Gender differences in stress- and burnout-related factors of university professors
The aim of the present study was to analyse the gender differences in stress-related factors of university professors. A cross-sectional study was carried out, where gender differences in psychological, nutrition, physical activity, and oral health stress-related factors were analysed in 470 Spanish...
- Autores:
-
Redondo-Flórez, Laura
Tornero Aguilera, José Francisco
Ramos-Campo, Domingo Jesús
Clemente-Suárez, Vicente Javier
- Tipo de recurso:
- Article of journal
- Fecha de publicación:
- 2020
- Institución:
- Corporación Universidad de la Costa
- Repositorio:
- REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
- Idioma:
- eng
- OAI Identifier:
- oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/7886
- Acceso en línea:
- https://hdl.handle.net/11323/7886
https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/6687358
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/
- Palabra clave:
- gender differences
stress-related factors
university professors
- Rights
- openAccess
- License
- Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International
id |
RCUC2_d325dcbb33a15efe3afc0869398f248f |
---|---|
oai_identifier_str |
oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/7886 |
network_acronym_str |
RCUC2 |
network_name_str |
REDICUC - Repositorio CUC |
repository_id_str |
|
dc.title.spa.fl_str_mv |
Gender differences in stress- and burnout-related factors of university professors |
title |
Gender differences in stress- and burnout-related factors of university professors |
spellingShingle |
Gender differences in stress- and burnout-related factors of university professors gender differences stress-related factors university professors |
title_short |
Gender differences in stress- and burnout-related factors of university professors |
title_full |
Gender differences in stress- and burnout-related factors of university professors |
title_fullStr |
Gender differences in stress- and burnout-related factors of university professors |
title_full_unstemmed |
Gender differences in stress- and burnout-related factors of university professors |
title_sort |
Gender differences in stress- and burnout-related factors of university professors |
dc.creator.fl_str_mv |
Redondo-Flórez, Laura Tornero Aguilera, José Francisco Ramos-Campo, Domingo Jesús Clemente-Suárez, Vicente Javier |
dc.contributor.author.spa.fl_str_mv |
Redondo-Flórez, Laura Tornero Aguilera, José Francisco Ramos-Campo, Domingo Jesús Clemente-Suárez, Vicente Javier |
dc.subject.spa.fl_str_mv |
gender differences stress-related factors university professors |
topic |
gender differences stress-related factors university professors |
description |
The aim of the present study was to analyse the gender differences in stress-related factors of university professors. A cross-sectional study was carried out, where gender differences in psychological, nutrition, physical activity, and oral health stress-related factors were analysed in 470 Spanish university professors (58.7% male and 41.3% female, 42:1±9:2 years) through a compendium of questionnaires. The results showed how females presented significantly (p ≤ 0:05) higher scores than males in perceived stress (females: 22:15 ± 4:40 vs. males: 19:69 ± 3:61), emotional exhaustion (females: 20:86 ± 9:51 vs. males: 16:44 ± 9:12), and neuroticism (females: 5:53 ± 1:97 vs. males: 4:77 ± 1:96). These results may be related to higher probabilities to suffer the burnout syndrome, showing possible physical symptoms of this psychological disorder such as dry mouth and gastritis or heartburn. We concluded that female professors presented higher burnout perceived stress, emotional exhaustion, and neuroticism levels than males. Females also presented higher dry mouth, gastritis, and heartburn than males. Female professors showed healthier nutritional habits than males, presenting higher consumption of milk products and fruit per day, a higher number of meals, and less eating between hours and fried food consumption. Nevertheless, females consumed fewer water glasses and practised less weekly sport than male professors |
publishDate |
2020 |
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv |
2020 |
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv |
2021-02-19T16:55:54Z |
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv |
2021-02-19T16:55:54Z |
dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv |
Artículo de revista |
dc.type.coar.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1 |
dc.type.coar.spa.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501 |
dc.type.content.spa.fl_str_mv |
Text |
dc.type.driver.spa.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/article |
dc.type.redcol.spa.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ART |
dc.type.version.spa.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion |
format |
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501 |
status_str |
acceptedVersion |
dc.identifier.uri.spa.fl_str_mv |
https://hdl.handle.net/11323/7886 |
dc.identifier.doi.spa.fl_str_mv |
https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/6687358 |
dc.identifier.instname.spa.fl_str_mv |
Corporación Universidad de la Costa |
dc.identifier.reponame.spa.fl_str_mv |
REDICUC - Repositorio CUC |
dc.identifier.repourl.spa.fl_str_mv |
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/ |
url |
https://hdl.handle.net/11323/7886 https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/6687358 https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/ |
identifier_str_mv |
Corporación Universidad de la Costa REDICUC - Repositorio CUC |
dc.language.iso.none.fl_str_mv |
eng |
language |
eng |
dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv |
B. S. McEwen, “The neurobiology of stress: from serendipity to clinical relevance,” Brain Research, vol. 886, no. 1–2, pp. 172–189, 2000. H. Selye, “Allergy and the general adaptation syndrome,” International Archives of Allergy and Immunology, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 267–278, 2004. A. C. Guyton and J. E. Hall, Tratado De Fisiología Médica, Elsevier, Madrid, Spain, 11th edition, 2006. J. Sánchez-Molina, J. J. Robles-Pérez, and V. J. Clemente-Suárez, “Psychophysiological and fine motor skill differences of elite and non-elite soldiers in an urban combat simulation,” Military Psychology, vol. 31, no. 6, pp. 425–432, 2019. V. J. Clemente-Suárez, “Multidisciplinary intervention in the treatment of mixed anxiety and depression disorder,” Physiology & Behavior, vol. 219, article 112858, 2020. C. Travers, Current Knowledge on the Nature, Prevalence, Sources and Potential Impact of Teacher Stress, Springer, 2017. C. Maslach and S. E. Jackson, “The measurement of experienced burnout,” Journal of Organizational Behavior, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 99–113, 1981. C. Maslach and S. E. Jackson, MBI: Maslach Burnout Inventory Manual, Consulting, University of California, Palo Alto, CA, 1981. C. R. Ponce Díaz, M. S. Bulnes Bedón, J. R. Aliaga Tovar, M. C. Atalaya Pisco, R. Huerta, and R. E. El, “El síndrome del "quemado" por estrés laboral asistencial en grupos de docentes universitarios,” Revista de Investigación en Psicología, vol. 8, no. 2, p. 87, 2014. E. Demerouti, A. B. Bakker, F. Nachreiner, and M. Ebbinghaus, “From mental strain to burnout,” European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 423–441, 2002. D. Mendoza-Castejón and V. J. Clemente-Suárez, “Psychophysiological stress markers and behavioural differences between rural and city primary school students,” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, vol. 17, no. 9, p. 3157, 2020. L. Redondo Flórez, J. F. Tornero-Aguilera, and V. J. Clemente-Suárez, “Could academic experience modulate psychophysiological stress response of biomedical sciences students in laboratory?” Physiology & Behavior, vol. 223, p. 113017, 2020. A. Ramírez-Adrados, S. Fernández-Martínez, B. Martínez-Pascual, C. Gonzalez-de-Ramos, V. E. Fernández-Elías, and V. J. Clemente-Suárez, “Psychophysiological stress response of physiotherapy last year students in his final degree dissertation,” Physiology & Behavior, vol. 222, p. 112928, 2020. A. I. Beltrán-Velasco, A. Bellido-Esteban, P. Ruisoto-Palomera, K. Herrera-Mendoza, and V. J. Clemente-Suárez, “The effect of cultural differences in psychophysiological stress response in high education context: a pilot study,” Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback, vol. 45, no. 1, pp. 23–29, 2020. P. Sánchez-Conde, A. I. Beltrán-Velasco, and V. J. Clemente-Suárez, “Influence of psychological profile in autonomic response of nursing students in their first hospital clinical stays,” Physiology & Behavior, vol. 207, pp. 99–103, 2019. V. J. Clemente-Suárez, A. I. Beltrán-Velasco, A. Bellido-Esteban, and P. Ruisoto-Palomera, “Autonomic adaption to clinical simulation in psychology students: teaching applications,” Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback, vol. 43, no. 3, pp. 239–245, 2018. D. Mendoza-Castejon, J. Fraile-García, M. Diaz-Manzano, J. P. Fuentes-Garcia, and V. J. Clemente-Suárez, “Differences in the autonomic nervous system stress status of urban and rural school teachers,” Physiology & Behavior, vol. 222, p. 112925, 2020. A. K. Vesely, D. H. Saklofske, and D. W. Nordstokke, “EI training and pre-service teacher wellbeing,” Personality and Individual Differences, vol. 65, pp. 81–85, 2014. M. A. Brackett and N. A. Katulak, “Emotional intelligence in the classroom: skill-based training for teachers and students,” in Applying emotional intelligence: A practitioner’s guide, J. Ciarrochi and J. D. Mayer, Eds., pp. 1–27, Psychology Press, New York, 2007. C. Fiorilli, P. Benevene, S. De Stasio et al., “Teachers’ burnout: the role of trait emotional intelligence and social support,” Frontiers in Psychology, vol. 10, pp. 1–9, 2019. D. Schultchen, J. Reichenberger, T. Mittl et al., “Bidirectional relationship of stress and affect with physical activity and healthy eating,” British Journal of Health Psychology, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 315–333, 2019. U. Rimmele, R. Seiler, B. Marti, P. H. Wirtz, U. Ehlert, and M. Heinrichs, “The level of physical activity affects adrenal and cardiovascular reactivity to psychosocial stress,” Psychoneuroendocrinology, vol. 34, no. 2, pp. 190–198, 2009. M. Gerber, S. Brand, C. Herrmann, F. Colledge, E. Holsboer-Trachsler, and U. Pühse, “Increased objectively assessed vigorous-intensity exercise is associated with reduced stress, increased mental health and good objective and subjective sleep in young adults,” Physiology & Behavior, vol. 135, pp. 17–24, 2014. B. Winter, C. Breitenstein, F. C. Mooren et al., “High impact running improves learning,” Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, vol. 87, no. 4, pp. 597–609, 2007. D. Sutoo and K. Akiyama, “Regulation of brain function by exercise,” Neurobiology of Disease, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 1–14, 2003. R. Ruscheweyh, C. Willemer, K. Krüger et al., “Physical activity and memory functions: an interventional study,” Neurobiology of Aging, vol. 32, no. 7, pp. 1304–1319, 2011. L. L. Bischoff, A. K. Otto, C. Hold, and B. Wollesen, “The effect of physical activity interventions on occupational stress for health personnel: a systematic review,” International Journal of Nursing Studies, vol. 97, pp. 94–104, 2019. E. R. Arbués, B. Martínez Abadía, J. M. Granada López et al., “Conducta alimentaria y su relacion con el estrés, la ansiedad, la depresión y el insomnio en estudiantes universitarios,” Nutrición Hospitalaria, vol. 36, no. 6, pp. 1339–1345, 2019. T. S. Conner, K. L. Brookie, A. C. Richardson, and M. A. Polak, “On carrots and curiosity: eating fruit and vegetables is associated with greater flourishing in daily life,” British Journal of Health Psychology, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 413–427, 2015. B. A. White, C. C. Horwath, and T. S. Conner, “Many apples a day keep the blues away - daily experiences of negative and positive affect and food consumption in young adults,” British Journal of Health Psychology, vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 782–798, 2013. R. Deinzer, D. Hilpert, K. Bach, M. Schawacht, and A. Herforth, “Effects of academic stress on oral hygiene - a potential link between stress and plaque-associated disease?” Journal of Clinical Periodontology, vol. 28, no. 5, pp. 459–464, 2001. R. Deinzer, N. Granrath, M. Spahl, S. Linz, B. Waschul, and A. Herforth, “Stress, oral health behaviour and clinical outcome,” British Journal of Health Psychology, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 269–283, 2005. Y. S. Kim, H. N. Kim, J. H. Lee, S. Y. Kim, E. J. Jun, and J. B. Kim, “Association of stress, depression, and suicidal ideation with subjective oral health status and oral functions in Korean adults aged 35 years or more,” BMC Oral Health, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 101–110, 2017. D. Aparisi, M. S. Torregrosa, C. J. Ingles, and J. M. Garcí, “Stress, burnout and health in a sample of Spanish teachers,” Advances in Higher Education, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 1–11, 2019. A. R. Gomes, M. J. Silva, S. Mourisco, S. Silva, A. Mota, and I. Superior, “Problemas e desafios no exercício da actividade docente: um estudo sobre o stresse, “burnout”, saúde física e satisfação profissional em professores do 3o ciclo e ensino secundário,” Revista Portuguesa de Educacion, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 67–93, 2006. R. Mota Cardoso, A. Martins, M. Ramos et al., O stress nos professores Portugueses, Porto Editorial, Porto, 2002. C. Maslach, “Understanding burnout,” Ciencia y Trabajo, vol. 11, no. 32, pp. 37–43, 2009. P. R. Gil-Monte, “Factorial validity of the Maslach burnout inventory (MBI-HSS) among Spanish professionals,” Revista de Saúde Pública, vol. 39, no. 1, pp. 1–8, 2005. S. Cohen, T. Kamarck, and R. Mermelstein, “A global measure of perceived stress,” Journal of Health and Social Behavior, vol. 24, no. 4, pp. 385–396, 1983. E. Remor, “Psychometric properties of a European Spanish version of the perceived stress scale (PSS),” The Spanish Journal of Psychology, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 86–93, 2006. P. T. Costa and R. R. McCrae, “Normal personality assessment in clinical practice: the NEO personality inventory,” Psychological Assessment, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 5–13, 1992. D. Manga, F. Ramos, and C. Morán, “The Spanish norms of the NEO five-factor inventory: new data and analyses for its improvement,” International Journal of Psychology and Psychological Therapy, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 639–648, 2004. S. C. Hayes, K. Strosahl, K. G. Wilson et al., “Measuring experiential avoidance: a preliminary test of a working model,” Psychological Record, vol. 54, no. 4, pp. 553–578, 2004. F. J. Ruiz, J. C. Suárez-Falcón, S. Cárdenas-Sierra, Y. Durán, K. Guerrero, and D. Riaño-Hernández, “Psychometric properties of the acceptance and action questionnaire–II in Colombia,” Psychological Record, vol. 66, no. 3, pp. 429–437, 2016. M. E. Hughes, L. J. Waite, L. C. Hawkley, and J. T. Cacioppo, “A short scale for measuring loneliness in large surveys: results from two population-based studies,” Research on Aging, vol. 26, no. 6, pp. 655–672, 2016. P. Sancho, S. Pinazo-Hernandis, M. Donio-Bellegarde, and J. M. Tomás, “Validation of the University of California, Los Angeles Loneliness Scale (version 3) in Spanish older population: an application of exploratory structural equation modelling,” Australian Psychologist, vol. 55, no. 3, pp. 283–292, 2020. P. Belinchón-Demiguel and V. J. Clemente-Suárez, “Nutrition, hydration and ergogenic aids strategies in ultraendurance mountain events,” The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, vol. 59, no. 5, pp. 791–797, 2019. M. Jiménez, M. Fernández-Navas, J. R. Alvero-Cruz et al., “Differences in psychoneuroendocrine stress responses of high-level swimmers depending on autocratic and democratic coaching style,” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, vol. 16, no. 24, p. 5089, 2019. P. Belinchón-de Miguel, J. F. Tornero-Aguilera, A. A. Dalamitros et al., “Multidisciplinary analysis of differences between finisher and non-finisher ultra-endurance mountain athletes,” Frontiers in Physiology, vol. 10, 2019. D. Mendoza-Castejón and V. J. Clemente-Suárez, “Autonomic profile, physical activity, body mass index and academic performance of school students,” Sustain, vol. 12, no. 17, p. 6718, 2020. M. G. González Morales, Estrés Laboral, Afrontamiento y Sus Consecuencias: El Papel Del Género, Universidad de Valencia, 2006. R. K. Purvanova and J. P. Muros, “Gender differences in burnout: a meta-analysis,” Journal of Vocational Behavior, vol. 77, no. 2, pp. 168–185, 2010. C. M. Middeldorp, D. C. Cath, M. Berg et al., “The association of personality with anxious and depressive psychopathology,” Biology of Personality and Individual Differences, no. 1986, pp. 251–272, 2006. H. J. Eysenck and S. Rachman, The Causes and Cures of Neurosis (Psychology Revivals): An Introduction to Modern Behavior Therapy Based on Learning Theory and the Principles of Conditioning, NY: Routledge, London, UK, 1st edition, 2013. S. Langelaan, A. B. Bakker, L. J. P. van Doornen, and W. B. Schaufeli, “Burnout and work engagement: do individual differences make a difference?” Personality and Individual Differences, vol. 40, no. 3, pp. 521–532, 2006. A. E. Clark, “Job Satisfaction and Gender: Why Are Women so Happy at Work?” Labour Economics, vol. 4, pp. 341–372, 1997. V. V. Tachalov, L. Y. Orekhova, T. V. Kudryavtseva, E. R. Isaeva, and E. S. Loboda, “Manifestations of personal characteristics in individual oral care,” The EPMA Journal, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 1–5, 2016. A. Alkan, O. Cakmak, S. Yilmaz, T. Cebi, and C. Gurgan, “Relationship between psychological factors and oral health status and behaviours,” Oral Health and Preventive Dentistry, vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 331–339, 2015. B. D. Naliboff, M. Mayer, R. Fass et al., “The effect of life stress on symptoms of heartburn,” Psychosomatic Medicine, vol. 66, no. 3, pp. 426–434, 2004. E. Painsipp, T. Wultsch, A. Shahbazian et al., “Experimental gastritis in mice enhances anxiety in a gender-related manner,” Neuroscience, vol. 150, no. 3, pp. 522–536, 2007. J. F. Rodríguez Ramos, A. M. Boffill Corrales, L. A. Rodríguez Soria, J. L. Losada Guerra, and Z. Socías Barrientos, “Factores de riesgo asociados a la gastritis aguda o crónica en adultos de un hospital ecuatoriano,” Medisan, vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 424–434, 2019. J. Luo, T. Wang, S. Liang, X. Hu, W. Li, and F. Jin, “Experimental gastritis leads to anxiety- and depression-like behaviors in female but not male rats,” Behavioral and Brain Functions, vol. 9, no. 1, p. 46, 2013. M. S. Bulthuis, D. H. Jan Jager, and H. S. Brand, “Relationship among perceived stress, xerostomia, and salivary flow rate in patients visiting a saliva clinic,” Clinical Oral Investigations, vol. 22, no. 9, pp. 3121–3127, 2018. S. K. Veerabhadrappa, P. R. Chandrappa, S. Patil, S. Y. Roodmal, A. Kumarswamy, and M. K. Chappi, “Evaluation of xerostomia in different psychological disorders: an observational study,” Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research, vol. 10, no. 9, pp. 10–13, 2016. G. B. Proctor, “The physiology of salivary secretion,” Periodontology 2000, vol. 70, no. 1, pp. 11–25, 2016. M. Bergdahl and J. Bergdahl, “Low unstimulated salivary flow and subjective oral dryness: association with medication, anxiety, depression, and stress,” Journal of Dental Research, vol. 79, no. 9, pp. 1652–1658, 2016. W. Segura Marcenes and A. Sheiham, “The relationship between work stress and oral health status,” Social Science & Medicine, vol. 35, no. 12, pp. 1511–1520, 1992. F. C. B. Barbosa, M. P. A. Mayer, E. Saba-Chujfi, and S. Cai, “Subgingival occurrence and antimicrobial susceptibility of enteric rods and pseudomonads from Brazilian periodontitis patients,” Oral Microbiology and Immunology, vol. 16, no. 5, pp. 306–310, 2001. G. H. Ayars, L. C. Altman, and M. D. Fretwell, “Effect of decreased salivation and PH on the adherence of Klebsiella species to human buccal epithelial cells,” Infection and Immunity, vol. 38, no. 1, pp. 179–182, 1982. B. Bonaz and J. M. Sabate, “Le dysfonctionnement du « brain-gut »,” Gastroentérologie Clinique et Biologique, vol. 33, Supplement 1, pp. S48–S58, 2009. S. H. Rhee, C. Pothoulakis, and E. A. Mayer, “Principles and clinical implications of the brain-gut-enteric microbiota axis,” Nature Reviews. Gastroenterology & Hepatology, vol. 6, no. 5, pp. 306–314, 2009. M. Lyte, L. Vulchanova, and D. R. Brown, “Stress at the intestinal surface: catecholamines and mucosa-bacteria interactions,” Cell and Tissue Research, vol. 343, no. 1, pp. 23–32, 2011. F. Kren, M. Kudlacek, W. Wasowicz, D. Groffik, and K. Fromel, “Gender differences in preferences of individual and team sports in Polish adolescents,” Acta Gymnica, vol. 42, no. 1, pp. 43–52, 2012. S. J. Hanrahan and E. Cerin, “Gender, level of participation and type of sport: differences in achievement goal orientation and attributional style,” Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 508–512, 2009. L. Steenbergen, R. Sellaro, S. van Hemert, J. A. Bosch, and L. S. Colzato, “A randomized controlled trial to test the effect of multispecies probiotics on cognitive reactivity to sad mood,” Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, vol. 48, pp. 258–264, 2015. K. Schmidt, P. J. Cowen, C. J. Harmer, G. Tzortzis, S. Errington, and P. W. J. Burnet, “Prebiotic intake reduces the waking cortisol response and alters emotional bias in healthy volunteers,” Psychopharmacology, vol. 232, no. 10, pp. 1793–1801, 2015. T. R. Sampson and S. K. Mazmanian, “Control of brain development, function, and behavior by the microbiome,” Cell Host & Microbe, vol. 17, no. 5, pp. 565–576, 2015. E. Distrutti, J. A. O’Reilly, C. McDonald et al., “Modulation of intestinal microbiota by the probiotic VSL#3 resets brain gene expression and ameliorates the age-related deficit in LTP,” PLoS One, vol. 9, no. 9, 2014. T. R. Licht, M. Hansen, A. Bergström et al., “Effects of apples and specific apple components on the cecal environment of conventional rats: role of apple pectin,” BMC Microbiology, vol. 10, no. 1, p. 13, 2010. K. Manderson, M. Pinart, K. M. Tuohy et al., “In vitro determination of prebiotic properties of oligosaccharides derived from an orange juice manufacturing by-product stream,” Applied and Environmental Microbiology, vol. 71, no. 12, pp. 8383–8389, 2005. WHO, “Alimentación sana,” 2020, https://www.who.int/es/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/healthy-diet. A. Carbajal, Manual de Nutrición y Dietética, P. Faculty, Ed., Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain, 2013. I. Mujer, Actitudes y prácticas deportivas de las mujeres en España 2013, I. Mujer, Ed., Springer, Madrid, 2006. |
dc.rights.spa.fl_str_mv |
Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International |
dc.rights.uri.spa.fl_str_mv |
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ |
dc.rights.accessrights.spa.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess |
dc.rights.coar.spa.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2 |
rights_invalid_str_mv |
Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2 |
eu_rights_str_mv |
openAccess |
dc.format.mimetype.spa.fl_str_mv |
application/pdf |
dc.publisher.spa.fl_str_mv |
Corporación Universidad de la Costa |
dc.source.spa.fl_str_mv |
BioMed Research International |
institution |
Corporación Universidad de la Costa |
dc.source.url.spa.fl_str_mv |
https://www.hindawi.com/journals/bmri/2020/6687358/ |
bitstream.url.fl_str_mv |
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/4742488d-3909-4db5-aad2-7271a50b028e/download https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/31902df1-37cd-4f68-b72a-003ef7d6c49a/download https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/39344390-3a67-49c5-a183-9d5d50971c96/download https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/47289f64-bf00-4bae-8874-1c4a4752a307/download https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/76a9f312-48af-4f8b-93e6-51e76203d134/download |
bitstream.checksum.fl_str_mv |
e30e9215131d99561d40d6b0abbe9bad fca13f9772a60c110168edabd6aad51a 4460e5956bc1d1639be9ae6146a50347 9cb26d85c29206f8fa64270387ab9e96 629c76b663d773b10f7f7d2127b79f27 |
bitstream.checksumAlgorithm.fl_str_mv |
MD5 MD5 MD5 MD5 MD5 |
repository.name.fl_str_mv |
Repositorio de la Universidad de la Costa CUC |
repository.mail.fl_str_mv |
repdigital@cuc.edu.co |
_version_ |
1811760735661850624 |
spelling |
Redondo-Flórez, LauraTornero Aguilera, José FranciscoRamos-Campo, Domingo JesúsClemente-Suárez, Vicente Javier2021-02-19T16:55:54Z2021-02-19T16:55:54Z2020https://hdl.handle.net/11323/7886https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/6687358Corporación Universidad de la CostaREDICUC - Repositorio CUChttps://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/The aim of the present study was to analyse the gender differences in stress-related factors of university professors. A cross-sectional study was carried out, where gender differences in psychological, nutrition, physical activity, and oral health stress-related factors were analysed in 470 Spanish university professors (58.7% male and 41.3% female, 42:1±9:2 years) through a compendium of questionnaires. The results showed how females presented significantly (p ≤ 0:05) higher scores than males in perceived stress (females: 22:15 ± 4:40 vs. males: 19:69 ± 3:61), emotional exhaustion (females: 20:86 ± 9:51 vs. males: 16:44 ± 9:12), and neuroticism (females: 5:53 ± 1:97 vs. males: 4:77 ± 1:96). These results may be related to higher probabilities to suffer the burnout syndrome, showing possible physical symptoms of this psychological disorder such as dry mouth and gastritis or heartburn. We concluded that female professors presented higher burnout perceived stress, emotional exhaustion, and neuroticism levels than males. Females also presented higher dry mouth, gastritis, and heartburn than males. Female professors showed healthier nutritional habits than males, presenting higher consumption of milk products and fruit per day, a higher number of meals, and less eating between hours and fried food consumption. Nevertheless, females consumed fewer water glasses and practised less weekly sport than male professorsRedondo-Flórez, LauraTornero Aguilera, José Francisco-will be generated-orcid-0000-0002-0747-8133-600Ramos-Campo, Domingo Jesús-will be generated-orcid-0000-0002-8890-4244-600Clemente-Suárez, Vicente Javier-will be generated-orcid-0000-0002-2397-2801-600application/pdfengCorporación Universidad de la CostaAttribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 Internationalhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2BioMed Research Internationalhttps://www.hindawi.com/journals/bmri/2020/6687358/gender differencesstress-related factorsuniversity professorsGender differences in stress- and burnout-related factors of university professorsArtículo de revistahttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1Textinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARTinfo:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersionB. S. McEwen, “The neurobiology of stress: from serendipity to clinical relevance,” Brain Research, vol. 886, no. 1–2, pp. 172–189, 2000.H. Selye, “Allergy and the general adaptation syndrome,” International Archives of Allergy and Immunology, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 267–278, 2004.A. C. Guyton and J. E. Hall, Tratado De Fisiología Médica, Elsevier, Madrid, Spain, 11th edition, 2006.J. Sánchez-Molina, J. J. Robles-Pérez, and V. J. Clemente-Suárez, “Psychophysiological and fine motor skill differences of elite and non-elite soldiers in an urban combat simulation,” Military Psychology, vol. 31, no. 6, pp. 425–432, 2019.V. J. Clemente-Suárez, “Multidisciplinary intervention in the treatment of mixed anxiety and depression disorder,” Physiology & Behavior, vol. 219, article 112858, 2020.C. Travers, Current Knowledge on the Nature, Prevalence, Sources and Potential Impact of Teacher Stress, Springer, 2017.C. Maslach and S. E. Jackson, “The measurement of experienced burnout,” Journal of Organizational Behavior, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 99–113, 1981.C. Maslach and S. E. Jackson, MBI: Maslach Burnout Inventory Manual, Consulting, University of California, Palo Alto, CA, 1981.C. R. Ponce Díaz, M. S. Bulnes Bedón, J. R. Aliaga Tovar, M. C. Atalaya Pisco, R. Huerta, and R. E. El, “El síndrome del "quemado" por estrés laboral asistencial en grupos de docentes universitarios,” Revista de Investigación en Psicología, vol. 8, no. 2, p. 87, 2014.E. Demerouti, A. B. Bakker, F. Nachreiner, and M. Ebbinghaus, “From mental strain to burnout,” European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 423–441, 2002.D. Mendoza-Castejón and V. J. Clemente-Suárez, “Psychophysiological stress markers and behavioural differences between rural and city primary school students,” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, vol. 17, no. 9, p. 3157, 2020.L. Redondo Flórez, J. F. Tornero-Aguilera, and V. J. Clemente-Suárez, “Could academic experience modulate psychophysiological stress response of biomedical sciences students in laboratory?” Physiology & Behavior, vol. 223, p. 113017, 2020.A. Ramírez-Adrados, S. Fernández-Martínez, B. Martínez-Pascual, C. Gonzalez-de-Ramos, V. E. Fernández-Elías, and V. J. Clemente-Suárez, “Psychophysiological stress response of physiotherapy last year students in his final degree dissertation,” Physiology & Behavior, vol. 222, p. 112928, 2020.A. I. Beltrán-Velasco, A. Bellido-Esteban, P. Ruisoto-Palomera, K. Herrera-Mendoza, and V. J. Clemente-Suárez, “The effect of cultural differences in psychophysiological stress response in high education context: a pilot study,” Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback, vol. 45, no. 1, pp. 23–29, 2020.P. Sánchez-Conde, A. I. Beltrán-Velasco, and V. J. Clemente-Suárez, “Influence of psychological profile in autonomic response of nursing students in their first hospital clinical stays,” Physiology & Behavior, vol. 207, pp. 99–103, 2019.V. J. Clemente-Suárez, A. I. Beltrán-Velasco, A. Bellido-Esteban, and P. Ruisoto-Palomera, “Autonomic adaption to clinical simulation in psychology students: teaching applications,” Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback, vol. 43, no. 3, pp. 239–245, 2018.D. Mendoza-Castejon, J. Fraile-García, M. Diaz-Manzano, J. P. Fuentes-Garcia, and V. J. Clemente-Suárez, “Differences in the autonomic nervous system stress status of urban and rural school teachers,” Physiology & Behavior, vol. 222, p. 112925, 2020.A. K. Vesely, D. H. Saklofske, and D. W. Nordstokke, “EI training and pre-service teacher wellbeing,” Personality and Individual Differences, vol. 65, pp. 81–85, 2014.M. A. Brackett and N. A. Katulak, “Emotional intelligence in the classroom: skill-based training for teachers and students,” in Applying emotional intelligence: A practitioner’s guide, J. Ciarrochi and J. D. Mayer, Eds., pp. 1–27, Psychology Press, New York, 2007.C. Fiorilli, P. Benevene, S. De Stasio et al., “Teachers’ burnout: the role of trait emotional intelligence and social support,” Frontiers in Psychology, vol. 10, pp. 1–9, 2019.D. Schultchen, J. Reichenberger, T. Mittl et al., “Bidirectional relationship of stress and affect with physical activity and healthy eating,” British Journal of Health Psychology, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 315–333, 2019.U. Rimmele, R. Seiler, B. Marti, P. H. Wirtz, U. Ehlert, and M. Heinrichs, “The level of physical activity affects adrenal and cardiovascular reactivity to psychosocial stress,” Psychoneuroendocrinology, vol. 34, no. 2, pp. 190–198, 2009.M. Gerber, S. Brand, C. Herrmann, F. Colledge, E. Holsboer-Trachsler, and U. Pühse, “Increased objectively assessed vigorous-intensity exercise is associated with reduced stress, increased mental health and good objective and subjective sleep in young adults,” Physiology & Behavior, vol. 135, pp. 17–24, 2014.B. Winter, C. Breitenstein, F. C. Mooren et al., “High impact running improves learning,” Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, vol. 87, no. 4, pp. 597–609, 2007.D. Sutoo and K. Akiyama, “Regulation of brain function by exercise,” Neurobiology of Disease, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 1–14, 2003.R. Ruscheweyh, C. Willemer, K. Krüger et al., “Physical activity and memory functions: an interventional study,” Neurobiology of Aging, vol. 32, no. 7, pp. 1304–1319, 2011.L. L. Bischoff, A. K. Otto, C. Hold, and B. Wollesen, “The effect of physical activity interventions on occupational stress for health personnel: a systematic review,” International Journal of Nursing Studies, vol. 97, pp. 94–104, 2019.E. R. Arbués, B. Martínez Abadía, J. M. Granada López et al., “Conducta alimentaria y su relacion con el estrés, la ansiedad, la depresión y el insomnio en estudiantes universitarios,” Nutrición Hospitalaria, vol. 36, no. 6, pp. 1339–1345, 2019.T. S. Conner, K. L. Brookie, A. C. Richardson, and M. A. Polak, “On carrots and curiosity: eating fruit and vegetables is associated with greater flourishing in daily life,” British Journal of Health Psychology, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 413–427, 2015.B. A. White, C. C. Horwath, and T. S. Conner, “Many apples a day keep the blues away - daily experiences of negative and positive affect and food consumption in young adults,” British Journal of Health Psychology, vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 782–798, 2013.R. Deinzer, D. Hilpert, K. Bach, M. Schawacht, and A. Herforth, “Effects of academic stress on oral hygiene - a potential link between stress and plaque-associated disease?” Journal of Clinical Periodontology, vol. 28, no. 5, pp. 459–464, 2001.R. Deinzer, N. Granrath, M. Spahl, S. Linz, B. Waschul, and A. Herforth, “Stress, oral health behaviour and clinical outcome,” British Journal of Health Psychology, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 269–283, 2005.Y. S. Kim, H. N. Kim, J. H. Lee, S. Y. Kim, E. J. Jun, and J. B. Kim, “Association of stress, depression, and suicidal ideation with subjective oral health status and oral functions in Korean adults aged 35 years or more,” BMC Oral Health, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 101–110, 2017.D. Aparisi, M. S. Torregrosa, C. J. Ingles, and J. M. Garcí, “Stress, burnout and health in a sample of Spanish teachers,” Advances in Higher Education, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 1–11, 2019.A. R. Gomes, M. J. Silva, S. Mourisco, S. Silva, A. Mota, and I. Superior, “Problemas e desafios no exercício da actividade docente: um estudo sobre o stresse, “burnout”, saúde física e satisfação profissional em professores do 3o ciclo e ensino secundário,” Revista Portuguesa de Educacion, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 67–93, 2006.R. Mota Cardoso, A. Martins, M. Ramos et al., O stress nos professores Portugueses, Porto Editorial, Porto, 2002.C. Maslach, “Understanding burnout,” Ciencia y Trabajo, vol. 11, no. 32, pp. 37–43, 2009.P. R. Gil-Monte, “Factorial validity of the Maslach burnout inventory (MBI-HSS) among Spanish professionals,” Revista de Saúde Pública, vol. 39, no. 1, pp. 1–8, 2005.S. Cohen, T. Kamarck, and R. Mermelstein, “A global measure of perceived stress,” Journal of Health and Social Behavior, vol. 24, no. 4, pp. 385–396, 1983.E. Remor, “Psychometric properties of a European Spanish version of the perceived stress scale (PSS),” The Spanish Journal of Psychology, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 86–93, 2006.P. T. Costa and R. R. McCrae, “Normal personality assessment in clinical practice: the NEO personality inventory,” Psychological Assessment, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 5–13, 1992.D. Manga, F. Ramos, and C. Morán, “The Spanish norms of the NEO five-factor inventory: new data and analyses for its improvement,” International Journal of Psychology and Psychological Therapy, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 639–648, 2004.S. C. Hayes, K. Strosahl, K. G. Wilson et al., “Measuring experiential avoidance: a preliminary test of a working model,” Psychological Record, vol. 54, no. 4, pp. 553–578, 2004.F. J. Ruiz, J. C. Suárez-Falcón, S. Cárdenas-Sierra, Y. Durán, K. Guerrero, and D. Riaño-Hernández, “Psychometric properties of the acceptance and action questionnaire–II in Colombia,” Psychological Record, vol. 66, no. 3, pp. 429–437, 2016.M. E. Hughes, L. J. Waite, L. C. Hawkley, and J. T. Cacioppo, “A short scale for measuring loneliness in large surveys: results from two population-based studies,” Research on Aging, vol. 26, no. 6, pp. 655–672, 2016.P. Sancho, S. Pinazo-Hernandis, M. Donio-Bellegarde, and J. M. Tomás, “Validation of the University of California, Los Angeles Loneliness Scale (version 3) in Spanish older population: an application of exploratory structural equation modelling,” Australian Psychologist, vol. 55, no. 3, pp. 283–292, 2020.P. Belinchón-Demiguel and V. J. Clemente-Suárez, “Nutrition, hydration and ergogenic aids strategies in ultraendurance mountain events,” The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, vol. 59, no. 5, pp. 791–797, 2019.M. Jiménez, M. Fernández-Navas, J. R. Alvero-Cruz et al., “Differences in psychoneuroendocrine stress responses of high-level swimmers depending on autocratic and democratic coaching style,” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, vol. 16, no. 24, p. 5089, 2019.P. Belinchón-de Miguel, J. F. Tornero-Aguilera, A. A. Dalamitros et al., “Multidisciplinary analysis of differences between finisher and non-finisher ultra-endurance mountain athletes,” Frontiers in Physiology, vol. 10, 2019.D. Mendoza-Castejón and V. J. Clemente-Suárez, “Autonomic profile, physical activity, body mass index and academic performance of school students,” Sustain, vol. 12, no. 17, p. 6718, 2020.M. G. González Morales, Estrés Laboral, Afrontamiento y Sus Consecuencias: El Papel Del Género, Universidad de Valencia, 2006.R. K. Purvanova and J. P. Muros, “Gender differences in burnout: a meta-analysis,” Journal of Vocational Behavior, vol. 77, no. 2, pp. 168–185, 2010.C. M. Middeldorp, D. C. Cath, M. Berg et al., “The association of personality with anxious and depressive psychopathology,” Biology of Personality and Individual Differences, no. 1986, pp. 251–272, 2006.H. J. Eysenck and S. Rachman, The Causes and Cures of Neurosis (Psychology Revivals): An Introduction to Modern Behavior Therapy Based on Learning Theory and the Principles of Conditioning, NY: Routledge, London, UK, 1st edition, 2013.S. Langelaan, A. B. Bakker, L. J. P. van Doornen, and W. B. Schaufeli, “Burnout and work engagement: do individual differences make a difference?” Personality and Individual Differences, vol. 40, no. 3, pp. 521–532, 2006.A. E. Clark, “Job Satisfaction and Gender: Why Are Women so Happy at Work?” Labour Economics, vol. 4, pp. 341–372, 1997.V. V. Tachalov, L. Y. Orekhova, T. V. Kudryavtseva, E. R. Isaeva, and E. S. Loboda, “Manifestations of personal characteristics in individual oral care,” The EPMA Journal, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 1–5, 2016.A. Alkan, O. Cakmak, S. Yilmaz, T. Cebi, and C. Gurgan, “Relationship between psychological factors and oral health status and behaviours,” Oral Health and Preventive Dentistry, vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 331–339, 2015.B. D. Naliboff, M. Mayer, R. Fass et al., “The effect of life stress on symptoms of heartburn,” Psychosomatic Medicine, vol. 66, no. 3, pp. 426–434, 2004.E. Painsipp, T. Wultsch, A. Shahbazian et al., “Experimental gastritis in mice enhances anxiety in a gender-related manner,” Neuroscience, vol. 150, no. 3, pp. 522–536, 2007.J. F. Rodríguez Ramos, A. M. Boffill Corrales, L. A. Rodríguez Soria, J. L. Losada Guerra, and Z. Socías Barrientos, “Factores de riesgo asociados a la gastritis aguda o crónica en adultos de un hospital ecuatoriano,” Medisan, vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 424–434, 2019.J. Luo, T. Wang, S. Liang, X. Hu, W. Li, and F. Jin, “Experimental gastritis leads to anxiety- and depression-like behaviors in female but not male rats,” Behavioral and Brain Functions, vol. 9, no. 1, p. 46, 2013.M. S. Bulthuis, D. H. Jan Jager, and H. S. Brand, “Relationship among perceived stress, xerostomia, and salivary flow rate in patients visiting a saliva clinic,” Clinical Oral Investigations, vol. 22, no. 9, pp. 3121–3127, 2018.S. K. Veerabhadrappa, P. R. Chandrappa, S. Patil, S. Y. Roodmal, A. Kumarswamy, and M. K. Chappi, “Evaluation of xerostomia in different psychological disorders: an observational study,” Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research, vol. 10, no. 9, pp. 10–13, 2016.G. B. Proctor, “The physiology of salivary secretion,” Periodontology 2000, vol. 70, no. 1, pp. 11–25, 2016.M. Bergdahl and J. Bergdahl, “Low unstimulated salivary flow and subjective oral dryness: association with medication, anxiety, depression, and stress,” Journal of Dental Research, vol. 79, no. 9, pp. 1652–1658, 2016.W. Segura Marcenes and A. Sheiham, “The relationship between work stress and oral health status,” Social Science & Medicine, vol. 35, no. 12, pp. 1511–1520, 1992.F. C. B. Barbosa, M. P. A. Mayer, E. Saba-Chujfi, and S. Cai, “Subgingival occurrence and antimicrobial susceptibility of enteric rods and pseudomonads from Brazilian periodontitis patients,” Oral Microbiology and Immunology, vol. 16, no. 5, pp. 306–310, 2001.G. H. Ayars, L. C. Altman, and M. D. Fretwell, “Effect of decreased salivation and PH on the adherence of Klebsiella species to human buccal epithelial cells,” Infection and Immunity, vol. 38, no. 1, pp. 179–182, 1982.B. Bonaz and J. M. Sabate, “Le dysfonctionnement du « brain-gut »,” Gastroentérologie Clinique et Biologique, vol. 33, Supplement 1, pp. S48–S58, 2009.S. H. Rhee, C. Pothoulakis, and E. A. Mayer, “Principles and clinical implications of the brain-gut-enteric microbiota axis,” Nature Reviews. Gastroenterology & Hepatology, vol. 6, no. 5, pp. 306–314, 2009.M. Lyte, L. Vulchanova, and D. R. Brown, “Stress at the intestinal surface: catecholamines and mucosa-bacteria interactions,” Cell and Tissue Research, vol. 343, no. 1, pp. 23–32, 2011.F. Kren, M. Kudlacek, W. Wasowicz, D. Groffik, and K. Fromel, “Gender differences in preferences of individual and team sports in Polish adolescents,” Acta Gymnica, vol. 42, no. 1, pp. 43–52, 2012.S. J. Hanrahan and E. Cerin, “Gender, level of participation and type of sport: differences in achievement goal orientation and attributional style,” Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 508–512, 2009.L. Steenbergen, R. Sellaro, S. van Hemert, J. A. Bosch, and L. S. Colzato, “A randomized controlled trial to test the effect of multispecies probiotics on cognitive reactivity to sad mood,” Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, vol. 48, pp. 258–264, 2015.K. Schmidt, P. J. Cowen, C. J. Harmer, G. Tzortzis, S. Errington, and P. W. J. Burnet, “Prebiotic intake reduces the waking cortisol response and alters emotional bias in healthy volunteers,” Psychopharmacology, vol. 232, no. 10, pp. 1793–1801, 2015.T. R. Sampson and S. K. Mazmanian, “Control of brain development, function, and behavior by the microbiome,” Cell Host & Microbe, vol. 17, no. 5, pp. 565–576, 2015.E. Distrutti, J. A. O’Reilly, C. McDonald et al., “Modulation of intestinal microbiota by the probiotic VSL#3 resets brain gene expression and ameliorates the age-related deficit in LTP,” PLoS One, vol. 9, no. 9, 2014.T. R. Licht, M. Hansen, A. Bergström et al., “Effects of apples and specific apple components on the cecal environment of conventional rats: role of apple pectin,” BMC Microbiology, vol. 10, no. 1, p. 13, 2010.K. Manderson, M. Pinart, K. M. Tuohy et al., “In vitro determination of prebiotic properties of oligosaccharides derived from an orange juice manufacturing by-product stream,” Applied and Environmental Microbiology, vol. 71, no. 12, pp. 8383–8389, 2005.WHO, “Alimentación sana,” 2020, https://www.who.int/es/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/healthy-diet.A. Carbajal, Manual de Nutrición y Dietética, P. Faculty, Ed., Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain, 2013.I. Mujer, Actitudes y prácticas deportivas de las mujeres en España 2013, I. Mujer, Ed., Springer, Madrid, 2006.PublicationLICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-83196https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/4742488d-3909-4db5-aad2-7271a50b028e/downloade30e9215131d99561d40d6b0abbe9badMD53ORIGINALGender Differences in Stress- and Burnout-Related Factors of.pdfGender Differences in Stress- and Burnout-Related Factors of.pdfapplication/pdf503488https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/31902df1-37cd-4f68-b72a-003ef7d6c49a/downloadfca13f9772a60c110168edabd6aad51aMD51CC-LICENSElicense_rdflicense_rdfapplication/rdf+xml; charset=utf-8805https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/39344390-3a67-49c5-a183-9d5d50971c96/download4460e5956bc1d1639be9ae6146a50347MD52THUMBNAILGender Differences in Stress- and Burnout-Related Factors of.pdf.jpgGender Differences in Stress- and Burnout-Related Factors of.pdf.jpgimage/jpeg61962https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/47289f64-bf00-4bae-8874-1c4a4752a307/download9cb26d85c29206f8fa64270387ab9e96MD54TEXTGender Differences in Stress- and Burnout-Related Factors of.pdf.txtGender Differences in Stress- and Burnout-Related Factors of.pdf.txttext/plain49438https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/76a9f312-48af-4f8b-93e6-51e76203d134/download629c76b663d773b10f7f7d2127b79f27MD5511323/7886oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/78862024-09-17 10:53:19.221http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 Internationalopen.accesshttps://repositorio.cuc.edu.coRepositorio de la Universidad de la Costa CUCrepdigital@cuc.edu.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 |