Does caffeine matter for arousal? affective and autonomic responses induced by caffeine in coffee intake: evidence from a double-blind tasting task

Coffee is consumed worldwide, but there are different types of espresso blends, each with its unique concentration of caffeine, which can have different effects on the human being. The aim of this study was to understand the effect of the impact of caffeine on the autonomic nervous system, evaluatin...

Full description

Autores:
Rodrigues, Fernando
Diogo, Julien
Rodrigues, Carla
Figueira, Clàudia
Rosa, Pedro
Tipo de recurso:
Article of journal
Fecha de publicación:
2021
Institución:
Corporación Universidad de la Costa
Repositorio:
REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
Idioma:
eng
OAI Identifier:
oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/10132
Acceso en línea:
https://hdl.handle.net/11323/10132
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/
Palabra clave:
Affective valence
Caffeine
Autonomic response
Pupil response
Heart rate
Valencia afectiva
Cafeína
Respuesta autonómica
Respuesta pupilar
Variabilidad de la frecuencia cardíaca
Rights
openAccess
License
Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)
id RCUC2_d266609ef90e2012452d3cf00706e9c5
oai_identifier_str oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/10132
network_acronym_str RCUC2
network_name_str REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
repository_id_str
dc.title.eng.fl_str_mv Does caffeine matter for arousal? affective and autonomic responses induced by caffeine in coffee intake: evidence from a double-blind tasting task
dc.title.translated.none.fl_str_mv ¿Importa la cafeína para la excitación? respuestas afectivas y autónomas inducidas por la cafeína en la ingesta de café: evidencia de una tarea de degustación doble ciego
title Does caffeine matter for arousal? affective and autonomic responses induced by caffeine in coffee intake: evidence from a double-blind tasting task
spellingShingle Does caffeine matter for arousal? affective and autonomic responses induced by caffeine in coffee intake: evidence from a double-blind tasting task
Affective valence
Caffeine
Autonomic response
Pupil response
Heart rate
Valencia afectiva
Cafeína
Respuesta autonómica
Respuesta pupilar
Variabilidad de la frecuencia cardíaca
title_short Does caffeine matter for arousal? affective and autonomic responses induced by caffeine in coffee intake: evidence from a double-blind tasting task
title_full Does caffeine matter for arousal? affective and autonomic responses induced by caffeine in coffee intake: evidence from a double-blind tasting task
title_fullStr Does caffeine matter for arousal? affective and autonomic responses induced by caffeine in coffee intake: evidence from a double-blind tasting task
title_full_unstemmed Does caffeine matter for arousal? affective and autonomic responses induced by caffeine in coffee intake: evidence from a double-blind tasting task
title_sort Does caffeine matter for arousal? affective and autonomic responses induced by caffeine in coffee intake: evidence from a double-blind tasting task
dc.creator.fl_str_mv Rodrigues, Fernando
Diogo, Julien
Rodrigues, Carla
Figueira, Clàudia
Rosa, Pedro
dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv Rodrigues, Fernando
Diogo, Julien
Rodrigues, Carla
Figueira, Clàudia
Rosa, Pedro
dc.subject.proposal.eng.fl_str_mv Affective valence
Caffeine
Autonomic response
Pupil response
Heart rate
topic Affective valence
Caffeine
Autonomic response
Pupil response
Heart rate
Valencia afectiva
Cafeína
Respuesta autonómica
Respuesta pupilar
Variabilidad de la frecuencia cardíaca
dc.subject.proposal.spa.fl_str_mv Valencia afectiva
Cafeína
Respuesta autonómica
Respuesta pupilar
Variabilidad de la frecuencia cardíaca
description Coffee is consumed worldwide, but there are different types of espresso blends, each with its unique concentration of caffeine, which can have different effects on the human being. The aim of this study was to understand the effect of the impact of caffeine on the autonomic nervous system, evaluating the physiological changes and subjective responses due to different levels of caffeine intake. A double-blind tasting task consisting of one within-subject factor design (caffeine level: high / double caffeine mixture (blend A) vs single-charge caffeine mixture (blend B) vs low-caffeine mixture (blend c) allowed us to assess participants’ autonomic responses using Heart Rate Variability (HRV) and Pupillary Reactivity (PR). Arousal was also assessed through the Self-Assessment Manikin (SAM). Results revealed statistically significant differences in HRV and PR between coffee blends, showing the blend A,a more pronounced autonomic response that blend C. However, no significant differences were found in arousal level among coffee blends. These results are similar to previous research that pointed out to a discordance between subjective and objective measures when caffeine is consumed.
publishDate 2021
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv 2021-03-26
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv 2023-05-15T13:09:06Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv 2023-05-15T13:09:06Z
dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv Artículo de revista
dc.type.coar.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_dcae04bc
dc.type.coar.spa.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1
dc.type.content.spa.fl_str_mv Text
dc.type.driver.spa.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/article
dc.type.redcol.spa.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARTREV
dc.type.version.spa.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
dc.type.coarversion.spa.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85
format http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501
status_str publishedVersion
dc.identifier.citation.spa.fl_str_mv Rodrigues, F., Diogo, J., Rodrigues, C., Figueira, C., & Rosa, P. J. (2021). Does caffeine matter for arousal? Affective and autonomic responses induced by caffeine in coffee intake: evidence from a double-blind tasting task: ¿Importa la cafeína para la excitación? Respuestas afectivas y autonómicas inducidas por la cafeína en la ingesta de café: evidencia de una tarea de degustación a doble ciego. Journal of Applied Cognitive Neuroscience, 2(1), e00143322. https://doi.org/10.17981/JACN.2.1.2021.02
dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv https://hdl.handle.net/11323/10132
dc.identifier.doi.none.fl_str_mv 10.17981/JACN.2.1.2021.02
dc.identifier.eissn.spa.fl_str_mv 2745-0031
dc.identifier.instname.spa.fl_str_mv Corporación Universidad de la Costa
dc.identifier.reponame.spa.fl_str_mv REDICUC – Repositorio CUC
dc.identifier.repourl.spa.fl_str_mv https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/
identifier_str_mv Rodrigues, F., Diogo, J., Rodrigues, C., Figueira, C., & Rosa, P. J. (2021). Does caffeine matter for arousal? Affective and autonomic responses induced by caffeine in coffee intake: evidence from a double-blind tasting task: ¿Importa la cafeína para la excitación? Respuestas afectivas y autonómicas inducidas por la cafeína en la ingesta de café: evidencia de una tarea de degustación a doble ciego. Journal of Applied Cognitive Neuroscience, 2(1), e00143322. https://doi.org/10.17981/JACN.2.1.2021.02
10.17981/JACN.2.1.2021.02
2745-0031
Corporación Universidad de la Costa
REDICUC – Repositorio CUC
url https://hdl.handle.net/11323/10132
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/
dc.language.iso.spa.fl_str_mv eng
language eng
dc.relation.ispartofjournal.spa.fl_str_mv Journal of Applied Cognitive Neuroscience
dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv AcqKnowledge. (version 4.1). Simulate and manipulate data captured with a number of systems and transducers. [Data Software]. Santa Barbara: Biopac Systems, Inc. Available: https://www.biopac.com/
Adan, A.; Prat, G.; Fabbri, M. & Sànchez-Turet, M. (2008). Early effects of caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee on subjective state and gender differences. Progress in NeuroPsychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 32(7), 1698 –1703. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2008.07.005
Ahmadi, P.; Mokhtari, P.; Kazem, M. & Mousavi; V. (2012). The Effect of Caffeine Consumption on Arousal, Activation, and Dart-Throwing Performance in Different Times of Day. Annals of Biological Research, 3(1), 249–258. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-002-1175-2
APA. (2010). Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct. Washington, DC: APA. Available: https://www.apa.org/ethics/code
Balasubramaniam, R.; Chawla, S.; Grace, A. & Huang; C. (2005). Caffeine-induced arrhythmias in murine hearts parallel changes in cellular Ca(2+) homeostasis.Amerian Jorunal of Physiology, 289(4), 1584–1593. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.01250.2004
Barceló, E.; Navarro, C.; Gelves-Ospina, M.; Rodrigues, F.; Rosa, P.; Orozco, E. & Benítez, J. (2018). Funcionamiento ejecutivo y toma de decisiones al observar estímulos publicitarios con contenido sexual. Revista Latinoamericana de Hipertension, 13(5), 348–353. http://saber.ucv.ve/ojs/index.php/rev_lh/article/view/15937
Beatty, J. & Lucero-Wagoner, B. (2000). The pupillary system. Em, J. Caccioppo, L. Tassinary, & G. Berntson, The Handbook of Psychophysiology. Hillsdale: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781107415782
Benjamim, C.; Kliszczewicz, B.; Garner, D.; Cavalcante, T.; Silva, A.; Santana, M. & Valenti, V. (2020). Is Caffeine Recommended Before Exercise? A Systematic Review To Investigate Its Impact On Cardiac Autonomic Control Via Heart Rate And Its Variability. Nutrients, 39(6), 563–573. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12082372
Bouffard, M. A. (2019). The Pupil. Continuum (Minneap Minn), (5), 1194–1214. https://doi.org/10.1212/con.0000000000000771
Bradley, M. & Lang, P. (1994). Measuring emotion: the Self-Assessment Manikin and the Semantic Differential. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 25(1), 49–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7916(94)90063-9
Bradley, M.; Miccoli, L.; Escrig, M. & Lang; P. (2008). The pupil as a measure of emotional arousal and autonomic activation. Psychophysiology, 45(4), 602–607. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.2008.00654.x
Bruce, M.; Scott, N.; Lader, M. & Marks; V. (1986). The psychopharmacological and electrophysiological effects of single doses of caffeine in healthy human subjects. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 22(1), 81–87. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2125.1986.tb02883.x
Brunyé, T.; Mahoney, C.; Lieberman, H. & Taylor; H. (2010). Caffeine modulates attention network function. Brain and Cognition, 72(2), 181–188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandc.2009.07.013
Cano-Marquinaa, A.; Tarínb, J. & Canoc, A. (2013). The impact of coffee on health. Maturitas, 75(1), 7–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2013.02.002
Cappelletti, S. P. (2015). Caffeine: cognitive and physical performance enhancer or psychoactive drug? Current Neuropharmacology, 13(1), 71–88. https://doi.org/10.2174/1570159X13666141210215655
Carvalho, J. & Rosa, P. (2020). Gender Differences in the Emotional Response and Subjective Sexual Arousal Toward Non-Consensual Sexual Intercourse: A Pupillometric Study. The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 17(10), 1865–1874. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsxm.2020.06.018
Chivers, M.; Gerulf, R.; Latty, E. & Bailey, J. (2004). A sex difference in the specificity of sexual arousal. Psychological Science, 15, 736–744. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0956-7976.2004.00750.x
Corti, R.; Binggeli, C.; Sudano, I.; Spieker, L.; Hänseler, E.; Ruschitzka, F.; Chaplin, W. F.; Lüscher, T. F. & Noll, G. (2002). Coffee acutely increases sympathetic nerve activity and blood pressure independently of caffeine content: role of habitual versus nonhabitual drinking. Circulation, 106(23), 2935–2940. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.cir.0000046228.97025.3a
Echeverri, D.; Montes, F.; Cabrera, M.; Galán, A. & Prieto, A. (2010). Caffeine’s vascular mechanisms of action. International Journal of Vascular Medicine, (12), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1155/2010/834060
Esteves, P. & Rosa, P. J. (2019). Eye-Tracking – Uma técnica de ponta para investigar o desempenho e as emoções no Desporto. Em, J. I. Rato & A. Abreu, Neuropsicologia do Desporto e do Movimento Humano. Lisboa: Climepsi.
Goldberger, J. (1999). Sympathovagal balance: how should we measure it? American Journal Physiology, 276(4), 1273–1280. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1999.276.4.H1273
Gonzaga, L. A.; Vanderlei, C.; L.; Gomes, R. L. & Valenti, V. E. (2017). Caffeine affects autonomic control of heart rate and blood pressure recovery after aerobic exercise in young adults: a crossover study. Scientific Reports, 7(1), 14091. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-14540-4
Gonzaga, L. A.; Vanderlei, L. C.; Gomes, R. L.; Garner, D. M. & Valenti, V. E. (2019). Involvement of Cardiorespiratory Capacity on the Acute Effects of Caffeine on Autonomic Recovery. Medicina, 55(5), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina55050196
Graham, T. (2001). Caffeine and exercise: metabolism, endurance and performance. Sports Medicine, 31(11), 785–807. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200131110-00002
Grant, C. & Ker, J. (2008). Autonomic response to exercise as measured by cardiovascular variability. South African Journal of Sports Medicine, 20(4), 102–108. https://doi.org/10.17159/2413-3108/2008/v20i4a273
Greden, J. (1974). Anxiety or caffeinism: a diagnostic dilemma. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 131(10), 1089–1092. https://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/doi/pdf/10.1176/ajp.131.10.1089
Grgic, J. (2018). Caffeine ingestion enhances Wingate performance: a meta-analysis. European Journal of Sport Science, 18(2), 219–225. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2017.1394371
Grgic, J. & Pickering, C. (2019). The effects of caffeine ingestion on isokinetic muscular strength: A meta-analysis. Journal of Science and Medicine Sport, 22(3), 353–360. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2018.08.016
Grgic, J.; Trexler, E. T.; Lazinica, B. & Pedisic, Z. (2018). Effects of caffeine intake on muscle strength and power: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 15(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-018-0216-0
Griffiths, R. & Mumford, G. (1995). Caffeine: a drug of abuse? Em F. Bloom, & D. Kupfer, Psychopharmacology: The fourth generation of progress. New York: Raven Press. https://doi.org/10.1089/jcr.2013.0016
Grosso, G.; Micek, A.; Castellano; S.; Pajak; A. & Galvano, F. (2016). Coffee, tea, caffeine and risk of depression: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of observational studies. Molecular Nutrition & Food Research, 60(1), 223–234. https://doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.201500620
Höfer, I. & Bättig, K. (1993). Coffee consumption, blood pressure tonus and reactivity to physical challenge in 338 women. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 44(3), 573–576. https://doi.org/10.1016/0091-3057(93)90168-S
Höfer, I. & Bättig, K. (1994). Cardiovascular, behavioral, and subjective effects of caffeine under field conditions. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 48(4), 899–908. https://doi.org/10.1016/0091-3057 (94) 90198-8
Hewlett, P. & Wadsworth, E. (2012). Tea, coffee and associated lifestyle factors. British food Journal, 114(3), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1108/00070701211213500
Hibino, G.; Moritani, T.; Kawada, T. & Fushiki, T. (1997). Caffeine enhances modulation of parasympathetic nerve activity in humans: Quantification using power spectral analysis. Journal of Nutricion, 127(7), 1422–1427. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/127.7.1422
IBM SPSS Statistics. (version 20.0). Statistics software for engineers and scientists. [Statistics Software]. New York: IBM. https://www.ibm.com/analytics/spss-statistics-software
Izzo, J.; Ghosal, A.; Kwong, T.; Freeman, R. & Jaenike, J. (1983). Age and prior caffeine use alter the cardiovascular and adrenomedullary responses to oral caffeine. American Journal of Cardiology, 52(7), 769–773. https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9149(83)90413-7
Knight, R.; Pagkalos, J.; Timmons, C. & Jose, R. (2015). Caffeine consumption does not have an effect on digital microvascular perfusion assessed by laser Doppler imaging on healthy volunteers: a pilot study. Jounal of Hand Surgery (European Volume), 40(4), 412–415. https://doi.org/10.1177/1753193414549519
Koenig, J.; Jarczok, M.; Kuhn, W.; Morsch, K.; Schäfer, A.; Hillecke, T. & Thayer, J. (2013). Impact of Caffeine on Heart Rate Variability: A Systematic Review. Journal of Caffeine Research, 3(1), 22–37. https://doi.org/10.1089/jcr.2013.0009
Lane, J.; Adcock, R.; Williams, R. & Kuhn, C. (1990). Caffeine effects on cardiovascular and neuroendocrine responses to acute psychosocial stress and their relationship to level of habitual caffeine consumption. Psychosomatic Medicine, 52(3), 320–336. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006842-199005000-00006
Lane, J.; Pieper, C.; Phillips-Bute, B.; Bryant, J. & Kuhn, C. (2002). Caffeine affects cardiovascular and neuroendocrine activation at work and home. Psychosomatic Medicine, 64(4), 595–603. https://journals.lww.com/psychosomaticmedicine/Abstract/2002/07000/Caffeine_Affects_Cardiovascular_and_Neuroendocrine.9.aspx
Lanini, J.; Fernandes, J. & Pompéia, S. (2016). Acute personalized habitual caffeine doses improve attention and have selective effects when considering the fractionation of executive functions. Human Psychopharmacology, 31(1), 29–43. https://doi.org/10.1002/hup.2511
Liu, H. & Song, N. (2015). Multiple effects of caffeine on physiology. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 2(4), 114–115. https://doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000177216.21847.8a
Lovallo, W.; Wilson, M.; Vincent, A.; Sung, B.; McKey, B. & Whitsett, T. (2004). Blood pressure response to caffeine: Incomplete tolerance with regular consumption. Hypertension, 43(4), 760–765. https://doi.org/10.1161 / 01.HYP.0000120965.63962.93
Marães, V. (2010). Frequência cardíaca e sua variabilidade: análises e aplicações. Revista Andaluza de Medicina del Deporte, 3(1), 33–42. https://www.elsevier.es/es-revista-revista-andaluza-medicina-del-deporte-284-articulo-frequencia-cardiaca-e-sua-variabilidade-X1888754610478033
Marôco, J. (2010). Análise Estatística com utilização do SPSS (3 ed.). Lisboa: Sílabo.
Mehta, A.; Jain, A.; Mehta, M. & Billie, M. (1997). Caffeine and cardiac arrhythmias. An experimental study in dogs with review of literature. Acta Cardiologica, 52(3), 273–283.
Melillo, P.; Bracale, M. & Pecchia, L. (2011). Nonlinear Heart Rate Variability features for real-life stress detection. Case study: Students under stress due to university examination. Biomedical Engineering Online, 10(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-925X-10-96
Monda, M.; Viggiano, A.; Vicidomini, C.; Iannaccone, T., Tafuri, D. & De Luca, B. (2009). Espresso coffee increases parasympathetic activity in young, healthy people. Nutricion & Neuroscience, 12(1), 43–48. https://doi.org/10.1179/147683009X388841
Nathelson, B. (1985). Neurocardiology in interdisciplinary area for the 80s. Archives of Neurology, 42(2), 178–184. https://doi.org/10.1001/archneur.1985.04060020096022
Nehlig, A. (2010). Is caffeine a cognitive enhancer? Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, 20(s1), 85–94. https://doi.org/10.3233 / JAD-2010-091315
Nehlig, A.; Daval, J. & Debry, G. (1992). Caffeine and the central nervous system: mechanisms of action, biochemical, metabolic and psychostimulant effects. Brain Research Reviews, 17(2), 139–179. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-0173 (92) 90012-b
OpenSignalsPlux. (version 2.1.0). Software suite for real-time biosignals visualization. [Medical software]. Lisboa: Plux. Disponible en http://biosignalsplux.com/
Partala, T. & Surakka, V. (2003). Pupil size variation as an indication of affective processing. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 59(1-2), 185–198. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1071-5819 (03) 00017-X 7
Paschoal, M.; Petrelluzzi, K. & Gonçalves, N. (2002). Estudo da variabilidade da frequência cardíaca em pacientes com doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica. Revista de Ciências Médicas, 11(1), 27–37. Disponible en http://periodicos.puc-campinas.edu.br/seer/index.php/cienciasmedicas/article/ view/1304
Pelchovitz, D., Goldberger, J., Jeffrey, J., & Goldberger, M. (2011). Caffeine and cardiac arrhythmias: a review of the evidence. The American Journal of Medicine, 124(4), 284–289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2010.10.017
PLUX Wireless Biosignals. (2020). ICN PhysioKit. Lisbon: Plux. https://plux.info/
Quinlan, P.; Lane, J.; Moore, K.; Aspen, J.; Rycroft, J. & O’Brien, D. (2000). The Acute Physiological and Mood Effects of Tea and Coffee: The Role of Caffeine Level. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 66(1), 19–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0091-3057(00)00192-1
Richardson, T.; Baker, J.; Thomas, P.; Meckes, C.; Rozkovec, A. & Kerr, D. (2009). Randomized control trial investigating the influence of coffee on heart rate variability in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. QJM: Monthly Journal of the Association of Physicians, 102(8), 555–561. https://doi.org/10.1093 / qjmed / hcp072
Rodrigues, F. (2015). Princípios de Neuromarketing: Neurociencia cognitive aplicada ao consumo, espaços e design. Viseu: PsicoSoma Publishers.
Rosa, P. (2017). Eye movement analysis and cognitive assessment: the use of comparative visual search tasks in a non-immersive VR application. Methods of Information in Medicine, 56(2), 112–116. https://doi.org/10.3414/ME16-02-0006
Rosa, P.; Esteves, F. & Arriaga, P. (2015). Beyond traditional clinical measurements for screening fears and phobias. IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, 64(12), 3396–3403. https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2015.2450292
Rosa, P.; Caires, C.; Costa, L.; Rodelo, L. & Pinto, L. (2014). Affective And Psychophysiological Responses To Erotic Stimuli: Does Color Matter? Em, P. Gamito & P. Rosa, I see me, you see me: inferring cognitive and emotional processes from gazing behavior (pp. 171–190). Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
Rosa, P.; Castrillón, M.; Castillo, H.; Piedrahita, M. & Díaz, B. (2018). Los movimientos oculares como medida de control ejecutivo en niños con trastorno por déficit de atención con hiperactividad. Revista Chilena de Neuropsicología, 13(1), 42–46. Recuperado de http://www.rcnp.cl/dinamicos/articulos/345891-08_castrillon_rcnp.pdf
Rosa, P.; Gamito, P.; Oliveira, J.; Morais, D.; Pavlovic, M. & Smyth, O. (2016). Uso de eye tracking em realidade virtual não imersiva para avaliação cognitiva. Psicologia, Saúde & Doenças, 17(1), 23–31. https://doi.org/10.15309/16psd170104
Rosa, P.; Gamito, P.; Oliveira, J.; Morais, D.; Pavlovic, M. & Smyth, O. (oct, 2015). Show me your eyes! The combined use of eye tracking and virtual reality applications for cognitive assessment. Em, H. M. Fardoun, REHAB’ 15: Proceedings of the 2015 Workshop on ICTs for improving Patients Rehabilitation Research Techniques (pp. 135– 138). ACM, Lisbon, Portugal. https://doi.org/10.1145/2838944.2838977
Rosa, P.; Luz, F.; Júnior, R.; Oliveira, J.; Morais, D. & Gamito, P. (2020). Adaptive NonImmersive VR Environment for Eliciting Fear of Cockroaches: A Physiology-Driven Approach Combined with 3D-TV Exposure. International Journal of Psychological Research, 13(2), 99–108. https://doi.org/10.21500/20112084.4670
Samoggia, A. & Riedel, B. (2019). Consumers’ Perceptions of Coffee Health Benefits and Motives for Coffee Consumption and Purchasing. Nutrients, 3(11), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11030653
Sarshin, A.; Naderi, A.; Cruz, C.; Feizolahi, F.; Forbes, S.; Candow, D.; Mohammadgholian, E.; Amiri, M.; Jafari, N.; Rahimi, A.; Alijani, E. & Earnest, C. (2020). The effects of varying doses of caffeine on cardiac parasympathetic reactivation following an acute bout of anaerobic exercise in recreational athletes. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 1(17), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-020-00373-6
Schnuck, J.; Gould, L.; Parry, H.; Johnson, M.; Gannon, N.; Sunderland, K. & Vaughan, R. (2018). Metabolic effects of physiological levels of caffeine in myotubes. Journal Physiology Biochemistry, 74(1), 35–45. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13105-017-0601-1
SMI Eye-Tracking System. (RED500). High-performance and high-speed remote eye tracker. [Eye tracker]. Teltow: SMI GmbH. Available: https://www.crunchbase.com/organization/sensomotoric-instruments-smi
Smith, H. & Rogers, P. (2000). Effects of low doses of caffeine on cognitive performance, mood and thirst in low and higher caffeine consumers. Psychopharmacology, 152(2), 167–173. https://doi.org/10.1007 / s002130000506
Smits, P.; Lenders, J. & Thien, T. (1990). Caffeine and theophylline attenuate adenosine-induced vasodilation in humans. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 48(4), 410–418. https://doi.org/10.1038/clpt.1990.169
Steinhauer, S.; Siegle, G.; Condray, R. & Pless, M. (2004). Sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation of pupillary dilation during sustained processing. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 52(1), 77–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2003.12.005
Stevens, J. (1992). Applied multivariate statistics for the social sciences (2 ed.). New Jersey: Erlbaum.
Sudano, I.; Binggeli, C.; Spieker, L.; Lüscher, T.; Ruschitzka, F.; Noll, G. & Corti, R. (2005). Cardiovascular effects of coffee: is it a risk factor? Progress in Cardiovascular Nursing, 20(2), 65–69. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0889-7204.2005.02477.x
Syce, D.; Veliath, S. & Krishnamurthy, N. (2014). The Effect Of Coffee On Heart Rate Variability. International Journal of Advanced Research, 2(1), 198–201. https://www.journalijar.com/uploads/949_IJAR-2433.pdf
Tharion, E., Parthasarathy, S., & Neelakantan, N. (2009). Short-term heart rate variability measures in students during examinations. The National Medical Journal of India, 22(2), 63–66. https://archive.nmji.in/archives/Volume-22/Issue-2/PDF-volume-22-issue-2/Volume22-issue-2-Original_article-2.pdf
Tonkin, A. (2009). Autonomic Dysfunction: Drug-Induced. Em, L. Squire, Encyclopedia of Neuroscience (pp. 809–815). Oxford: Academic Press.
Wang, L., Shen, X., Wu, Y., & Zhang, D. (2016). Coffee and caffeine consumption and depression: A meta-analysis of observational studies. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 50(3), 228–242. https://doi.org/10.1177/0004867415603131
Wilhelm, B.; Stuiber, G.; Lüdtke, H. & Wilhelm, H. (2014). The effect of caffeine on spontaneous pupillary oscillations. Ophthalmic & Physiology Optics, 34(1), 73–81. https://doi.org/10.1111/opo.12094
Woo, J. & Kim, T. (2015). Gender plays significant role in short-term heart rate variability. Applied Psychophisiology and Biofeedback, 40(4), 297–303. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10484-015-9295-8
dc.relation.citationendpage.spa.fl_str_mv 22
dc.relation.citationstartpage.spa.fl_str_mv 1
dc.relation.citationissue.spa.fl_str_mv 1
dc.relation.citationvolume.spa.fl_str_mv 2
dc.rights.eng.fl_str_mv Copyright (c) 2021 Journal of Applied Cognitive Neuroscience
dc.rights.license.spa.fl_str_mv Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)
dc.rights.uri.spa.fl_str_mv https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
dc.rights.accessrights.spa.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
dc.rights.coar.spa.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
rights_invalid_str_mv Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)
Copyright (c) 2021 Journal of Applied Cognitive Neuroscience
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
eu_rights_str_mv openAccess
dc.format.extent.spa.fl_str_mv 22 páginas
dc.format.mimetype.spa.fl_str_mv application/pdf
dc.publisher.spa.fl_str_mv Corporación Universidad de la Costa
dc.publisher.place.spa.fl_str_mv Colombia
dc.source.spa.fl_str_mv https://revistascientificas.cuc.edu.co/JACN/article/view/3322
institution Corporación Universidad de la Costa
bitstream.url.fl_str_mv https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/7cac95de-f3f8-41b6-9d47-90a2c5d62988/download
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/0b20be92-722a-4a11-b8cb-104c41a87ea5/download
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/12a85d29-84b6-4111-9218-c96005fa9130/download
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/f80dd405-8777-47ea-bb00-4a59e008993e/download
bitstream.checksum.fl_str_mv 837c524ad7fa8c251f7a8b3dabeda59e
2f9959eaf5b71fae44bbf9ec84150c7a
e68c00cd6e3e31e01d5cf6c7c7ddea2f
a0f147246d6727102eb9e2a15d8b80f3
bitstream.checksumAlgorithm.fl_str_mv MD5
MD5
MD5
MD5
repository.name.fl_str_mv Repositorio de la Universidad de la Costa CUC
repository.mail.fl_str_mv repdigital@cuc.edu.co
_version_ 1811760737795702784
spelling Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)Copyright (c) 2021 Journal of Applied Cognitive Neurosciencehttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Rodrigues, FernandoDiogo, JulienRodrigues, CarlaFigueira, ClàudiaRosa, Pedro2023-05-15T13:09:06Z2023-05-15T13:09:06Z2021-03-26Rodrigues, F., Diogo, J., Rodrigues, C., Figueira, C., & Rosa, P. J. (2021). Does caffeine matter for arousal? Affective and autonomic responses induced by caffeine in coffee intake: evidence from a double-blind tasting task: ¿Importa la cafeína para la excitación? Respuestas afectivas y autonómicas inducidas por la cafeína en la ingesta de café: evidencia de una tarea de degustación a doble ciego. Journal of Applied Cognitive Neuroscience, 2(1), e00143322. https://doi.org/10.17981/JACN.2.1.2021.02https://hdl.handle.net/11323/1013210.17981/JACN.2.1.2021.022745-0031Corporación Universidad de la CostaREDICUC – Repositorio CUChttps://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/Coffee is consumed worldwide, but there are different types of espresso blends, each with its unique concentration of caffeine, which can have different effects on the human being. The aim of this study was to understand the effect of the impact of caffeine on the autonomic nervous system, evaluating the physiological changes and subjective responses due to different levels of caffeine intake. A double-blind tasting task consisting of one within-subject factor design (caffeine level: high / double caffeine mixture (blend A) vs single-charge caffeine mixture (blend B) vs low-caffeine mixture (blend c) allowed us to assess participants’ autonomic responses using Heart Rate Variability (HRV) and Pupillary Reactivity (PR). Arousal was also assessed through the Self-Assessment Manikin (SAM). Results revealed statistically significant differences in HRV and PR between coffee blends, showing the blend A,a more pronounced autonomic response that blend C. However, no significant differences were found in arousal level among coffee blends. These results are similar to previous research that pointed out to a discordance between subjective and objective measures when caffeine is consumed.El café se consume en todo el mundo, pero existen diferentes tipos de mezclas de expreso, cada una con su concentración única de cafeína, que puede tener diferentes efectos en el ser humano. El objetivo de este estudio fue comprender el efecto del impacto de la cafeína en el sistema nervioso autónomo, evaluando los cambios fisiológicos y las respuestas subjetivas debido a los diferentes niveles de ingesta de cafeína. Una tarea de degustación doble ciega, que consiste en un diseño de factores intraindividuales (nivel de cafeína: mezcla de cafeína alta/doble (mezcla A) vs mezcla de cafeína de carga única (mezcla B) vs mezcla baja en cafeína (mezcla C), nos permitió evaluar las respuestas autónomas de los participantes utilizando la variabilidad de la frecuencia cardíaca (VFC) y la reactividad pupilar (RP). La excitación también se evaluó mediante el Self-Assessment Manikin (SAM). Los resultados revelaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en la VFC y la RP entre las mezclas de café, mostrando la mezcla A respuesta autonómica más pronunciada que mezcla C. Sin embargo, no se encontraron diferencias significativas en el nivel de excitación entre las mezclas de café. Estos resultados son similares a investigaciones anteriores que señalaron una discordancia entre medidas subjetivas y objetivas en el consumo de cafeína.22 páginasapplication/pdfengCorporación Universidad de la CostaColombiahttps://revistascientificas.cuc.edu.co/JACN/article/view/3322Does caffeine matter for arousal? affective and autonomic responses induced by caffeine in coffee intake: evidence from a double-blind tasting task¿Importa la cafeína para la excitación? respuestas afectivas y autónomas inducidas por la cafeína en la ingesta de café: evidencia de una tarea de degustación doble ciegoArtículo de revistahttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_dcae04bcTextinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARTREVinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85Journal of Applied Cognitive NeuroscienceAcqKnowledge. (version 4.1). Simulate and manipulate data captured with a number of systems and transducers. [Data Software]. Santa Barbara: Biopac Systems, Inc. Available: https://www.biopac.com/Adan, A.; Prat, G.; Fabbri, M. & Sànchez-Turet, M. (2008). Early effects of caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee on subjective state and gender differences. Progress in NeuroPsychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 32(7), 1698 –1703. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2008.07.005Ahmadi, P.; Mokhtari, P.; Kazem, M. & Mousavi; V. (2012). The Effect of Caffeine Consumption on Arousal, Activation, and Dart-Throwing Performance in Different Times of Day. Annals of Biological Research, 3(1), 249–258. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-002-1175-2APA. (2010). Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct. Washington, DC: APA. Available: https://www.apa.org/ethics/codeBalasubramaniam, R.; Chawla, S.; Grace, A. & Huang; C. (2005). Caffeine-induced arrhythmias in murine hearts parallel changes in cellular Ca(2+) homeostasis.Amerian Jorunal of Physiology, 289(4), 1584–1593. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.01250.2004Barceló, E.; Navarro, C.; Gelves-Ospina, M.; Rodrigues, F.; Rosa, P.; Orozco, E. & Benítez, J. (2018). Funcionamiento ejecutivo y toma de decisiones al observar estímulos publicitarios con contenido sexual. Revista Latinoamericana de Hipertension, 13(5), 348–353. http://saber.ucv.ve/ojs/index.php/rev_lh/article/view/15937Beatty, J. & Lucero-Wagoner, B. (2000). The pupillary system. Em, J. Caccioppo, L. Tassinary, & G. Berntson, The Handbook of Psychophysiology. Hillsdale: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781107415782Benjamim, C.; Kliszczewicz, B.; Garner, D.; Cavalcante, T.; Silva, A.; Santana, M. & Valenti, V. (2020). Is Caffeine Recommended Before Exercise? A Systematic Review To Investigate Its Impact On Cardiac Autonomic Control Via Heart Rate And Its Variability. Nutrients, 39(6), 563–573. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12082372Bouffard, M. A. (2019). The Pupil. Continuum (Minneap Minn), (5), 1194–1214. https://doi.org/10.1212/con.0000000000000771Bradley, M. & Lang, P. (1994). Measuring emotion: the Self-Assessment Manikin and the Semantic Differential. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 25(1), 49–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7916(94)90063-9Bradley, M.; Miccoli, L.; Escrig, M. & Lang; P. (2008). The pupil as a measure of emotional arousal and autonomic activation. Psychophysiology, 45(4), 602–607. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.2008.00654.xBruce, M.; Scott, N.; Lader, M. & Marks; V. (1986). The psychopharmacological and electrophysiological effects of single doses of caffeine in healthy human subjects. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 22(1), 81–87. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2125.1986.tb02883.xBrunyé, T.; Mahoney, C.; Lieberman, H. & Taylor; H. (2010). Caffeine modulates attention network function. Brain and Cognition, 72(2), 181–188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandc.2009.07.013Cano-Marquinaa, A.; Tarínb, J. & Canoc, A. (2013). The impact of coffee on health. Maturitas, 75(1), 7–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2013.02.002Cappelletti, S. P. (2015). Caffeine: cognitive and physical performance enhancer or psychoactive drug? Current Neuropharmacology, 13(1), 71–88. https://doi.org/10.2174/1570159X13666141210215655Carvalho, J. & Rosa, P. (2020). Gender Differences in the Emotional Response and Subjective Sexual Arousal Toward Non-Consensual Sexual Intercourse: A Pupillometric Study. The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 17(10), 1865–1874. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsxm.2020.06.018Chivers, M.; Gerulf, R.; Latty, E. & Bailey, J. (2004). A sex difference in the specificity of sexual arousal. Psychological Science, 15, 736–744. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0956-7976.2004.00750.xCorti, R.; Binggeli, C.; Sudano, I.; Spieker, L.; Hänseler, E.; Ruschitzka, F.; Chaplin, W. F.; Lüscher, T. F. & Noll, G. (2002). Coffee acutely increases sympathetic nerve activity and blood pressure independently of caffeine content: role of habitual versus nonhabitual drinking. Circulation, 106(23), 2935–2940. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.cir.0000046228.97025.3aEcheverri, D.; Montes, F.; Cabrera, M.; Galán, A. & Prieto, A. (2010). Caffeine’s vascular mechanisms of action. International Journal of Vascular Medicine, (12), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1155/2010/834060Esteves, P. & Rosa, P. J. (2019). Eye-Tracking – Uma técnica de ponta para investigar o desempenho e as emoções no Desporto. Em, J. I. Rato & A. Abreu, Neuropsicologia do Desporto e do Movimento Humano. Lisboa: Climepsi.Goldberger, J. (1999). Sympathovagal balance: how should we measure it? American Journal Physiology, 276(4), 1273–1280. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1999.276.4.H1273Gonzaga, L. A.; Vanderlei, C.; L.; Gomes, R. L. & Valenti, V. E. (2017). Caffeine affects autonomic control of heart rate and blood pressure recovery after aerobic exercise in young adults: a crossover study. Scientific Reports, 7(1), 14091. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-14540-4Gonzaga, L. A.; Vanderlei, L. C.; Gomes, R. L.; Garner, D. M. & Valenti, V. E. (2019). Involvement of Cardiorespiratory Capacity on the Acute Effects of Caffeine on Autonomic Recovery. Medicina, 55(5), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina55050196Graham, T. (2001). Caffeine and exercise: metabolism, endurance and performance. Sports Medicine, 31(11), 785–807. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200131110-00002Grant, C. & Ker, J. (2008). Autonomic response to exercise as measured by cardiovascular variability. South African Journal of Sports Medicine, 20(4), 102–108. https://doi.org/10.17159/2413-3108/2008/v20i4a273Greden, J. (1974). Anxiety or caffeinism: a diagnostic dilemma. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 131(10), 1089–1092. https://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/doi/pdf/10.1176/ajp.131.10.1089Grgic, J. (2018). Caffeine ingestion enhances Wingate performance: a meta-analysis. European Journal of Sport Science, 18(2), 219–225. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2017.1394371Grgic, J. & Pickering, C. (2019). The effects of caffeine ingestion on isokinetic muscular strength: A meta-analysis. Journal of Science and Medicine Sport, 22(3), 353–360. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2018.08.016Grgic, J.; Trexler, E. T.; Lazinica, B. & Pedisic, Z. (2018). Effects of caffeine intake on muscle strength and power: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 15(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-018-0216-0Griffiths, R. & Mumford, G. (1995). Caffeine: a drug of abuse? Em F. Bloom, & D. Kupfer, Psychopharmacology: The fourth generation of progress. New York: Raven Press. https://doi.org/10.1089/jcr.2013.0016Grosso, G.; Micek, A.; Castellano; S.; Pajak; A. & Galvano, F. (2016). Coffee, tea, caffeine and risk of depression: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of observational studies. Molecular Nutrition & Food Research, 60(1), 223–234. https://doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.201500620Höfer, I. & Bättig, K. (1993). Coffee consumption, blood pressure tonus and reactivity to physical challenge in 338 women. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 44(3), 573–576. https://doi.org/10.1016/0091-3057(93)90168-SHöfer, I. & Bättig, K. (1994). Cardiovascular, behavioral, and subjective effects of caffeine under field conditions. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 48(4), 899–908. https://doi.org/10.1016/0091-3057 (94) 90198-8Hewlett, P. & Wadsworth, E. (2012). Tea, coffee and associated lifestyle factors. British food Journal, 114(3), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1108/00070701211213500Hibino, G.; Moritani, T.; Kawada, T. & Fushiki, T. (1997). Caffeine enhances modulation of parasympathetic nerve activity in humans: Quantification using power spectral analysis. Journal of Nutricion, 127(7), 1422–1427. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/127.7.1422IBM SPSS Statistics. (version 20.0). Statistics software for engineers and scientists. [Statistics Software]. New York: IBM. https://www.ibm.com/analytics/spss-statistics-softwareIzzo, J.; Ghosal, A.; Kwong, T.; Freeman, R. & Jaenike, J. (1983). Age and prior caffeine use alter the cardiovascular and adrenomedullary responses to oral caffeine. American Journal of Cardiology, 52(7), 769–773. https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9149(83)90413-7Knight, R.; Pagkalos, J.; Timmons, C. & Jose, R. (2015). Caffeine consumption does not have an effect on digital microvascular perfusion assessed by laser Doppler imaging on healthy volunteers: a pilot study. Jounal of Hand Surgery (European Volume), 40(4), 412–415. https://doi.org/10.1177/1753193414549519Koenig, J.; Jarczok, M.; Kuhn, W.; Morsch, K.; Schäfer, A.; Hillecke, T. & Thayer, J. (2013). Impact of Caffeine on Heart Rate Variability: A Systematic Review. Journal of Caffeine Research, 3(1), 22–37. https://doi.org/10.1089/jcr.2013.0009Lane, J.; Adcock, R.; Williams, R. & Kuhn, C. (1990). Caffeine effects on cardiovascular and neuroendocrine responses to acute psychosocial stress and their relationship to level of habitual caffeine consumption. Psychosomatic Medicine, 52(3), 320–336. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006842-199005000-00006Lane, J.; Pieper, C.; Phillips-Bute, B.; Bryant, J. & Kuhn, C. (2002). Caffeine affects cardiovascular and neuroendocrine activation at work and home. Psychosomatic Medicine, 64(4), 595–603. https://journals.lww.com/psychosomaticmedicine/Abstract/2002/07000/Caffeine_Affects_Cardiovascular_and_Neuroendocrine.9.aspxLanini, J.; Fernandes, J. & Pompéia, S. (2016). Acute personalized habitual caffeine doses improve attention and have selective effects when considering the fractionation of executive functions. Human Psychopharmacology, 31(1), 29–43. https://doi.org/10.1002/hup.2511Liu, H. & Song, N. (2015). Multiple effects of caffeine on physiology. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 2(4), 114–115. https://doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000177216.21847.8aLovallo, W.; Wilson, M.; Vincent, A.; Sung, B.; McKey, B. & Whitsett, T. (2004). Blood pressure response to caffeine: Incomplete tolerance with regular consumption. Hypertension, 43(4), 760–765. https://doi.org/10.1161 / 01.HYP.0000120965.63962.93Marães, V. (2010). Frequência cardíaca e sua variabilidade: análises e aplicações. Revista Andaluza de Medicina del Deporte, 3(1), 33–42. https://www.elsevier.es/es-revista-revista-andaluza-medicina-del-deporte-284-articulo-frequencia-cardiaca-e-sua-variabilidade-X1888754610478033Marôco, J. (2010). Análise Estatística com utilização do SPSS (3 ed.). Lisboa: Sílabo.Mehta, A.; Jain, A.; Mehta, M. & Billie, M. (1997). Caffeine and cardiac arrhythmias. An experimental study in dogs with review of literature. Acta Cardiologica, 52(3), 273–283.Melillo, P.; Bracale, M. & Pecchia, L. (2011). Nonlinear Heart Rate Variability features for real-life stress detection. Case study: Students under stress due to university examination. Biomedical Engineering Online, 10(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-925X-10-96Monda, M.; Viggiano, A.; Vicidomini, C.; Iannaccone, T., Tafuri, D. & De Luca, B. (2009). Espresso coffee increases parasympathetic activity in young, healthy people. Nutricion & Neuroscience, 12(1), 43–48. https://doi.org/10.1179/147683009X388841Nathelson, B. (1985). Neurocardiology in interdisciplinary area for the 80s. Archives of Neurology, 42(2), 178–184. https://doi.org/10.1001/archneur.1985.04060020096022Nehlig, A. (2010). Is caffeine a cognitive enhancer? Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, 20(s1), 85–94. https://doi.org/10.3233 / JAD-2010-091315Nehlig, A.; Daval, J. & Debry, G. (1992). Caffeine and the central nervous system: mechanisms of action, biochemical, metabolic and psychostimulant effects. Brain Research Reviews, 17(2), 139–179. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-0173 (92) 90012-bOpenSignalsPlux. (version 2.1.0). Software suite for real-time biosignals visualization. [Medical software]. Lisboa: Plux. Disponible en http://biosignalsplux.com/Partala, T. & Surakka, V. (2003). Pupil size variation as an indication of affective processing. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 59(1-2), 185–198. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1071-5819 (03) 00017-X 7Paschoal, M.; Petrelluzzi, K. & Gonçalves, N. (2002). Estudo da variabilidade da frequência cardíaca em pacientes com doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica. Revista de Ciências Médicas, 11(1), 27–37. Disponible en http://periodicos.puc-campinas.edu.br/seer/index.php/cienciasmedicas/article/ view/1304Pelchovitz, D., Goldberger, J., Jeffrey, J., & Goldberger, M. (2011). Caffeine and cardiac arrhythmias: a review of the evidence. The American Journal of Medicine, 124(4), 284–289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2010.10.017PLUX Wireless Biosignals. (2020). ICN PhysioKit. Lisbon: Plux. https://plux.info/Quinlan, P.; Lane, J.; Moore, K.; Aspen, J.; Rycroft, J. & O’Brien, D. (2000). The Acute Physiological and Mood Effects of Tea and Coffee: The Role of Caffeine Level. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 66(1), 19–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0091-3057(00)00192-1Richardson, T.; Baker, J.; Thomas, P.; Meckes, C.; Rozkovec, A. & Kerr, D. (2009). Randomized control trial investigating the influence of coffee on heart rate variability in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. QJM: Monthly Journal of the Association of Physicians, 102(8), 555–561. https://doi.org/10.1093 / qjmed / hcp072Rodrigues, F. (2015). Princípios de Neuromarketing: Neurociencia cognitive aplicada ao consumo, espaços e design. Viseu: PsicoSoma Publishers.Rosa, P. (2017). Eye movement analysis and cognitive assessment: the use of comparative visual search tasks in a non-immersive VR application. Methods of Information in Medicine, 56(2), 112–116. https://doi.org/10.3414/ME16-02-0006Rosa, P.; Esteves, F. & Arriaga, P. (2015). Beyond traditional clinical measurements for screening fears and phobias. IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, 64(12), 3396–3403. https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2015.2450292Rosa, P.; Caires, C.; Costa, L.; Rodelo, L. & Pinto, L. (2014). Affective And Psychophysiological Responses To Erotic Stimuli: Does Color Matter? Em, P. Gamito & P. Rosa, I see me, you see me: inferring cognitive and emotional processes from gazing behavior (pp. 171–190). Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.Rosa, P.; Castrillón, M.; Castillo, H.; Piedrahita, M. & Díaz, B. (2018). Los movimientos oculares como medida de control ejecutivo en niños con trastorno por déficit de atención con hiperactividad. Revista Chilena de Neuropsicología, 13(1), 42–46. Recuperado de http://www.rcnp.cl/dinamicos/articulos/345891-08_castrillon_rcnp.pdfRosa, P.; Gamito, P.; Oliveira, J.; Morais, D.; Pavlovic, M. & Smyth, O. (2016). Uso de eye tracking em realidade virtual não imersiva para avaliação cognitiva. Psicologia, Saúde & Doenças, 17(1), 23–31. https://doi.org/10.15309/16psd170104Rosa, P.; Gamito, P.; Oliveira, J.; Morais, D.; Pavlovic, M. & Smyth, O. (oct, 2015). Show me your eyes! The combined use of eye tracking and virtual reality applications for cognitive assessment. Em, H. M. Fardoun, REHAB’ 15: Proceedings of the 2015 Workshop on ICTs for improving Patients Rehabilitation Research Techniques (pp. 135– 138). ACM, Lisbon, Portugal. https://doi.org/10.1145/2838944.2838977Rosa, P.; Luz, F.; Júnior, R.; Oliveira, J.; Morais, D. & Gamito, P. (2020). Adaptive NonImmersive VR Environment for Eliciting Fear of Cockroaches: A Physiology-Driven Approach Combined with 3D-TV Exposure. International Journal of Psychological Research, 13(2), 99–108. https://doi.org/10.21500/20112084.4670Samoggia, A. & Riedel, B. (2019). Consumers’ Perceptions of Coffee Health Benefits and Motives for Coffee Consumption and Purchasing. Nutrients, 3(11), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11030653Sarshin, A.; Naderi, A.; Cruz, C.; Feizolahi, F.; Forbes, S.; Candow, D.; Mohammadgholian, E.; Amiri, M.; Jafari, N.; Rahimi, A.; Alijani, E. & Earnest, C. (2020). The effects of varying doses of caffeine on cardiac parasympathetic reactivation following an acute bout of anaerobic exercise in recreational athletes. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 1(17), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-020-00373-6Schnuck, J.; Gould, L.; Parry, H.; Johnson, M.; Gannon, N.; Sunderland, K. & Vaughan, R. (2018). Metabolic effects of physiological levels of caffeine in myotubes. Journal Physiology Biochemistry, 74(1), 35–45. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13105-017-0601-1SMI Eye-Tracking System. (RED500). High-performance and high-speed remote eye tracker. [Eye tracker]. Teltow: SMI GmbH. Available: https://www.crunchbase.com/organization/sensomotoric-instruments-smiSmith, H. & Rogers, P. (2000). Effects of low doses of caffeine on cognitive performance, mood and thirst in low and higher caffeine consumers. Psychopharmacology, 152(2), 167–173. https://doi.org/10.1007 / s002130000506Smits, P.; Lenders, J. & Thien, T. (1990). Caffeine and theophylline attenuate adenosine-induced vasodilation in humans. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 48(4), 410–418. https://doi.org/10.1038/clpt.1990.169Steinhauer, S.; Siegle, G.; Condray, R. & Pless, M. (2004). Sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation of pupillary dilation during sustained processing. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 52(1), 77–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2003.12.005Stevens, J. (1992). Applied multivariate statistics for the social sciences (2 ed.). New Jersey: Erlbaum.Sudano, I.; Binggeli, C.; Spieker, L.; Lüscher, T.; Ruschitzka, F.; Noll, G. & Corti, R. (2005). Cardiovascular effects of coffee: is it a risk factor? Progress in Cardiovascular Nursing, 20(2), 65–69. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0889-7204.2005.02477.xSyce, D.; Veliath, S. & Krishnamurthy, N. (2014). The Effect Of Coffee On Heart Rate Variability. International Journal of Advanced Research, 2(1), 198–201. https://www.journalijar.com/uploads/949_IJAR-2433.pdfTharion, E., Parthasarathy, S., & Neelakantan, N. (2009). Short-term heart rate variability measures in students during examinations. The National Medical Journal of India, 22(2), 63–66. https://archive.nmji.in/archives/Volume-22/Issue-2/PDF-volume-22-issue-2/Volume22-issue-2-Original_article-2.pdfTonkin, A. (2009). Autonomic Dysfunction: Drug-Induced. Em, L. Squire, Encyclopedia of Neuroscience (pp. 809–815). Oxford: Academic Press.Wang, L., Shen, X., Wu, Y., & Zhang, D. (2016). Coffee and caffeine consumption and depression: A meta-analysis of observational studies. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 50(3), 228–242. https://doi.org/10.1177/0004867415603131Wilhelm, B.; Stuiber, G.; Lüdtke, H. & Wilhelm, H. (2014). The effect of caffeine on spontaneous pupillary oscillations. Ophthalmic & Physiology Optics, 34(1), 73–81. https://doi.org/10.1111/opo.12094Woo, J. & Kim, T. (2015). Gender plays significant role in short-term heart rate variability. Applied Psychophisiology and Biofeedback, 40(4), 297–303. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10484-015-9295-822112Affective valenceCaffeineAutonomic responsePupil responseHeart rateValencia afectivaCafeínaRespuesta autonómicaRespuesta pupilarVariabilidad de la frecuencia cardíacaPublicationORIGINALDoes caffeine.pdfDoes caffeine.pdfArtículoapplication/pdf1103319https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/7cac95de-f3f8-41b6-9d47-90a2c5d62988/download837c524ad7fa8c251f7a8b3dabeda59eMD51LICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-814828https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/0b20be92-722a-4a11-b8cb-104c41a87ea5/download2f9959eaf5b71fae44bbf9ec84150c7aMD52TEXTDoes caffeine.pdf.txtDoes caffeine.pdf.txtExtracted texttext/plain59935https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/12a85d29-84b6-4111-9218-c96005fa9130/downloade68c00cd6e3e31e01d5cf6c7c7ddea2fMD53THUMBNAILDoes caffeine.pdf.jpgDoes caffeine.pdf.jpgGenerated Thumbnailimage/jpeg13422https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/f80dd405-8777-47ea-bb00-4a59e008993e/downloada0f147246d6727102eb9e2a15d8b80f3MD5411323/10132oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/101322024-09-17 10:53:48.487https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/Copyright (c) 2021 Journal of Applied Cognitive Neuroscienceopen.accesshttps://repositorio.cuc.edu.coRepositorio de la Universidad de la Costa CUCrepdigital@cuc.edu.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