Los desafíos de los huracanes y la basura marina en islas. Estudio del huracán Iota en Providencia y Santa Catalina

The islands of Providencia and Santa Catalina are located in the Colombian Caribbean Sea and are highly representative of their biodiversity, coral reef and mangrove ecosystems. They are situated within the Seaflower Biosphere Reserve. This study aims to understand the distribution and quantities of...

Full description

Autores:: Murgas Vargas, Ana Helena

Tipo de recurso:

Fecha de publicación:: 2023

Institución:: Corporación Universidad de la Costa

Repositorio:: REDICUC - Repositorio CUC

Idioma:: spa

id	RCUC2_cdb856f9a4162cbea289b9efd4490b15
oai_identifier_str	oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/10479
network_acronym_str	RCUC2
network_name_str	REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
repository_id_str
dc.title.spa.fl_str_mv	Los desafíos de los huracanes y la basura marina en islas. Estudio del huracán Iota en Providencia y Santa Catalina
title	Los desafíos de los huracanes y la basura marina en islas. Estudio del huracán Iota en Providencia y Santa Catalina
spellingShingle	Los desafíos de los huracanes y la basura marina en islas. Estudio del huracán Iota en Providencia y Santa Catalina Coastal system Mangrove Beach Marine debris Plastics Sistema costero Manglares Playa Plásticos
title_short	Los desafíos de los huracanes y la basura marina en islas. Estudio del huracán Iota en Providencia y Santa Catalina
title_full	Los desafíos de los huracanes y la basura marina en islas. Estudio del huracán Iota en Providencia y Santa Catalina
title_fullStr	Los desafíos de los huracanes y la basura marina en islas. Estudio del huracán Iota en Providencia y Santa Catalina
title_full_unstemmed	Los desafíos de los huracanes y la basura marina en islas. Estudio del huracán Iota en Providencia y Santa Catalina
title_sort	Los desafíos de los huracanes y la basura marina en islas. Estudio del huracán Iota en Providencia y Santa Catalina
dc.creator.fl_str_mv	Murgas Vargas, Ana Helena
dc.contributor.advisor.none.fl_str_mv	Manzolli, Rogerio Portantiolo Portz, Luana
dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv	Murgas Vargas, Ana Helena
dc.contributor.jury.none.fl_str_mv	Fontan Bouzas, Angela Camboim Rockett, Gabriela Canales Vega, Fausto
dc.subject.proposal.eng.fl_str_mv	Coastal system Mangrove Beach Marine debris Plastics
topic	Coastal system Mangrove Beach Marine debris Plastics Sistema costero Manglares Playa Plásticos
dc.subject.proposal.spa.fl_str_mv	Sistema costero Manglares Playa Plásticos
description	The islands of Providencia and Santa Catalina are located in the Colombian Caribbean Sea and are highly representative of their biodiversity, coral reef and mangrove ecosystems. They are situated within the Seaflower Biosphere Reserve. This study aims to understand the distribution and quantities of marine litter on the beaches and mangroves of the islands, as well as the impacts of currents from Hurricane Iota. 32 points were used as reference, including mangroves, beaches (touristic and non-touristic/sand and gravel) and post-beach areas with vegetation. The investigation of marine litter followed established international protocols and quantified the waste in items per square meter. The results show that the tourist beaches remain in better condition than the non-tourist ones, resulting from human intervention framed in the use of the beach and the final disposal of waste. On the other hand, the passage of Hurricane Iota significantly altered the distribution of marine litter in some areas, with an increase of waste on touristic beaches (sand) and a decrease in post-beach areas with vegetation and mangroves. An increase in the number of marine litter items on touristic sandy beaches occurred due to the arrival of marine litter through coastal dynamics and the redistribution of marine litter present in the post-beach area. The mangrove sector showed a reduction in the number of marine litter items, which may be linked to factors such as vegetation degradation and possible redistribution of marine litter present due to coastal/marine dynamics and cleaning actions during the recovery processes of this ecosystem post-emergency. In the near future, an increase in the frequency and strength of extreme weather events is predicted, as well as an increase in the amount of plastic waste ending up in the sea. Therefore, continuous and long-term research is necessary.
publishDate	2023
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv	2023-09-12T15:10:32Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv	2023-09-12T15:10:32Z
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv	2023
dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv	Trabajo de grado - Maestría
dc.type.content.spa.fl_str_mv	Text
dc.type.driver.spa.fl_str_mv	info:eu-repo/semantics/masterThesis
dc.type.redcol.spa.fl_str_mv	http://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/TM
dc.type.version.spa.fl_str_mv	info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion
status_str	acceptedVersion
dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv	https://hdl.handle.net/11323/10479
dc.identifier.instname.spa.fl_str_mv	Corporación Universidad de la Costa
dc.identifier.reponame.spa.fl_str_mv	REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
dc.identifier.repourl.spa.fl_str_mv	https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/
url	https://hdl.handle.net/11323/10479 https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/
identifier_str_mv	Corporación Universidad de la Costa REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
dc.language.iso.spa.fl_str_mv	spa
language	spa
dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv	Agamuthu, P., & Herat, S. (2014). Sustainable waste management in Small Island Developing States (SIDS). Waste Management & Research: The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy, 32(8), 681–682. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242X14544869 Aguilera, M. A., Broitman, B. R., & Thiel, M. (2016). Artificial breakwaters as garbage bins: Structural complexity enhances anthropogenic litter accumulation in marine intertidal habitats. Environmental Pollution, 214, 737–747. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2016.04.058 Alzugaray, L., di Martino, M., Beltramino, L., Rowntree, V. J., Sironi, M., & Uhart, M. M. (2020). Anthropogenic debris in the digestive tract of a southern right whale (Eubalaena australis) stranded in Golfo Nuevo, Argentina. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111738 Ambrose, K. K., Box, C., Boxall, J., Brooks, A., Eriksen, M., Fabres, J., Fylakis, G., & Walker, T. R. (2019). Spatial trends and drivers of marine debris accumulation on shorelines in South Eleuthera, The Bahamas using citizen science. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 142(January), 145–154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.03.036 Audrézet, F., Zaiko, A., Lear, G., Wood, S. A., Tremblay, L. A., & Pochon, X. (2021). Biosecurity implications of drifting marine plastic debris: Current knowledge and future research. In Marine Pollution Bulletin (Vol. 162). Elsevier Ltd. Barnes, D. K. A., Galgani, F., Thompson, R. C., & Barlaz, M. (2009). Accumulation and fragmentation of plastic debris in global environments. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 364(1526), 1985–1998. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2008.0205 Barouta, D., Alassali, A., Picuno, C., Bruno, M., Syranidou, E., Fiore, S., & Kuchta, K. (2022). E-plastics in a circular economy: A comprehensive regulatory review. In Journal of Cleaner Production (Vol. 355). Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.131711 Bijsterveldt, C. E. J. van, Wesenbeeck, B. K. van, Ramadhani, S., Raven, O. v, Gool, F. E. van, Pribadi, R., & Bouma, T. J. (2021). Does plastic waste kill mangroves? A field experiment to assess the impact of macro plastics on mangrove growth, stress response and survival. Science of the Total Environment, 756, 143826. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143826 Binetti, U., Silburn, B., Russell, J., van Hoytema, N., Meakins, B., Kohler, P., Desender, M., Preston-Whyte, F., Fa’abasu, E., Maniel, M., & Maes, T. (2020). First marine litter survey on beaches in Solomon Islands and Vanuatu, South Pacific: Using OSPAR protocol to inform the development of national action plans to tackle land-based solid waste pollution. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 161, 111827. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111827 Brown, T. M., & Takada, H. (2017). Indicators of Marine Pollution in the North Pacific Ocean. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 73(2), 171–175. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-017-0424-7 Campani, T., Baini, M., Giannetti, M., Cancelli, F., Mancusi, C., Serena, F., Marsili, L., Casini, S., & Fossi, M. C. (2013). Presence of plastic debris in loggerhead turtle stranded along the Tuscany coasts of the Pelagos Sanctuary for Mediterranean Marine Mammals (Italy). Marine Pollution Bulletin, 74(1), 225–230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.06.053 CCO. (2015). Aportes al conocimiento de la Reserva de Biosfera Seaflower. Comisión Colombiana del Océano Chiu, C. C., Liao, C. P., Kuo, T. C., & Huang, H. W. (2020). Using citizen science to investigate the spatial-temporal distribution of floating marine litter in the waters around Taiwan. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111301 Compa, M., Alomar, C., Morató, M., Álvarez, E., & Deudero, S. (2022). Spatial distribution of macro- and micro-litter items along rocky and sandy beaches of a Marine Protected Area in the western Mediterranean Sea. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113520 Compa, M., Alomar, C., Morató, M., Álvarez, E., & Deudero, S. (2022). Spatial distribution of macro- and micro-litter items along rocky and sandy beaches of a Marine Protected Area in the western Mediterranean Sea. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 178, 113520. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113520 Conti, I., Simioni, C., Varano, G., Brenna, C., Costanzi, E., & Neri, L. M. (2021). Legislation to limit the environmental plastic and microplastic pollution and their influence on human exposure. In Environmental Pollution (Vol. 288). Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117708 De Scisciolo, T., Mijts, E. N., Becker, T., & Eppinga, M. B. (2016). Beach debris on Aruba, Southern Caribbean: Attribution to local land-based and distal marine-based sources. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 106(1–2), 49–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.03.039 Derraik, J. G. B. (2002). The pollution of the marine environment by plastic debris: a review. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 44(9), 842–852. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-326X(02)00220-5 Diaz, J., & Geister, J. (1996). A field guide to the atolls and reefs of the Archipelago of San Andres and Providencia (Colombia). VIII International Coral Reef Symposium Volume: 1. Disponible en https://www.researchgate.net/publication/251231910_A_field_guide_to_the_atolls_and_reefs_of_the_Archipelago_of_San_Andres_and_Providencia_Colombia Dunlop, S. W., Dunlop, B. J., & Brown, M. (2020). Plastic pollution in paradise: Daily accumulation rates of marine litter on Cousine Island, Seychelles. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 151, 110803. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.110803 Endo, S., Takizawa, R., Okuda, K., Takada, H., Chiba, K., Kanehiro, H., Ogi, H., Yamashita, R., & Date, T. (2005). Concentration of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in beached resin pellets: Variability among individual particles and regional differences. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 50(10), 1103–1114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2005.04.030 Galgani, F., Brien, A. S., Weis, J., Ioakeimidis, C., Schuyler, Q., Makarenko, I., Griffiths, H., Bondareff, J., Vethaak, D., Deidun, A., Sobral, P., Topouzelis, K., Vlahos, P., Lana, F., Hassellov, M., Gerigny, O., Arsonina, B., Ambulkar, A., Azzaro, M., & Bebianno, M. J. (2021). Are litter, plastic and microplastic quantities increasing in the ocean? Microplastics and Nanoplastics, 1(1), 2. https://doi.org/10.1186/s43591-020-00002-8 Galgani, F., Hanke, G., Werner, S., Oosterbaan, L., Nilsson, P., Fleet, D., & Al., E. (2013). Monitoring guidance for marine litter in European Seas. https://circabc.europa.eu/w/browse/85264644-ef32-401b-b9f1-f640a1c459c2 Garcés-Ordóñez, O., Castillo-olaya, V. A., Granados-briceño, A. F., Blandón, L. M., & Espinosa, L. F. (2019). Marine litter and microplastic pollution on mangrove soils of the Ciénaga Grande de Santa Marta , Colombian Caribbean. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 145(2), 455–462. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.06.058 Garcés-Ordóñez, O., Espinosa Díaz, L. F., Pereira Cardoso, R., & Costa Muniz, M. (2020). The impact of tourism on marine litter pollution on Santa Marta beaches, Colombian Caribbean.Marine Pollution Bulletin, 160, 111558. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111558 Garcés-Ordóñez, O., Saldarriaga-Vélez, J. F., & Espinosa-Díaz, L. F. (2021). Marine litter pollution in mangrove forests from Providencia and Santa Catalina islands, after Hurricane IOTA path in the Colombian Caribbean. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 168(May). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112471 Gavio, B., Vargas-Llanos, J. P., & Mancera-Pineda, J. E. (2022). Trash in paradise : marine debris on the beaches of San Andrés Island, Seaflower Biosphere Reserve, Colombian Caribbean. Bulletin of Marine and Coastal Research, 1(June), 37–52. https://doi.org/10.25268/bimc.invemar.2022.51.1.996 GESAMP. (2015). Sources, fate and effects of MP in the marine environment. 98. www.imo.org Gola, D., Kumar Tyagi, P., Arya, A., Chauhan, N., Agarwal, M., Singh, S. K., & Gola, S. (2021). The impact of microplastics on marine environment: A review. In Environmental Nanotechnology, Monitoring and Management (Vol. 16). Elsevier B.V. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enmm.2021.100552 Grillo, A. C., & Mello, T. J. (2021). Marine debris in the Fernando de Noronha Archipelago, a remote oceanic marine protected area in tropical SW Atlantic. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 164, 112021. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112021 Guarderas, A. P., Hacker, S. D., & Lubchenco, J. (2008). Current Status of Marine Protected Areas in Latin America and the Caribbean. Conservation Biology, 22(6), 1630–1640. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2008.01023.x Guzzetti, E., Sureda, A., Tejada, S., & Faggio, C. (2018). Microplastic in marine organism: Environmental and toxicological effects. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology, 64, 164–171. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etap.2018.10.009 Hammer, Ø., Harper, D.A.T., Ryan, P.D., 2001. PAST: paleontological statistics software package for education and data analysis. Palaeontol. Electron. 4 (1) 9 pp. Hidalgo-Ruz, V., Honorato-Zimmer, D., Gatta-Rosemary, M., Nuñez, P., Hinojosa, I. A., & Thiel, M. (2018). Spatio-temporal variation of anthropogenic marine debris on Chilean beaches. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 126(July 2017), 516–524. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.11.014 Hidalgo-Ruz, V., Honorato-Zimmer, D., Gatta-Rosemary, M., Nuñez, P., Hinojosa, I. A., & Thiel, M. (2018). Spatio-temporal variation of anthropogenic marine debris on Chilean beaches. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 126(July 2017), 516–524. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.11.014 Høiberg, M. A., Woods, J. S., & Verones, F. (2022). Global distribution of potential impact hotspots for marine plastic debris entanglement. Ecological Indicators, 135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2021.108509 IDEAM, 2020. Comunicado especial No. 091: El huracán mayor ETA de categoría 4 muy proximo ´ a tocar tierra (3 de noviembre de 2020). http://www.pronosticosyalertas. gov.co/huracanes Invemar, & Coralina. (2012). Atlas de la reserva de Biosfera Seaflower. In Coralina. http://www.invemar.org.co/redcostera1/invemar/docs/10447AtlasSAISeaflower.pdf Ivar do Sul, J. A., & Costa, M. F. (2007). Marine debris review for Latin America and the Wider Caribbean Region: From the 1970s until now, and where do we go from here? Marine Pollution Bulletin, 54(8), 1087–1104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2007.05.004 Jambeck, J. R., Geyer, R., Wilcox, C., Narayan, R., & Law, K. L. (2015). Plastic waste inputs from land into the ocean. Science, September 2014, 768–771. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1260352 Kanhai, L. D. K., Asmath, H., & Gobin, J. F. (2022). The status of marine debris/litter and plastic pollution in the Caribbean Large Marine Ecosystem (CLME): 1980–2020. In Environmental Pollution (Vol. 300). Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2022.118919 Kawabe, L. A., Ghilardi-Lopes, N. P., Turra, A., & Wyles, K. J. (2022). Citizen science in marine litter research: A review. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 182, 114011. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.114011 Kiessling, T., Salas, S., Mutafoglu, K., & Thiel, M. (2017). Who cares about dirty beaches? Evaluating environmental awareness and action on coastal litter in Chile. Ocean & Coastal Management, 137, 82–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2016.11.029 Kühn, S., & van Franeker, J. A. (2020). Quantitative overview of marine debris ingested by marine megafauna. In Marine Pollution Bulletin (Vol. 151). Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.110858 Kühn, S., Bravo, E. L. R., & Franeker, J. A. van. (2015). Deleterious Effects of Litter on Marine Life. In M. Bergmann, L. Gutow, & M. Klages (Eds.), Marine Anthropogenic Litter (pp. 9–14). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16510-3 Lallemand, S., Lehu, R., Rétif, F., Hsu, S. K., Babonneau, N., Ratzov, G., Bassetti, M. A., Dezileau, L., Hsieh, M. L., & Dominguez, S. (2016). A ∼ 3000 years-old sequence of extreme events revealed by marine and shore deposits east of Taiwan. Tectonophysics, 692, 325–341. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2015.11.001 Lavers, J. L., & Bond, A. L. (2017). Exceptional and rapid accumulation of anthropogenic debris on one of the world’s most remote and pristine islands. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 114(23), 6052–6055. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1619818114 Lincoln, S., Andrews, B., Birchenough, S. N. R., Chowdhury, P., Engelhard, G. H., Harrod, O., Pinnegar, J. K., & Townhill, B. L. (2022). Marine litter and climate change: Inextricably connected threats to the world’s oceans. In Science of the Total Environment (Vol. 837). Elsevier B.V. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155709 Lo, H. S., Lee, Y. K., Po, B. H. K., Wong, L. C., Xu, X., Wong, C. F., Wong, C. Y., Tam, N. F. Y., & Cheung, S. G. (2020a). Impacts of Typhoon Mangkhut in 2018 on the deposition of marine debris and microplastics on beaches in Hong Kong. Science of the Total Environment, 716. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137172 Lo, H. S., Lee, Y. K., Po, B. H. K., Wong, L. C., Xu, X., Wong, C. F., Wong, C. Y., Tam, N. F. Y., & Cheung, S. G. (2020b). Impacts of Typhoon Mangkhut in 2018 on the deposition of marine debris and microplastics on beaches in Hong Kong. Science of the Total Environment, 716. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137172 Lo, H.-S., Lee, Y.-K., Po, B. H.-K., Wong, L.-C., Xu, X., Wong, C.-F., Wong, C.-Y., Tam, N. F.-Y., & Cheung, S.-G. (2020). Impacts of Typhoon Mangkhut in 2018 on the deposition of marine debris and microplastics on beaches in Hong Kong. Science of The Total Environment, 716, 137172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137172 Lusher, A. L., McHugh, M., & Thompson, R. C. (2013). Occurrence of microplastics in the gastrointestinal tract of pelagic and demersal fish from the English Channel. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 67(1–2), 94–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2012.11.028 Martin Thiel, Macarena Bravo, Iván A. Hinojosa, Guillermo Luna, Leonardo Miranda, Paloma Núñez, Aldo S. Pacheco, & Nelson Vásquez. (2011). Anthropogenic litter in the SE Pacific: an overview of the problem and possible solutions. Journal of Integrated Coastal Zone Management, 11(1), 115–134. Matiddi, M., Hochsheid, S., Camedda, A., Baini, M., Cocumelli, C., Serena, F., Tomassetti, P., Travaglini, A., Marra, S., Campani, T., Scholl, F., Mancusi, C., Amato, E., Briguglio, P., Maffucci, F., Fossi, M. C., Bentivegna, F., & de Lucia, G. A. (2017). Loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta): A target species for monitoring litter ingested by marine organisms in the Mediterranean Sea. Environmental Pollution, 230, 199–209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2017.06.054 Mestanza, C., Botero, C. M., Anfuso, G., Chica-Ruiz, J. A., Pranzini, E., & Mooser, A. (2019). Beach litter in Ecuador and the Galapagos islands: A baseline to enhance environmental conservation and sustainable beach tourism. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 140(February), 573–578. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.02.003 Mestanza, C., Botero, C. M., Anfuso, G., Chica-Ruiz, J. A., Pranzini, E., & Mooser, A. (2019). Beach litter in Ecuador and the Galapagos islands: A baseline to enhance environmental conservation and sustainable beach tourism. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 140(February), 573–578. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.02.003 Mishra, P., Kaviarasan, T., Sambandam, M., Dhineka, K., Murthy, M. V. R., Iyengar, G., Singh, J., & Ravichandran, M. (2023). Assessment of national beach litter composition, sources, and management along the Indian coast - a citizen science approach. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.114405 Molar, R. (2021). Tras los históricos huracanes Eta e Iota, la NASA ayuda a preparar a Centroamérica para los próximos desastres. www.nasa.org Monteiro, R. C. P., Ivar do Sul, J. A., & Costa, M. F. (2018). Plastic pollution in islands of the Atlantic Ocean. Environmental Pollution, 238, 103–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2018.01.096 Mosquera, W., Correa, M., Murcia, M. y Ricaurte, C. (2020). INCREMENTOS DEL OLEAJE EN LA ZONA DEL ARCHIPIÉLAGO DURANTE EL PASO DEL HURACÁN IOTA. www.org.gov.co. Orr, M., Zimmer, M., Jelinski, D. E., & Mews, M. (2005). Wrack Deposition On Different Beach Types: Spatial And Temporal Variation In The Pattern Of Subsidy. Ecology, 86(6), 1496–1507. https://doi.org/10.1890/04-1486 OSPAR. (2010). Guideline for Monitoring Marine Litter on the Beaches in the OSPAR Maritime Area. https://www.ospar.org/ospar-data/10-02e_beachlitter guideline_english only.pdf Pelamatti, T., Fonseca-Ponce, I. A., Rios-Mendoza, L. M., Stewart, J. D., Marín-Enríquez, E., Marmolejo-Rodriguez, A. J., Hoyos-Padilla, E. M., Galván-Magaña, F., & González-Armas, R. (2019). Seasonal variation in the abundance of marine plastic debris in Banderas Bay, Mexico. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 145, 604–610. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.06.062 Pitacco, V., Orlando-Bonaca, M., & Avio, C. G. (2022). 4 - Plastic impact on marine benthic organisms and food webs. In G. Bonanno & M. Orlando-Bonaca (Eds.), Plastic Pollution and Marine Conservation (pp. 95–151). Academic Press. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-822471-7.00007-9 Portz, L., Manzolli, R. P., & Garzon, N. (2018). Management priorities in San Andres Island beaches, Colombia: associated risks. Journal of Coastal Research, 85(Figure 1), 1421–1425. https://doi.org/10.2112/si85-285.1 Portz, L., Manzolli, R. P., & Ivar do Sul, J. A. (2011). Marine debris on Rio Grande do Sul north coast, Brazil: spatial and temporal patterns. Revista de Gestão Costeira Integrada, 11(1), 41–48. https://doi.org/10.5894/rgci187 Portz, L., Manzolli, R. P., Vasquez, G., Laiton, L., Villate, D. A., & Ivar, J. A. (2020). Marine litter arrived : Distribution and potential sources on an unpopulated atoll in the Sea fl ower Biosphere Reserve , Caribbean Sea. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 157(April), 111323. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111323 Portz, L., Manzolli, R. P., Villate-Daza, D. A., & Fontán-Bouzas, Á. (2022). Where does marine litter hide? The Providencia and Santa Catalina Island problem, SEAFLOWER Reserve (Colombia). Science of the Total Environment, 813, 151878. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151878 Rangel-Buitrago, N., Gracia C., A., Velez-Mendoza, A., Carvajal-Florián, A., Mojica-Martinez, L., & Neal, W. J. (2019). Where did this refuse come from? Marine anthropogenic litter on a remote island of the Colombian Caribbean sea. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 149(October), 110611. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.110611 Rangel-Buitrago, N., Mendoza, A. V., Mantilla-Barbosa, E., Arroyo-Olarte, H., Arana, V. A., Trilleras, J., Gracia C, A., Neal, W. J., & Williams, A. T. (2021). Plastic pollution on the Colombian central Caribbean beaches. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 162(September 2020), 111837. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111837 Rangel-Buitrago, N., Velez-Mendoza, A., Gracia C., A., & Neal, W. J. (2020). The impact of anthropogenic litter on Colombia’s central Caribbean beaches. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 152, 110909. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.110909 Rech, S., Macaya-Caquilpán, V., Pantoja, J. F., Rivadeneira, M. M., Jofre Madariaga, D., & Thiel, M. (2014). Rivers as a source of marine litter - A study from the SE Pacific. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 82(1–2), 66–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.03.019 Schmuck, A. M., Lavers, J. L., Stuckenbrock, S., Sharp, P. B., & Bond, A. L. (2017). Geophysical features influence the accumulation of beach debris on Caribbean islands. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 121(1–2), 45–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.05.043 Shaw, E. J., & Turner, A. (2019). Recycled electronic plastic and marine litter. Science of the Total Environment, 694. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133644 Sheavly, S. B., & Register, K. M. (2007). Marine Debris & Plastics: Environmental Concerns, Sources, Impacts and Solutions. Journal of Polymers and the Environment, 15(4), 301–305. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-007-0074-3 Sibaja-Cordero, J. A., & Gómez-Ramírez, E. H. (2022). Marine litter on sandy beaches with different human uses and waste management along the Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 175, 113392. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113392 Sivadas, S. K., Mishra, P., Kaviarasan, T., Sambandam, M., Dhineka, K., Murthy, M. V. R., Nayak, S., Sivyer, D., & Hoehn, D. (2022). Litter and plastic monitoring in the Indian marine environment: A review of current research, policies, waste management, and a roadmap for multidisciplinary action. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 176, 113424. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113424 Stewart, S. R. (2021). National Hurricane Center Tropical Cyclone Report. Hurricane Iota (AL312020). National Hurricane Center 18 May 2021. Disponible en https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/AL312020_Iota.pdf Stöfen-O’Brien, A., Ambrose, K. K., Alleyne, K. S. T., Lovell, T. A., & Graham, R. E. D. (2022). Parachute science through a regional lens: Marine litter research in the Caribbean Small Island Developing States and the challenge of extra-regional research. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.113291 Storrier, K. L., & McGlashan, D. J. (2006). Development and management of a coastal litter campaign: The voluntary coastal partnership approach. Marine Policy, 30(2), 189–196. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2005.01.002 Thushari, G. G. N., & Senevirathna, J. D. M. (2020). Plastic pollution in the marine environment. In Heliyon (Vol. 6, Issue 8). Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04709 UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme) (2005). Marine Litter An analytical overview. www.unep.orgweb:www.unep.org UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme) (2009). Guidelines on Survey and Monitoring of Marine Litter (Regional S). United Nations Environment Programme / Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission. UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme), 2021. From Pollution to Solution. A Global Assessment of Marine Litter and Plastic Pollution. Nairobi, Kenya. https ://www.unep.org/resources/pollution-solution-global-assessment-marine-litter-an d-plastic-pollution Wang, J., Lu, L., Wang, M., Jiang, T., Liu, X., & Ru, S. (2019). Typhoons increase the abundance of microplastics in the marine environment and cultured organisms: A case study in Sanggou Bay, China. Science of The Total Environment, 667, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.367 Wilcox, C., van Sebille, E., & Hardesty, B. D. (2015). Threat of plastic pollution to seabirds is global, pervasive, and increasing. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 112(38), 11899–11904. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1502108112 Williams, A. T., & Rangel-Buitrago, N. (2022). The past, present, and future of plastic pollution. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113429 Williams, A. T., Rangel-Buitrago, N. G., Anfuso, G., Cervantes, O., & Botero, C. M. (2016). Litter impacts on scenery and tourism on the Colombian north Caribbean coast. Tourism Management, 55, 209–224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2016.02.008 Yin, C. S. U., Chai, Y. E. E. J., Danielle, C., Yusri, Y., & Barry, J. (2020). ANTHROPOGENIC MARINE DEBRIS ACCUMULATION IN MANGROVES ON PENANG ISLAND , MALAYSIA. Journal of Sustainability Science and Management, 15(6), 36–60.
dc.rights.license.spa.fl_str_mv	Atribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)
dc.rights.uri.spa.fl_str_mv	https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
dc.rights.accessrights.spa.fl_str_mv	info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
dc.rights.coar.spa.fl_str_mv	http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
rights_invalid_str_mv	Atribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
eu_rights_str_mv	openAccess
dc.format.extent.spa.fl_str_mv	82 páginas
dc.format.mimetype.spa.fl_str_mv	application/pdf
dc.coverage.region.none.fl_str_mv	Providencia Santa Catalina
dc.publisher.spa.fl_str_mv	Corporación Universidad de la Costa
dc.publisher.department.spa.fl_str_mv	Civil y Ambiental
dc.publisher.place.spa.fl_str_mv	Barranquilla, Colombia
dc.publisher.program.spa.fl_str_mv	Maestría de Investigación en Desarrollo Sostenible MIDES
institution	Corporación Universidad de la Costa
bitstream.url.fl_str_mv	https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/154900de-64ee-40e1-9273-5d9bd673f5f1/download https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/151184e1-9dda-4e7c-816e-4fdc41b0971c/download https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/c312e415-1ca2-4f29-a44f-a1cec5c94d0f/download https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/f24e9fdb-e12a-418b-95e7-f884615b15bf/download
bitstream.checksum.fl_str_mv	4b9f5da17a996ac23c746042c7246757 2f9959eaf5b71fae44bbf9ec84150c7a cc7cb119140671f4db41d6200705d1e4 4764fede8cc5fdc9b0ebca0fddf37d92
bitstream.checksumAlgorithm.fl_str_mv	MD5 MD5 MD5 MD5
repository.name.fl_str_mv	Repositorio de la Universidad de la Costa CUC
repository.mail.fl_str_mv	repdigital@cuc.edu.co
_version_	1811760854847193088
spelling	Atribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Manzolli, Rogerio PortantioloPortz, LuanaMurgas Vargas, Ana HelenaFontan Bouzas, AngelaCamboim Rockett, GabrielaCanales Vega, Fausto2023-09-12T15:10:32Z2023-09-12T15:10:32Z2023https://hdl.handle.net/11323/10479Corporación Universidad de la CostaREDICUC - Repositorio CUChttps://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/The islands of Providencia and Santa Catalina are located in the Colombian Caribbean Sea and are highly representative of their biodiversity, coral reef and mangrove ecosystems. They are situated within the Seaflower Biosphere Reserve. This study aims to understand the distribution and quantities of marine litter on the beaches and mangroves of the islands, as well as the impacts of currents from Hurricane Iota. 32 points were used as reference, including mangroves, beaches (touristic and non-touristic/sand and gravel) and post-beach areas with vegetation. The investigation of marine litter followed established international protocols and quantified the waste in items per square meter. The results show that the tourist beaches remain in better condition than the non-tourist ones, resulting from human intervention framed in the use of the beach and the final disposal of waste. On the other hand, the passage of Hurricane Iota significantly altered the distribution of marine litter in some areas, with an increase of waste on touristic beaches (sand) and a decrease in post-beach areas with vegetation and mangroves. An increase in the number of marine litter items on touristic sandy beaches occurred due to the arrival of marine litter through coastal dynamics and the redistribution of marine litter present in the post-beach area. The mangrove sector showed a reduction in the number of marine litter items, which may be linked to factors such as vegetation degradation and possible redistribution of marine litter present due to coastal/marine dynamics and cleaning actions during the recovery processes of this ecosystem post-emergency. In the near future, an increase in the frequency and strength of extreme weather events is predicted, as well as an increase in the amount of plastic waste ending up in the sea. Therefore, continuous and long-term research is necessary.Las islas de Providencia y Santa Catalina están localizadas en el Mar Caribe colombiano, siendo muy representativa por su biodiversidad, ecosistemas de arrecifes de coral y manglares. Su ubicación se encuentra en la Reserva de la Biosfera Seaflower. Este estudio se centraliza en conocer la distribución y cantidades de la basura marina en las playas y manglares de las islas, sumado a los impactos de corrientes del paso del huracán Iota. Fueron tomando como referencia 32 puntos: manglar, playa (turística y no turística/arena y grava) y pos-playa con presencia de vegetación. La investigación de la basura marina se llevó a cabo siguiendo los protocolos establecidos en la literatura internacional y cuantificando los residuos en items por metros cuadrado. Los resultados demuestran que las playas turísticas permanecen en mejor estado que las no turísticas, siendo esto el resultado de la intervención humana enmarcadas en el uso y ocupación de la playa y la disposición final de residuos. Por otro lado, el paso del huracán Iota alteró significativamente la distribución de la basura marina en algunos sectores, con un aumento de residuos en las playas turísticas (constituidas de arena), y una disminución en la pos-playa con vegetación y los manglares. Un aumento en el número de residuos, en las playas de arena turísticas ocurrió por la llegada de residuos por la dinámica costera y por la su redistribución de los residuos presentes en la pos-playa. El sector de manglar mostró una reducción en el número de residuos que puede estar vinculado a factores como la degradación de la vegetación y una posible redistribución de los residuos que estaban presentes, por la dinámica costera/marina y por las acciones de limpieza desarrolladas durante los procesos de recuperación de este ecosistema en la post-emergencia. En el futuro cercano, se pronostica que habrá un incremento en la frecuencia y fuerza de los eventos climáticos extremos, así como en la cantidad de desechos plásticos que terminan en el mar. Por lo tanto, es necesario que se dedique más investigación continuada y de largo plazo.Lista de figuras 10 -- Lista de tablas 11 -- INTRODUCCIÓN 11 -- Planteamiento del Problema 13 -- Hipótesis 16 -- Pregunta de Investigación 16 -- Objetivos de la investigación 17 -- Objetivo general 17 -- Objetivos específicos 17 -- MARCO TEÓRICO Y ESTADO DEL ARTE 17 -- Marco Teórico 17 -- Basura Marina 18 -- Basura en el Mar Caribe 19 -- Basura Marina en Islas 21 -- Estado Del Arte 23 -- MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS DE INVESTIGACIÓN 29 -- Descripción del área de estudio 29 -- Características del Huracán Iota 32 -- Etapas y fases de la investigación 33 -- Colecta de datos 33 -- Clasificación y cuantificación 36 -- RESULTADOS 38 -- Artículos de basura: composición y materiales. 42 -- Comparación entre 2019 y 2021 46 -- DISCUSIONES 53 -- Fuentes y tipos de basura marina 53 -- Impacto del huracán Iota sobre la presencia y distribución de la basura marina – resultados comparativos entre las Expediciones Seaflower 2019 y 2021 57 -- Gestión de la basura marina en islas 59 -- CONCLUSIONES 64 -- RECOMENDACIONES 66 -- REFERENCIAS 68 --Magíster en Investigación en Desarrollo Sostenible MIDESMaestría82 páginasapplication/pdfspaCorporación Universidad de la CostaCivil y AmbientalBarranquilla, ColombiaMaestría de Investigación en Desarrollo Sostenible MIDESLos desafíos de los huracanes y la basura marina en islas. Estudio del huracán Iota en Providencia y Santa CatalinaTrabajo de grado - MaestríaTextinfo:eu-repo/semantics/masterThesishttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/TMinfo:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersionProvidenciaSanta CatalinaAgamuthu, P., & Herat, S. (2014). Sustainable waste management in Small Island Developing States (SIDS). Waste Management & Research: The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy, 32(8), 681–682. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242X14544869Aguilera, M. A., Broitman, B. R., & Thiel, M. (2016). Artificial breakwaters as garbage bins: Structural complexity enhances anthropogenic litter accumulation in marine intertidal habitats. Environmental Pollution, 214, 737–747. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2016.04.058Alzugaray, L., di Martino, M., Beltramino, L., Rowntree, V. J., Sironi, M., & Uhart, M. M. (2020). Anthropogenic debris in the digestive tract of a southern right whale (Eubalaena australis) stranded in Golfo Nuevo, Argentina. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111738Ambrose, K. K., Box, C., Boxall, J., Brooks, A., Eriksen, M., Fabres, J., Fylakis, G., & Walker, T. R. (2019). Spatial trends and drivers of marine debris accumulation on shorelines in South Eleuthera, The Bahamas using citizen science. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 142(January), 145–154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.03.036Audrézet, F., Zaiko, A., Lear, G., Wood, S. A., Tremblay, L. A., & Pochon, X. (2021). Biosecurity implications of drifting marine plastic debris: Current knowledge and future research. In Marine Pollution Bulletin (Vol. 162). Elsevier Ltd.Barnes, D. K. A., Galgani, F., Thompson, R. C., & Barlaz, M. (2009). Accumulation and fragmentation of plastic debris in global environments. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 364(1526), 1985–1998. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2008.0205Barouta, D., Alassali, A., Picuno, C., Bruno, M., Syranidou, E., Fiore, S., & Kuchta, K. (2022). E-plastics in a circular economy: A comprehensive regulatory review. In Journal of Cleaner Production (Vol. 355). Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.131711Bijsterveldt, C. E. J. van, Wesenbeeck, B. K. van, Ramadhani, S., Raven, O. v, Gool, F. E. van, Pribadi, R., & Bouma, T. J. (2021). Does plastic waste kill mangroves? A field experiment to assess the impact of macro plastics on mangrove growth, stress response and survival. Science of the Total Environment, 756, 143826. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143826Binetti, U., Silburn, B., Russell, J., van Hoytema, N., Meakins, B., Kohler, P., Desender, M., Preston-Whyte, F., Fa’abasu, E., Maniel, M., & Maes, T. (2020). First marine litter survey on beaches in Solomon Islands and Vanuatu, South Pacific: Using OSPAR protocol to inform the development of national action plans to tackle land-based solid waste pollution. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 161, 111827. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111827Brown, T. M., & Takada, H. (2017). Indicators of Marine Pollution in the North Pacific Ocean. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 73(2), 171–175. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-017-0424-7Campani, T., Baini, M., Giannetti, M., Cancelli, F., Mancusi, C., Serena, F., Marsili, L., Casini, S., & Fossi, M. C. (2013). Presence of plastic debris in loggerhead turtle stranded along the Tuscany coasts of the Pelagos Sanctuary for Mediterranean Marine Mammals (Italy). Marine Pollution Bulletin, 74(1), 225–230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.06.053 CCO. (2015). Aportes al conocimiento de la Reserva de Biosfera Seaflower. Comisión Colombiana del OcéanoChiu, C. C., Liao, C. P., Kuo, T. C., & Huang, H. W. (2020). Using citizen science to investigate the spatial-temporal distribution of floating marine litter in the waters around Taiwan. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111301Compa, M., Alomar, C., Morató, M., Álvarez, E., & Deudero, S. (2022). Spatial distribution of macro- and micro-litter items along rocky and sandy beaches of a Marine Protected Area in the western Mediterranean Sea. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113520Compa, M., Alomar, C., Morató, M., Álvarez, E., & Deudero, S. (2022). Spatial distribution of macro- and micro-litter items along rocky and sandy beaches of a Marine Protected Area in the western Mediterranean Sea. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 178, 113520. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113520Conti, I., Simioni, C., Varano, G., Brenna, C., Costanzi, E., & Neri, L. M. (2021). Legislation to limit the environmental plastic and microplastic pollution and their influence on human exposure. In Environmental Pollution (Vol. 288). Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117708De Scisciolo, T., Mijts, E. N., Becker, T., & Eppinga, M. B. (2016). Beach debris on Aruba, Southern Caribbean: Attribution to local land-based and distal marine-based sources. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 106(1–2), 49–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.03.039Derraik, J. G. B. (2002). The pollution of the marine environment by plastic debris: a review. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 44(9), 842–852. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-326X(02)00220-5Diaz, J., & Geister, J. (1996). A field guide to the atolls and reefs of the Archipelago of San Andres and Providencia (Colombia). VIII International Coral Reef Symposium Volume: 1. Disponible en https://www.researchgate.net/publication/251231910_A_field_guide_to_the_atolls_and_reefs_of_the_Archipelago_of_San_Andres_and_Providencia_ColombiaDunlop, S. W., Dunlop, B. J., & Brown, M. (2020). Plastic pollution in paradise: Daily accumulation rates of marine litter on Cousine Island, Seychelles. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 151, 110803. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.110803Endo, S., Takizawa, R., Okuda, K., Takada, H., Chiba, K., Kanehiro, H., Ogi, H., Yamashita, R., & Date, T. (2005). Concentration of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in beached resin pellets: Variability among individual particles and regional differences. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 50(10), 1103–1114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2005.04.030Galgani, F., Brien, A. S., Weis, J., Ioakeimidis, C., Schuyler, Q., Makarenko, I., Griffiths, H., Bondareff, J., Vethaak, D., Deidun, A., Sobral, P., Topouzelis, K., Vlahos, P., Lana, F., Hassellov, M., Gerigny, O., Arsonina, B., Ambulkar, A., Azzaro, M., & Bebianno, M. J. (2021). Are litter, plastic and microplastic quantities increasing in the ocean? Microplastics and Nanoplastics, 1(1), 2. https://doi.org/10.1186/s43591-020-00002-8Galgani, F., Hanke, G., Werner, S., Oosterbaan, L., Nilsson, P., Fleet, D., & Al., E. (2013). Monitoring guidance for marine litter in European Seas. https://circabc.europa.eu/w/browse/85264644-ef32-401b-b9f1-f640a1c459c2Garcés-Ordóñez, O., Castillo-olaya, V. A., Granados-briceño, A. F., Blandón, L. M., & Espinosa, L. F. (2019). Marine litter and microplastic pollution on mangrove soils of the Ciénaga Grande de Santa Marta , Colombian Caribbean. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 145(2), 455–462. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.06.058Garcés-Ordóñez, O., Espinosa Díaz, L. F., Pereira Cardoso, R., & Costa Muniz, M. (2020). The impact of tourism on marine litter pollution on Santa Marta beaches, Colombian Caribbean.Marine Pollution Bulletin, 160, 111558. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111558Garcés-Ordóñez, O., Saldarriaga-Vélez, J. F., & Espinosa-Díaz, L. F. (2021). Marine litter pollution in mangrove forests from Providencia and Santa Catalina islands, after Hurricane IOTA path in the Colombian Caribbean. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 168(May). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112471Gavio, B., Vargas-Llanos, J. P., & Mancera-Pineda, J. E. (2022). Trash in paradise : marine debris on the beaches of San Andrés Island, Seaflower Biosphere Reserve, Colombian Caribbean. Bulletin of Marine and Coastal Research, 1(June), 37–52. https://doi.org/10.25268/bimc.invemar.2022.51.1.996GESAMP. (2015). Sources, fate and effects of MP in the marine environment. 98. www.imo.orgGola, D., Kumar Tyagi, P., Arya, A., Chauhan, N., Agarwal, M., Singh, S. K., & Gola, S. (2021). The impact of microplastics on marine environment: A review. In Environmental Nanotechnology, Monitoring and Management (Vol. 16). Elsevier B.V. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enmm.2021.100552Grillo, A. C., & Mello, T. J. (2021). Marine debris in the Fernando de Noronha Archipelago, a remote oceanic marine protected area in tropical SW Atlantic. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 164, 112021. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112021Guarderas, A. P., Hacker, S. D., & Lubchenco, J. (2008). Current Status of Marine Protected Areas in Latin America and the Caribbean. Conservation Biology, 22(6), 1630–1640. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2008.01023.xGuzzetti, E., Sureda, A., Tejada, S., & Faggio, C. (2018). Microplastic in marine organism: Environmental and toxicological effects. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology, 64, 164–171. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etap.2018.10.009Hammer, Ø., Harper, D.A.T., Ryan, P.D., 2001. PAST: paleontological statistics software package for education and data analysis. Palaeontol. Electron. 4 (1) 9 pp.Hidalgo-Ruz, V., Honorato-Zimmer, D., Gatta-Rosemary, M., Nuñez, P., Hinojosa, I. A., & Thiel, M. (2018). Spatio-temporal variation of anthropogenic marine debris on Chilean beaches. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 126(July 2017), 516–524. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.11.014Hidalgo-Ruz, V., Honorato-Zimmer, D., Gatta-Rosemary, M., Nuñez, P., Hinojosa, I. A., & Thiel, M. (2018). Spatio-temporal variation of anthropogenic marine debris on Chilean beaches. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 126(July 2017), 516–524. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.11.014Høiberg, M. A., Woods, J. S., & Verones, F. (2022). Global distribution of potential impact hotspots for marine plastic debris entanglement. Ecological Indicators, 135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2021.108509IDEAM, 2020. Comunicado especial No. 091: El huracán mayor ETA de categoría 4 muy proximo ´ a tocar tierra (3 de noviembre de 2020). http://www.pronosticosyalertas. gov.co/huracanesInvemar, & Coralina. (2012). Atlas de la reserva de Biosfera Seaflower. In Coralina. http://www.invemar.org.co/redcostera1/invemar/docs/10447AtlasSAISeaflower.pdfIvar do Sul, J. A., & Costa, M. F. (2007). Marine debris review for Latin America and the Wider Caribbean Region: From the 1970s until now, and where do we go from here? Marine Pollution Bulletin, 54(8), 1087–1104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2007.05.004Jambeck, J. R., Geyer, R., Wilcox, C., Narayan, R., & Law, K. L. (2015). Plastic waste inputs from land into the ocean. Science, September 2014, 768–771. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1260352Kanhai, L. D. K., Asmath, H., & Gobin, J. F. (2022). The status of marine debris/litter and plastic pollution in the Caribbean Large Marine Ecosystem (CLME): 1980–2020. In Environmental Pollution (Vol. 300). Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2022.118919Kawabe, L. A., Ghilardi-Lopes, N. P., Turra, A., & Wyles, K. J. (2022). Citizen science in marine litter research: A review. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 182, 114011. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.114011Kiessling, T., Salas, S., Mutafoglu, K., & Thiel, M. (2017). Who cares about dirty beaches? Evaluating environmental awareness and action on coastal litter in Chile. Ocean & Coastal Management, 137, 82–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2016.11.029Kühn, S., & van Franeker, J. A. (2020). Quantitative overview of marine debris ingested by marine megafauna. In Marine Pollution Bulletin (Vol. 151). Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.110858Kühn, S., Bravo, E. L. R., & Franeker, J. A. van. (2015). Deleterious Effects of Litter on Marine Life. In M. Bergmann, L. Gutow, & M. Klages (Eds.), Marine Anthropogenic Litter (pp. 9–14). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16510-3Lallemand, S., Lehu, R., Rétif, F., Hsu, S. K., Babonneau, N., Ratzov, G., Bassetti, M. A., Dezileau, L., Hsieh, M. L., & Dominguez, S. (2016). A ∼ 3000 years-old sequence of extreme events revealed by marine and shore deposits east of Taiwan. Tectonophysics, 692, 325–341. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2015.11.001Lavers, J. L., & Bond, A. L. (2017). Exceptional and rapid accumulation of anthropogenic debris on one of the world’s most remote and pristine islands. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 114(23), 6052–6055. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1619818114Lincoln, S., Andrews, B., Birchenough, S. N. R., Chowdhury, P., Engelhard, G. H., Harrod, O., Pinnegar, J. K., & Townhill, B. L. (2022). Marine litter and climate change: Inextricably connected threats to the world’s oceans. In Science of the Total Environment (Vol. 837). Elsevier B.V. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155709Lo, H. S., Lee, Y. K., Po, B. H. K., Wong, L. C., Xu, X., Wong, C. F., Wong, C. Y., Tam, N. F. Y., & Cheung, S. G. (2020a). Impacts of Typhoon Mangkhut in 2018 on the deposition of marine debris and microplastics on beaches in Hong Kong. Science of the Total Environment, 716. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137172Lo, H. S., Lee, Y. K., Po, B. H. K., Wong, L. C., Xu, X., Wong, C. F., Wong, C. Y., Tam, N. F. Y., & Cheung, S. G. (2020b). Impacts of Typhoon Mangkhut in 2018 on the deposition of marine debris and microplastics on beaches in Hong Kong. Science of the Total Environment, 716. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137172Lo, H.-S., Lee, Y.-K., Po, B. H.-K., Wong, L.-C., Xu, X., Wong, C.-F., Wong, C.-Y., Tam, N. F.-Y., & Cheung, S.-G. (2020). Impacts of Typhoon Mangkhut in 2018 on the deposition of marine debris and microplastics on beaches in Hong Kong. Science of The Total Environment, 716, 137172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137172Lusher, A. L., McHugh, M., & Thompson, R. C. (2013). Occurrence of microplastics in the gastrointestinal tract of pelagic and demersal fish from the English Channel. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 67(1–2), 94–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2012.11.028Martin Thiel, Macarena Bravo, Iván A. Hinojosa, Guillermo Luna, Leonardo Miranda, Paloma Núñez, Aldo S. Pacheco, & Nelson Vásquez. (2011). Anthropogenic litter in the SE Pacific: an overview of the problem and possible solutions. Journal of Integrated Coastal Zone Management, 11(1), 115–134.Matiddi, M., Hochsheid, S., Camedda, A., Baini, M., Cocumelli, C., Serena, F., Tomassetti, P., Travaglini, A., Marra, S., Campani, T., Scholl, F., Mancusi, C., Amato, E., Briguglio, P., Maffucci, F., Fossi, M. C., Bentivegna, F., & de Lucia, G. A. (2017). Loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta): A target species for monitoring litter ingested by marine organisms in the Mediterranean Sea. Environmental Pollution, 230, 199–209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2017.06.054Mestanza, C., Botero, C. M., Anfuso, G., Chica-Ruiz, J. A., Pranzini, E., & Mooser, A. (2019). Beach litter in Ecuador and the Galapagos islands: A baseline to enhance environmental conservation and sustainable beach tourism. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 140(February), 573–578. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.02.003Mestanza, C., Botero, C. M., Anfuso, G., Chica-Ruiz, J. A., Pranzini, E., & Mooser, A. (2019). Beach litter in Ecuador and the Galapagos islands: A baseline to enhance environmental conservation and sustainable beach tourism. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 140(February), 573–578. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.02.003Mishra, P., Kaviarasan, T., Sambandam, M., Dhineka, K., Murthy, M. V. R., Iyengar, G., Singh, J., & Ravichandran, M. (2023). Assessment of national beach litter composition, sources, and management along the Indian coast - a citizen science approach. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.114405Molar, R. (2021). Tras los históricos huracanes Eta e Iota, la NASA ayuda a preparar a Centroamérica para los próximos desastres. www.nasa.orgMonteiro, R. C. P., Ivar do Sul, J. A., & Costa, M. F. (2018). Plastic pollution in islands of the Atlantic Ocean. Environmental Pollution, 238, 103–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2018.01.096Mosquera, W., Correa, M., Murcia, M. y Ricaurte, C. (2020). INCREMENTOS DEL OLEAJE EN LA ZONA DEL ARCHIPIÉLAGO DURANTE EL PASO DEL HURACÁN IOTA. www.org.gov.co.Orr, M., Zimmer, M., Jelinski, D. E., & Mews, M. (2005). Wrack Deposition On Different Beach Types: Spatial And Temporal Variation In The Pattern Of Subsidy. Ecology, 86(6), 1496–1507. https://doi.org/10.1890/04-1486OSPAR. (2010). Guideline for Monitoring Marine Litter on the Beaches in the OSPAR Maritime Area. https://www.ospar.org/ospar-data/10-02e_beachlitter guideline_english only.pdfPelamatti, T., Fonseca-Ponce, I. A., Rios-Mendoza, L. M., Stewart, J. D., Marín-Enríquez, E., Marmolejo-Rodriguez, A. J., Hoyos-Padilla, E. M., Galván-Magaña, F., & González-Armas, R. (2019). Seasonal variation in the abundance of marine plastic debris in Banderas Bay, Mexico. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 145, 604–610. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.06.062Pitacco, V., Orlando-Bonaca, M., & Avio, C. G. (2022). 4 - Plastic impact on marine benthic organisms and food webs. In G. Bonanno & M. Orlando-Bonaca (Eds.), Plastic Pollution and Marine Conservation (pp. 95–151). Academic Press. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-822471-7.00007-9Portz, L., Manzolli, R. P., & Garzon, N. (2018). Management priorities in San Andres Island beaches, Colombia: associated risks. Journal of Coastal Research, 85(Figure 1), 1421–1425. https://doi.org/10.2112/si85-285.1Portz, L., Manzolli, R. P., & Ivar do Sul, J. A. (2011). Marine debris on Rio Grande do Sul north coast, Brazil: spatial and temporal patterns. Revista de Gestão Costeira Integrada, 11(1), 41–48. https://doi.org/10.5894/rgci187Portz, L., Manzolli, R. P., Vasquez, G., Laiton, L., Villate, D. A., & Ivar, J. A. (2020). Marine litter arrived : Distribution and potential sources on an unpopulated atoll in the Sea fl ower Biosphere Reserve , Caribbean Sea. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 157(April), 111323. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111323Portz, L., Manzolli, R. P., Villate-Daza, D. A., & Fontán-Bouzas, Á. (2022). Where does marine litter hide? The Providencia and Santa Catalina Island problem, SEAFLOWER Reserve (Colombia). Science of the Total Environment, 813, 151878. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151878Rangel-Buitrago, N., Gracia C., A., Velez-Mendoza, A., Carvajal-Florián, A., Mojica-Martinez, L., & Neal, W. J. (2019). Where did this refuse come from? Marine anthropogenic litter on a remote island of the Colombian Caribbean sea. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 149(October), 110611. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.110611Rangel-Buitrago, N., Mendoza, A. V., Mantilla-Barbosa, E., Arroyo-Olarte, H., Arana, V. A., Trilleras, J., Gracia C, A., Neal, W. J., & Williams, A. T. (2021). Plastic pollution on the Colombian central Caribbean beaches. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 162(September 2020), 111837. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111837Rangel-Buitrago, N., Velez-Mendoza, A., Gracia C., A., & Neal, W. J. (2020). The impact of anthropogenic litter on Colombia’s central Caribbean beaches. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 152, 110909. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.110909Rech, S., Macaya-Caquilpán, V., Pantoja, J. F., Rivadeneira, M. M., Jofre Madariaga, D., & Thiel, M. (2014). Rivers as a source of marine litter - A study from the SE Pacific. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 82(1–2), 66–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.03.019Schmuck, A. M., Lavers, J. L., Stuckenbrock, S., Sharp, P. B., & Bond, A. L. (2017). Geophysical features influence the accumulation of beach debris on Caribbean islands. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 121(1–2), 45–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.05.043Shaw, E. J., & Turner, A. (2019). Recycled electronic plastic and marine litter. Science of the Total Environment, 694. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133644Sheavly, S. B., & Register, K. M. (2007). Marine Debris & Plastics: Environmental Concerns, Sources, Impacts and Solutions. Journal of Polymers and the Environment, 15(4), 301–305. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-007-0074-3Sibaja-Cordero, J. A., & Gómez-Ramírez, E. H. (2022). Marine litter on sandy beaches with different human uses and waste management along the Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 175, 113392. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113392Sivadas, S. K., Mishra, P., Kaviarasan, T., Sambandam, M., Dhineka, K., Murthy, M. V. R., Nayak, S., Sivyer, D., & Hoehn, D. (2022). Litter and plastic monitoring in the Indian marine environment: A review of current research, policies, waste management, and a roadmap for multidisciplinary action. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 176, 113424. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113424Stewart, S. R. (2021). National Hurricane Center Tropical Cyclone Report. Hurricane Iota (AL312020). National Hurricane Center 18 May 2021. Disponible en https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/AL312020_Iota.pdfStöfen-O’Brien, A., Ambrose, K. K., Alleyne, K. S. T., Lovell, T. A., & Graham, R. E. D. (2022). Parachute science through a regional lens: Marine litter research in the Caribbean Small Island Developing States and the challenge of extra-regional research. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.113291Storrier, K. L., & McGlashan, D. J. (2006). Development and management of a coastal litter campaign: The voluntary coastal partnership approach. Marine Policy, 30(2), 189–196. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2005.01.002Thushari, G. G. N., & Senevirathna, J. D. M. (2020). Plastic pollution in the marine environment. In Heliyon (Vol. 6, Issue 8). Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04709UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme) (2005). Marine Litter An analytical overview. www.unep.orgweb:www.unep.orgUNEP (United Nations Environment Programme) (2009). Guidelines on Survey and Monitoring of Marine Litter (Regional S). United Nations Environment Programme / Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission.UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme), 2021. From Pollution to Solution. A Global Assessment of Marine Litter and Plastic Pollution. Nairobi, Kenya. https ://www.unep.org/resources/pollution-solution-global-assessment-marine-litter-an d-plastic-pollutionWang, J., Lu, L., Wang, M., Jiang, T., Liu, X., & Ru, S. (2019). Typhoons increase the abundance of microplastics in the marine environment and cultured organisms: A case study in Sanggou Bay, China. Science of The Total Environment, 667, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.367Wilcox, C., van Sebille, E., & Hardesty, B. D. (2015). Threat of plastic pollution to seabirds is global, pervasive, and increasing. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 112(38), 11899–11904. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1502108112Williams, A. T., & Rangel-Buitrago, N. (2022). The past, present, and future of plastic pollution. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113429Williams, A. T., Rangel-Buitrago, N. G., Anfuso, G., Cervantes, O., & Botero, C. M. (2016). Litter impacts on scenery and tourism on the Colombian north Caribbean coast. Tourism Management, 55, 209–224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2016.02.008Yin, C. S. U., Chai, Y. E. E. J., Danielle, C., Yusri, Y., & Barry, J. (2020). ANTHROPOGENIC MARINE DEBRIS ACCUMULATION IN MANGROVES ON PENANG ISLAND , MALAYSIA. Journal of Sustainability Science and Management, 15(6), 36–60.Coastal systemMangroveBeachMarine debrisPlasticsSistema costeroManglaresPlayaPlásticosPublicationORIGINALLos desafíos de los huracanes y la basura marina en islas.pdfLos desafíos de los huracanes y la basura marina en islas.pdfTesisapplication/pdf1846395https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/154900de-64ee-40e1-9273-5d9bd673f5f1/download4b9f5da17a996ac23c746042c7246757MD51LICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-814828https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/151184e1-9dda-4e7c-816e-4fdc41b0971c/download2f9959eaf5b71fae44bbf9ec84150c7aMD52TEXTLos desafíos de los huracanes y la basura marina en islas.pdf.txtLos desafíos de los huracanes y la basura marina en islas.pdf.txtExtracted texttext/plain131485https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/c312e415-1ca2-4f29-a44f-a1cec5c94d0f/downloadcc7cb119140671f4db41d6200705d1e4MD53THUMBNAILLos desafíos de los huracanes y la basura marina en islas.pdf.jpgLos desafíos de los huracanes y la basura marina en islas.pdf.jpgGenerated Thumbnailimage/jpeg7588https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/f24e9fdb-e12a-418b-95e7-f884615b15bf/download4764fede8cc5fdc9b0ebca0fddf37d92MD5411323/10479oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/104792024-09-17 14:11:46.245https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/open.accesshttps://repositorio.cuc.edu.coRepositorio de la Universidad de la Costa CUCrepdigital@cuc.edu.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

Los desafíos de los huracanes y la basura marina en islas. Estudio del huracán Iota en Providencia y Santa Catalina

Publicaciones similares