Theoretical analysis of the voltage unbalance factor to characterize unbalance problems in induction motors

Voltage Unbalance (VU) is one of the most common power quality problems in industrial electrical systems and it is a subject of systematic study. This problem affects the operation and the efficiency of Induction Motors (ims), which are the loads that demand more energy in the industrial sector with...

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Autores:
Quispe, Enrique C.
Sousa Santos, Vladimir
López, Iván Domínguez
Gómez, Julio Rafael
Viego, Percy R.
Tipo de recurso:
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_816b
Fecha de publicación:
2021
Institución:
Corporación Universidad de la Costa
Repositorio:
REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
Idioma:
eng
OAI Identifier:
oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/8148
Acceso en línea:
https://hdl.handle.net/11323/8148
https://doi.org/10.15866/iree.v16i1.18881
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/
Palabra clave:
Complex voltage unbalance factor
Equivalent voltage magnitude factor
Induction motor
Unbalanced voltage
Unbalanced voltage factor
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openAccess
License
CC0 1.0 Universal
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oai_identifier_str oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/8148
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network_name_str REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
repository_id_str
dc.title.spa.fl_str_mv Theoretical analysis of the voltage unbalance factor to characterize unbalance problems in induction motors
title Theoretical analysis of the voltage unbalance factor to characterize unbalance problems in induction motors
spellingShingle Theoretical analysis of the voltage unbalance factor to characterize unbalance problems in induction motors
Complex voltage unbalance factor
Equivalent voltage magnitude factor
Induction motor
Unbalanced voltage
Unbalanced voltage factor
title_short Theoretical analysis of the voltage unbalance factor to characterize unbalance problems in induction motors
title_full Theoretical analysis of the voltage unbalance factor to characterize unbalance problems in induction motors
title_fullStr Theoretical analysis of the voltage unbalance factor to characterize unbalance problems in induction motors
title_full_unstemmed Theoretical analysis of the voltage unbalance factor to characterize unbalance problems in induction motors
title_sort Theoretical analysis of the voltage unbalance factor to characterize unbalance problems in induction motors
dc.creator.fl_str_mv Quispe, Enrique C.
Sousa Santos, Vladimir
López, Iván Domínguez
Gómez, Julio Rafael
Viego, Percy R.
dc.contributor.author.spa.fl_str_mv Quispe, Enrique C.
Sousa Santos, Vladimir
López, Iván Domínguez
Gómez, Julio Rafael
Viego, Percy R.
dc.subject.spa.fl_str_mv Complex voltage unbalance factor
Equivalent voltage magnitude factor
Induction motor
Unbalanced voltage
Unbalanced voltage factor
topic Complex voltage unbalance factor
Equivalent voltage magnitude factor
Induction motor
Unbalanced voltage
Unbalanced voltage factor
description Voltage Unbalance (VU) is one of the most common power quality problems in industrial electrical systems and it is a subject of systematic study. This problem affects the operation and the efficiency of Induction Motors (ims), which are the loads that demand more energy in the industrial sector with around 68%. The Voltage Unbalance Factor (VUF), defined by the international IEC standard, is the main factor used to characterize this problem. This article aims to present a theoretical analysis of VUF focused on its limitations for characterizing the effects of VU on ims. As a result of the analysis, it is shown that the use of the VUF indicator only is insufficient since it does not consider other aspects that affect the operation of the ims such as voltage variation. As an alternative, the use of the Complex Voltage Unbalance Factor and the Equivalent Voltage Magnitude Factor are suggested as parameters that, together with the VUF, allow deepening the characterization of the effects of the UV on the ims.
publishDate 2021
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv 2021-04-14T20:29:23Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv 2021-04-14T20:29:23Z
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv 2021
dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv Pre-Publicación
dc.type.coar.spa.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_816b
dc.type.content.spa.fl_str_mv Text
dc.type.driver.spa.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/preprint
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dc.type.version.spa.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion
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dc.identifier.issn.spa.fl_str_mv 2533-2244
1827-6660
dc.identifier.uri.spa.fl_str_mv https://hdl.handle.net/11323/8148
dc.identifier.doi.spa.fl_str_mv https://doi.org/10.15866/iree.v16i1.18881
dc.identifier.instname.spa.fl_str_mv Corporación Universidad de la Costa
dc.identifier.reponame.spa.fl_str_mv REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
dc.identifier.repourl.spa.fl_str_mv https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/
identifier_str_mv 2533-2244
1827-6660
Corporación Universidad de la Costa
REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
url https://hdl.handle.net/11323/8148
https://doi.org/10.15866/iree.v16i1.18881
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/
dc.language.iso.none.fl_str_mv eng
language eng
dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv 1 Zuberi, M.J.S., Tijdink, A., Patel, M.K. Techno-economic analysis of energy efficiency improvement in electric motor driven systems in Swiss industry (2017) Applied Energy, 205, pp. 85-104. Cited 18 times. http://www.elsevier.com/inca/publications/store/4/0/5/8/9/1/index.htt doi: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.07.121
2 Sousa Santos, V., Cabello Eras, J.J., Sagastume Gutierrez, A., Cabello Ulloa, M.J. Assessment of the energy efficiency estimation methods on induction motors considering real-time monitoring (Open Access) (2019) Measurement: Journal of the International Measurement Confederation, 136, pp. 237-247. Cited 12 times. doi: 10.1016/j.measurement.2018.12.080
3 Acar, Ç., Soygenç, O.C., Ergene, L.T. Increasing the efficiency to IE4 class for 5. 5 KW induction motor used in industrial applications (2019) International Review of Electrical Engineering, 14 (1), pp. 67-78. https://www.praiseworthyprize.org/jsm/index.php?journal=iree&page=article&op=download&path[]=23095&path[]=pdf_353 doi: 10.15866/iree.v14i1.16307
4 Alger, P.L., Arnold, R.E. The History of Induction Motors in America (1976) Proceedings of the IEEE, 64 (9), pp. 1380-1383. Cited 12 times. doi: 10.1109/PROC.1976.10329
5 Chapman, Stephen (2012) Electric Machinery Fundamentals. Cited 822 times. (5th ed., McGraw-Hill, New York)
6 Sousa, V., Viego, P.R., Gómez, J.R., Quispe, E.C., Balbis, M. Shaft Power Estimation in Induction Motor Operating under Unbalanced and Harmonics Voltages (Open Access) (2016) IEEE Latin America Transactions, 14 (5), art. no. 7530427, pp. 2309-2315. Cited 11 times. http://ezproxy.cuc.edu.co:2063/xpl/RecentIssue.jsp?punumber=9907 doi: 10.1109/TLA.2016.7530427
7 Sousa, V., Viego, P.R., Gomez, J.R., Quispe, E.C., Balbis, M. Estimating induction motor efficiency under no-controlled conditions in the presences of unbalanced and harmonics voltages (Open Access) (2015) CHILECON 2015 - 2015 IEEE Chilean Conference on Electrical, Electronics Engineering, Information and Communication Technologies, Proceedings of IEEE Chilecon 2015, art. no. 7400434, pp. 567-572. Cited 10 times. ISBN: 978-146738756-9 doi: 10.1109/Chilecon.2015.7400434
8 Siraki, A.G., Pillay, P. An in situ efficiency estimation technique for induction machines working with unbalanced supplies (2012) IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, 27 (1), art. no. 6042327, pp. 85-95. Cited 35 times. doi: 10.1109/TEC.2011.2168563
9 Ozkilic, M.C., Obdan, A.H. Application of a simplified PLL algorithm for unbalanced three phase systems by using low cost microcontrollers (Open Access) (2018) Tehnicki Vjesnik, 25, pp. 94-98. https://hrcak.srce.hr/file/295381 doi: 10.17559/TV-20170331003443
10 Ozgonenel, O., Oke, O., Thomas, D.W.P., Ataseven, M.S. Probabilistic load flow of unbalanced distribution systems with wind farm (Open Access) (2019) Tehnicki Vjesnik, 26 (5), pp. 1260-1266. https://hrcak.srce.hr/file/329349 doi: 10.17559/TV-20180213180751
11 Amirullah, Penangsang, O., Soeprijanto, A. High performance of unified power quality conditioner and battery energy storage supplied by photovoltaic using artificial intelligent controller (2018) International Review on Modelling and Simulations, 11 (4), pp. 221-234. Cited 6 times. https://www.praiseworthyprize.org/jsm/index.php?journal=iremos&page=article&op=download&path%5B%5D=22175&path%5B%5D=pdf_279 doi: 10.15866/iremos.v11i4.14742
12 Kersting, W.H. Causes and effects of unbalanced voltages serving an induction motor (2001) IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 37 (1), pp. 165-170. Cited 43 times. doi: 10.1109/28.903142
13 Roger Dugan, H.W.B., McGranaghan, Mark, Santoso, Surya (2012) Electrical Power Systems Quality. Cited 2489 times. (3rd ed., McGraw-Hill)
14 von Jouanne, A. (2000) Voltage Unbalance: Power Quality Issues, Related Standards and Mitigation Techniques Effect of Unbalanced Voltage on End Use Equipment Performance. Cited 27 times.
15 Aryani, N.K., Syai'in, M., Soeprijanto, A., Made Yulistya Negara, I. Optimal placement and sizing of distributed generation for minimize losses in unbalance radial distribution systems using quantum genetic algorithm (2014) International Review of Electrical Engineering, 9 (1), pp. 157-164. Cited 9 times. http://www.praiseworthyprize.org/jsm/index.php?journal=iree&page=issue&op=view&path%5B%5D=14 doi: 10.15866/iree.v9i1.193
16 (2000) Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC)-Part 4-27: Testing and Measurement Techniques-Unbalance, immunity test. Cited 13 times. IEC, IEC 61000-4-27:2000
17 (2016) Motors and Generators. Cited 12 times. NEMA, ANSI/NEMA MG 1-2016
18 Aberkane, M., Benouzza, N., Bendiabdellah, A., Boudinar, A.H. Discrimination between supply unbalance and stator short-circuit of an induction motor using neural network (2017) International Review of Automatic Control, 10 (5), pp. 451-460. Cited 8 times. http://www.praiseworthyprize.org/jsm/index.php?journal=ireaco&page=article&op=download&path%5B%5D=20481&path%5B%5D=pdf_185 doi: 10.15866/ireaco.v10i5.11912
19 Kabashi, Q., Limani, M., Caka, N., Zabeli, M. Low order harmonic analysis of 3-phase SPWM and SV-PWM inverter systems driving an unbalanced 3-phase induction motor load (2018) International Review on Modelling and Simulations, 11 (3), pp. 134-142. Cited 6 times. http://www.praiseworthyprize.com/iremos.htmhttp://www.praiseworthyprize.org/jsm/index.php?journal=iremos doi: 10.15866/iremos.v11i3.14586
20 El-Kharashi, E., Massoud, J.G., Al-Ahmar, M.A. The impact of the unbalance in both the voltage and the frequency on the performance of single and cascaded induction motors (Open Access) (2019) Energy, 181, pp. 561-575. Cited 3 times. www.elsevier.com/inca/publications/store/4/8/3/ doi: 10.1016/j.energy.2019.05.169
21 Sousa Santos, V., Cabello Eras, J.J., Sagastume Gutiérrez, A., Cabello Ulloa, M.J. Data to support the assessment of the energy efficiency estimation methods on induction motors considering real-time monitoring. (Open Access) (2020) Data in Brief, 30, art. no. 105512. https://ezproxy.cuc.edu.co:2129/data-in-brief doi: 10.1016/j.dib.2020.105512
22 Campbell, M., Arce, G. Effect of Motor Voltage Unbalance on Motor Vibration: Test and Evaluation (2018) IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 54 (1), art. no. 8055615, pp. 905-911. Cited 8 times. doi: 10.1109/TIA.2017.2759085
23 Gonzalez-Cordoba, J.L., Osornio-Rios, R.A., Granados-Lieberman, D., Romero-Troncoso, R.D.J., Valtierra-Rodriguez, M. Thermal-Impact-Based Protection of Induction Motors under Voltage Unbalance Conditions (2018) IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, 33 (4), art. no. 8356117, pp. 1748-1756. Cited 7 times. doi: 10.1109/TEC.2018.2834487
24 Kahingala, T.D., Perera, S., Jayatunga, U., Agalgaonkar, A.P., Ciufo, P. Estimation of Voltage Unbalance Attenuation Caused by Three-Phase Induction Motors: An Extension to Distribution System State Estimation (2019) IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 34 (5), art. no. 8666084, pp. 1853-1864. Cited 5 times. https://ezproxy.cuc.edu.co:2065/servlet/opac?punumber=61 doi: 10.1109/TPWRD.2019.2904505
25 Fernando Mantilla, L. Analysis of the voltage phasors characteristics for motor unbalanced supplies under constant voltage level (2008) Electrical Engineering, 90 (6), pp. 395-406. Cited 3 times. doi: 10.1007/s00202-007-0089-8
26 Mantilla, L.F. An analytical and graphical study of the symmetrical components in an induction motor supply in relation to the voltage unbalance parameters (2007) Electrical Engineering, 89 (7), pp. 535-545. Cited 3 times. doi: 10.1007/s00202-006-0038-y
27 (2010) Rotating Electrical Machines-Part 1: Rating and Performance. Cited 173 times. IEC, IEC 60034-1:2010
28 Quispe, E. (2012) Effects of Voltage Unbalance on the Operation of the Three-Phase Induction Motor. Emphasis on Characterization of Voltage Unbalance and the Effect on Nominal Power Ph.D. dissertation, Universidad del Valle
29 Jeong, S.-G. Representing line voltage unbalance (2002) Conference Record - IAS Annual Meeting (IEEE Industry Applications Society), 3, pp. 1724-1732. Cited 20 times.
30 Kim, J.-G., Lee, E.-W., Lee, D.-J., Lee, J.-H. Comparison of voltage unbalance factor by line and phase voltage (2005) ICEMS 2005: Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems, 3, art. no. 1575107, pp. 1998-2001. Cited 32 times. ISBN: 7506274078; 978-750627407-4
31 Fortescue, C.L. Polyphase power representation by means of symmetrical coordinates (1920) Transactions of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, PART II 39, pp. 1481-1484. Cited 8 times. doi: 10.1109/T-AIEE.1920.4765340
32 Lee, C.-Y., Lee, W.-J. Effects of nonsinusoidal voltage on the operation performance of a three-phase induction motor (1999) IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, 14 (2), pp. 193-200. Cited 47 times. doi: 10.1109/60.766983
33 Faiz, J., Ebrahimpour, H., Pillay, P. Influence of unbalanced voltage on the steady-state performance of a three-phase squirrel-cage induction motor (2004) IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, 19 (4), pp. 657-662. Cited 104 times. doi: 10.1109/TEC.2004.837283
34 Siddique, A., Yadava, G.S., Singh, B. Effects of voltage unbalance on induction motors (2004) Conference Record of IEEE International Symposium on Electrical Insulation, pp. 26-29. Cited 69 times.
35 Kini, P.G., Bansal, R.C., Aithal, R.S. A novel approach toward interpretation and application of voltage unbalance factor (2007) IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 54 (4), pp. 2315-2322. Cited 36 times. doi: 10.1109/TIE.2007.899935
36 Anwari, M., Hiendro, A. New unbalance factor for estimating performance of a three-phase induction motor with under-and overvoltage unbalance (2010) IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, 25 (3), art. no. 5492182, pp. 619-625. Cited 63 times. doi: 10.1109/TEC.2010.2051548
37 Quispe, E.C., López, I.D., Ferreira, F.J.T.E., Sousa, V. Unbalanced voltages impacts on the energy performance of induction motors (Open Access) (2018) International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 8 (3), pp. 1412-1422. Cited 12 times. iaesjournal.com/online/index.php/IJECE doi: 10.11591/ijece.v8i3.pp1412-1422 http://www.elsevier.com/inca/publications/store/4/0/5/8/9/1/index.htt doi: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.07.121
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spelling Quispe, Enrique C.Sousa Santos, VladimirLópez, Iván DomínguezGómez, Julio RafaelViego, Percy R.2021-04-14T20:29:23Z2021-04-14T20:29:23Z20212533-22441827-6660https://hdl.handle.net/11323/8148https://doi.org/10.15866/iree.v16i1.18881Corporación Universidad de la CostaREDICUC - Repositorio CUChttps://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/Voltage Unbalance (VU) is one of the most common power quality problems in industrial electrical systems and it is a subject of systematic study. This problem affects the operation and the efficiency of Induction Motors (ims), which are the loads that demand more energy in the industrial sector with around 68%. The Voltage Unbalance Factor (VUF), defined by the international IEC standard, is the main factor used to characterize this problem. This article aims to present a theoretical analysis of VUF focused on its limitations for characterizing the effects of VU on ims. As a result of the analysis, it is shown that the use of the VUF indicator only is insufficient since it does not consider other aspects that affect the operation of the ims such as voltage variation. As an alternative, the use of the Complex Voltage Unbalance Factor and the Equivalent Voltage Magnitude Factor are suggested as parameters that, together with the VUF, allow deepening the characterization of the effects of the UV on the ims.Quispe, Enrique C.-will be generated-orcid-0000-0003-3223-1834-600Sousa Santos, Vladimir-will be generated-orcid-0000-0001-8808-1914-600López, Iván DomínguezGómez, Julio RafaelViego, Percy R.application/pdfengCorporación Universidad de la CostaCC0 1.0 Universalhttp://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2International Review of Electrical Engineeringhttps://www.praiseworthyprize.org/jsm/index.php?journal=iree&page=article&op=view&path[]=18881Complex voltage unbalance factorEquivalent voltage magnitude factorInduction motorUnbalanced voltageUnbalanced voltage factorTheoretical analysis of the voltage unbalance factor to characterize unbalance problems in induction motorsPre-Publicaciónhttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_816bTextinfo:eu-repo/semantics/preprinthttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARTOTRinfo:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion1 Zuberi, M.J.S., Tijdink, A., Patel, M.K. Techno-economic analysis of energy efficiency improvement in electric motor driven systems in Swiss industry (2017) Applied Energy, 205, pp. 85-104. Cited 18 times. http://www.elsevier.com/inca/publications/store/4/0/5/8/9/1/index.htt doi: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.07.1212 Sousa Santos, V., Cabello Eras, J.J., Sagastume Gutierrez, A., Cabello Ulloa, M.J. Assessment of the energy efficiency estimation methods on induction motors considering real-time monitoring (Open Access) (2019) Measurement: Journal of the International Measurement Confederation, 136, pp. 237-247. Cited 12 times. doi: 10.1016/j.measurement.2018.12.0803 Acar, Ç., Soygenç, O.C., Ergene, L.T. Increasing the efficiency to IE4 class for 5. 5 KW induction motor used in industrial applications (2019) International Review of Electrical Engineering, 14 (1), pp. 67-78. https://www.praiseworthyprize.org/jsm/index.php?journal=iree&page=article&op=download&path[]=23095&path[]=pdf_353 doi: 10.15866/iree.v14i1.163074 Alger, P.L., Arnold, R.E. The History of Induction Motors in America (1976) Proceedings of the IEEE, 64 (9), pp. 1380-1383. Cited 12 times. doi: 10.1109/PROC.1976.103295 Chapman, Stephen (2012) Electric Machinery Fundamentals. Cited 822 times. (5th ed., McGraw-Hill, New York)6 Sousa, V., Viego, P.R., Gómez, J.R., Quispe, E.C., Balbis, M. Shaft Power Estimation in Induction Motor Operating under Unbalanced and Harmonics Voltages (Open Access) (2016) IEEE Latin America Transactions, 14 (5), art. no. 7530427, pp. 2309-2315. Cited 11 times. http://ezproxy.cuc.edu.co:2063/xpl/RecentIssue.jsp?punumber=9907 doi: 10.1109/TLA.2016.75304277 Sousa, V., Viego, P.R., Gomez, J.R., Quispe, E.C., Balbis, M. Estimating induction motor efficiency under no-controlled conditions in the presences of unbalanced and harmonics voltages (Open Access) (2015) CHILECON 2015 - 2015 IEEE Chilean Conference on Electrical, Electronics Engineering, Information and Communication Technologies, Proceedings of IEEE Chilecon 2015, art. no. 7400434, pp. 567-572. Cited 10 times. ISBN: 978-146738756-9 doi: 10.1109/Chilecon.2015.74004348 Siraki, A.G., Pillay, P. An in situ efficiency estimation technique for induction machines working with unbalanced supplies (2012) IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, 27 (1), art. no. 6042327, pp. 85-95. Cited 35 times. doi: 10.1109/TEC.2011.21685639 Ozkilic, M.C., Obdan, A.H. Application of a simplified PLL algorithm for unbalanced three phase systems by using low cost microcontrollers (Open Access) (2018) Tehnicki Vjesnik, 25, pp. 94-98. https://hrcak.srce.hr/file/295381 doi: 10.17559/TV-2017033100344310 Ozgonenel, O., Oke, O., Thomas, D.W.P., Ataseven, M.S. Probabilistic load flow of unbalanced distribution systems with wind farm (Open Access) (2019) Tehnicki Vjesnik, 26 (5), pp. 1260-1266. https://hrcak.srce.hr/file/329349 doi: 10.17559/TV-2018021318075111 Amirullah, Penangsang, O., Soeprijanto, A. High performance of unified power quality conditioner and battery energy storage supplied by photovoltaic using artificial intelligent controller (2018) International Review on Modelling and Simulations, 11 (4), pp. 221-234. Cited 6 times. https://www.praiseworthyprize.org/jsm/index.php?journal=iremos&page=article&op=download&path%5B%5D=22175&path%5B%5D=pdf_279 doi: 10.15866/iremos.v11i4.1474212 Kersting, W.H. Causes and effects of unbalanced voltages serving an induction motor (2001) IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 37 (1), pp. 165-170. Cited 43 times. doi: 10.1109/28.90314213 Roger Dugan, H.W.B., McGranaghan, Mark, Santoso, Surya (2012) Electrical Power Systems Quality. Cited 2489 times. (3rd ed., McGraw-Hill)14 von Jouanne, A. (2000) Voltage Unbalance: Power Quality Issues, Related Standards and Mitigation Techniques Effect of Unbalanced Voltage on End Use Equipment Performance. Cited 27 times.15 Aryani, N.K., Syai'in, M., Soeprijanto, A., Made Yulistya Negara, I. Optimal placement and sizing of distributed generation for minimize losses in unbalance radial distribution systems using quantum genetic algorithm (2014) International Review of Electrical Engineering, 9 (1), pp. 157-164. Cited 9 times. http://www.praiseworthyprize.org/jsm/index.php?journal=iree&page=issue&op=view&path%5B%5D=14 doi: 10.15866/iree.v9i1.19316 (2000) Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC)-Part 4-27: Testing and Measurement Techniques-Unbalance, immunity test. Cited 13 times. IEC, IEC 61000-4-27:200017 (2016) Motors and Generators. Cited 12 times. NEMA, ANSI/NEMA MG 1-201618 Aberkane, M., Benouzza, N., Bendiabdellah, A., Boudinar, A.H. Discrimination between supply unbalance and stator short-circuit of an induction motor using neural network (2017) International Review of Automatic Control, 10 (5), pp. 451-460. Cited 8 times. http://www.praiseworthyprize.org/jsm/index.php?journal=ireaco&page=article&op=download&path%5B%5D=20481&path%5B%5D=pdf_185 doi: 10.15866/ireaco.v10i5.1191219 Kabashi, Q., Limani, M., Caka, N., Zabeli, M. 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