Improving a decree law about coastal zone management in a small island developing state: The case of Cuba
Cuba is one of the few countries from the Small Island Developing States in the Caribbean region having solid coastal legislation: Decree Law 212 (DL-212) entitled “Coastal Zone Management”. However, that legal framework presents some deficiencies that need to be improved, wherefore an analysis of t...
- Autores:
-
Milanes, Celene B.
I. Pereira, Cristina
Botero, Camilo M.
- Tipo de recurso:
- http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_816b
- Fecha de publicación:
- 2019
- Institución:
- Corporación Universidad de la Costa
- Repositorio:
- REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
- Idioma:
- eng
- OAI Identifier:
- oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/2683
- Acceso en línea:
- https://hdl.handle.net/11323/2683
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/
- Palabra clave:
- Decree Law
Land-sea interaction
Coastal zone characterization
Coastal Geomorphic-typological Units
Integrated Coastal Zone Management
Land-Use Planning
- Rights
- openAccess
- License
- Atribución – No comercial – Compartir igual
id |
RCUC2_c6919896bc3e857d23a8fdddd83785ae |
---|---|
oai_identifier_str |
oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/2683 |
network_acronym_str |
RCUC2 |
network_name_str |
REDICUC - Repositorio CUC |
repository_id_str |
|
dc.title.spa.fl_str_mv |
Improving a decree law about coastal zone management in a small island developing state: The case of Cuba |
title |
Improving a decree law about coastal zone management in a small island developing state: The case of Cuba |
spellingShingle |
Improving a decree law about coastal zone management in a small island developing state: The case of Cuba Decree Law Land-sea interaction Coastal zone characterization Coastal Geomorphic-typological Units Integrated Coastal Zone Management Land-Use Planning |
title_short |
Improving a decree law about coastal zone management in a small island developing state: The case of Cuba |
title_full |
Improving a decree law about coastal zone management in a small island developing state: The case of Cuba |
title_fullStr |
Improving a decree law about coastal zone management in a small island developing state: The case of Cuba |
title_full_unstemmed |
Improving a decree law about coastal zone management in a small island developing state: The case of Cuba |
title_sort |
Improving a decree law about coastal zone management in a small island developing state: The case of Cuba |
dc.creator.fl_str_mv |
Milanes, Celene B. I. Pereira, Cristina Botero, Camilo M. |
dc.contributor.author.spa.fl_str_mv |
Milanes, Celene B. I. Pereira, Cristina Botero, Camilo M. |
dc.subject.spa.fl_str_mv |
Decree Law Land-sea interaction Coastal zone characterization Coastal Geomorphic-typological Units Integrated Coastal Zone Management Land-Use Planning |
topic |
Decree Law Land-sea interaction Coastal zone characterization Coastal Geomorphic-typological Units Integrated Coastal Zone Management Land-Use Planning |
description |
Cuba is one of the few countries from the Small Island Developing States in the Caribbean region having solid coastal legislation: Decree Law 212 (DL-212) entitled “Coastal Zone Management”. However, that legal framework presents some deficiencies that need to be improved, wherefore an analysis of the major features of DL-212 and the identification of its main issues were conducted in the present study; some ways of implementing the DL-212 in the country were assessed as well. Regarding the Land-Sea Interaction, this work proposes a set of four variables linking geomorphological and human criteria with the aim of improving coastal zone characterization and boundary delimitation. The set of four variables falls into six types of Coastal Geomorphic-typological Units, which are also sub-classified according to the physical aspects and level of territorial urbanization of the Units. Standard nomenclature about boundaries, territorial planning in relation to land-sea interaction is provided in the present research, as well as nine guidelines and eleven recommendations for institutions responsible for physical use planning to implement, in order to obtain a better understanding and implementation of DL-212. The study makes a great contribution to decision-making processes regarding Land-Use Planning, Integrated Coastal Zone Management, and Marine Spatial Planning for future implementation in other Small Island Developing States. |
publishDate |
2019 |
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv |
2019-02-22T19:44:04Z |
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv |
2019-02-22T19:44:04Z |
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv |
2019 |
dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv |
Pre-Publicación |
dc.type.coar.spa.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_816b |
dc.type.content.spa.fl_str_mv |
Text |
dc.type.driver.spa.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/preprint |
dc.type.redcol.spa.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARTOTR |
dc.type.version.spa.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion |
format |
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_816b |
status_str |
acceptedVersion |
dc.identifier.uri.spa.fl_str_mv |
https://hdl.handle.net/11323/2683 |
dc.identifier.instname.spa.fl_str_mv |
Corporación Universidad de la Costa |
dc.identifier.reponame.spa.fl_str_mv |
REDICUC - Repositorio CUC |
dc.identifier.repourl.spa.fl_str_mv |
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/ |
url |
https://hdl.handle.net/11323/2683 https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/ |
identifier_str_mv |
Corporación Universidad de la Costa REDICUC - Repositorio CUC |
dc.language.iso.none.fl_str_mv |
eng |
language |
eng |
dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv |
[1] Latin American Network Information Center, University of Texas at Austin, 〈http://www1.lanic.utexas.edu/subject/countries/indexesp.html〉 2018, (accessed 12 January 2018). Google Scholar [2] J.M. Barragán Muñoz Manejo Costero Integrado y Política Pública en Iberoamérica: un diagnóstico Necesidad de Cambio. (Coord). Red Ibermar, (Cyted), Cádiz, Spain (2010) Google Scholar [3] Decreto Ley Numero 212 Gestion de Zonas Costeras [Decree Law Number 212 Coastal Zone Managament], Gaceta Oficial de la Republica de Cuba [Official Gazette of the Republic of Cuba], Cuba, 14 de Agosto de, p. 1373–1378. 〈http://www.gacetaoficial.cu/〉, (accessed 12 February 2016). Google Scholar [4] Kelsie Kitz Cuban coral: an analysis of environmental policy, conservation practices, and sustainable development Undergrad. Honors Teses, Paper 1227 (2016) 〈http://scholar.colorado.edu/honr_theses〉 (accessed 22 December 2017) Google Scholar [5] B. Milanés, Celene, C.M. Botero, P. Arenas Granados, J.A. Cabrera Integrated Coastal Management in Cuba and Colombia: A Comparative Analysis, Ocean Year book, 28, Martinus Nijhoff, Leiden/Boston (2014), pp. 672-697 〈http://www.brill.com/products/book/ocean-yearbook〉 View Record in Scopus [6] B. Milanés, Celene, C.M. Botero, P. Arenas Granados, J.A. Cabrera Análisis integrado sobre gestión costera en dos países del Caribe Rev. electrónica Cienc. En. su PC, No.2 (2012), pp. 1-19 View Record in ScopusGoogle Scholar [7] D. Whittle, O.R. Santos Protecting Cuba's Environment: efforts to Design and Implement Effective Environmental Laws and Policies in Cuba University of Pittsburg Press (2006) Google Scholar [8] Gerhartz-Abraham Adrian, M. Fanning Lucia, Angulo-Valdes Jorge ICZM in Cuba: challenges and opportunities in a changing economic context Mar. Policy, 73 (2016), pp. 69-76, 10.1016/j.marpol.2016.07.009 Google Scholar [9] Ley de costas 22/1988, BOE. No. 181, de 29 de julio de 1988, Spain. [10 Ley de protección y uso sostenible del litoral 2/2013 y de modificación de la Ley 22/1988, de 28 de julio. BOE No. 129 jueves 30 de mayo de 2013, Sec. I. Pág. 40691, Spain. [11] Decreto 1120 de 2013, por el cual se establecen las Unidades Ambienales Costeras y Oceanicas, Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrolla Sostenible, Bogota, Colombia. [12] Política Nacional del Océano y de los Espacios Costeros, PNOEC, Documento Oficial. Comisión Colombiana del Oceano. Invemar, Serie de Documentos Generales No.19, 2007, Bogotá. Colombia. [13] Política Nacional Ambiental para el desarrollo sostenible de los espacios oceánicos y las zonas costeras e insulares de Colombia -PNAOCI, Ministerio del Medio Ambiente, 2001, Santa Fé de Bogotá, Colombia. [14] B. Milanés, Celene, P.érez M. Ofelia An Inquiry into Land-Use Planning and Integrated Coastal Zone Management: The Cuban Experience, Ocean Year Book Magazine, 28, Dalhousie University, Canadá, Martinus nijhoff Publishers, Boston (2012), pp. 509-532 〈http://www.brill.com/ocean-yearbook-26〉 View Record in Scopus [15] J.A. Cabrera, et al. El Manejo Integrado Costero en Cuba: un camino, grandes retos J.M. Barragán Muñoz, (coord.) (Ed.), Manejo Costero Integrado y Política Pública en Iberoamérica: Un diagnóstico, Necesidad de Cambio. Red Ibermar, Cyted, Cádiz, Spain (2010), pp. 91-119 View Record in ScopusGoogle Scholar [16] Jon Landeta, Elmetodo Delphi, Editorial Ariel, Barcelona, 1999. Google Scholar [17] H.A. Linstone, M. Turrof The Delphi method, techniques and applications Addison wesley publishing (1975) Google Scholar [18] F.J.A. Planas, B. Milanés, Celene, L.M. Fanning, C.M. Botero Validating Governance Performance Indicators for Integrated Coastal and Ocean Management in the Southeast Region of Cuba Open J. Mar. Sci., 6 (2016), pp. 49-65, 10.4236/ojms.2016.61006 CrossRefView Record in ScopusGoogle Scholar [19] Bermúdez Mulet Emigdia Esquema Nacional de Ordenamiento Territorial, Dirección de Ordenamiento Territorial Institute of Physical Planning in Cuba (2014) 〈www.ipf.cu/es/urbanismo〉 (accessed 13 March 2017) Google Scholar [20] Información acerca de los recursos hídricos potenciales, aprovechables y disponibles de Cuba. Instituto Nacional de Recursos Hidráulicos, 〈www.hidro.cu/recursoshidricos.htm〉 (accessed 10 April 2017). Google Scholar [21] González Patricia, (Coord) Manejo Integrado de Zonas Costeras en Cuba: estado actual, retos y desafíos Editorial Imagen Contemporánea, La Habana, Cuba (2015) 〈http://www.redciencia.cu/geobiblio/paper/2015-Manejo%20Integrado%20de%20las%20Zonas%20Costeras.pdf〉 Google Scholar [22] N.úñez Jiménez Antonio Litorales y mares, Colección Cuba: la naturaleza y el hombre, 3, Editorial de Ciencias Sociales, La Habana, Cuba (2012) [23] José. Gómez, J. Carvajal y, J. Otero, Propuesta de estandarización de los levantamientos geomorfológicos en la zona costera del Caribe colombiano, Editorial Serie de publicaciones especiales Invemar. No. 54, Santa Marta, Colombia, 2013. Google Scholar [24] E. Bird Coastal geomorphology. An introduction (Second edition), John Wiley & Sons, Ltd (2008) Google Scholar [25] Seco Ricardo Geomorfología Edit. Félix Varela, La Habana, Cuba (2003) Google Scholar [26] B. Milanés, Celene, Pacheco M. Alicia Asentamientos costeros en la bahía de Santiago de Cuba: estudio de su vulnerabilidad urbana Rev. Arquit. Y. Urban., XXXII (3) (2011), pp. 18-26 〈http://es.scribd.com/doc/86054921/Revista-Arquitectura-y-Urbanismo-3-2011〉 View Record in ScopusGoogle Scholar [27] B. Milanés Celene, Unidades costeras ambientales para el manejo en Santiago de Cuba: delimitación y prioridades de actuación Rev. Arquit. Y. Urban., XXXIII (N°3) (2012), pp. 83-97 〈http://revistascientificas.cujae.edu.cu/Revistas/Arquitectura/Vol-XXXIII/3-2012/08_au_03_2012.pdf〉 View Record in ScopusGoogle Scholar [28] Plan Provincial de Ordenamiento Territorial de la provincia Santiago de Cuba. Dirección Provincial de Planificación Física, Santiago de Cuba, 2014. Google Scholar [29] Plan General de Ordenamiento Territorial y Urbano de Santiago de Cuba. Dirección Municipal de Planificación Física, 2015. Google Scholar [30] Plan General de Ordenamiento Territorial del Polo Baconao Dirección Municipal de Planificación Física, Santiago de Cuba, 2003. Google Scholar [31] Yordan Infante Plan Especial de reducción de riesgos urbanos ante desastres naturales. Asentamiento urbano de Siboney Dirección Provincial de Planificación Física, Santiago de Cuba (2015) Google Scholar [32] Aguilera Paneque, Muñiz González Armando Instrucción metodológica complementaria sobre Delimitación y Balance de Áreas de los Asentamientos Urbanos (in) Guía para la elaboración del Plan General de Ordenamiento Territorial y el Urbanismo, IPF, La Habana, Cuba (2003) Google Scholar [33] InstitutodePlanificación Física, Criterios para la definición de asentamiento humano: concentrado - disperso y urbano – rural. La Habana, Cuba, 2012. Google Scholar [34] Oficina Nacional de Estadística e Información. Informe Nacional de Resultados Definitivos de Indicadores Seleccionados en Cuba, Provincias y Municipios del Censo de Población y Viviendas, 〈http://www.one.cu/informenacional2012.htm〉 (accessed 18 March 2016). Google Scholar [35] C.W. Finkl Coastal Classification: systematic Approaches to Consider in the Development of a Comprehensive Scheme J. Coast. Res., 20 (1) (2004), pp. 166-213 CrossRefView Record in ScopusGoogle Scholar [36] R.W. Fairbridge Classification of coasts J. Coast. Res., 20 (1) (2004), pp. 155-165 CrossRefView Record in ScopusGoogle Scholar [37] B. Milanés, Suárez Andres Celene, C.M. Botero Novel method to delimitate and demarcate coastal zone boundaries J. Ocean Coast. Manag., 144 (2017), pp. 105-119 〈http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0964569117304155〉 Google Scholar [38] R.M. Verchick Robert, Environmental Law, in Cuba: A Legal Guide to Business, Ch. 11 (Thomas Reuters Publishing, José Cot & RolandoAnillo (Eds), 2016. Google Scholar [39] B. Milanes Celene, Coastal Boundaries C.W. Finkl, C. Makowski (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Coastal Science, Springer International Publishing (2018) 〈https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007%2F978-3-319-48657-4_74-2〉 Google Scholar [40] C.M. Botero, O. Cervantes, C. Finkl (Eds.), Beach Management Tools - Concepts, Methodologies and Case Studies, Coastal Research Library, 24, Springer (2018) [41] A.T. Williams, A. Micallef Beach management: principles and practice Earthscan Publishers, Londres (2009) Google Scholar [42] Sas Eliraz, Fischhendler Itay Portman Michelle E. The demarcation of arbitrary boundaries for coastal zone management: the Israeli case J. Environ. Manag., 91 (2010), pp. 2358-2369 Google Scholar [43] A.G. Scherer, G. Palazzo, D. Baumann Global rules and private actors. towards a new role of the TNC in global governance Bus. Ethics Q., 16 (2006), pp. 502-532 View Record in ScopusGoogle Scholar [44] Torres Alfosea Francisco José La ocupación del dominio público marítimo-terrestre en España. Investigaciones Geográficas, n° 50, 63-91 (ISSN: 0213-4691) Instituto Universitario de Geografía. Universidad de Alicante (2009) Google Scholar [45] T. Sunamura Geomorphology of rocky coasts, Wiley, Chichester U.S, Corps of Engineers (1971) National shoreline survey, Washington, DC (1992) Google Scholar [46] Food and Agriculture Organization, Manejo y aprovechamiento acuícola de lagunas costeras en diferentes países, 〈http://www.fao.org/docrep/field/003/AB485S/AB485S04.htm)〉, (accessed 13 March 2016). Google Scholar [47] G. González-Sansón, C. Aguilar Ecología de las lagunas costeras de la región suroriental de Cuba Rev. Invest Mar., 5 (1) (1984), pp. 127-171 View Record in ScopusGoogle Scholar [48] Leyenda Nacional de Coberturas de la Tierra metodología CORINE Land Cover Adapatada para Colombia, escala 1:100 000. Instituto de Hidrología, Meteorología y Estudios Ambientales, IDEAM, Bogotá D.C, 2010. Google Scholar [49] J. Gayet, G. Vernette Les lagunes cotieres Bull. Inst. Géol. Bassin d´Aquitaine, 45 (1989), pp. 107-121 View Record in ScopusGoogle Scholar [50] Mendoza-Mazzeo Luis Álvarez-León, Alberto, Vernette Georges Factores de formación de las lagunas costeras del suroeste del caribe colombiano (versión ISSN 0001-5504) Acta Científica Venez., ACV v.54 (n.3) (2003), pp. 12-26 View Record in ScopusGoogle Scholar [51] L. Gerhartz-Muro José, P. Kritzer Jacob, Gerhartz-Abraham Adrián, Valerie Miller, Fabián Pina-Amargós, Daniel Whittle An evaluation of the framework for national marine environmental policies in Cuba Bull. Mar. Sci., 94 (0) (2018), pp. 1-17 View Record in ScopusGoogle Scholar [52] Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform, Partnerships for Small Island Developing States, The Steering Committee on partnerships for Small Island Developing States in collaboration with United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, 〈https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/2364Publication%202016%20read.pdf〉 (accessed 2 February 2018). Google Scholar [53] The Caribbean Development Portal, Office of the High Representative for the Least Developed Countries Landlocked Developing Countries and Small Island Developing States (UN-OHRLLS) Small Island Developing Small Islands Big(Ger) Stakes (2011) 〈http://unohrlls.org/custom-content/uploads/2013/08/SIDS-Small-Islands-Bigger-Stakes.pdf〉 (accessed 1 January 2018) Google Scholar [54] A. Persand Sharveen Practical Overview of Article 76 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea Project Officer, Mauritius Oceanography Institute United Nations – The Nippon Foundation of Japan (2005) (available in) 〈http://www.un.org/depts/los/nippon/unnff_programme_home/fellows_pages/fellows_papers/persand_0506_mauritius.pdf〉 Google Scholar [55] F.D. Salabarría, G.L. Brito, Declaracion de Zonas Bajo Regimen de Manejo Integrado en Cuba, Memorias de la V Conferencia Internacional de Manejo Integrado de Zonas Costeras, Caricostas, Santiago de Cuba, 2011. Google Scholar [56] InstitutodePlanificación Física, Macro-project about scenarios of climate change for 2050 and 2100. La Habana, Cuba, 2015. Google Scholar [57] Consejo de Defensa Nacional). República de Cuba. Directiva No. 1 del Vicepresidente del Consejo de Defensa Nacional para la planificación, organización y preparación del país para las situaciones de desastres. La Habana. Cuba, 〈http://www.sld.cu/galerias/pdf/sitios/desastres/directiva_vp_cdn_sobre_desastres.ultima_version.pdf〉 (accessed 11 March 2014). Google Scholar [58] B. Milanes, Celene, Candebat Darío, Milanés Clavijo Vivian Aymeé y.P.érez M. Ofelia Algunas experiencias en la práctica de la gestión del riesgo en Santiago de Cuba Cy Botero, B. Milanés, Celene (Eds.), Aportes para la gobernanza marino-costera. Gestión del riesgo, gobernabilidad y distritos costeros, Fondo de publicaciones de la Universidad Sergio Arboleda, Bogotá, Colombia, Sección III (2015), pp. 505-536 (https://doi.org/10.22518/9789588866673)(accessed 13 March 2016) View Record in ScopusGoogle Scholar [59] Agencia de Medio Ambiente Metodologías para la determinación de riesgos de desastres a nivel territorial, Parte 1, Grupo de Evaluación de Riesgo de la Agencia de Medio Ambiente del Ministerio de Ciencia Tecnología y Medio Ambiente, Citma, Cuba (2014) Google Scholar [60] B. Milanes, Celene; Galbán Rodríguez, Liber y Olaya Coronado, Nadia J, Amenazas, riesgos y desastres: Visión teórico-metodológico y experiencias reales, Editorial Educosta, Barranquilla, Colombia. 〈http://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/xmlui/handle/11323/927〉 (accessed 22 December 2017). Google Scholar [61] Estado Mayor Nacional de la Defensa Civil de Cuba, Guía para la realización de estudios de riesgo para situaciones de desastres, La Habana, Cuba, 2007. Google Scholar [62] Batista Milanes, Celene, Coastal Risk C.W. Finkl, C. Makowski (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Coastal Science, Springer International Publishing (2018), pp. 1-14 (C Chapter) Google Scholar [63] B. Milanes, Brito Ana Lourdes Celene, Candebat S.ánchez Darío, Beatón Pedro Aníbal La gestión del riesgo costero en la provincia de Santiago de Cuba C.Y. Botero, B. Milanés, Celene (Eds.), Aportes para la gobernanza marino-costera. Gestión del riesgo, gobernabilidad y distritos costeros, Fondo de publicaciones de la Universidad Sergio Arboleda, Bogotá, Colombia, Sección III (2015), pp. 473-499 (https://doi.org/10.22518/9789588866673 )(accessed 18 March 2017) Google Scholar [64] Batista Milanes, Celene, Coastal Boundaries C.W. Finkl, C. Makowski (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Coastal Science, Springer International Publishing (2018), pp. 1-16 (C Chapter) 〈https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007%2F978-3-319-48657-4_74-2〉 Google Scholar |
dc.rights.spa.fl_str_mv |
Atribución – No comercial – Compartir igual |
dc.rights.accessrights.spa.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess |
dc.rights.coar.spa.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2 |
rights_invalid_str_mv |
Atribución – No comercial – Compartir igual http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2 |
eu_rights_str_mv |
openAccess |
dc.publisher.spa.fl_str_mv |
Universidad de la Costa |
institution |
Corporación Universidad de la Costa |
bitstream.url.fl_str_mv |
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/5086d4a7-0d7b-459a-8c6b-6846069f1b96/download https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/e867b87c-57a0-45bb-b915-f16ac531f491/download https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/3462ec5f-0a40-4bb2-ac5d-51f42dec8ff5/download https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/4500b0e9-003d-4a7c-aab1-03caef8f8e05/download |
bitstream.checksum.fl_str_mv |
5d535d8c9d51aba57c29c8550c9b63b8 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 058eea1da4a6ddfffbd446eedc677b25 ca91f9fc78ad2312e697a7bdca1384c2 |
bitstream.checksumAlgorithm.fl_str_mv |
MD5 MD5 MD5 MD5 |
repository.name.fl_str_mv |
Repositorio de la Universidad de la Costa CUC |
repository.mail.fl_str_mv |
repdigital@cuc.edu.co |
_version_ |
1811760715939184640 |
spelling |
Milanes, Celene B.I. Pereira, CristinaBotero, Camilo M.2019-02-22T19:44:04Z2019-02-22T19:44:04Z2019https://hdl.handle.net/11323/2683Corporación Universidad de la CostaREDICUC - Repositorio CUChttps://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/Cuba is one of the few countries from the Small Island Developing States in the Caribbean region having solid coastal legislation: Decree Law 212 (DL-212) entitled “Coastal Zone Management”. However, that legal framework presents some deficiencies that need to be improved, wherefore an analysis of the major features of DL-212 and the identification of its main issues were conducted in the present study; some ways of implementing the DL-212 in the country were assessed as well. Regarding the Land-Sea Interaction, this work proposes a set of four variables linking geomorphological and human criteria with the aim of improving coastal zone characterization and boundary delimitation. The set of four variables falls into six types of Coastal Geomorphic-typological Units, which are also sub-classified according to the physical aspects and level of territorial urbanization of the Units. Standard nomenclature about boundaries, territorial planning in relation to land-sea interaction is provided in the present research, as well as nine guidelines and eleven recommendations for institutions responsible for physical use planning to implement, in order to obtain a better understanding and implementation of DL-212. The study makes a great contribution to decision-making processes regarding Land-Use Planning, Integrated Coastal Zone Management, and Marine Spatial Planning for future implementation in other Small Island Developing States.Milanes, Celene B.-will be generated-orcid-0000-0003-2560-8859-600I. Pereira, Cristina-ab505941-e638-4a2d-adef-f56d11ec7c33-0Botero, Camilo M.-5e3f2322-b1fb-4f85-8a83-5eaa261cf61d-0engUniversidad de la CostaAtribución – No comercial – Compartir igualinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Decree LawLand-sea interactionCoastal zone characterizationCoastal Geomorphic-typological UnitsIntegrated Coastal Zone ManagementLand-Use PlanningImproving a decree law about coastal zone management in a small island developing state: The case of CubaPre-Publicaciónhttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_816bTextinfo:eu-repo/semantics/preprinthttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARTOTRinfo:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion[1] Latin American Network Information Center, University of Texas at Austin, 〈http://www1.lanic.utexas.edu/subject/countries/indexesp.html〉 2018, (accessed 12 January 2018). Google Scholar [2] J.M. Barragán Muñoz Manejo Costero Integrado y Política Pública en Iberoamérica: un diagnóstico Necesidad de Cambio. (Coord). Red Ibermar, (Cyted), Cádiz, Spain (2010) Google Scholar [3] Decreto Ley Numero 212 Gestion de Zonas Costeras [Decree Law Number 212 Coastal Zone Managament], Gaceta Oficial de la Republica de Cuba [Official Gazette of the Republic of Cuba], Cuba, 14 de Agosto de, p. 1373–1378. 〈http://www.gacetaoficial.cu/〉, (accessed 12 February 2016). Google Scholar [4] Kelsie Kitz Cuban coral: an analysis of environmental policy, conservation practices, and sustainable development Undergrad. Honors Teses, Paper 1227 (2016) 〈http://scholar.colorado.edu/honr_theses〉 (accessed 22 December 2017) Google Scholar [5] B. Milanés, Celene, C.M. Botero, P. Arenas Granados, J.A. Cabrera Integrated Coastal Management in Cuba and Colombia: A Comparative Analysis, Ocean Year book, 28, Martinus Nijhoff, Leiden/Boston (2014), pp. 672-697 〈http://www.brill.com/products/book/ocean-yearbook〉 View Record in Scopus [6] B. Milanés, Celene, C.M. Botero, P. Arenas Granados, J.A. Cabrera Análisis integrado sobre gestión costera en dos países del Caribe Rev. electrónica Cienc. En. su PC, No.2 (2012), pp. 1-19 View Record in ScopusGoogle Scholar [7] D. Whittle, O.R. Santos Protecting Cuba's Environment: efforts to Design and Implement Effective Environmental Laws and Policies in Cuba University of Pittsburg Press (2006) Google Scholar [8] Gerhartz-Abraham Adrian, M. Fanning Lucia, Angulo-Valdes Jorge ICZM in Cuba: challenges and opportunities in a changing economic context Mar. Policy, 73 (2016), pp. 69-76, 10.1016/j.marpol.2016.07.009 Google Scholar [9] Ley de costas 22/1988, BOE. No. 181, de 29 de julio de 1988, Spain. [10 Ley de protección y uso sostenible del litoral 2/2013 y de modificación de la Ley 22/1988, de 28 de julio. BOE No. 129 jueves 30 de mayo de 2013, Sec. I. Pág. 40691, Spain. [11] Decreto 1120 de 2013, por el cual se establecen las Unidades Ambienales Costeras y Oceanicas, Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrolla Sostenible, Bogota, Colombia. [12] Política Nacional del Océano y de los Espacios Costeros, PNOEC, Documento Oficial. Comisión Colombiana del Oceano. Invemar, Serie de Documentos Generales No.19, 2007, Bogotá. Colombia. [13] Política Nacional Ambiental para el desarrollo sostenible de los espacios oceánicos y las zonas costeras e insulares de Colombia -PNAOCI, Ministerio del Medio Ambiente, 2001, Santa Fé de Bogotá, Colombia. [14] B. Milanés, Celene, P.érez M. Ofelia An Inquiry into Land-Use Planning and Integrated Coastal Zone Management: The Cuban Experience, Ocean Year Book Magazine, 28, Dalhousie University, Canadá, Martinus nijhoff Publishers, Boston (2012), pp. 509-532 〈http://www.brill.com/ocean-yearbook-26〉 View Record in Scopus [15] J.A. Cabrera, et al. El Manejo Integrado Costero en Cuba: un camino, grandes retos J.M. Barragán Muñoz, (coord.) (Ed.), Manejo Costero Integrado y Política Pública en Iberoamérica: Un diagnóstico, Necesidad de Cambio. Red Ibermar, Cyted, Cádiz, Spain (2010), pp. 91-119 View Record in ScopusGoogle Scholar [16] Jon Landeta, Elmetodo Delphi, Editorial Ariel, Barcelona, 1999. Google Scholar [17] H.A. Linstone, M. Turrof The Delphi method, techniques and applications Addison wesley publishing (1975) Google Scholar [18] F.J.A. Planas, B. Milanés, Celene, L.M. Fanning, C.M. Botero Validating Governance Performance Indicators for Integrated Coastal and Ocean Management in the Southeast Region of Cuba Open J. Mar. Sci., 6 (2016), pp. 49-65, 10.4236/ojms.2016.61006 CrossRefView Record in ScopusGoogle Scholar [19] Bermúdez Mulet Emigdia Esquema Nacional de Ordenamiento Territorial, Dirección de Ordenamiento Territorial Institute of Physical Planning in Cuba (2014) 〈www.ipf.cu/es/urbanismo〉 (accessed 13 March 2017) Google Scholar [20] Información acerca de los recursos hídricos potenciales, aprovechables y disponibles de Cuba. Instituto Nacional de Recursos Hidráulicos, 〈www.hidro.cu/recursoshidricos.htm〉 (accessed 10 April 2017). Google Scholar [21] González Patricia, (Coord) Manejo Integrado de Zonas Costeras en Cuba: estado actual, retos y desafíos Editorial Imagen Contemporánea, La Habana, Cuba (2015) 〈http://www.redciencia.cu/geobiblio/paper/2015-Manejo%20Integrado%20de%20las%20Zonas%20Costeras.pdf〉 Google Scholar [22] N.úñez Jiménez Antonio Litorales y mares, Colección Cuba: la naturaleza y el hombre, 3, Editorial de Ciencias Sociales, La Habana, Cuba (2012) [23] José. Gómez, J. Carvajal y, J. Otero, Propuesta de estandarización de los levantamientos geomorfológicos en la zona costera del Caribe colombiano, Editorial Serie de publicaciones especiales Invemar. No. 54, Santa Marta, Colombia, 2013. Google Scholar [24] E. Bird Coastal geomorphology. An introduction (Second edition), John Wiley & Sons, Ltd (2008) Google Scholar [25] Seco Ricardo Geomorfología Edit. Félix Varela, La Habana, Cuba (2003) Google Scholar [26] B. Milanés, Celene, Pacheco M. Alicia Asentamientos costeros en la bahía de Santiago de Cuba: estudio de su vulnerabilidad urbana Rev. Arquit. Y. Urban., XXXII (3) (2011), pp. 18-26 〈http://es.scribd.com/doc/86054921/Revista-Arquitectura-y-Urbanismo-3-2011〉 View Record in ScopusGoogle Scholar [27] B. Milanés Celene, Unidades costeras ambientales para el manejo en Santiago de Cuba: delimitación y prioridades de actuación Rev. Arquit. Y. Urban., XXXIII (N°3) (2012), pp. 83-97 〈http://revistascientificas.cujae.edu.cu/Revistas/Arquitectura/Vol-XXXIII/3-2012/08_au_03_2012.pdf〉 View Record in ScopusGoogle Scholar [28] Plan Provincial de Ordenamiento Territorial de la provincia Santiago de Cuba. Dirección Provincial de Planificación Física, Santiago de Cuba, 2014. Google Scholar [29] Plan General de Ordenamiento Territorial y Urbano de Santiago de Cuba. Dirección Municipal de Planificación Física, 2015. Google Scholar [30] Plan General de Ordenamiento Territorial del Polo Baconao Dirección Municipal de Planificación Física, Santiago de Cuba, 2003. Google Scholar [31] Yordan Infante Plan Especial de reducción de riesgos urbanos ante desastres naturales. Asentamiento urbano de Siboney Dirección Provincial de Planificación Física, Santiago de Cuba (2015) Google Scholar [32] Aguilera Paneque, Muñiz González Armando Instrucción metodológica complementaria sobre Delimitación y Balance de Áreas de los Asentamientos Urbanos (in) Guía para la elaboración del Plan General de Ordenamiento Territorial y el Urbanismo, IPF, La Habana, Cuba (2003) Google Scholar [33] InstitutodePlanificación Física, Criterios para la definición de asentamiento humano: concentrado - disperso y urbano – rural. La Habana, Cuba, 2012. Google Scholar [34] Oficina Nacional de Estadística e Información. Informe Nacional de Resultados Definitivos de Indicadores Seleccionados en Cuba, Provincias y Municipios del Censo de Población y Viviendas, 〈http://www.one.cu/informenacional2012.htm〉 (accessed 18 March 2016). Google Scholar [35] C.W. Finkl Coastal Classification: systematic Approaches to Consider in the Development of a Comprehensive Scheme J. Coast. Res., 20 (1) (2004), pp. 166-213 CrossRefView Record in ScopusGoogle Scholar [36] R.W. Fairbridge Classification of coasts J. Coast. Res., 20 (1) (2004), pp. 155-165 CrossRefView Record in ScopusGoogle Scholar [37] B. Milanés, Suárez Andres Celene, C.M. Botero Novel method to delimitate and demarcate coastal zone boundaries J. Ocean Coast. Manag., 144 (2017), pp. 105-119 〈http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0964569117304155〉 Google Scholar [38] R.M. Verchick Robert, Environmental Law, in Cuba: A Legal Guide to Business, Ch. 11 (Thomas Reuters Publishing, José Cot & RolandoAnillo (Eds), 2016. Google Scholar [39] B. Milanes Celene, Coastal Boundaries C.W. Finkl, C. Makowski (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Coastal Science, Springer International Publishing (2018) 〈https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007%2F978-3-319-48657-4_74-2〉 Google Scholar [40] C.M. Botero, O. Cervantes, C. Finkl (Eds.), Beach Management Tools - Concepts, Methodologies and Case Studies, Coastal Research Library, 24, Springer (2018) [41] A.T. Williams, A. Micallef Beach management: principles and practice Earthscan Publishers, Londres (2009) Google Scholar [42] Sas Eliraz, Fischhendler Itay Portman Michelle E. The demarcation of arbitrary boundaries for coastal zone management: the Israeli case J. Environ. Manag., 91 (2010), pp. 2358-2369 Google Scholar [43] A.G. Scherer, G. Palazzo, D. Baumann Global rules and private actors. towards a new role of the TNC in global governance Bus. Ethics Q., 16 (2006), pp. 502-532 View Record in ScopusGoogle Scholar [44] Torres Alfosea Francisco José La ocupación del dominio público marítimo-terrestre en España. Investigaciones Geográficas, n° 50, 63-91 (ISSN: 0213-4691) Instituto Universitario de Geografía. Universidad de Alicante (2009) Google Scholar [45] T. Sunamura Geomorphology of rocky coasts, Wiley, Chichester U.S, Corps of Engineers (1971) National shoreline survey, Washington, DC (1992) Google Scholar [46] Food and Agriculture Organization, Manejo y aprovechamiento acuícola de lagunas costeras en diferentes países, 〈http://www.fao.org/docrep/field/003/AB485S/AB485S04.htm)〉, (accessed 13 March 2016). Google Scholar [47] G. González-Sansón, C. Aguilar Ecología de las lagunas costeras de la región suroriental de Cuba Rev. Invest Mar., 5 (1) (1984), pp. 127-171 View Record in ScopusGoogle Scholar [48] Leyenda Nacional de Coberturas de la Tierra metodología CORINE Land Cover Adapatada para Colombia, escala 1:100 000. Instituto de Hidrología, Meteorología y Estudios Ambientales, IDEAM, Bogotá D.C, 2010. Google Scholar [49] J. Gayet, G. Vernette Les lagunes cotieres Bull. Inst. Géol. Bassin d´Aquitaine, 45 (1989), pp. 107-121 View Record in ScopusGoogle Scholar [50] Mendoza-Mazzeo Luis Álvarez-León, Alberto, Vernette Georges Factores de formación de las lagunas costeras del suroeste del caribe colombiano (versión ISSN 0001-5504) Acta Científica Venez., ACV v.54 (n.3) (2003), pp. 12-26 View Record in ScopusGoogle Scholar [51] L. Gerhartz-Muro José, P. Kritzer Jacob, Gerhartz-Abraham Adrián, Valerie Miller, Fabián Pina-Amargós, Daniel Whittle An evaluation of the framework for national marine environmental policies in Cuba Bull. Mar. Sci., 94 (0) (2018), pp. 1-17 View Record in ScopusGoogle Scholar [52] Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform, Partnerships for Small Island Developing States, The Steering Committee on partnerships for Small Island Developing States in collaboration with United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, 〈https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/2364Publication%202016%20read.pdf〉 (accessed 2 February 2018). Google Scholar [53] The Caribbean Development Portal, Office of the High Representative for the Least Developed Countries Landlocked Developing Countries and Small Island Developing States (UN-OHRLLS) Small Island Developing Small Islands Big(Ger) Stakes (2011) 〈http://unohrlls.org/custom-content/uploads/2013/08/SIDS-Small-Islands-Bigger-Stakes.pdf〉 (accessed 1 January 2018) Google Scholar [54] A. Persand Sharveen Practical Overview of Article 76 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea Project Officer, Mauritius Oceanography Institute United Nations – The Nippon Foundation of Japan (2005) (available in) 〈http://www.un.org/depts/los/nippon/unnff_programme_home/fellows_pages/fellows_papers/persand_0506_mauritius.pdf〉 Google Scholar [55] F.D. Salabarría, G.L. Brito, Declaracion de Zonas Bajo Regimen de Manejo Integrado en Cuba, Memorias de la V Conferencia Internacional de Manejo Integrado de Zonas Costeras, Caricostas, Santiago de Cuba, 2011. Google Scholar [56] InstitutodePlanificación Física, Macro-project about scenarios of climate change for 2050 and 2100. La Habana, Cuba, 2015. Google Scholar [57] Consejo de Defensa Nacional). República de Cuba. Directiva No. 1 del Vicepresidente del Consejo de Defensa Nacional para la planificación, organización y preparación del país para las situaciones de desastres. La Habana. Cuba, 〈http://www.sld.cu/galerias/pdf/sitios/desastres/directiva_vp_cdn_sobre_desastres.ultima_version.pdf〉 (accessed 11 March 2014). Google Scholar [58] B. Milanes, Celene, Candebat Darío, Milanés Clavijo Vivian Aymeé y.P.érez M. Ofelia Algunas experiencias en la práctica de la gestión del riesgo en Santiago de Cuba Cy Botero, B. Milanés, Celene (Eds.), Aportes para la gobernanza marino-costera. Gestión del riesgo, gobernabilidad y distritos costeros, Fondo de publicaciones de la Universidad Sergio Arboleda, Bogotá, Colombia, Sección III (2015), pp. 505-536 (https://doi.org/10.22518/9789588866673)(accessed 13 March 2016) View Record in ScopusGoogle Scholar [59] Agencia de Medio Ambiente Metodologías para la determinación de riesgos de desastres a nivel territorial, Parte 1, Grupo de Evaluación de Riesgo de la Agencia de Medio Ambiente del Ministerio de Ciencia Tecnología y Medio Ambiente, Citma, Cuba (2014) Google Scholar [60] B. Milanes, Celene; Galbán Rodríguez, Liber y Olaya Coronado, Nadia J, Amenazas, riesgos y desastres: Visión teórico-metodológico y experiencias reales, Editorial Educosta, Barranquilla, Colombia. 〈http://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/xmlui/handle/11323/927〉 (accessed 22 December 2017). Google Scholar [61] Estado Mayor Nacional de la Defensa Civil de Cuba, Guía para la realización de estudios de riesgo para situaciones de desastres, La Habana, Cuba, 2007. Google Scholar [62] Batista Milanes, Celene, Coastal Risk C.W. Finkl, C. Makowski (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Coastal Science, Springer International Publishing (2018), pp. 1-14 (C Chapter) Google Scholar [63] B. Milanes, Brito Ana Lourdes Celene, Candebat S.ánchez Darío, Beatón Pedro Aníbal La gestión del riesgo costero en la provincia de Santiago de Cuba C.Y. Botero, B. Milanés, Celene (Eds.), Aportes para la gobernanza marino-costera. Gestión del riesgo, gobernabilidad y distritos costeros, Fondo de publicaciones de la Universidad Sergio Arboleda, Bogotá, Colombia, Sección III (2015), pp. 473-499 (https://doi.org/10.22518/9789588866673 )(accessed 18 March 2017) Google Scholar [64] Batista Milanes, Celene, Coastal Boundaries C.W. Finkl, C. Makowski (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Coastal Science, Springer International Publishing (2018), pp. 1-16 (C Chapter) 〈https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007%2F978-3-319-48657-4_74-2〉 Google ScholarPublicationORIGINALImproving a decree law about coastal zone management in a small island developing state The case of Cuba.pdfImproving a decree law about coastal zone management in a small island developing state The case of Cuba.pdfapplication/pdf181353https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/5086d4a7-0d7b-459a-8c6b-6846069f1b96/download5d535d8c9d51aba57c29c8550c9b63b8MD51LICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-81748https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/e867b87c-57a0-45bb-b915-f16ac531f491/download8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33MD52THUMBNAILImproving a decree law about coastal zone management in a small island developing state The case of Cuba.pdf.jpgImproving a decree law about coastal zone management in a small island developing state The case of Cuba.pdf.jpgimage/jpeg46217https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/3462ec5f-0a40-4bb2-ac5d-51f42dec8ff5/download058eea1da4a6ddfffbd446eedc677b25MD54TEXTImproving a decree law about coastal zone management in a small island developing state The case of Cuba.pdf.txtImproving a decree law about coastal zone management in a small island developing state The case of Cuba.pdf.txttext/plain1822https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/4500b0e9-003d-4a7c-aab1-03caef8f8e05/downloadca91f9fc78ad2312e697a7bdca1384c2MD5511323/2683oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/26832024-09-17 10:46:41.202open.accesshttps://repositorio.cuc.edu.coRepositorio de la Universidad de la Costa CUCrepdigital@cuc.edu.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 |