional soldiers, producing a decrease in cortical arousal and lactate values over the anaerobic threshold.
publishDate 2019
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv 2019-05-15T14:08:29Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv 2019-05-15T14:08:29Z
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv 2019-01-11
dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv Artículo de revista
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dc.identifier.issn.spa.fl_str_mv 0031-9384
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dc.identifier.instname.spa.fl_str_mv Corporación Universidad de la Costa
dc.identifier.reponame.spa.fl_str_mv REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
dc.identifier.repourl.spa.fl_str_mv https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/
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REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
url https://hdl.handle.net/11323/3334
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dc.language.iso.none.fl_str_mv eng
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dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv [1] C. Xue, Y. Ge, B. Tang, Y. Liu, P. Kang, M. Wang, L. Zhang, A meta-analysis of risk factors for combat-related PTSD among military personnel and veterans, PLoS One 10 (2015) e0120270. [2] G. Tan, T.K. Dao, L. Farmer, R.J. Sutherland, R. Gevirtz, Heart rate variability (HRV) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD): a pilot study, Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback 36 (2011) 27–35. [3] L.A. Hines, J. Sundin, R.J. Rona, S. Wessely, N.T. Fear, Posttraumatic stress disorder post Iraq and Afghanistan: Prevalence among military subgroups, Can. J. Psychiatry 59 (2014) 468–479. [4] V. Clemente Suárez, J. Robles Pérez, Análisis de los marcadores fisiológicos, activación cortical y manifestaciones de la fuerza en una situación simulada de combate, Archivos De Medicina Del Deporte Vol. 29 (2012) 9. [5] V. Clemente Suárez, J. Robles Pérez, Respuesta orgánica en una simulación de combate, Sanidad militar. 68 (2012) 97–100. [6] V.J. Clemente-Suárez, J.J. Robles-Pérez, J. Fernández-Lucas, Psycho-physiological response in an automatic parachute jump, J. Sports Sci. 35 (2017) 1872–1878. [7] J. Sánchez-Molina, J.J. Robles-Pérez, V.J. Clemente-Suárez, Effect of parachute jump in the psychophysiological response of soldiers in urban combat, J. Med. Syst. 41 (2017) 99. [8] V.J. Clemente-Suárez, R. Delgado-Moreno, B. González-Gómez, J.J. Robles-Pérez, Respuesta psicofisiológica en un salto táctico paracaidista HAHO: Caso de estudio, 71 Sanidad Militar, 2015, pp. 179–182. [9] V.J. Clemente-Suárez, J.J. Robles-Pérez, P. Montañez-Toledo, Respuesta psicofisiológica en un salto táctico paracaidista a gran altitud, A propósito de un caso. Arch.med.deporte, 2015, pp. 144–148. [10] V.J. Clemente-Suárez, R. de la Vega, J.J. Robles-Pérez, M. Lautenschlaeger, J. Fernández-Lucas, Experience modulates the psychophysiological response of airborne warfighters during a tactical combat parachute jump, Int. J. Psychophysiol. 110 (2016) 212–216. [11] J.F. Tornero-Aguilera, J.J. Robles-Pérez, V.J. Clemente-Suárez, Effect of combat stress in the psychophysiological response of elite and non-elite soldiers, J. Med. Syst. 41 (2017) 100. [12] V.J. Clemente-Suarez, J. Robles-Perez, Mechanical physical, and physiological analysis of symmetrical and asymmetrical combat, J Strength Cond Res. 27 (2013) 2420–2426. [13] D.J. Ramos-Campo, F. Martínez Sánchez, P.E. García, J.Á. Rubio Arias, A.B. Cerezal, V.J. Clemente-Suarez, J.F. Jiménez Díaz, Body composition features in different playing position of professional team indoor players: Basketball, handball and futsal, Int. J. Morphol. (2014) 32. [14] V.C. Suárez, D.R. Campo, J.M. González-Ravé, Modifications to body composition after running an alpine marathon: Brief clinical report, International SportMed Journal. (12) (2011) 133–140. [15] V.J.C. Suárez, J.J.R. Pérez, Psycho-physiological response of soldiers in urban combat, Anales de Psicología/Annals of Psychology. 29 (2013) 598–603. [16] R. Delgado-Moreno, J.J. Robles-Pérez, S. Aznar, V.J. Clemente-Suarez, Inalambric biofeedback devices to analyze strength manifestation in military population, J. Med. Syst. 42 (2018) 60. [17] G. Borg, Perceived exertion as an indicator of somatic stress, Scand. J. Rehabil. Med. 2 (1970) 92–98. [18] P. Belinchon-deMiguel, V.J. Clemente-Suárez, Psychophysiological body composition, biomechanical and autonomic modulation analysis procedures in an ultraendurance mountain race, J. Med. Syst. 42 (2018) 32. [19] P. Belinchon-deMiguel, V.J. Clemente-Suárez, Psychophysiological body composition, biomechanical and autonomic modulation analysis procedures in an ultraendurance mountain race, J. Med. Syst. 42 (2018) 32. [20] M. Cavalade, V. Papadopoulou, S. Theunissen, C. Balestra, Heart rate variability and critical flicker fusion frequency changes during and after parachute jumping in experienced skydivers, Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 115 (2015) 1533–1545. [21] R.H. Cox, M.P. Martens, W.D. Russell, Measuring anxiety in athletics: the revised competitive state anxiety inventory–2, Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology. 25 (2003) 519–533. [22] C.D. Spielberger, R.L. Gorsuch, R.E. Lushene, N.S. Cubero, STAI: Cuestionario de Ansiedad Estado-Rasgo: Manual: Tea, (1999). [23] Sánchez-Molina, J., Robles-Pérez, J. J., Clemente-Suárez, V. J. Physiological response of a paratrooper unit in urban combat. [24] J.S. Molina, J.J.R. Pérez, V.J.C. Suárez, Respuesta fisiológica de una unidad paracaidista en combate urbano. Archivos de medicina del deporte: revista de la Federación Española de Medicina del Deporte y de la Confederación Iberoamericana de Medicina del Deporte, (2017), pp. 135–139. [25] Á. Bustamante-Sánchez, M. Delgado-Terán, V.J. Clemente-Suárez, Psychophysiological response of different aircrew in normobaric hypoxia training, Ergonomics (2018) 1–9. [26] A.J. Hormeño-Holgado, M.A. Perez-Martinez, V.J. Clemente-Suárez, Psychophysiological response of air mobile protection teams in an air accident manoeuvre, Physiol. Behav. 199 (2019) 79–83. [27] B. Sandín, El estrés: Un análisis basado en el papel de los factores sociales, Int. J. Clin. Health Psychol. 3 (2003). [28] J.E. Sinex, Pulse oximetry: Principles and limitations, Am. J. Emerg. Med. 17 (1999) 59–67. [29] V.J. Clemente-Suárez, The application of cortical arousal assessment to control neuromuscular fatigue during strength training, J. Mot. Behav. 49 (2017) 429–434. [30] R. Delgado-Moreno, J.J. Robles-Pérez, V.J. Clemente-Suárez, Combat stress decreases memory of warfighters in action, J. Med. Syst. 41 (2017) 124. [31] M. Hoffman, P. Gilson, T. Westenburg, W. Spencer, Biathlon shooting performance after exercise of different intensities, Int. J. Sports Med. 13 (1992) 270–273. [32] A. Nieuwenhuys, R.R. Oudejans, Effects of anxiety on handgun shooting behavior of police officers: a pilot study, Anxiety, Stress, & Coping. 23 (2010) 225–233. [33] R. Oudejans, Reality-based practice under pressure improves handgun shooting performance of police officers, Ergonomics 51 (2008) 261–273.
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spelling Curiel-Regueros, AgustínFernández-Lucas, JesúsClemente Suárez, Vicente Javier2019-05-15T14:08:29Z2019-05-15T14:08:29Z2019-01-110031-9384https://hdl.handle.net/11323/3334Corporación Universidad de la CostaREDICUC - Repositorio CUChttps://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/The psychophysiological response due to stress of soldiers in actual combat operations have been determined by recent researchers, but there is a lack of knowledge about the most effective training methodologies to prepare these population for these new psychophysiological and tactical requirements. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of an operative high intensity interval training (HIIT) in the psychophysiological response and shooting performance of professional soldiers. We analyzed 20 soldiers of the Spanish Army which performed an operative HIIT composed by 3 series of 7 repetitions of exercises based on operative military procedures with 30 s of workload and 30 s of resting between repetitions and 5 min resting between series. Blood lactate, rate of perceived exertion and stress, upper and lower limbs, and respiratory muscle strength, skin temperature, blood oxygen saturation, heart rate, cortical arousal, short-term memory and anxiety response were measured before and after the training. After the training rated of perceived exertion and stress, leg strength, heart rate and lactate presented a significant increase and blood oxygen saturation and cortical arousal significantly decreased. An operative HIIT achieves similar psychophysical response than the evaluated in combat simulations in professional soldiers, producing a decrease in cortical arousal and lactate values over the anaerobic threshold.Investigadores recientes han determinado la respuesta psicofisiológica debida al estrés de los soldados en las operaciones de combate reales, pero existe una falta de conocimiento sobre las metodologías de entrenamiento más efectivas para preparar a esta población para estos nuevos requisitos psicofisiológicos y tácticos. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar el efecto de un entrenamiento operativo de intervalo de alta intensidad (HIIT) en la respuesta psicofisiológica y el rendimiento de tiro de los soldados profesionales. Analizamos 20 soldados del Ejército español que realizaron un HIIT operativo compuesto por 3 series de 7 repeticiones de ejercicios basados ​​en procedimientos militares operativos con 30 s de carga de trabajo y 30 s de descanso entre repeticiones y 5 min de descanso entre series. El lactato sanguíneo, la tasa de esfuerzo percibido y el estrés, las extremidades superiores e inferiores y la fuerza muscular respiratoria, la temperatura de la piel, la saturación de oxígeno en la sangre, la frecuencia cardíaca, la activación cortical, la memoria a corto plazo y la respuesta de ansiedad se midieron antes y después del entrenamiento. Después del entrenamiento, se evaluó el esfuerzo y esfuerzo percibidos, la fuerza de las piernas, la frecuencia cardíaca y el lactato presentaron un aumento significativo y la saturación de oxígeno en la sangre y la excitación cortical disminuyeron significativamente.Curiel-Regueros, Agustín-4d402308-c7c6-4255-932e-5aada5075fd2-0Fernández-Lucas, Jesús-454d03d3-2cec-45b1-a796-51012f85b786-0Clemente Suárez, Vicente Javier-0000-0002-2397-2801-600engPhysiology and BehaviorAttribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 Internationalhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2StressCombatCortical arousalSoldierAnxietyEstrésCombateExcitación corticalSoldadoAnsiedadEffectiveness of an applied high intensity interval training as a specific operative trainingEfectividad de un entrenamiento de intervalo de alta intensidad aplicado como entrenamiento operativo específicoArtículo de revistahttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1Textinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARTinfo:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion[1] C. Xue, Y. Ge, B. Tang, Y. Liu, P. Kang, M. Wang, L. Zhang, A meta-analysis of risk factors for combat-related PTSD among military personnel and veterans, PLoS One 10 (2015) e0120270. [2] G. Tan, T.K. Dao, L. Farmer, R.J. Sutherland, R. Gevirtz, Heart rate variability (HRV) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD): a pilot study, Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback 36 (2011) 27–35. [3] L.A. Hines, J. Sundin, R.J. Rona, S. Wessely, N.T. Fear, Posttraumatic stress disorder post Iraq and Afghanistan: Prevalence among military subgroups, Can. J. Psychiatry 59 (2014) 468–479. [4] V. Clemente Suárez, J. Robles Pérez, Análisis de los marcadores fisiológicos, activación cortical y manifestaciones de la fuerza en una situación simulada de combate, Archivos De Medicina Del Deporte Vol. 29 (2012) 9. [5] V. Clemente Suárez, J. Robles Pérez, Respuesta orgánica en una simulación de combate, Sanidad militar. 68 (2012) 97–100. [6] V.J. Clemente-Suárez, J.J. Robles-Pérez, J. Fernández-Lucas, Psycho-physiological response in an automatic parachute jump, J. Sports Sci. 35 (2017) 1872–1878. [7] J. Sánchez-Molina, J.J. Robles-Pérez, V.J. Clemente-Suárez, Effect of parachute jump in the psychophysiological response of soldiers in urban combat, J. Med. Syst. 41 (2017) 99. [8] V.J. Clemente-Suárez, R. Delgado-Moreno, B. González-Gómez, J.J. Robles-Pérez, Respuesta psicofisiológica en un salto táctico paracaidista HAHO: Caso de estudio, 71 Sanidad Militar, 2015, pp. 179–182. [9] V.J. Clemente-Suárez, J.J. Robles-Pérez, P. Montañez-Toledo, Respuesta psicofisiológica en un salto táctico paracaidista a gran altitud, A propósito de un caso. Arch.med.deporte, 2015, pp. 144–148. [10] V.J. Clemente-Suárez, R. de la Vega, J.J. Robles-Pérez, M. Lautenschlaeger, J. Fernández-Lucas, Experience modulates the psychophysiological response of airborne warfighters during a tactical combat parachute jump, Int. J. Psychophysiol. 110 (2016) 212–216. [11] J.F. Tornero-Aguilera, J.J. Robles-Pérez, V.J. Clemente-Suárez, Effect of combat stress in the psychophysiological response of elite and non-elite soldiers, J. Med. Syst. 41 (2017) 100. [12] V.J. Clemente-Suarez, J. Robles-Perez, Mechanical physical, and physiological analysis of symmetrical and asymmetrical combat, J Strength Cond Res. 27 (2013) 2420–2426. [13] D.J. Ramos-Campo, F. Martínez Sánchez, P.E. García, J.Á. Rubio Arias, A.B. Cerezal, V.J. Clemente-Suarez, J.F. Jiménez Díaz, Body composition features in different playing position of professional team indoor players: Basketball, handball and futsal, Int. J. Morphol. (2014) 32. [14] V.C. Suárez, D.R. Campo, J.M. González-Ravé, Modifications to body composition after running an alpine marathon: Brief clinical report, International SportMed Journal. (12) (2011) 133–140. [15] V.J.C. Suárez, J.J.R. Pérez, Psycho-physiological response of soldiers in urban combat, Anales de Psicología/Annals of Psychology. 29 (2013) 598–603. [16] R. Delgado-Moreno, J.J. Robles-Pérez, S. Aznar, V.J. Clemente-Suarez, Inalambric biofeedback devices to analyze strength manifestation in military population, J. Med. Syst. 42 (2018) 60. [17] G. Borg, Perceived exertion as an indicator of somatic stress, Scand. J. Rehabil. Med. 2 (1970) 92–98. [18] P. Belinchon-deMiguel, V.J. Clemente-Suárez, Psychophysiological body composition, biomechanical and autonomic modulation analysis procedures in an ultraendurance mountain race, J. Med. Syst. 42 (2018) 32. [19] P. Belinchon-deMiguel, V.J. Clemente-Suárez, Psychophysiological body composition, biomechanical and autonomic modulation analysis procedures in an ultraendurance mountain race, J. Med. Syst. 42 (2018) 32. [20] M. Cavalade, V. Papadopoulou, S. Theunissen, C. Balestra, Heart rate variability and critical flicker fusion frequency changes during and after parachute jumping in experienced skydivers, Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 115 (2015) 1533–1545. [21] R.H. Cox, M.P. Martens, W.D. Russell, Measuring anxiety in athletics: the revised competitive state anxiety inventory–2, Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology. 25 (2003) 519–533. [22] C.D. Spielberger, R.L. Gorsuch, R.E. Lushene, N.S. Cubero, STAI: Cuestionario de Ansiedad Estado-Rasgo: Manual: Tea, (1999). [23] Sánchez-Molina, J., Robles-Pérez, J. J., Clemente-Suárez, V. J. Physiological response of a paratrooper unit in urban combat. [24] J.S. Molina, J.J.R. Pérez, V.J.C. Suárez, Respuesta fisiológica de una unidad paracaidista en combate urbano. Archivos de medicina del deporte: revista de la Federación Española de Medicina del Deporte y de la Confederación Iberoamericana de Medicina del Deporte, (2017), pp. 135–139. [25] Á. Bustamante-Sánchez, M. Delgado-Terán, V.J. Clemente-Suárez, Psychophysiological response of different aircrew in normobaric hypoxia training, Ergonomics (2018) 1–9. [26] A.J. Hormeño-Holgado, M.A. Perez-Martinez, V.J. Clemente-Suárez, Psychophysiological response of air mobile protection teams in an air accident manoeuvre, Physiol. Behav. 199 (2019) 79–83. [27] B. Sandín, El estrés: Un análisis basado en el papel de los factores sociales, Int. J. Clin. Health Psychol. 3 (2003). [28] J.E. Sinex, Pulse oximetry: Principles and limitations, Am. J. Emerg. Med. 17 (1999) 59–67. [29] V.J. Clemente-Suárez, The application of cortical arousal assessment to control neuromuscular fatigue during strength training, J. Mot. Behav. 49 (2017) 429–434. [30] R. Delgado-Moreno, J.J. Robles-Pérez, V.J. Clemente-Suárez, Combat stress decreases memory of warfighters in action, J. Med. Syst. 41 (2017) 124. [31] M. Hoffman, P. Gilson, T. Westenburg, W. Spencer, Biathlon shooting performance after exercise of different intensities, Int. J. Sports Med. 13 (1992) 270–273. [32] A. Nieuwenhuys, R.R. Oudejans, Effects of anxiety on handgun shooting behavior of police officers: a pilot study, Anxiety, Stress, & Coping. 23 (2010) 225–233. [33] R. Oudejans, Reality-based practice under pressure improves handgun shooting performance of police officers, Ergonomics 51 (2008) 261–273.PublicationORIGINALEffectiveness of an applied high intensity interval training as a specific operative training.pdfEffectiveness of an applied high intensity interval training as a specific operative training.pdfapplication/pdf407601https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/bed12a0f-6339-4c42-9c19-e55243e0a979/downloada31584f97ca6d2e07265342912856d85MD51CC-LICENSElicense_rdflicense_rdfapplication/rdf+xml; charset=utf-81031https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/a30597bf-cfc0-4b69-93f5-e557657d5f23/download934f4ca17e109e0a05eaeaba504d7ce4MD52LICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-81748https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/7d3aa8ac-a3d4-469c-be77-579543863ab5/download8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33MD53THUMBNAILEffectiveness of an applied high intensity interval training as a specific operative training.pdf.jpgEffectiveness of an applied high intensity interval training as a specific operative training.pdf.jpgimage/jpeg36305https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/6a2ad9d6-d587-4e6b-aae7-b95c09ae0401/download9d5963eb2adbe6b4f79e05d028c94ea3MD55TEXTEffectiveness of an applied high intensity interval training as a specific operative training.pdf.txtEffectiveness of an applied high intensity interval training as a specific operative training.pdf.txttext/plain25741https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/c221f880-6029-42ee-8425-592b02669cb9/download3341931ab31913201a9e468c5cbc6787MD5611323/3334oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/33342024-09-17 10:46:25.216http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 Internationalopen.accesshttps://repositorio.cuc.edu.coRepositorio de la Universidad de la Costa CUCrepdigital@cuc.edu.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