Air pollution in central European capital (Budapest) via self-made passive samplers and Sentinel-3B SYN satellite images
This study is to identify the types of ultra-fine air pollutants present in the local atmosphere. The authors utilize Sentinel-3B SYN satellite images to identify the presence of Aerosol Optical Thickness (T550), and later verify this presence through physical sample collection using self-made passi...
- Autores:
-
Neckel, Alcindo
Silva Oliveira, Marcos Leandro
Stolfo Maculan, Laércio
Bodah, Brian William
Gonçalves Jr., Affonso Celso
Silva Oliveira, Luis Felipe
- Tipo de recurso:
- Article of investigation
- Fecha de publicación:
- 2023
- Institución:
- Corporación Universidad de la Costa
- Repositorio:
- REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
- Idioma:
- eng
- OAI Identifier:
- oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/9934
- Acceso en línea:
- https://hdl.handle.net/11323/9934
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/
- Palabra clave:
- Dispersion of pollutants
Global scale
Ultra-fine particles
Historical heritage
Population health
- Rights
- embargoedAccess
- License
- Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)
| id |
RCUC2_d0f1ccaacd1b08625a59af142b195d73 |
|---|---|
| oai_identifier_str |
oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/9934 |
| network_acronym_str |
RCUC2 |
| network_name_str |
REDICUC - Repositorio CUC |
| repository_id_str |
|
| dc.title.eng.fl_str_mv |
Air pollution in central European capital (Budapest) via self-made passive samplers and Sentinel-3B SYN satellite images |
| title |
Air pollution in central European capital (Budapest) via self-made passive samplers and Sentinel-3B SYN satellite images |
| spellingShingle |
Air pollution in central European capital (Budapest) via self-made passive samplers and Sentinel-3B SYN satellite images Dispersion of pollutants Global scale Ultra-fine particles Historical heritage Population health |
| title_short |
Air pollution in central European capital (Budapest) via self-made passive samplers and Sentinel-3B SYN satellite images |
| title_full |
Air pollution in central European capital (Budapest) via self-made passive samplers and Sentinel-3B SYN satellite images |
| title_fullStr |
Air pollution in central European capital (Budapest) via self-made passive samplers and Sentinel-3B SYN satellite images |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Air pollution in central European capital (Budapest) via self-made passive samplers and Sentinel-3B SYN satellite images |
| title_sort |
Air pollution in central European capital (Budapest) via self-made passive samplers and Sentinel-3B SYN satellite images |
| dc.creator.fl_str_mv |
Neckel, Alcindo Silva Oliveira, Marcos Leandro Stolfo Maculan, Laércio Bodah, Brian William Gonçalves Jr., Affonso Celso Silva Oliveira, Luis Felipe |
| dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv |
Neckel, Alcindo Silva Oliveira, Marcos Leandro Stolfo Maculan, Laércio Bodah, Brian William Gonçalves Jr., Affonso Celso Silva Oliveira, Luis Felipe |
| dc.subject.proposal.eng.fl_str_mv |
Dispersion of pollutants Global scale Ultra-fine particles Historical heritage Population health |
| topic |
Dispersion of pollutants Global scale Ultra-fine particles Historical heritage Population health |
| description |
This study is to identify the types of ultra-fine air pollutants present in the local atmosphere. The authors utilize Sentinel-3B SYN satellite images to identify the presence of Aerosol Optical Thickness (T550), and later verify this presence through physical sample collection using self-made passive samplers (SMPSs) at various locations in Budapest ((A) Passenger Cruise Port, (B) Kunsthalle, (C) Szechenyi Lanchid, and (D) Liberty Bridge). The samples obtained from the SMPSs were analyzed by X-ray Diffraction (XRD) to identify the minerals present in ultra-fine phases (e.g. minerals and ultra-fine amorphous). The images from the Sentinel-3B SYN satellite, taken between 2018, 2019 and 2021 allowed us to identify the Aerosol Optical Thickness (T550) at these same locations in Budapest. The SMPS samples revealed the presence of ultra-fine particles containing elements dangerous to human health, such as: As, Cd, Cr, Hg, Pb, Ti, V and Ni. The points analyzed in the Sentinel-3B SYN satellite images showed a 50.89% reduction in T550 levels in the city of Budapest, attributed to the COVID-19 epidemic, which clearly demonstrates the need to reduce pollutants for a better quality of life in this central capital of Europe. |
| publishDate |
2023 |
| dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv |
2023-02-28T16:48:49Z |
| dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv |
2023-02-28T16:48:49Z 2024 |
| dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv |
2023 |
| dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv |
Artículo de revista |
| dc.type.coar.spa.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1 |
| dc.type.content.spa.fl_str_mv |
Text |
| dc.type.driver.spa.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/article |
| dc.type.redcol.spa.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ART |
| dc.type.version.spa.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion |
| dc.type.coarversion.spa.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85 |
| format |
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1 |
| status_str |
publishedVersion |
| dc.identifier.citation.spa.fl_str_mv |
Alcindo Neckel, Marcos L.S. Oliveira, Laércio Stolfo Maculan, Brian William Bodah, Affonso Celso Gonçalves, Luis F.O. Silva, Air pollution in central European capital (Budapest) via self-made passive samplers and Sentinel-3B SYN satellite images, Urban Climate, Volume 47, 2023, 101384, ISSN 2212-0955, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2022.101384 |
| dc.identifier.issn.spa.fl_str_mv |
2212-0955 |
| dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv |
https://hdl.handle.net/11323/9934 |
| dc.identifier.doi.none.fl_str_mv |
10.1016/j.uclim.2022.101384 |
| dc.identifier.instname.spa.fl_str_mv |
Corporación Universidad de la Costa |
| dc.identifier.reponame.spa.fl_str_mv |
REDICUC - Repositorio CUC |
| dc.identifier.repourl.spa.fl_str_mv |
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/ |
| identifier_str_mv |
Alcindo Neckel, Marcos L.S. Oliveira, Laércio Stolfo Maculan, Brian William Bodah, Affonso Celso Gonçalves, Luis F.O. Silva, Air pollution in central European capital (Budapest) via self-made passive samplers and Sentinel-3B SYN satellite images, Urban Climate, Volume 47, 2023, 101384, ISSN 2212-0955, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2022.101384 2212-0955 10.1016/j.uclim.2022.101384 Corporación Universidad de la Costa REDICUC - Repositorio CUC |
| url |
https://hdl.handle.net/11323/9934 https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/ |
| dc.language.iso.spa.fl_str_mv |
eng |
| language |
eng |
| dc.relation.ispartofjournal.spa.fl_str_mv |
Urban Climate |
| dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv |
Aarzoo, N., Samim, M., 2022. Palladium nanoparticles as emerging pollutants from motor vehicles: an in-depth review on distribution, uptake and toxicological effects in occupational and living environment. Sci. Total Environ. 823, 153787 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153787. Addington, O., Zeng, Z.C., Pongetti, T., Shia, R.L., Gurney, K.R., Liang, J., Roest, G., He, L., Yung, Y.L., Sander, S.P., 2021. Estimating nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions for the Los Angeles Megacity using mountaintop remote sensing observations. Remote Sens. Environ. 259, 112351 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2021.112351. Bao, J., Li, H., Wu, Z., Zhang, X., Zhang, H., Li, Y., Qian, J., Chen, J., Deng, L., 2022. Atmospheric carbonyls in a heavy ozone pollution episode at a metropolis in Southwest China: characteristics, health risk assessment, sources analysis. Res. J. Environ. Sci. 113, 40–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2021.05.029. Bodah, B.W., Neckel, A., Stolfo Maculan, L., Milanes, C.B., Korcelski, C., Ramírez, O., Mendez-Espinosa, J.F., Bodah, E.T., Oliveira, M.L., 2022. Sentinel-5P TROPOMI satellite application for NO2 and CO studies aiming at environmental valuation. J. Clean. Prod. 357, 131960 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.131960. Buzasi, A., 2022. Comparative assessment of heatwave vulnerability factors for the districts of Budapest, Hungary. Urban Clim. 42, 101127 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2022.101127. Buz´asi, A., Palv ´ olgyi, ¨ T., Csete, M.S., 2021. Assessment of climate change performance of urban development projects – case of Budapest, Hungary. Cities 114, 103215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2021.103215. Dai, S., Finkelman, R.B., French, D., Hower, J.C., Graham, I.T., Zhao, F., 2021. Modes of occurrence of elements in coal: a critical evaluation. Earth-Sci. Rev. 222, 103815 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2021.103815. Dal Moro, L., Maculan, L.S., Neckel, A., De Vargas Mores, G., Pivoto, D., Bodah, E.T., Bodah, B.W., Oliveira, M.L., 2021. Geotechnologies applied to the analysis of buildings involved in the production of poultry and swine to the integrated food safety system and environment. J. Environ. Chem. Eng. 9 (6), 106475 https://doi. org/10.1016/j.jece.2021.106475. Desaulniers, D., Cummings-Lorbetskie, C., Leingartner, K., Xiao, G.H., Zhou, G., Parfett, C., 2021. Effects of vanadium (sodium metavanadate) and aflatoxin-B1 on cytochrome p450 activities, DNA damage and DNA methylation in human liver cell lines. Toxicol. in Vitro 70, 105036. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. tiv.2020.105036. Dong, Y., Yuan, H., Bai, L., Ge, D., Zhu, N., 2021. A comprehensive study on simultaneous enhancement of sludge dewaterability and elimination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by Fe2+ catalyzing O3 process. Sci. Total Environ. 152015 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152015. Dov¨ ´enyi, Z., Kovacs, Z., Kincses, A., ´ Balint, ´ L., Egedy, T., 2021. Migration. In: Kocsis, K. (Editor-in-Chief): National Atlas of Hungary – Society. Budapest, CSFK Geographical Institute, pp. 44–57. Drummond, L.D.O., Meire, R.O., Braga, C., Rezende, C.E.D., Malm, O., Cerqueira, R., 2022. Trophic position, altitudinal distribution, and water dependence as determining factors for mercury concentrations in tropical montane anurans. Sci. Total Environ. 806, 151356 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151356. ESA (European Space Agency), 2022. Sentinel-5P Pre-Operations Data Hub - European. https://s5phub.copernicus.eu/dhus/. Fernandez-Moran, R., Gomez-Chova, ´ L., Alonso, L., Mateo-García, G., Lopez-Puigdollers, ´ D., 2021. Towards a novel approach for Sentinel-3 synergistic OLCI/SLSTR cloud and cloud shadow detection based on stereo cloud-top height estimation. ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens. 181, 238–253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. isprsjprs.2021.09.013. Ferraro, S.A., Domingo, M.G., Etcheverrito, A., Olmedo, D.G., Tasat, D.R., 2020. Neurotoxicity mediated by oxidative stress caused by titanium dioxide nanoparticles in human neuroblastoma (SH-SY5Y) cells. J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol. 57, 126413 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtemb.2019.126413. Forest, V., 2021. Combined effects of nanoparticles and other environmental contaminants on human health - an issue often overlooked. Nanoimpact 23, 100344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.impact.2021.100344. García, D.H., Díaz, J.A., 2022. Impacts of the COVID-19 confinement on air quality, the land surface temperature and the urban heat island in eight cities of Andalusia (Spain). Remote Sens. Appl.: Soc. Environ. 25, 100667 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsase.2021.100667. García-Florentino, C., Maguregui, M., Carrero, J.A., Morillas, H., Arana, G., Madariaga, J.M., 2020. Development of a cost effective passive sampler to quantify the particulate matter depositions on building materials over time. J. Clean. Prod. 268, 122134 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.122134. Gasparotto, J., Chaves, P.R., da Boit Martinello, K., da Rosa-Siva, H.T., Bortolin, R.C., Nordin, A.P., Soares, K., Borges, M.S., Gelain, D.P., Moreira, J.C.F., 2018. Obese rats are more vulnerable to inflammation, genotoxicity and oxidative stress induced by coal dust inhalation than non-obese rats. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 165, 44–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.08.097. Giannarelli, S., Onor, M., Abete, C., Termine, M., Fuoco, R., 2019. Effect of altitude and distance from the sea on fractionation processes of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) associated to atmospheric aerosol from Ross Sea to Dome C, Antarctica. Microchem. J. 149, 103911 https://doi.org/10.1016/j. microc.2019.05.012. Guo, H., Liu, H., Jian, Z., Cui, H., Fang, J., Zuo, Z., Deng, J., Li, Y., Wang, X., Zhao, L., He, R., Tang, H., 2020. Immunotoxicity of nickel: pathological and toxicological effects. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 203, 111006 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111006. IAMAT - International Association for Mediacal Assistance to Travellers, 2022. Hungary General Health Risks: Air Pollution. https://www.iamat.org/country/hungary/risk/air-pollution#:~:text=The%20most%20recent%20data%20indicates,mining%20industry%2C%20and%20vehicle%20emissions (Accessed 18 January 2022). Islam, N., Dihingia, A., Khare, P., Saikia, B.K., 2020. Atmospheric particulate matters in an Indian urban area: health implications from potentially hazardous elements, cytotoxicity, and genotoxicity studies. J. Hazard. Mater. 384, 121472 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121472. Kong, Y., Ma, N.L., Yang, X., Lai, Y., Feng, Z., Shao, X., Xu, X., Zhang, D., 2020. Examining CO2 and N2O pollution and reduction from forestry application of pure and mixture forest. Environ. Pollut. 265, 114951 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114951. Kovacs, ´ Z., Farkas, Z.J., Egedy, T., Kondor, A.C., Szabo, ´ B., Lennert, J., Baka, D., Koh´ an, B., 2019. Urban sprawl and land conversion in post-socialist cities: the case of metropolitan Budapest. Cities 92, 71–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2019.03.018. Kovacs, ´ A., Leelossy, ˝ D., Tettamanti, T., Esztergar-Kiss, ´ D., M´eszaros, ´ R., Lagzi, I., 2021. Coupling traffic originated urban air pollution estimation with an atmospheric chemistry model. Urban Clim. 37, 100868 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2021.100868. Lee, H., 2020. Generation characteristics of the airborne wear particles emitted from the wheel-rail contact for various train velocities and their generation relation with the train velocity. Atmos. Environ. 5, 100068 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aeaoa.2020.100068. Li, F., Hu, G., Li, S., Hou, C., Gao, J., 2020. Dual-confined sulfur cathodes based on SnO2-decorated MoS2 microboxes for long-life lithium–sulfur batteries. Electrochim. Acta 340, 135991. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2020.135991. Li, M., Liu, W., Liu, W., Bi, M., Cui, Z., 2021. Dynamic substance flow analysis of lead in the fossil fuel system of China from 1980 to 2018. J. Clean. Prod. 313, 127918 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.127918. Li, S., Chen, F., Song, K., Liu, G., Tao, H., Xu, S., Wang, X., Wang, Q., Mu, G., 2022. Mapping the trophic state index of Eastern Lakes in China using an empirical model and sentinel-2 imagery data. J. Hydrol. 127613 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2022.127613. Liu, L., Lin, Q., Liang, Z., Du, R., Zhang, G., Zhu, Y., Qi, B., Zhou, S., Li, W., 2021. Variations in concentration and solubility of iron in atmospheric fine particles during the COVID-19 pandemic: an example from China. Gondwana Res. 97, 138–144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2021.05.022. Mandal, J., Patel, P.P., 2021. Gauging the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic lockdowns on atmospheric pollution content in select countries. Remote Sens. Appl.: Soc. Environ. 23, 100551 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsase.2021.100551. Marvila, M.T., Azevedo, A.R., Barroso, L.S., Barbosa, M.Z., De Brito, J., 2020. Gypsum plaster using rock waste: a proposal to repair the renderings of historical buildings in Brazil. Constr. Build. Mater. 250, 118786 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.118786. Mei, L., Rozanov, V., Burrows, J.P., 2020. A fast and accurate radiative transfer model for aerosol remote sensing. J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf. 256, 107270 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jqsrt.2020.107270. Morillas, H., García-Florentino, C., Marcaida, I., Maguregui, M., Arana, G., Silva, L.F., Madariaga, J.M., 2018. In-situ analytical study of bricks exposed to marine environment using hand-held X-ray fluorescence spectrometry and related laboratory techniques. Spectrochim. Acta B At. Spectrosc. 146, 28–35. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.sab.2018.04.020. Murukutti, M.K., Jena, H., 2022. Synthesis of nano-crystalline zeolite-A and zeolite-X from Indian coal fly ash, its characterization and performance evaluation for the removal of Cs+ and Sr2+ from simulated nuclear waste. J. Hazard. Mater. 423, 127085 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127085. Naghizadeh, A., Metaxas, D.N., 2020. Condensed silhouette: an optimized filtering process for cluster selection in K-means. Proc. Comput. Sci. 176, 205–214. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2020.08.022. Nassajpour-Esfahani, A.H., Alhaji, A., Hahftbaradaran-Esfahani, M.R., Emadi, R., Bahrami, A., 2021. Oxidation and phase transformation behaviors of Si3N4- xMgAl2O4 (0 < x < 90 wt.%) nanocomposites in vacuum, air, and nitrogen atmospheres. Ceram. Int. 47 (21), 30807–30814. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. ceramint.2021.07.261. Neckel, A., Oliveira, M.L., Castro Bolano, ˜ L.J., Maculan, L.S., Moro, L.D., Bodah, E.T., Moreno-Ríos, A.L., Bodah, B.W., Silva, L.F., 2021. Biophysical matter in a marine estuary identified by the Sentinel-3B OLCI satellite and the presence of terrestrial iron (Fe) nanoparticles. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 173, 112925 https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.marpolbul.2021.112925. Ngah Nasaruddin, A., Tee, B.T., Mohd Tahir, M., Md Jasman, M.E.S., 2021. Data assessment on the relationship between typical weather data and electricity consumption of academic building in Melaka. Data Br. 35, 106797 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2021.106797. Oliveira, M.L., Neckel, A., Pinto, D., Maculan, L.S., Dotto, G.L., Silva, L.F., 2021. The impact of air pollutants on the degradation of two historic buildings in Bordeaux, France. Urban Clim. 39, 100927 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2021.100927. Pinto, D., Neckel, A., Dotto, G.L., Adelodun, B., 2021. Indoor nanoparticle characterization in construction waste recycling companies over time. Sustainability 13 (24), 14071. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132414071. Pirmana, V., Alisjahbana, A.S., Yusuf, A.A., Hoekstra, R., Tukker, A., 2021. Environmental costs assessment for improved environmental-economic account for Indonesia. J. Clean. Prod. 280, 124521 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.124521. Plant, G., Kort, E.A., Murray, L.T., Maasakkers, J.D., Aben, I., 2022. Evaluating urban methane emissions from space using TROPOMI methane and carbon monoxide observations. Remote Sens. Environ. 268, 112756 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2021.112756. S´anchez, J.S., Romaní, J.V., Alves, C., 2011. Deposition of particles on gypsum-rich coatings of historic buildings in urban and rural environments. Constr. Build. Mater. 25 (2), 813–822. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.07.001. Silva, L.F., Oliveira, M.L., Neckel, A., Maculan, L.S., Milanes, C.B., Bodah, B.W., Cambrussi, L.P., Dotto, G.L., 2022. Effects of atmospheric pollutants on human health and deterioration of medieval historical architecture (North Africa, Tunisia). Urban Clim. 41, 101046 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2021.101046. Skalny, A.V., Aschner, M., Bobrovnitsky, I.P., Chen, P., Tsatsakis, A., Paoliello, M.M., Buha Djordevic, A., Tinkov, A.A., 2021. Environmental and health hazards of military metal pollution. Environ. Res. 201, 111568 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2021.111568. Tardioli, G., Kerrigan, R., Oates, M., O’Donnell, J., Finn, D.P., 2018. Identification of representative buildings and building groups in urban datasets using a novel preprocessing, classification, clustering and predictive modelling approach. Build. Environ. 140, 90–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2018.05.035. Zhang, H., Ji, Y., Wu, Z., Peng, L., Bao, J., Peng, Z., Li, H., 2022. Atmospheric volatile halogenated hydrocarbons in air pollution episodes in an urban area of Beijing: characterization, health risk assessment and sources apportionment. Sci. Total Environ. 806, 150283 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150283. |
| dc.relation.citationvolume.spa.fl_str_mv |
47 |
| dc.rights.eng.fl_str_mv |
© 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. |
| dc.rights.license.spa.fl_str_mv |
Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) |
| dc.rights.uri.spa.fl_str_mv |
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ |
| dc.rights.accessrights.spa.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/embargoedAccess |
| dc.rights.coar.spa.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_f1cf |
| rights_invalid_str_mv |
Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) © 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_f1cf |
| eu_rights_str_mv |
embargoedAccess |
| dc.format.extent.spa.fl_str_mv |
16 páginas |
| dc.format.mimetype.spa.fl_str_mv |
application/pdf |
| dc.publisher.spa.fl_str_mv |
Elsevier BV |
| dc.publisher.place.spa.fl_str_mv |
Netherlands |
| dc.source.spa.fl_str_mv |
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212095522003029 |
| institution |
Corporación Universidad de la Costa |
| bitstream.url.fl_str_mv |
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/26408ce9-4f89-41a9-918e-8532c23fde07/download https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/f9c3f53a-1b98-474d-a178-1bd608b05a02/download https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/5fda72c3-95dc-4617-baac-c2ab8ec43e9c/download https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/8861f72b-ed45-4fa9-9b77-00cd26c0dcb9/download |
| bitstream.checksum.fl_str_mv |
3fc1693ea9544a152d0220364b7c540b 2f9959eaf5b71fae44bbf9ec84150c7a 440aa0e60880ea0e2e460f7f73c62384 4f76b9380e1647943575d701a58cf921 |
| bitstream.checksumAlgorithm.fl_str_mv |
MD5 MD5 MD5 MD5 |
| repository.name.fl_str_mv |
Repositorio de la Universidad de la Costa CUC |
| repository.mail.fl_str_mv |
repdigital@cuc.edu.co |
| _version_ |
1828166815301238784 |
| spelling |
Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)© 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/embargoedAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_f1cfNeckel, AlcindoSilva Oliveira, Marcos LeandroStolfo Maculan, LaércioBodah, Brian WilliamGonçalves Jr., Affonso CelsoSilva Oliveira, Luis Felipe2023-02-28T16:48:49Z20242023-02-28T16:48:49Z2023Alcindo Neckel, Marcos L.S. Oliveira, Laércio Stolfo Maculan, Brian William Bodah, Affonso Celso Gonçalves, Luis F.O. Silva, Air pollution in central European capital (Budapest) via self-made passive samplers and Sentinel-3B SYN satellite images, Urban Climate, Volume 47, 2023, 101384, ISSN 2212-0955, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2022.1013842212-0955https://hdl.handle.net/11323/993410.1016/j.uclim.2022.101384Corporación Universidad de la CostaREDICUC - Repositorio CUChttps://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/This study is to identify the types of ultra-fine air pollutants present in the local atmosphere. The authors utilize Sentinel-3B SYN satellite images to identify the presence of Aerosol Optical Thickness (T550), and later verify this presence through physical sample collection using self-made passive samplers (SMPSs) at various locations in Budapest ((A) Passenger Cruise Port, (B) Kunsthalle, (C) Szechenyi Lanchid, and (D) Liberty Bridge). The samples obtained from the SMPSs were analyzed by X-ray Diffraction (XRD) to identify the minerals present in ultra-fine phases (e.g. minerals and ultra-fine amorphous). The images from the Sentinel-3B SYN satellite, taken between 2018, 2019 and 2021 allowed us to identify the Aerosol Optical Thickness (T550) at these same locations in Budapest. The SMPS samples revealed the presence of ultra-fine particles containing elements dangerous to human health, such as: As, Cd, Cr, Hg, Pb, Ti, V and Ni. The points analyzed in the Sentinel-3B SYN satellite images showed a 50.89% reduction in T550 levels in the city of Budapest, attributed to the COVID-19 epidemic, which clearly demonstrates the need to reduce pollutants for a better quality of life in this central capital of Europe.16 páginasapplication/pdfengElsevier BVNetherlandshttps://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212095522003029Air pollution in central European capital (Budapest) via self-made passive samplers and Sentinel-3B SYN satellite imagesArtículo de revistahttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1Textinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARTinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85Urban ClimateAarzoo, N., Samim, M., 2022. Palladium nanoparticles as emerging pollutants from motor vehicles: an in-depth review on distribution, uptake and toxicological effects in occupational and living environment. Sci. Total Environ. 823, 153787 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153787.Addington, O., Zeng, Z.C., Pongetti, T., Shia, R.L., Gurney, K.R., Liang, J., Roest, G., He, L., Yung, Y.L., Sander, S.P., 2021. Estimating nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions for the Los Angeles Megacity using mountaintop remote sensing observations. Remote Sens. Environ. 259, 112351 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2021.112351.Bao, J., Li, H., Wu, Z., Zhang, X., Zhang, H., Li, Y., Qian, J., Chen, J., Deng, L., 2022. Atmospheric carbonyls in a heavy ozone pollution episode at a metropolis in Southwest China: characteristics, health risk assessment, sources analysis. Res. J. Environ. Sci. 113, 40–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2021.05.029.Bodah, B.W., Neckel, A., Stolfo Maculan, L., Milanes, C.B., Korcelski, C., Ramírez, O., Mendez-Espinosa, J.F., Bodah, E.T., Oliveira, M.L., 2022. Sentinel-5P TROPOMI satellite application for NO2 and CO studies aiming at environmental valuation. J. Clean. Prod. 357, 131960 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.131960.Buzasi, A., 2022. Comparative assessment of heatwave vulnerability factors for the districts of Budapest, Hungary. Urban Clim. 42, 101127 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2022.101127.Buz´asi, A., Palv ´ olgyi, ¨ T., Csete, M.S., 2021. Assessment of climate change performance of urban development projects – case of Budapest, Hungary. Cities 114, 103215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2021.103215.Dai, S., Finkelman, R.B., French, D., Hower, J.C., Graham, I.T., Zhao, F., 2021. Modes of occurrence of elements in coal: a critical evaluation. Earth-Sci. Rev. 222, 103815 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2021.103815.Dal Moro, L., Maculan, L.S., Neckel, A., De Vargas Mores, G., Pivoto, D., Bodah, E.T., Bodah, B.W., Oliveira, M.L., 2021. Geotechnologies applied to the analysis of buildings involved in the production of poultry and swine to the integrated food safety system and environment. J. Environ. Chem. Eng. 9 (6), 106475 https://doi. org/10.1016/j.jece.2021.106475.Desaulniers, D., Cummings-Lorbetskie, C., Leingartner, K., Xiao, G.H., Zhou, G., Parfett, C., 2021. Effects of vanadium (sodium metavanadate) and aflatoxin-B1 on cytochrome p450 activities, DNA damage and DNA methylation in human liver cell lines. Toxicol. in Vitro 70, 105036. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. tiv.2020.105036.Dong, Y., Yuan, H., Bai, L., Ge, D., Zhu, N., 2021. A comprehensive study on simultaneous enhancement of sludge dewaterability and elimination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by Fe2+ catalyzing O3 process. Sci. Total Environ. 152015 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152015.Dov¨ ´enyi, Z., Kovacs, Z., Kincses, A., ´ Balint, ´ L., Egedy, T., 2021. Migration. In: Kocsis, K. (Editor-in-Chief): National Atlas of Hungary – Society. Budapest, CSFK Geographical Institute, pp. 44–57.Drummond, L.D.O., Meire, R.O., Braga, C., Rezende, C.E.D., Malm, O., Cerqueira, R., 2022. Trophic position, altitudinal distribution, and water dependence as determining factors for mercury concentrations in tropical montane anurans. Sci. Total Environ. 806, 151356 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151356.ESA (European Space Agency), 2022. Sentinel-5P Pre-Operations Data Hub - European. https://s5phub.copernicus.eu/dhus/.Fernandez-Moran, R., Gomez-Chova, ´ L., Alonso, L., Mateo-García, G., Lopez-Puigdollers, ´ D., 2021. Towards a novel approach for Sentinel-3 synergistic OLCI/SLSTR cloud and cloud shadow detection based on stereo cloud-top height estimation. ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens. 181, 238–253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. isprsjprs.2021.09.013.Ferraro, S.A., Domingo, M.G., Etcheverrito, A., Olmedo, D.G., Tasat, D.R., 2020. Neurotoxicity mediated by oxidative stress caused by titanium dioxide nanoparticles in human neuroblastoma (SH-SY5Y) cells. J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol. 57, 126413 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtemb.2019.126413.Forest, V., 2021. Combined effects of nanoparticles and other environmental contaminants on human health - an issue often overlooked. Nanoimpact 23, 100344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.impact.2021.100344.García, D.H., Díaz, J.A., 2022. Impacts of the COVID-19 confinement on air quality, the land surface temperature and the urban heat island in eight cities of Andalusia (Spain). Remote Sens. Appl.: Soc. Environ. 25, 100667 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsase.2021.100667.García-Florentino, C., Maguregui, M., Carrero, J.A., Morillas, H., Arana, G., Madariaga, J.M., 2020. Development of a cost effective passive sampler to quantify the particulate matter depositions on building materials over time. J. Clean. Prod. 268, 122134 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.122134.Gasparotto, J., Chaves, P.R., da Boit Martinello, K., da Rosa-Siva, H.T., Bortolin, R.C., Nordin, A.P., Soares, K., Borges, M.S., Gelain, D.P., Moreira, J.C.F., 2018. Obese rats are more vulnerable to inflammation, genotoxicity and oxidative stress induced by coal dust inhalation than non-obese rats. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 165, 44–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.08.097.Giannarelli, S., Onor, M., Abete, C., Termine, M., Fuoco, R., 2019. Effect of altitude and distance from the sea on fractionation processes of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) associated to atmospheric aerosol from Ross Sea to Dome C, Antarctica. Microchem. J. 149, 103911 https://doi.org/10.1016/j. microc.2019.05.012.Guo, H., Liu, H., Jian, Z., Cui, H., Fang, J., Zuo, Z., Deng, J., Li, Y., Wang, X., Zhao, L., He, R., Tang, H., 2020. Immunotoxicity of nickel: pathological and toxicological effects. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 203, 111006 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111006.IAMAT - International Association for Mediacal Assistance to Travellers, 2022. Hungary General Health Risks: Air Pollution. https://www.iamat.org/country/hungary/risk/air-pollution#:~:text=The%20most%20recent%20data%20indicates,mining%20industry%2C%20and%20vehicle%20emissions (Accessed 18 January 2022).Islam, N., Dihingia, A., Khare, P., Saikia, B.K., 2020. Atmospheric particulate matters in an Indian urban area: health implications from potentially hazardous elements, cytotoxicity, and genotoxicity studies. J. Hazard. Mater. 384, 121472 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121472.Kong, Y., Ma, N.L., Yang, X., Lai, Y., Feng, Z., Shao, X., Xu, X., Zhang, D., 2020. Examining CO2 and N2O pollution and reduction from forestry application of pure and mixture forest. Environ. Pollut. 265, 114951 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114951.Kovacs, ´ Z., Farkas, Z.J., Egedy, T., Kondor, A.C., Szabo, ´ B., Lennert, J., Baka, D., Koh´ an, B., 2019. Urban sprawl and land conversion in post-socialist cities: the case of metropolitan Budapest. Cities 92, 71–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2019.03.018.Kovacs, ´ A., Leelossy, ˝ D., Tettamanti, T., Esztergar-Kiss, ´ D., M´eszaros, ´ R., Lagzi, I., 2021. Coupling traffic originated urban air pollution estimation with an atmospheric chemistry model. Urban Clim. 37, 100868 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2021.100868.Lee, H., 2020. Generation characteristics of the airborne wear particles emitted from the wheel-rail contact for various train velocities and their generation relation with the train velocity. Atmos. Environ. 5, 100068 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aeaoa.2020.100068.Li, F., Hu, G., Li, S., Hou, C., Gao, J., 2020. Dual-confined sulfur cathodes based on SnO2-decorated MoS2 microboxes for long-life lithium–sulfur batteries. Electrochim. Acta 340, 135991. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2020.135991.Li, M., Liu, W., Liu, W., Bi, M., Cui, Z., 2021. Dynamic substance flow analysis of lead in the fossil fuel system of China from 1980 to 2018. J. Clean. Prod. 313, 127918 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.127918.Li, S., Chen, F., Song, K., Liu, G., Tao, H., Xu, S., Wang, X., Wang, Q., Mu, G., 2022. Mapping the trophic state index of Eastern Lakes in China using an empirical model and sentinel-2 imagery data. J. Hydrol. 127613 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2022.127613.Liu, L., Lin, Q., Liang, Z., Du, R., Zhang, G., Zhu, Y., Qi, B., Zhou, S., Li, W., 2021. Variations in concentration and solubility of iron in atmospheric fine particles during the COVID-19 pandemic: an example from China. Gondwana Res. 97, 138–144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2021.05.022.Mandal, J., Patel, P.P., 2021. Gauging the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic lockdowns on atmospheric pollution content in select countries. Remote Sens. Appl.: Soc. Environ. 23, 100551 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsase.2021.100551.Marvila, M.T., Azevedo, A.R., Barroso, L.S., Barbosa, M.Z., De Brito, J., 2020. Gypsum plaster using rock waste: a proposal to repair the renderings of historical buildings in Brazil. Constr. Build. Mater. 250, 118786 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.118786.Mei, L., Rozanov, V., Burrows, J.P., 2020. A fast and accurate radiative transfer model for aerosol remote sensing. J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf. 256, 107270 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jqsrt.2020.107270.Morillas, H., García-Florentino, C., Marcaida, I., Maguregui, M., Arana, G., Silva, L.F., Madariaga, J.M., 2018. In-situ analytical study of bricks exposed to marine environment using hand-held X-ray fluorescence spectrometry and related laboratory techniques. Spectrochim. Acta B At. Spectrosc. 146, 28–35. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.sab.2018.04.020.Murukutti, M.K., Jena, H., 2022. Synthesis of nano-crystalline zeolite-A and zeolite-X from Indian coal fly ash, its characterization and performance evaluation for the removal of Cs+ and Sr2+ from simulated nuclear waste. J. Hazard. Mater. 423, 127085 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127085.Naghizadeh, A., Metaxas, D.N., 2020. Condensed silhouette: an optimized filtering process for cluster selection in K-means. Proc. Comput. Sci. 176, 205–214. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2020.08.022.Nassajpour-Esfahani, A.H., Alhaji, A., Hahftbaradaran-Esfahani, M.R., Emadi, R., Bahrami, A., 2021. Oxidation and phase transformation behaviors of Si3N4- xMgAl2O4 (0 < x < 90 wt.%) nanocomposites in vacuum, air, and nitrogen atmospheres. Ceram. Int. 47 (21), 30807–30814. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. ceramint.2021.07.261.Neckel, A., Oliveira, M.L., Castro Bolano, ˜ L.J., Maculan, L.S., Moro, L.D., Bodah, E.T., Moreno-Ríos, A.L., Bodah, B.W., Silva, L.F., 2021. Biophysical matter in a marine estuary identified by the Sentinel-3B OLCI satellite and the presence of terrestrial iron (Fe) nanoparticles. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 173, 112925 https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.marpolbul.2021.112925.Ngah Nasaruddin, A., Tee, B.T., Mohd Tahir, M., Md Jasman, M.E.S., 2021. Data assessment on the relationship between typical weather data and electricity consumption of academic building in Melaka. Data Br. 35, 106797 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2021.106797.Oliveira, M.L., Neckel, A., Pinto, D., Maculan, L.S., Dotto, G.L., Silva, L.F., 2021. The impact of air pollutants on the degradation of two historic buildings in Bordeaux, France. Urban Clim. 39, 100927 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2021.100927.Pinto, D., Neckel, A., Dotto, G.L., Adelodun, B., 2021. Indoor nanoparticle characterization in construction waste recycling companies over time. Sustainability 13 (24), 14071. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132414071.Pirmana, V., Alisjahbana, A.S., Yusuf, A.A., Hoekstra, R., Tukker, A., 2021. Environmental costs assessment for improved environmental-economic account for Indonesia. J. Clean. Prod. 280, 124521 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.124521.Plant, G., Kort, E.A., Murray, L.T., Maasakkers, J.D., Aben, I., 2022. Evaluating urban methane emissions from space using TROPOMI methane and carbon monoxide observations. Remote Sens. Environ. 268, 112756 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2021.112756.S´anchez, J.S., Romaní, J.V., Alves, C., 2011. Deposition of particles on gypsum-rich coatings of historic buildings in urban and rural environments. Constr. Build. Mater. 25 (2), 813–822. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.07.001.Silva, L.F., Oliveira, M.L., Neckel, A., Maculan, L.S., Milanes, C.B., Bodah, B.W., Cambrussi, L.P., Dotto, G.L., 2022. Effects of atmospheric pollutants on human health and deterioration of medieval historical architecture (North Africa, Tunisia). Urban Clim. 41, 101046 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2021.101046.Skalny, A.V., Aschner, M., Bobrovnitsky, I.P., Chen, P., Tsatsakis, A., Paoliello, M.M., Buha Djordevic, A., Tinkov, A.A., 2021. Environmental and health hazards of military metal pollution. Environ. Res. 201, 111568 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2021.111568.Tardioli, G., Kerrigan, R., Oates, M., O’Donnell, J., Finn, D.P., 2018. Identification of representative buildings and building groups in urban datasets using a novel preprocessing, classification, clustering and predictive modelling approach. Build. Environ. 140, 90–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2018.05.035.Zhang, H., Ji, Y., Wu, Z., Peng, L., Bao, J., Peng, Z., Li, H., 2022. Atmospheric volatile halogenated hydrocarbons in air pollution episodes in an urban area of Beijing: characterization, health risk assessment and sources apportionment. Sci. Total Environ. 806, 150283 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150283.47Dispersion of pollutantsGlobal scaleUltra-fine particlesHistorical heritagePopulation healthPublicationORIGINALAir pollution in central European capital (Budapest) via self-made passive samplers and Sentinel-3B SYN satellite images.pdfAir pollution in central European capital (Budapest) via self-made passive samplers and Sentinel-3B SYN satellite images.pdfArtículoapplication/pdf7792036https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/26408ce9-4f89-41a9-918e-8532c23fde07/download3fc1693ea9544a152d0220364b7c540bMD51LICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-814828https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/f9c3f53a-1b98-474d-a178-1bd608b05a02/download2f9959eaf5b71fae44bbf9ec84150c7aMD52TEXTAir pollution in central European capital (Budapest) via self-made passive samplers and Sentinel-3B SYN satellite images.pdf.txtAir pollution in central European capital (Budapest) via self-made passive samplers and Sentinel-3B SYN satellite images.pdf.txtExtracted texttext/plain63614https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/5fda72c3-95dc-4617-baac-c2ab8ec43e9c/download440aa0e60880ea0e2e460f7f73c62384MD53THUMBNAILAir pollution in central European capital (Budapest) via self-made passive samplers and Sentinel-3B SYN satellite images.pdf.jpgAir pollution in central European capital (Budapest) via self-made passive samplers and Sentinel-3B SYN satellite images.pdf.jpgGenerated Thumbnailimage/jpeg13031https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/8861f72b-ed45-4fa9-9b77-00cd26c0dcb9/download4f76b9380e1647943575d701a58cf921MD5411323/9934oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/99342024-09-17 14:13:11.335https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/© 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.open.accesshttps://repositorio.cuc.edu.coRepositorio de la Universidad de la Costa CUCrepdigital@cuc.edu.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 |