Production and Characterization of Biodiesel from Cotton Oil as an Alternative Energy in Substitution of Soybean Oil
Biodiesel production has currently used virgin raw materials that have a direct use for mainly food uses, as in the case of vegetable oils, mainly soybean, and may in some cases affect food safety. Raw materials such as cotton oils that are obtained from seeds, which are the residual products of pro...
- Autores:
-
Velásquez Piñas, Jean Agustin
Pacheco Torres, Pedro Jessid
Denisse Calle, Orly
Mora Higuera, Leidy Milena
Grimaldo Guerrero, John William
de la Ossa Ruiz, Martha Patricia
- Tipo de recurso:
- Article of journal
- Fecha de publicación:
- 2018
- Institución:
- Corporación Universidad de la Costa
- Repositorio:
- REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
- Idioma:
- eng
- OAI Identifier:
- oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/2948
- Acceso en línea:
- https://hdl.handle.net/11323/2948
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/
- Palabra clave:
- Biodiesel
cotton oil
soybean oil
transesterification
- Rights
- openAccess
- License
- Atribución – No comercial – Compartir igual
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| dc.title.spa.fl_str_mv |
Production and Characterization of Biodiesel from Cotton Oil as an Alternative Energy in Substitution of Soybean Oil |
| title |
Production and Characterization of Biodiesel from Cotton Oil as an Alternative Energy in Substitution of Soybean Oil |
| spellingShingle |
Production and Characterization of Biodiesel from Cotton Oil as an Alternative Energy in Substitution of Soybean Oil Biodiesel cotton oil soybean oil transesterification |
| title_short |
Production and Characterization of Biodiesel from Cotton Oil as an Alternative Energy in Substitution of Soybean Oil |
| title_full |
Production and Characterization of Biodiesel from Cotton Oil as an Alternative Energy in Substitution of Soybean Oil |
| title_fullStr |
Production and Characterization of Biodiesel from Cotton Oil as an Alternative Energy in Substitution of Soybean Oil |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Production and Characterization of Biodiesel from Cotton Oil as an Alternative Energy in Substitution of Soybean Oil |
| title_sort |
Production and Characterization of Biodiesel from Cotton Oil as an Alternative Energy in Substitution of Soybean Oil |
| dc.creator.fl_str_mv |
Velásquez Piñas, Jean Agustin Pacheco Torres, Pedro Jessid Denisse Calle, Orly Mora Higuera, Leidy Milena Grimaldo Guerrero, John William de la Ossa Ruiz, Martha Patricia |
| dc.contributor.author.spa.fl_str_mv |
Velásquez Piñas, Jean Agustin Pacheco Torres, Pedro Jessid Denisse Calle, Orly Mora Higuera, Leidy Milena Grimaldo Guerrero, John William de la Ossa Ruiz, Martha Patricia |
| dc.subject.spa.fl_str_mv |
Biodiesel cotton oil soybean oil transesterification |
| topic |
Biodiesel cotton oil soybean oil transesterification |
| description |
Biodiesel production has currently used virgin raw materials that have a direct use for mainly food uses, as in the case of vegetable oils, mainly soybean, and may in some cases affect food safety. Raw materials such as cotton oils that are obtained from seeds, which are the residual products of productive chains, can help food security, energy and the exploration of new sources of energy of less environmental impact. The present work investigated the chemical and physical characteristics of biodiesel produced from cotton oil in comparison to soybean oil (BOA). The results show that the acidity and viscosity of the BOA are within the permissible values of ANP 03/2014, and the viscosity of the BOA product of the transesterification of soybean oil has values of 4.41 ± 0.20 mm2 s -1 . Finally, it can be concluded that cotton oil may be an alternative to replace soybean oil; however, the availability of raw material may play an important role. |
| publishDate |
2018 |
| dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv |
2018-12-31 |
| dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv |
2019-03-12T19:31:55Z |
| dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv |
2019-03-12T19:31:55Z |
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Artículo de revista |
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http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1 |
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Text |
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info:eu-repo/semantics/article |
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http://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ART |
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info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion |
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1791-2377 |
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https://hdl.handle.net/11323/2948 |
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Corporación Universidad de la Costa |
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REDICUC - Repositorio CUC |
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eng |
| language |
eng |
| dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv |
[1] J. Lafont, A. Espitia and J. Sodré, "Potential vegetable sources for biodiesel production: Cashew, coconut and cotton," Materials for Renewable and Sustainable Energy, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 1-7, 2015. [2] N. Kokkinos, A. Lazaridou, N. Stamatis, S. Orfanidis, A. C. Mitropoulos, A. Christoforidis and N. Nikolaou, "Biodiesel Production from Selected Microalgae Strains and Determination of its Properties and Combustion Specific Characteristics," Journal of Engineering Science & Technology Review, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 1-6, 2015. [3] D. Huang, H. Zhou and L. Lin, "Biodiesel: An alternative to conventional fuel," Energy Procedia, vol. 16, no. PART C, p. 1874– 1885, 2011. [4] A. Sagastume Gutiérrez, J. Cabello Eras, D. Huisingh, C. Vandecasteele and L. Hens, "The current potential of low-carbon economy and biomass-based electricity in Cuba. The case of sugarcane, energy cane and marabu (Dichrostachys cinerea) as biomass sources," Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 172, no. 20, pp. 2108-2122, 2018. [5] C. Alejos Altamirano, L. Yokoyama, J. De Medeiros and O. De Queiroz Fernandes Araújo, "Ethylic or methylic route to soybean biodiesel? Tracking environmental answers through life cycle assessment," Applied Energy, vol. 184, pp. 1246-1263, 2016. [6] R. Fan, J. Zhao, Y. Du, W. Zhao, W. Guo, J. Yang and X. Chen, "Biodiesel production from Fructus Schisandrae seed oil," Indian Journal of Biotecnology, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 114-118, 2017. [7] S. Prabhakar and K. Annamalai, "Biodiesels: an alternative renewable energy for next century," Journal of scientific and industrial research, vol. 70, no. 10, pp. 875-878, 2011. [8] A. Samniang, C. Tipachan and S. Kajorncheappun-ngam, "Comparison of biodiesel production from crude Jatropha oil and Krating oil by supercritical methanol transesterification," Renewable Energy, vol. 68, p. 351–355, 2014. [9] Y. Jiang and Y. Zhang, "Supply Chain Optimization of Biodiesel Produced from Waste Cooking Oil," Transportation Research Procedia, vol. 12, p. 938–949, 2016. [10] M. Ali, M. Mashud, M. Rubel and R. Ahmad, "Biodiesel from Neem Oil as an Alternative Fuel for Diesel Engine," Procedia Engineering, vol. 56, pp. 625-630, 2013. [11] P. Saxena, S. Jawale and M. Joshipura, "A review on prediction of properties of biodiesel and blends of biodiesel," Procedia Engineering, vol. 51, pp. 395-402, 2013. [12] N. Kolesárová, M. Hutan, I. Bodík and V. Špalková, "Utilization of biodiesel by-products for biogas production," Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, vol. 2011, 2011. [13] H. Bashiri and N. Pourbeiram, "Biodiesel production through transesterification of soybean oil: A kinetic Monte Carlo study," Journal of Molecular Liquids, vol. 223, p. 10–15, 2016. [14] E. Alptekin and M. Canakci, "Determination of the density and the viscosities of biodiesel-diesel fuel blends," Renewable Energy, vol. 33, no. 12, p. 2623–2630, 2008. [15] K. A. Sorate and P. V. Bhale, "Impact of biodiesel on fuel system materials durability," Journal of scientific and industrial research, vol. 72, no. 1, pp. 48-57, 2013. [16] M. Canakci, "Combustion characteristics of a turbocharged DI compression ignition engine fueled with petroleum diesel fuels and biodiesel," Bioresource Technology, vol. 98, no. 6, pp. 1167-1175, 2007. [17] EPE, "Balanço Energético Nacional 2016: Ano Base 2015," Empresa de Pesquisa Energética, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, 2016. [18] ANP - Agência Nacional do Petróleo Gás Natural e Biocombustíveis, "Resolução No45/2014," Diário Oficial da União vol. 1, n.1, 2014. [19] V. Gurau and S. Sandhu, "Optimization and Characterization of Biodiesel Production from India Originated Bitter Apricot Kernel Oil," Journal of scientific and industrial research, vol. 77, no. 06, pp. 345-348, 2018. [20] A. Deep, S. Sandhu and S. Chander, "Optimization of Reaction Parameters of Transesterification for Castor Oil," Journal of Scientific & Industrial Research, vol. 76, no. 02, pp. 115-118, 2017. [21] D. Onukwuli, L. Emembolu, C. Ude, S. Aliozo and M. Menkiti, "Optimization of biodiesel production from refined cotton seed oil and its characterization," Egyptian Journal of Petroleum, vol. 26, no. 01, pp. 103-110, 2016. [22] D. Leung and Y. Guo, "Transesterification of neat and used frying oil: Optimization for biodiesel production," Fuel Processing Technology, vol. 87, no. 10, pp. 883-890, 2006. [23] M. Alves, S. Nascimento, I. Pereira, M. Martins, V. Cardoso and M. Reis, "Biodiesel purification using micro and ultrafiltration membranes," Renewable Energy, vol. 58, pp. 15-20, 2013. [24] F. Gunstone, Vegetable Oils in Food Technology: Composition, Properties and Uses, 2 ed., Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011. [25] I. Lôbo, S. Ferreira and R. Da Cruz, "Biodiesel: parâmetros de qualidade e métodos analíticos," Química Nova, vol. 32, no. 6, p. 1596–1608, 2009. [26] S. Marda, Thesis of Master: Production of biodiesel from tall oil, New York: State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, 2006. [27] G. Madras, C. Kolluru and R. Kumar, "Synthesis of biodiesel in supercritical fluids," Fuel, vol. 83, no. 14-15, pp. 2029-2033, 2004. [28] J. Maçaira, A. Santana, F. Recasens and M. A. Larrayoz, "Biodiesel production using supercritical methanol/carbon dioxide mixtures in a continuous reactor," Fuel, vol. 90, no. 6, pp. 2280- 2288, 2011. [29] P. Patidar and S. M. Mahajani, "Esterification of fusel oil using reactive distillation – Part I: Reaction kinetics," Chemical Engineering Journal, Vols. 207-208, pp. 377-387, 2012. [30] B. Zhang, Z. Zhong, J. Zhang and R. Ruan, "Catalytic fast copyrolysis of biomass and fusel alcohol to enhance aromatic hydrocarbon production over ZSM-5 catalyst in a fluidized bed reactor," Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, vol. 133, no. , pp. 147-153, 2018. |
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Velásquez Piñas, Jean AgustinPacheco Torres, Pedro JessidDenisse Calle, OrlyMora Higuera, Leidy MilenaGrimaldo Guerrero, John Williamde la Ossa Ruiz, Martha Patricia2019-03-12T19:31:55Z2019-03-12T19:31:55Z2018-12-311791-2377https://hdl.handle.net/11323/2948Corporación Universidad de la CostaREDICUC - Repositorio CUChttps://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/Biodiesel production has currently used virgin raw materials that have a direct use for mainly food uses, as in the case of vegetable oils, mainly soybean, and may in some cases affect food safety. Raw materials such as cotton oils that are obtained from seeds, which are the residual products of productive chains, can help food security, energy and the exploration of new sources of energy of less environmental impact. The present work investigated the chemical and physical characteristics of biodiesel produced from cotton oil in comparison to soybean oil (BOA). The results show that the acidity and viscosity of the BOA are within the permissible values of ANP 03/2014, and the viscosity of the BOA product of the transesterification of soybean oil has values of 4.41 ± 0.20 mm2 s -1 . Finally, it can be concluded that cotton oil may be an alternative to replace soybean oil; however, the availability of raw material may play an important role.Velásquez Piñas, Jean Agustin-8b67cfa4-0ad4-4d33-ba27-435e2328697a-0Pacheco Torres, Pedro Jessid-a53033c0-8f23-45ab-90e0-222feb8e411e-0Denisse Calle, Orly-3e5e38ca-e747-4914-96cc-819c5e79e479-0Mora Higuera, Leidy Milena-e1d2410c-5797-4b62-9c10-321cb8764668-0Grimaldo Guerrero, John William-0000-0002-1632-5374-600de la Ossa Ruiz, Martha Patricia-8a667759-0405-4831-8681-8c018a400d80-0engJournal of Engineering Science and Technology ReviewAtribución – No comercial – Compartir igualinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Biodieselcotton oilsoybean oiltransesterificationProduction and Characterization of Biodiesel from Cotton Oil as an Alternative Energy in Substitution of Soybean OilArtículo de revistahttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1Textinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARTinfo:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion[1] J. Lafont, A. Espitia and J. Sodré, "Potential vegetable sources for biodiesel production: Cashew, coconut and cotton," Materials for Renewable and Sustainable Energy, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 1-7, 2015. [2] N. Kokkinos, A. Lazaridou, N. Stamatis, S. Orfanidis, A. C. Mitropoulos, A. Christoforidis and N. Nikolaou, "Biodiesel Production from Selected Microalgae Strains and Determination of its Properties and Combustion Specific Characteristics," Journal of Engineering Science & Technology Review, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 1-6, 2015. [3] D. Huang, H. Zhou and L. Lin, "Biodiesel: An alternative to conventional fuel," Energy Procedia, vol. 16, no. PART C, p. 1874– 1885, 2011. [4] A. Sagastume Gutiérrez, J. Cabello Eras, D. Huisingh, C. Vandecasteele and L. Hens, "The current potential of low-carbon economy and biomass-based electricity in Cuba. The case of sugarcane, energy cane and marabu (Dichrostachys cinerea) as biomass sources," Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 172, no. 20, pp. 2108-2122, 2018. [5] C. Alejos Altamirano, L. Yokoyama, J. De Medeiros and O. De Queiroz Fernandes Araújo, "Ethylic or methylic route to soybean biodiesel? Tracking environmental answers through life cycle assessment," Applied Energy, vol. 184, pp. 1246-1263, 2016. [6] R. Fan, J. Zhao, Y. Du, W. Zhao, W. Guo, J. Yang and X. Chen, "Biodiesel production from Fructus Schisandrae seed oil," Indian Journal of Biotecnology, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 114-118, 2017. [7] S. Prabhakar and K. Annamalai, "Biodiesels: an alternative renewable energy for next century," Journal of scientific and industrial research, vol. 70, no. 10, pp. 875-878, 2011. [8] A. Samniang, C. Tipachan and S. Kajorncheappun-ngam, "Comparison of biodiesel production from crude Jatropha oil and Krating oil by supercritical methanol transesterification," Renewable Energy, vol. 68, p. 351–355, 2014. [9] Y. Jiang and Y. Zhang, "Supply Chain Optimization of Biodiesel Produced from Waste Cooking Oil," Transportation Research Procedia, vol. 12, p. 938–949, 2016. [10] M. Ali, M. Mashud, M. Rubel and R. Ahmad, "Biodiesel from Neem Oil as an Alternative Fuel for Diesel Engine," Procedia Engineering, vol. 56, pp. 625-630, 2013. [11] P. Saxena, S. Jawale and M. Joshipura, "A review on prediction of properties of biodiesel and blends of biodiesel," Procedia Engineering, vol. 51, pp. 395-402, 2013. [12] N. Kolesárová, M. Hutan, I. Bodík and V. Špalková, "Utilization of biodiesel by-products for biogas production," Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, vol. 2011, 2011. [13] H. Bashiri and N. Pourbeiram, "Biodiesel production through transesterification of soybean oil: A kinetic Monte Carlo study," Journal of Molecular Liquids, vol. 223, p. 10–15, 2016. [14] E. Alptekin and M. Canakci, "Determination of the density and the viscosities of biodiesel-diesel fuel blends," Renewable Energy, vol. 33, no. 12, p. 2623–2630, 2008. [15] K. A. Sorate and P. V. Bhale, "Impact of biodiesel on fuel system materials durability," Journal of scientific and industrial research, vol. 72, no. 1, pp. 48-57, 2013. [16] M. Canakci, "Combustion characteristics of a turbocharged DI compression ignition engine fueled with petroleum diesel fuels and biodiesel," Bioresource Technology, vol. 98, no. 6, pp. 1167-1175, 2007. [17] EPE, "Balanço Energético Nacional 2016: Ano Base 2015," Empresa de Pesquisa Energética, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, 2016. [18] ANP - Agência Nacional do Petróleo Gás Natural e Biocombustíveis, "Resolução No45/2014," Diário Oficial da União vol. 1, n.1, 2014. [19] V. Gurau and S. Sandhu, "Optimization and Characterization of Biodiesel Production from India Originated Bitter Apricot Kernel Oil," Journal of scientific and industrial research, vol. 77, no. 06, pp. 345-348, 2018. [20] A. Deep, S. Sandhu and S. Chander, "Optimization of Reaction Parameters of Transesterification for Castor Oil," Journal of Scientific & Industrial Research, vol. 76, no. 02, pp. 115-118, 2017. [21] D. Onukwuli, L. Emembolu, C. Ude, S. Aliozo and M. Menkiti, "Optimization of biodiesel production from refined cotton seed oil and its characterization," Egyptian Journal of Petroleum, vol. 26, no. 01, pp. 103-110, 2016. [22] D. Leung and Y. Guo, "Transesterification of neat and used frying oil: Optimization for biodiesel production," Fuel Processing Technology, vol. 87, no. 10, pp. 883-890, 2006. [23] M. Alves, S. Nascimento, I. Pereira, M. Martins, V. Cardoso and M. Reis, "Biodiesel purification using micro and ultrafiltration membranes," Renewable Energy, vol. 58, pp. 15-20, 2013. [24] F. Gunstone, Vegetable Oils in Food Technology: Composition, Properties and Uses, 2 ed., Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011. [25] I. Lôbo, S. Ferreira and R. Da Cruz, "Biodiesel: parâmetros de qualidade e métodos analíticos," Química Nova, vol. 32, no. 6, p. 1596–1608, 2009. [26] S. Marda, Thesis of Master: Production of biodiesel from tall oil, New York: State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, 2006. [27] G. Madras, C. Kolluru and R. Kumar, "Synthesis of biodiesel in supercritical fluids," Fuel, vol. 83, no. 14-15, pp. 2029-2033, 2004. [28] J. Maçaira, A. Santana, F. Recasens and M. A. Larrayoz, "Biodiesel production using supercritical methanol/carbon dioxide mixtures in a continuous reactor," Fuel, vol. 90, no. 6, pp. 2280- 2288, 2011. [29] P. Patidar and S. M. Mahajani, "Esterification of fusel oil using reactive distillation – Part I: Reaction kinetics," Chemical Engineering Journal, Vols. 207-208, pp. 377-387, 2012. [30] B. Zhang, Z. Zhong, J. Zhang and R. Ruan, "Catalytic fast copyrolysis of biomass and fusel alcohol to enhance aromatic hydrocarbon production over ZSM-5 catalyst in a fluidized bed reactor," Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, vol. 133, no. , pp. 147-153, 2018.PublicationORIGINALProduction and Characterization of Biodiesel from Cotton Oil as an Alternative Energy in Substitution of Soybean Oil.pdfProduction and Characterization of Biodiesel from Cotton Oil as an Alternative Energy in Substitution of Soybean Oil.pdfapplication/pdf964181https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/7533b1a8-57a4-44d3-a894-634d65592a53/downloadee23040baa326dc3fb903a825a165e8bMD51LICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-81748https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/87b08d07-1933-4f40-8d19-4db85399016c/download8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33MD52THUMBNAILProduction and Characterization of Biodiesel from Cotton Oil as an Alternative Energy in Substitution of Soybean Oil.pdf.jpgProduction and Characterization of Biodiesel from Cotton Oil as an Alternative Energy in Substitution of Soybean Oil.pdf.jpgimage/jpeg70340https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/aafe20bc-0068-49f8-8ae4-7909674147c2/downloade2bbfd446f8650ae71a032c68270557bMD54TEXTProduction and Characterization of Biodiesel from Cotton Oil as an Alternative Energy in Substitution of Soybean Oil.pdf.txtProduction and Characterization of Biodiesel from Cotton Oil as an Alternative Energy in Substitution of Soybean Oil.pdf.txttext/plain24402https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/7374b88b-58af-47e1-ace9-78ff6cd123e0/download5ae41812ce255f8b2c1f820d33f03f09MD5511323/2948oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/29482024-09-17 10:52:07.89open.accesshttps://repositorio.cuc.edu.coRepositorio de la Universidad de la Costa CUCrepdigital@cuc.edu.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 |