Quantification and removal of volatile sulfur compounds (VSCS) in atmospheric emissions in large (Petro) chemical complexes in different countries of America and Europe
The present research was focused on the determination and removal of sulfur-containing compounds in industrial emissions of liquefied petroleum gas purification processes in petrochemical plants located in the USA, Brazil, Colombia, Spain, and Italy. For the analysis of volatile sulfur compounds (VS...
- Autores:
-
Hernández Fernández, Joaquín
CANO CUADRO, HEIDIS PATRICIA
Rodriguez-Couto, Susana
- Tipo de recurso:
- Article of investigation
- Fecha de publicación:
- 2022
- Institución:
- Corporación Universidad de la Costa
- Repositorio:
- REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
- Idioma:
- eng
- OAI Identifier:
- oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/9556
- Acceso en línea:
- https://hdl.handle.net/11323/9556
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/
- Palabra clave:
- Industrial emissions
Liquefied petroleum gas purification
Zeolite
Sulfide
Thiols
GC-MS
- Rights
- openAccess
- License
- Atribución 4.0 Internacional (CC BY 4.0)
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| dc.title.eng.fl_str_mv |
Quantification and removal of volatile sulfur compounds (VSCS) in atmospheric emissions in large (Petro) chemical complexes in different countries of America and Europe |
| title |
Quantification and removal of volatile sulfur compounds (VSCS) in atmospheric emissions in large (Petro) chemical complexes in different countries of America and Europe |
| spellingShingle |
Quantification and removal of volatile sulfur compounds (VSCS) in atmospheric emissions in large (Petro) chemical complexes in different countries of America and Europe Industrial emissions Liquefied petroleum gas purification Zeolite Sulfide Thiols GC-MS |
| title_short |
Quantification and removal of volatile sulfur compounds (VSCS) in atmospheric emissions in large (Petro) chemical complexes in different countries of America and Europe |
| title_full |
Quantification and removal of volatile sulfur compounds (VSCS) in atmospheric emissions in large (Petro) chemical complexes in different countries of America and Europe |
| title_fullStr |
Quantification and removal of volatile sulfur compounds (VSCS) in atmospheric emissions in large (Petro) chemical complexes in different countries of America and Europe |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Quantification and removal of volatile sulfur compounds (VSCS) in atmospheric emissions in large (Petro) chemical complexes in different countries of America and Europe |
| title_sort |
Quantification and removal of volatile sulfur compounds (VSCS) in atmospheric emissions in large (Petro) chemical complexes in different countries of America and Europe |
| dc.creator.fl_str_mv |
Hernández Fernández, Joaquín CANO CUADRO, HEIDIS PATRICIA Rodriguez-Couto, Susana |
| dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv |
Hernández Fernández, Joaquín CANO CUADRO, HEIDIS PATRICIA Rodriguez-Couto, Susana |
| dc.subject.proposal.eng.fl_str_mv |
Industrial emissions Liquefied petroleum gas purification Zeolite Sulfide Thiols GC-MS |
| topic |
Industrial emissions Liquefied petroleum gas purification Zeolite Sulfide Thiols GC-MS |
| description |
The present research was focused on the determination and removal of sulfur-containing compounds in industrial emissions of liquefied petroleum gas purification processes in petrochemical plants located in the USA, Brazil, Colombia, Spain, and Italy. For the analysis of volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs), an improved analytical methodology was implemented. The performance of the method was evaluated for eight VSCs in a linear dynamic range between 0.1 and 50 ppm. The concentrations of the eight VSCs in the deethanizer affluents ranged from 11 to 49 ppm for all the studied plants, which exceed the limits specified by institutions and administrations in occupational health and safety. The concentrations of the eight VSCs in the splitter affluents were lower than 4 ppm for all the considered plants. The emissions from each column depended upon its operating rate, with the highest concentrations estimated at 45 TM kg−1 and the lowest ones at 25 TM kg−1. A zeolite-packed prototype column was fitted at the outlet of the splitter and deethanizer columns to reduce the environmental effect of the examined VSCs. This technique was verified and put into practice on an industrial scale, obtaining VSC removal percentages of between 85 and 91%. |
| publishDate |
2022 |
| dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv |
2022-10-03T14:05:04Z |
| dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv |
2022-10-03T14:05:04Z |
| dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv |
2022-09-11 |
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Artículo de revista |
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http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1 |
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Hernández-Fernández, J.; Cano, H.; Rodríguez-Couto, S. Quantification and Removal of Volatile Sulfur Compounds (VSCs) in Atmospheric Emissions in Large (Petro) Chemical Complexes in Different Countries of America and Europe. Sustainability 2022, 14, 11402. https://doi.org/10.3390/su141811402 |
| dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv |
https://hdl.handle.net/11323/9556 |
| dc.identifier.doi.none.fl_str_mv |
10.3390/su141811402 |
| dc.identifier.eissn.spa.fl_str_mv |
2071-1050 |
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Corporación Universidad de la Costa |
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REDICUC - Repositorio CUC |
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https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/ |
| identifier_str_mv |
Hernández-Fernández, J.; Cano, H.; Rodríguez-Couto, S. Quantification and Removal of Volatile Sulfur Compounds (VSCs) in Atmospheric Emissions in Large (Petro) Chemical Complexes in Different Countries of America and Europe. Sustainability 2022, 14, 11402. https://doi.org/10.3390/su141811402 10.3390/su141811402 2071-1050 Corporación Universidad de la Costa REDICUC - Repositorio CUC |
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https://hdl.handle.net/11323/9556 https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/ |
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eng |
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eng |
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Sustainability |
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1. Kailasa, S.K.; Koduru, J.R.; Vikrant, K.; Tsang, Y.F.; Singhal, R.K.; Hussain, C.M.; Kim, K.-H. Recent progress on solution and materials chemistry for the removal of hydrogen sulfide from various gas plants. J. Mol. Liq. 2020, 297, 111886. [CrossRef] 2. An, T.; Wan, S.; Li, G.; Sun, L.; Guo, B. Comparison of the removal of ethanethiol in twin-biotrickling filters inoculated with strain RG-1 and B350 mixed microorganisms. J. Hazard. Mater. 2010, 183, 372–380. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 3. Pavon, C.; Aldas, M.; López-Martínez, J.; Hernández-Fernández, J.; Arrieta, M. Films Based on Thermoplastic Starch Blended with Pine Resin Derivatives for Food Packaging. Foods 2021, 10, 1171. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 4. Chen, Y.-M.; Lin, W.-Y.; Chan, C.-C. The impact of petrochemical industrialisation on life expectancy and per capita income in Taiwan: An 11-year longitudinal study. BMC Public Health 2014, 14, 247. [CrossRef] 5. Broitman, D.; Portnov, B.A. Forecasting health effects potentially associated with the relocation of a major air pollution source. Environ. Res. 2020, 182, 109088. [CrossRef] 6. Allison, E.; Mandler, B. Air Quality Impacts of Oil and Gas: Emissions from production, processing, refining, and use. In Petroleum and the Environment; American Geosciences Institute: Alexandria, VA, USA, 2018; Volume 18, pp. 1–18. 7. Adebiyi, F.M. Air quality and management in petroleum refining industry: A review. Environ. Chem. Ecotoxicol. 2022, 4, 89–96. [CrossRef] 8. Vellingiri, K.; Kim, K.-H.; Kwon, E.E.; Deep, A.; Jo, S.-H.; Szulejko, J.E. Insights into the adsorption capacity and breakthrough properties of a synthetic zeolite against a mixture of various sulfur species at low ppb levels. J. Environ. Manag. 2016, 166, 484–492. [CrossRef] 9. Nagata, E.; Yoshio, Y. Measurement of odor threshold by triangle odor bag method. Odor Meas. Minist. Environ. Sci. 2003, 118, 118–127. 10. ATSDR. Toxicological Profile for Hydrogen Sulfide; ATSDR: Atlanta, GA, USA, 2006. 11. Bergmann, S.; Li, B.; Pilot, E.; Chen, R.; Wang, B.; Yang, J. Effect modification of the short-term effects of air pollution on morbidity by season: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci. Total Environ. 2020, 716, 136985. [CrossRef] 12. Chen, G.; Koros, W.J.; Jones, C.W. Hybrid Polymer/UiO-66(Zr) and Polymer/NaY Fiber Sorbents for Mercaptan Removal from Natural Gas. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2016, 8, 9700–9709. [CrossRef] 13. Xu, X.; Cho, S.I.; Sammel, M.; You, L.; Cui, S.; Huang, Y.; Ma, G.; Padungtod, C.; Pothier, L.; Niu, T.; et al. Association of petrochemical exposure with spontaneous abortion. Occup. Environ. Med. 1998, 55, 31–36. [CrossRef] 14. Camargo, R.Y.A.; Tomimori, E.K.; Neves, S.C.; Knobel, M.; Medeiros-Neto, G. Prevalence of chronic autoimmune thyroiditis in the urban area neighboring a petrochemical complex and a control area in Sao Paulo, Brazil. Clinics 2006, 61, 307–312. [CrossRef] 15. White, N.; teWaterNaude, J.; Van Der Walt, A.; Ravenscroft, G.; Roberts, W.; Ehrlich, R. Meteorologically estimated exposure but not distance predicts asthma symptoms in schoolchildren in the environs of a petrochemical refinery: A cross-sectional study. Environ. Health 2009, 8, 45. [CrossRef] 16. De Moraes, A.C.L.; Ignotti, E.; Netto, P.A.; Jacobson, L.D.S.V.; Castro, H.; Hacon, S.D.S. Wheezing in children and adolescents living next to a petrochemical plant in Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. J. Pediatr. 2010, 86, 337–344. [CrossRef] 17. Rusconi, F.; Catelan, D.; Accetta, G.; Peluso, M.; Pistelli, R.; Barbone, F.; Di Felice, E.; Munnia, A.; Murgia, P.; Paladini, L.; et al. Asthma Symptoms, Lung Function, and Markers of Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Children Exposed to Oil Refinery Pollution. J. Asthma 2011, 48, 84–90. [CrossRef] 18. Rovira, E.; Cuadras, A.; Aguilar, X.; Esteban, L.; Borràs-Santos, A.; Zock, J.-P.; Sunyer, J. Asthma, respiratory symptoms and lung function in children living near a petrochemical site. Environ. Res. 2014, 133, 156–163. [CrossRef] 19. Barbone, F.; Catelan, D.; Pistelli, R.; Accetta, G.; Grechi, D.; Rusconi, F.; Biggeri, A. A Panel Study on Lung Function and Bronchial Inflammation among Children Exposed to Ambient SO2 from an Oil Refinery. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 1057. [CrossRef] 20. Chung, H.; Youn, K.; Kim, K.; Park, K. Carbon disulfide exposure estimate and prevalence of chronic diseases after carbon disulfide poisoning-related occupational diseases. Ann. Occup. Environ. Med. 2017, 29, 52. [CrossRef] 21. Liu, S.; Ni, J.-Q.; Radcliffe, J.S.; Vonderohe, C. Hydrogen sulfide emissions from a swine building affected by dietary crude protein. J. Environ. Manag. 2017, 204, 136–143. [CrossRef] 22. Patnaik, P. A Comprehensive Guide to the Hazardous Properties of Chemical Substances; John Wiley & Sons, Inc.: Hoboken, NJ, USA, 2007. [CrossRef] 23. Sedighi, M.; Vahabzadeh, F.; Zamir, S.M.; Naderifar, A. Ethanethiol degradation by Ralstonia eutropha. Biotechnol. Bioprocess Eng. 2013, 18, 827–833. [CrossRef] 24. Gholampour, F.; Yeganegi, S. Molecular simulation study on the adsorption and separation of acidic gases in a model nanoporous carbon. Chem. Eng. Sci. 2014, 117, 426–435. [CrossRef] 25. Fellah, M.F. Adsorption of hydrogen sulfide as initial step of H2S removal: A DFT study on metal exchanged ZSM-12 clusters. Fuel Process. Technol. 2016, 144, 191–196. [CrossRef] 26. Feng, Z.; Song, X.; Yu, Z. Seasonal and spatial distribution of matrix-bound phosphine and its relationship with the environment in the Changjiang River Estuary, China. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 2008, 56, 1630–1636. [CrossRef] 27. Berrouk, A.S.; Ochieng, R. Improved performance of the natural-gas-sweetening Benfield-HiPure process using process simulation. Fuel Process. Technol. 2014, 127, 20–25. [CrossRef] 28. Liu, X.; Li, J.; Wang, R. Study on the desulfurization performance of hydramine/ionic liquid solutions at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. Fuel Process. Technol. 2017, 167, 382–387. [CrossRef] 29. Rufford, T.; Smart, S.; Watson, G.; Graham, B.; Boxall, J.; da Costa, J.D.; May, E. The removal of CO2 and N2 from natural gas: A review of conventional and emerging process technologies. J. Pet. Sci. Eng. 2012, 94–95, 123–154. [CrossRef] 30. Satokawa, S.; Kobayashi, Y.; Fujiki, H. Adsorptive removal of dimethylsulfide and t-butylmercaptan from pipeline natural gas fuel on Ag zeolites under ambient conditions. Appl. Catal. B Environ. 2005, 56, 51–56. [CrossRef] 31. Wakita, H.; Tachibana, Y.; Hosaka, M. Removal of dimethyl sulfide and t-butylmercaptan from city gas by adsorption on zeolites. Microporous Mesoporous Mater. 2001, 46, 237–247. [CrossRef] 32. Zhu, L.; Lv, X.; Tong, S.; Zhang, T.; Song, Y.; Wang, Y.; Hao, Z.; Huang, C.; Xia, D. Modification of zeolite by metal and adsorption desulfurization of organic sulfide in natural gas. J. Nat. Gas Sci. Eng. 2019, 69, 102941. [CrossRef] 33. Hernández-Fernández, J. Quantification of arsine and phosphine in industrial atmospheric emissions in Spain and Colombia. Implementation of modified zeolites to reduce the environmental impact of emissions. Atmospheric Pollut. Res. 2021, 12, 167–176. [CrossRef] 34. Joaquin, H.-F.; Juan, L. Quantification of poisons for Ziegler Natta catalysts and effects on the production of polypropylene by gas chromatographic with simultaneous detection: Pulsed discharge helium ionization, mass spectrometry and flame ionization. J. Chromatogr. A 2020, 1614, 460736. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 35. Hernández-Fernández, J.; López-Martínez, J. Experimental study of the auto-catalytic effect of triethylaluminum and TiCl4 residuals at the onset of non-additive polypropylene degradation and their impact on thermo-oxidative degradation and pyrolysis. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis 2021, 155, 105052. [CrossRef] 36. Hernández-Fernández, J. Quantification of oxygenates, sulphides, thiols and permanent gases in propylene. A multiple linear regression model to predict the loss of efficiency in polypropylene production on an industrial scale. J. Chromatogr. A 2020, 1628, 461478. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 37. Alladio, E.; Amante, E.; Bozzolino, C.; Seganti, F.; Salomone, A.; Vincenti, M.; Desharnais, B. Effective validation of chromatographic analytical methods: The illustrative case of androgenic steroids. Talanta 2020, 215, 120867. [CrossRef] 38. Sedighi, M.; Zamir, S.M.; Vahabzadeh, F. Cometabolic degradation of ethyl mercaptan by phenol-utilizing Ralstonia eutropha in suspended growth and gas-recycling trickle-bed reactor. J. Environ. Manag. 2016, 165, 53–61. [CrossRef] 39. Rubright, S.L.M.; Pearce, L.L.; Peterson, J. Environmental toxicology of hydrogen sulfide. Nitric Oxide 2017, 71, 1–13. [CrossRef] 40. ATSDR. Toxicological Profile for Hydrogen Sulfide and Carbonyl Sulfide; ATSDR: Atlanta, GA, USA, 2016. 41. Malone, S. Cyanide and Hydrogen Sulfide: A Review of Two Blood Gases, Their Environmental Sources, and Potential Risks; University of Pittsburgh: Pittsburgh, PA, USA, 2016. 42. Yang, D.; Chen, G.; Zhang, R. Estimated Public Health Exposure to H2S Emissions from a Sour Gas Well Blowout in Kaixian County, China. Aerosol Air Qual. Res. 2006, 6, 430–443. [CrossRef] 43. Montzka, S.A.; Calvert, P.; Hall, B.D.; Elkins, J.W.; Conway, T.J.; Tans, P.P.; Sweeney, C. On the global distribution, seasonality, and budget of atmospheric carbonyl sulfide (COS) and some similarities to CO2 . J. Geophys. Res. Earth Surf. 2007, 112. [CrossRef] 44. Sciare, J.; Mihalopoulos, N.; Nguyen, B. Spatial and temporal variability of dissolved sulfur compounds in European estuaries. Biogeochemistry 2002, 59, 121–141. [CrossRef] 45. Mallik, C.; Chandra, N.; Venkataramani, S.; Lal, S. Variability of atmospheric carbonyl sulfide at a semi-arid urban site in western India. Sci. Total Environ. 2016, 551–552, 725–737. [CrossRef] 46. Göen, T.; Schramm, A.; Baumeister, T.; Uter, W.; Drexler, H. Current and historical individual data about exposure of workers in the rayon industry to carbon disulfide and their validity in calculating the cumulative dose. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health 2014, 87, 675–683. [CrossRef] 47. Vanhoorne, M.H.; Ceulemans, L.; De Bacquer, D.A.; De Smet, F.P. An Epidemiologic Study of the Effects of Carbon Disulfide on the Peripheral Nerves. Int. J. Occup. Environ. Health 1995, 1, 295–302. [CrossRef] 48. Beauchamp, R.O.; Bus, J.S.; Popp, J.A.; Boreiko, C.J.; Goldberg, L.; McKenna, M.J. A Critical Review of the Literature on Carbon Disulfide Toxicity. CRC Crit. Rev. Toxicol. 1983, 11, 169–278. [CrossRef] 49. Newhook, R.; Meek, M.E. Carbon Disulfide; WHO: Geneva, Switzerland, 2002. 50. Llorens, J. Toxic neurofilamentous axonopathies—Accumulation of neurofilaments and axonal degeneration. J. Intern. Med. 2013, 273, 478–489. [CrossRef] 51. Takebayashi, T.; Omae, K.; Ishizuka, C.; Nomiyama, T.; Sakurai, H. Cross sectional observation of the effects of carbon disulphide on the nervous system, endocrine system, and subjective symptoms in rayon manufacturing workers. Occup. Environ. Med. 1998,55, 473–479. [CrossRef] 52. Johnson, B.L.; Boyd, J.; Burg, J.R.; Lee, S.T.; Xintaras, C.; Albright, B.E. Effects on the peripheral nervous system of workers’ exposure to carbon disulfide. Neurotoxicology 1983, 4, 53–65. 53. Hirata, M.; Ogawa, Y.; Goto, S. A cross-sectional study on nerve conduction velocities among workers exposed to carbon disulphide. La Medicina del Lavoro 1996, 87, 29–34. 54. Kotseva, K.; Braeckman, L.; De Bacquer, D.; Bulat, P.; Vanhoorne, M. Cardiovascular Effects in Viscose Rayon Workers Exposed to Carbon Disulfide. Int. J. Occup. Environ. Health 2001, 7, 7–13. [CrossRef] 55. Hernberg, S.; Partanen, T.; Nordman, C.-H.; Sumari, P. Coronary heart disease among workers exposed to carbon disulphide. Occup. Environ. Med. 1970, 27, 313–325. [CrossRef] 56. Sulsky, S.I.; Hooven, F.H.; Burch, M.T.; Mundt, K.A. Critical review of the epidemiological literature on the potential cardiovascular effects of occupational carbon disulfide exposure. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health 2002, 75, 365–380. [CrossRef] 57. Leonardos, G.; Kendall, D.; Barnard, N. Odor Threshold Determinations of 53 Odorant Chemicals. J. Air Pollut. Control Assoc. 1969, 19, 91–95. [CrossRef] 58. Wilby, F.V. Variation in Recognition Odor Threshold of a Panel. J. Air Pollut. Control Assoc. 1969, 19, 96–100. [CrossRef] 59. ACGIH. TLVs and BEIs: Based on the Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents & Biological Exposure Indices; ACGIH: Cincinnati, OH, USA, 2015; p. 42. Available online: http://www.acgih.org/forms/store/ ProductFormPublic/2015-tlvs-and-beis (accessed on 28 February 2022). 60. Fang, J.-J.; Yang, N.; Cen, D.-Y.; Shao, L.-M.; He, P.-J. Odor compounds from different sources of landfill: Characterization and source identification. Waste Manag. 2012, 32, 1401–1410. [CrossRef] 61. Fang, J.; Xu, X.; Jiang, L.; Qiao, J.; Zhou, H.; Li, K. Preliminary results of toxicity studies in rats following low-dose and short-term exposure to methyl mercaptan. Toxicol. Rep. 2019, 6, 431–438. [CrossRef] 62. Shults, W.T.; Fountain, E.N.; Lynch, E.C. Methanethiol Poisoning. JAMA 1970, 211, 2153–2154. [CrossRef] 63. Zieve, L.; Doizaki, W.M.; Zieve, J. Synergism between mercaptans and ammonia or fatty acids in the production of coma: A possible role for mercaptans in the pathogenesis of hepatic coma. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 1974, 83, 16–28. |
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Atribución 4.0 Internacional (CC BY 4.0)https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Hernández Fernández, JoaquínCANO CUADRO, HEIDIS PATRICIARodriguez-Couto, SusanaAméricaEurope2022-10-03T14:05:04Z2022-10-03T14:05:04Z2022-09-11Hernández-Fernández, J.; Cano, H.; Rodríguez-Couto, S. Quantification and Removal of Volatile Sulfur Compounds (VSCs) in Atmospheric Emissions in Large (Petro) Chemical Complexes in Different Countries of America and Europe. Sustainability 2022, 14, 11402. https://doi.org/10.3390/su141811402https://hdl.handle.net/11323/955610.3390/su1418114022071-1050Corporación Universidad de la CostaREDICUC - Repositorio CUChttps://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/The present research was focused on the determination and removal of sulfur-containing compounds in industrial emissions of liquefied petroleum gas purification processes in petrochemical plants located in the USA, Brazil, Colombia, Spain, and Italy. For the analysis of volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs), an improved analytical methodology was implemented. The performance of the method was evaluated for eight VSCs in a linear dynamic range between 0.1 and 50 ppm. The concentrations of the eight VSCs in the deethanizer affluents ranged from 11 to 49 ppm for all the studied plants, which exceed the limits specified by institutions and administrations in occupational health and safety. The concentrations of the eight VSCs in the splitter affluents were lower than 4 ppm for all the considered plants. The emissions from each column depended upon its operating rate, with the highest concentrations estimated at 45 TM kg−1 and the lowest ones at 25 TM kg−1. A zeolite-packed prototype column was fitted at the outlet of the splitter and deethanizer columns to reduce the environmental effect of the examined VSCs. This technique was verified and put into practice on an industrial scale, obtaining VSC removal percentages of between 85 and 91%.18 páginasapplication/pdfengMDPI AGSwitzerlandhttps://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/14/18/11402Quantification and removal of volatile sulfur compounds (VSCS) in atmospheric emissions in large (Petro) chemical complexes in different countries of America and EuropeArtículo de revistahttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1Textinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARTinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85Sustainability1. Kailasa, S.K.; Koduru, J.R.; Vikrant, K.; Tsang, Y.F.; Singhal, R.K.; Hussain, C.M.; Kim, K.-H. Recent progress on solution and materials chemistry for the removal of hydrogen sulfide from various gas plants. J. Mol. Liq. 2020, 297, 111886. [CrossRef]2. An, T.; Wan, S.; Li, G.; Sun, L.; Guo, B. 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Med. 1974, 83, 16–28.1811814Industrial emissionsLiquefied petroleum gas purificationZeoliteSulfideThiolsGC-MSPublicationORIGINALQuantification and Removal of Volatile Sulfur Compounds (VSCs) in Atmospheric Emissions in Large.pdfQuantification and Removal of Volatile Sulfur Compounds (VSCs) in Atmospheric Emissions in Large.pdfArtículoapplication/pdf1514446https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/e7dc2849-9882-498f-814f-18f89f59ae64/download3388974f66573f1b26b10284f12c3665MD51LICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-814828https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/e42384a4-9264-4a5b-b978-a2b7bbc0f488/download2f9959eaf5b71fae44bbf9ec84150c7aMD52TEXTQuantification and Removal of Volatile Sulfur Compounds (VSCs) in Atmospheric Emissions in Large.pdf.txtQuantification and Removal of Volatile Sulfur Compounds (VSCs) in Atmospheric Emissions in Large.pdf.txtExtracted 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ada en las Obras Colectivas.

b.	Distribuir copias o fonogramas de las Obras, exhibirlas públicamente, ejecutarlas públicamente y/o ponerlas a disposición pública, incluyéndolas como incorporadas en Obras Colectivas, según corresponda.

c.	Distribuir copias de las Obras Derivadas que se generen, exhibirlas públicamente, ejecutarlas públicamente y/o ponerlas a disposición pública.
Los derechos mencionados anteriormente pueden ser ejercidos en todos los medios y formatos, actualmente conocidos o que se inventen en el futuro. Los derechos antes mencionados incluyen el derecho a realizar dichas modificaciones en la medida que sean técnicamente necesarias para ejercer los derechos en otro medio o formatos, pero de otra manera usted no está autorizado para realizar obras derivadas. Todos los derechos no otorgados expresamente por el Licenciante quedan por este medio reservados, incluyendo pero sin limitarse a aquellos que se mencionan en las secciones 4(d) y 4(e).

4. Restricciones.
La licencia otorgada en la anterior Sección 3 está expresamente sujeta y limitada por las siguientes restricciones:

a.	Usted puede distribuir, exhibir públicamente, ejecutar públicamente, o poner a disposición pública la Obra sólo bajo las condiciones de esta Licencia, y Usted debe incluir una copia de esta licencia o del Identificador Universal de Recursos de la misma con cada copia de la Obra que distribuya, exhiba públicamente, ejecute públicamente o ponga a disposición pública. No es posible ofrecer o imponer ninguna condición sobre la Obra que altere o limite las condiciones de esta Licencia o el ejercicio de los derechos de los destinatarios otorgados en este documento. No es posible sublicenciar la Obra. Usted debe mantener intactos todos los avisos que hagan referencia a esta Licencia y a la cláusula de limitación de garantías. Usted no puede distribuir, exhibir públicamente, ejecutar públicamente, o poner a disposición pública la Obra con alguna medida tecnológica que controle el acceso o la utilización de ella de una forma que sea inconsistente con las condiciones de esta Licencia. Lo anterior se aplica a la Obra incorporada a una Obra Colectiva, pero esto no exige que la Obra Colectiva aparte de la obra misma quede sujeta a las condiciones de esta Licencia. Si Usted crea una Obra Colectiva, previo aviso de cualquier Licenciante debe, en la medida de lo posible, eliminar de la Obra Colectiva cualquier referencia a dicho Licenciante o al Autor Original, según lo solicitado por el Licenciante y conforme lo exige la cláusula 4(c).

b.	Usted no puede ejercer ninguno de los derechos que le han sido otorgados en la Sección 3 precedente de modo que estén principalmente destinados o directamente dirigidos a conseguir un provecho comercial o una compensación monetaria privada. El intercambio de la Obra por otras obras protegidas por derechos de autor, ya sea a través de un sistema para compartir archivos digitales (digital file-sharing) o de cualquier otra manera no será considerado como estar destinado principalmente o dirigido directamente a conseguir un provecho comercial o una compensación monetaria privada, siempre que no se realice un pago mediante una compensación monetaria en relación con el intercambio de obras protegidas por el derecho de autor.

c.	Si usted distribuye, exhibe públicamente, ejecuta públicamente o ejecuta públicamente en forma digital la Obra o cualquier Obra Derivada u Obra Colectiva, Usted debe mantener intacta toda la información de derecho de autor de la Obra y proporcionar, de forma razonable según el medio o manera que Usted esté utilizando: (i) el nombre del Autor Original si está provisto (o seudónimo, si fuere aplicable), y/o (ii) el nombre de la parte o las partes que el Autor Original y/o el Licenciante hubieren designado para la atribución (v.g., un instituto patrocinador, editorial, publicación) en la información de los derechos de autor del Licenciante, términos de servicios o de otras formas razonables; el título de la Obra si está provisto; en la medida de lo razonablemente factible y, si está provisto, el Identificador Uniforme de Recursos (Uniform Resource Identifier) que el Licenciante especifica para ser asociado con la Obra, salvo que tal URI no se refiera a la nota sobre los derechos de autor o a la información sobre el licenciamiento de la Obra; y en el caso de una Obra Derivada, atribuir el crédito identificando el uso de la Obra en la Obra Derivada (v.g., "Traducción Francesa de la Obra del Autor Original," o "Guión Cinematográfico basado en la Obra original del Autor Original"). Tal crédito puede ser implementado de cualquier forma razonable; en el caso, sin embargo, de Obras Derivadas u Obras Colectivas, tal crédito aparecerá, como mínimo, donde aparece el crédito de cualquier otro autor comparable y de una manera, al menos, tan destacada como el crédito de otro autor comparable.

d.	Para evitar toda confusión, el Licenciante aclara que, cuando la obra es una composición musical:

i.	Regalías por interpretación y ejecución bajo licencias generales. El Licenciante se reserva el derecho exclusivo de autorizar la ejecución pública o la ejecución pública digital de la obra y de recolectar, sea individualmente o a través de una sociedad de gestión colectiva de derechos de autor y derechos conexos (por ejemplo, SAYCO), las regalías por la ejecución pública o por la ejecución pública digital de la obra (por ejemplo Webcast) licenciada bajo licencias generales, si la interpretación o ejecución de la obra está primordialmente orientada por o dirigida a la obtención de una ventaja comercial o una compensación monetaria privada.

ii.	Regalías por Fonogramas. El Licenciante se reserva el derecho exclusivo de recolectar, individualmente o a través de una sociedad de gestión colectiva de derechos de autor y derechos conexos (por ejemplo, los consagrados por la SAYCO), una agencia de derechos musicales o algún agente designado, las regalías por cualquier fonograma que Usted cree a partir de la obra (“versión cover”) y distribuya, en los términos del régimen de derechos de autor, si la creación o distribución de esa versión cover está primordialmente destinada o dirigida a obtener una ventaja comercial o una compensación monetaria privada.

e.	Gestión de Derechos de Autor sobre Interpretaciones y Ejecuciones Digitales (WebCasting). Para evitar toda confusión, el Licenciante aclara que, cuando la obra sea un fonograma, el Licenciante se reserva el derecho exclusivo de autorizar la ejecución pública digital de la obra (por ejemplo, webcast) y de recolectar, individualmente o a través de una sociedad de gestión colectiva de derechos de autor y derechos conexos (por ejemplo, ACINPRO), las regalías por la ejecución pública digital de la obra (por ejemplo, webcast), sujeta a las disposiciones aplicables del régimen de Derecho de Autor, si esta ejecución pública digital está primordialmente dirigida a obtener una ventaja comercial o una compensación monetaria privada.

5. Representaciones, Garantías y Limitaciones de Responsabilidad.
A MENOS QUE LAS PARTES LO ACORDARAN DE OTRA FORMA POR ESCRITO, EL LICENCIANTE OFRECE LA OBRA (EN EL ESTADO EN EL QUE SE ENCUENTRA) “TAL CUAL”, SIN BRINDAR GARANTÍAS DE CLASE ALGUNA RESPECTO DE LA OBRA, YA SEA EXPRESA, IMPLÍCITA, LEGAL O CUALQUIERA OTRA, INCLUYENDO, SIN LIMITARSE A ELLAS, GARANTÍAS DE TITULARIDAD, COMERCIABILIDAD, ADAPTABILIDAD O ADECUACIÓN A PROPÓSITO DETERMINADO, AUSENCIA DE INFRACCIÓN, DE AUSENCIA DE DEFECTOS LATENTES O DE OTRO TIPO, O LA PRESENCIA O AUSENCIA DE ERRORES, SEAN O NO DESCUBRIBLES (PUEDAN O NO SER ESTOS DESCUBIERTOS). ALGUNAS JURISDICCIONES NO PERMITEN LA EXCLUSIÓN DE GARANTÍAS IMPLÍCITAS, EN CUYO CASO ESTA EXCLUSIÓN PUEDE NO APLICARSE A USTED.

6. Limitación de responsabilidad.
A MENOS QUE LO EXIJA EXPRESAMENTE LA LEY APLICABLE, EL LICENCIANTE NO SERÁ RESPONSABLE ANTE USTED POR DAÑO ALGUNO, SEA POR RESPONSABILIDAD EXTRACONTRACTUAL, PRECONTRACTUAL O CONTRACTUAL, OBJETIVA O SUBJETIVA, SE TRATE DE DAÑOS MORALES O PATRIMONIALES, DIRECTOS O INDIRECTOS, PREVISTOS O IMPREVISTOS PRODUCIDOS POR EL USO DE ESTA LICENCIA O DE LA OBRA, AUN CUANDO EL LICENCIANTE HAYA SIDO ADVERTIDO DE LA POSIBILIDAD DE DICHOS DAÑOS. ALGUNAS LEYES NO PERMITEN LA EXCLUSIÓN DE CIERTA RESPONSABILIDAD, EN CUYO CASO ESTA EXCLUSIÓN PUEDE NO APLICARSE A USTED.

7. Término.

a.	Esta Licencia y los derechos otorgados en virtud de ella terminarán automáticamente si Usted infringe alguna condición establecida en ella. Sin embargo, los individuos o entidades que han recibido Obras Derivadas o Colectivas de Usted de conformidad con esta Licencia, no verán terminadas sus licencias, siempre que estos individuos o entidades sigan cumpliendo íntegramente las condiciones de estas licencias. Las Secciones 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, y 8 subsistirán a cualquier terminación de esta Licencia.

b.	Sujeta a las condiciones y términos anteriores, la licencia otorgada aquí es perpetua (durante el período de vigencia de los derechos de autor de la obra). No obstante lo anterior, el Licenciante se reserva el derecho a publicar y/o estrenar la Obra bajo condiciones de licencia diferentes o a dejar de distribuirla en los términos de esta Licencia en cualquier momento; en el entendido, sin embargo, que esa elección no servirá para revocar esta licencia o que deba ser otorgada , bajo los términos de esta licencia), y esta licencia continuará en pleno vigor y efecto a menos que sea terminada como se expresa atrás. La Licencia revocada continuará siendo plenamente vigente y efectiva si no se le da término en las condiciones indicadas anteriormente.

8. Varios.

a.	Cada vez que Usted distribuya o ponga a disposición pública la Obra o una Obra Colectiva, el Licenciante ofrecerá al destinatario una licencia en los mismos términos y condiciones que la licencia otorgada a Usted bajo esta Licencia.

b.	Si alguna disposición de esta Licencia resulta invalidada o no exigible, según la legislación vigente, esto no afectará ni la validez ni la aplicabilidad del resto de condiciones de esta Licencia y, sin acción adicional por parte de los sujetos de este acuerdo, aquélla se entenderá reformada lo mínimo necesario para hacer que dicha disposición sea válida y exigible.

c.	Ningún término o disposición de esta Licencia se estimará renunciada y ninguna violación de ella será consentida a menos que esa renuncia o consentimiento sea otorgado por escrito y firmado por la parte que renuncie o consienta.

d.	Esta Licencia refleja el acuerdo pleno entre las partes respecto a la Obra aquí licenciada. No hay arreglos, acuerdos o declaraciones respecto a la Obra que no estén especificados en este documento. El Licenciante no se verá limitado por ninguna disposición adicional que pueda surgir en alguna comunicación emanada de Usted. Esta Licencia no puede ser modificada sin el consentimiento mutuo por escrito del Licenciante y Usted.
 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