Emotion recognition in young male offenders and non-offenders
The study of facial emotional expressions not only gives information about communicative and adaptive processes, but also provides valuable knowledge about some aspects of human behaviour, such as emotions and intentions. Taking into account the proved evidence that deficits in processing emotional...
- Autores:
-
Pino, Mariana
Montaño, Synella
Agudelo, Katty
Idárraga Cabrera, Claudia
Fernández Lucas, Jesús
Herrera Mendoza, Ketty
- Tipo de recurso:
- http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_816b
- Fecha de publicación:
- 2019
- Institución:
- Corporación Universidad de la Costa
- Repositorio:
- REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
- Idioma:
- eng
- OAI Identifier:
- oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/2994
- Acceso en línea:
- https://hdl.handle.net/11323/2994
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/
- Palabra clave:
- Offenders
non-offenders emotion recognition
facial emotional expressions
- Rights
- openAccess
- License
- Atribución – No comercial – Sin Derivar
id |
RCUC2_c2fa5d07e538a87285198e7ffd26cb97 |
---|---|
oai_identifier_str |
oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/2994 |
network_acronym_str |
RCUC2 |
network_name_str |
REDICUC - Repositorio CUC |
repository_id_str |
|
dc.title.spa.fl_str_mv |
Emotion recognition in young male offenders and non-offenders |
title |
Emotion recognition in young male offenders and non-offenders |
spellingShingle |
Emotion recognition in young male offenders and non-offenders Offenders non-offenders emotion recognition facial emotional expressions |
title_short |
Emotion recognition in young male offenders and non-offenders |
title_full |
Emotion recognition in young male offenders and non-offenders |
title_fullStr |
Emotion recognition in young male offenders and non-offenders |
title_full_unstemmed |
Emotion recognition in young male offenders and non-offenders |
title_sort |
Emotion recognition in young male offenders and non-offenders |
dc.creator.fl_str_mv |
Pino, Mariana Montaño, Synella Agudelo, Katty Idárraga Cabrera, Claudia Fernández Lucas, Jesús Herrera Mendoza, Ketty |
dc.contributor.author.spa.fl_str_mv |
Pino, Mariana Montaño, Synella Agudelo, Katty Idárraga Cabrera, Claudia Fernández Lucas, Jesús Herrera Mendoza, Ketty |
dc.subject.spa.fl_str_mv |
Offenders non-offenders emotion recognition facial emotional expressions |
topic |
Offenders non-offenders emotion recognition facial emotional expressions |
description |
The study of facial emotional expressions not only gives information about communicative and adaptive processes, but also provides valuable knowledge about some aspects of human behaviour, such as emotions and intentions. Taking into account the proved evidence that deficits in processing emotional information shows difficulties in executive functions and social behavior, the present work aims to compare the perceptual and dimensional similarities between the emotions transmitted by the faces (facial emotions) and those typically associated with two particular emotional contexts (offenders and non-offenders). To evaluate the contextual influence on emotional face categorization, the emotional recognition in 69 male young (35 offenders (17.22 ± 1.5 years) and 34 non-offenders (16.90 ± 1.56 years) from Barranquilla (Colombia) was analyzed. Experimental results displayed significant differences among the two groups, mainly focused in the recognition of anger and disgust faces. In this sense, the analysis of abovementioned data may lead to the development of more specific and cost-effective therapeutic treatments for offender population. |
publishDate |
2019 |
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv |
2019-04-04T20:38:16Z |
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv |
2019-04-04T20:38:16Z |
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv |
2019-03-16 |
dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv |
Pre-Publicación |
dc.type.coar.spa.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_816b |
dc.type.content.spa.fl_str_mv |
Text |
dc.type.driver.spa.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/preprint |
dc.type.redcol.spa.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARTOTR |
dc.type.version.spa.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion |
format |
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_816b |
status_str |
acceptedVersion |
dc.identifier.issn.spa.fl_str_mv |
0031-9384 |
dc.identifier.uri.spa.fl_str_mv |
https://hdl.handle.net/11323/2994 |
dc.identifier.instname.spa.fl_str_mv |
Corporación Universidad de la Costa |
dc.identifier.reponame.spa.fl_str_mv |
REDICUC - Repositorio CUC |
dc.identifier.repourl.spa.fl_str_mv |
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/ |
identifier_str_mv |
0031-9384 Corporación Universidad de la Costa REDICUC - Repositorio CUC |
url |
https://hdl.handle.net/11323/2994 https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/ |
dc.language.iso.none.fl_str_mv |
eng |
language |
eng |
dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv |
[1] Blair, R.J. Facial expressions, their communicatory functions and neurocognitive substrates. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. 2003; 358(1431): 561-572. [2] Cristinzio, C., Sandler, D. & Vuilleumier, P. Recognition of Emotional expressions and amígdala pathology. Epiletoplogie. 2007; 24: 130-138. [3] Marsh, A.A, Ambady, N., & Kozak, M. Acurrate identification of fear facial expressions predicts prosocial Behavior. Emotion. 2007; 7(2), 239-251. [4] Clemente-Suarez, V., Ruisoto, P., & Robles, J. Psychophysiological response to acute‐high‐stress combat situations in professional soldiers. Stress and health. 2018; 34(2): 247-252. [5] Gery, I., Miljkovitch, R., Berthoz, S., & Soussignan, R. Empathy and recognition of facial expressions of emotion in sex ofender, non-sex offenders and normal control. Psychiatry Research. 2009; 165:252-262. [6] Suchy, Y., Rau, H., Whittaker, W. J., Eastvold, A. & Strassberg, D.J. Facial affect recognition as a predictor of performance on a Reading comprehension test among criminal sex offenders. Applied Psychology in Criminal Justice. 2009; 5:73-89. [7] Fairchild, G., Van Goozen, S.H., Calder, A.J., Stollery, S.J. & Goodyer, I.M. Deficits in facial expression recognition in male adolescentes with early-onset or adolescence-onset conduct disorder. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. 2009; 50: 627-636 [8] Vasconcellos, S.J., Salvador-Silva, R., Gauder, V. & Gauier, G.J. Psychopathic traits in adolescents and recognition of emotion in facial expressions. Psychologia Reflexao e Crítica. 2014; 27:768-774. [9] Koolhof, R., Loeber, R., Wei, E.H., Pardini, D., & D’Escury, A.C. Inhibition deficits of serious delinquent boys of low intelligence. Crim. Behav. Ment. Health. 2007; 17:274–292. [10] Gonzalez-Gadea, M.L., Herrera, E., Parra, M., Gómez, P., Báez, S., Manes, F. & Ibañez, A. Emotion recognition and cognitive empathy deficits in adolescent offenders revealed by context-sensitive tasks. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. 2014; 8(850). doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00850 [11] Aviezer, H., Hassin, R., Bentin, S., & Trope, Y. Putting facial expressions back in context. First impressions. New York: Guilford; 2008 [12] Aviezer, H., Hassin, R.R., Ryan, J., Grady, C., Susskind, J., Anderson. A, & Bentin. S. Angry, disgusted, or afraid? Studies on the malleability of emotion perception. Psychological Science. 2008; 19: 724-732. [13] Aviezer, H., Bentin, S., Hassin, R.R., Meschino, W.S., Kennedy, J., Grewal, S, & Moscovitch, M. Not on the face alone: Perception of contextualized face expressions in Huntington’s disease. Brain. 2009; 132:1633–1644. [14] Koolhof, R., Loeber, R., Wei, E.H., Pardini, D., & D’Escury, A.C. Inhibition deficits of serious delinquent boys of low intelligence. Criminal Behavior of Mental Health. 2007; 17:274–292. [15] Trujillo, N., Pineda, D.A. y Puerta, C. Alteraciones cognitivas en adolescentes infractores con trastorno disocial de diversos niveles de gravedad. Psicología conductual. 2007; 15:297-319. [16] Maniadaki, K. & Kakouros, E. Attention problems and learning disabilities in young offenders in detention in Greece. Psychology. 2011; 2:53-59. [17] Hoaken, P.N.S., Allaby, D.B., & Earle, J. Executive cognitive functioning and the recognition of facial expressions of emotion in incarcerated violent offenders, non-violent offenders, and controls. Agressive Behavior. 2007; 33:412-421 [18] Omar-Martínez, E., Pino-Melgarejo, M. M, Idarraga-Cabrera, C. P, & Rodríguez-Aldana, Y. Performance-Associated Factors of Elderly Patients with a Low Education Level, with Acquired Language Alterations in Tests to Explore Executive Functions. World Journal of neuroscience. 2017; 7(3):293-306. [19] Sato, W., Uono, S., Matsurra, N. & Toichi, M. Misrecognition of facial expressions in delinquents. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health. 2009; doi: 10.1186/1753-2000-3-27 [20] Trepáčová, M., Řezáča, P., Kurečková, V., Zámečník, P., Řezáč, J., and Kopečkováb, L. Differences in facia affect recognition between non-offending and offending drivers. Transportation research part F: Traffic Psychology and behavior. 2019; 60:582-589. [21] McCown, W., Johnson, J., Austin, S. Inability of delinquents to recognize facial affect. J Soc Behav Pers. 1986; 1:489-496. [22] Bowen, K.L, Morgan, J.E., Moore, S.C & Van Goozen, S.H. Young Offenders’ Emotion Recognition Dysfunction Across Emotion Intensities: Explaining Variation Using Psychopathic Traits, Conduct Disorder and Offense Severity. Journal of psychopathology and behavioural assessment. 2013; 36(1):60-73. [23] Fox, B., Perez, N., Cass, N., Baglivio., and Epps, N. Trauma changes everything: Examining the relationship between adverse childhood experiences and serious, violent and chronic juvenile offenders. Child abuse & Neglect. 2015; 46:163-173. [24] Gillespie, S., Rotshtein, P., Satherley, R., Beech, A. and Mitchell, I. Emotional expression recognition and attribution bias among sexual and violent offenders: a signal detection analysis. Frontiers in psychology. 2015; 6(595):1-12. [25] Bennet, D.C, and Kerig, P, K. (2014). Investigating the Construct of Trauma‐ Related Acquired Callousness Among Delinquent Youth: Differences in Emotion Processing. Journal of traumatic Stress. 2014; 27(4):415-422. |
dc.rights.spa.fl_str_mv |
Atribución – No comercial – Sin Derivar |
dc.rights.accessrights.spa.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess |
dc.rights.coar.spa.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2 |
rights_invalid_str_mv |
Atribución – No comercial – Sin Derivar http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2 |
eu_rights_str_mv |
openAccess |
dc.publisher.spa.fl_str_mv |
Physiology & Behavior |
institution |
Corporación Universidad de la Costa |
bitstream.url.fl_str_mv |
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/0b546b77-d9fe-4696-825a-02cca03102b2/download https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/5300643f-891a-4659-99e7-0c74fa95e8f8/download https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/0e011c35-a0ca-4db4-9165-8ee88611826e/download https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/32411404-0d82-4276-8b7c-c4c247859e5e/download |
bitstream.checksum.fl_str_mv |
4eea581ec97d270d5e36d8d9584d1dc0 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 5a8c9ee710018d6bfc51d640e656da45 388c5f20b121b9cfc78805762f4cba90 |
bitstream.checksumAlgorithm.fl_str_mv |
MD5 MD5 MD5 MD5 |
repository.name.fl_str_mv |
Repositorio de la Universidad de la Costa CUC |
repository.mail.fl_str_mv |
repdigital@cuc.edu.co |
_version_ |
1811760762649051136 |
spelling |
Pino, MarianaMontaño, SynellaAgudelo, KattyIdárraga Cabrera, ClaudiaFernández Lucas, JesúsHerrera Mendoza, Ketty2019-04-04T20:38:16Z2019-04-04T20:38:16Z2019-03-160031-9384https://hdl.handle.net/11323/2994Corporación Universidad de la CostaREDICUC - Repositorio CUChttps://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/The study of facial emotional expressions not only gives information about communicative and adaptive processes, but also provides valuable knowledge about some aspects of human behaviour, such as emotions and intentions. Taking into account the proved evidence that deficits in processing emotional information shows difficulties in executive functions and social behavior, the present work aims to compare the perceptual and dimensional similarities between the emotions transmitted by the faces (facial emotions) and those typically associated with two particular emotional contexts (offenders and non-offenders). To evaluate the contextual influence on emotional face categorization, the emotional recognition in 69 male young (35 offenders (17.22 ± 1.5 years) and 34 non-offenders (16.90 ± 1.56 years) from Barranquilla (Colombia) was analyzed. Experimental results displayed significant differences among the two groups, mainly focused in the recognition of anger and disgust faces. In this sense, the analysis of abovementioned data may lead to the development of more specific and cost-effective therapeutic treatments for offender population.Pino, Mariana-6236b35b-bf44-4547-9eec-e9f84a20c7df-0Montaño, Synella-7b270ec2-b4ac-4594-8ec8-5126b7e75370-0Agudelo, Katty-a4e735f1-d36d-4f24-a0f0-502e9c59d3d5-0Idárraga Cabrera, Claudia-f5207a93-7f46-4007-8727-99bb076163ae-0Fernández Lucas, Jesús-454d03d3-2cec-45b1-a796-51012f85b786-0Herrera Mendoza, Ketty-0000-0003-4081-0297-600engPhysiology & BehaviorAtribución – No comercial – Sin Derivarinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Offendersnon-offenders emotion recognitionfacial emotional expressionsEmotion recognition in young male offenders and non-offendersPre-Publicaciónhttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_816bTextinfo:eu-repo/semantics/preprinthttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARTOTRinfo:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion[1] Blair, R.J. Facial expressions, their communicatory functions and neurocognitive substrates. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. 2003; 358(1431): 561-572. [2] Cristinzio, C., Sandler, D. & Vuilleumier, P. Recognition of Emotional expressions and amígdala pathology. Epiletoplogie. 2007; 24: 130-138. [3] Marsh, A.A, Ambady, N., & Kozak, M. Acurrate identification of fear facial expressions predicts prosocial Behavior. Emotion. 2007; 7(2), 239-251. [4] Clemente-Suarez, V., Ruisoto, P., & Robles, J. Psychophysiological response to acute‐high‐stress combat situations in professional soldiers. Stress and health. 2018; 34(2): 247-252. [5] Gery, I., Miljkovitch, R., Berthoz, S., & Soussignan, R. Empathy and recognition of facial expressions of emotion in sex ofender, non-sex offenders and normal control. Psychiatry Research. 2009; 165:252-262. [6] Suchy, Y., Rau, H., Whittaker, W. J., Eastvold, A. & Strassberg, D.J. Facial affect recognition as a predictor of performance on a Reading comprehension test among criminal sex offenders. Applied Psychology in Criminal Justice. 2009; 5:73-89. [7] Fairchild, G., Van Goozen, S.H., Calder, A.J., Stollery, S.J. & Goodyer, I.M. Deficits in facial expression recognition in male adolescentes with early-onset or adolescence-onset conduct disorder. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. 2009; 50: 627-636 [8] Vasconcellos, S.J., Salvador-Silva, R., Gauder, V. & Gauier, G.J. Psychopathic traits in adolescents and recognition of emotion in facial expressions. Psychologia Reflexao e Crítica. 2014; 27:768-774. [9] Koolhof, R., Loeber, R., Wei, E.H., Pardini, D., & D’Escury, A.C. Inhibition deficits of serious delinquent boys of low intelligence. Crim. Behav. Ment. Health. 2007; 17:274–292. [10] Gonzalez-Gadea, M.L., Herrera, E., Parra, M., Gómez, P., Báez, S., Manes, F. & Ibañez, A. Emotion recognition and cognitive empathy deficits in adolescent offenders revealed by context-sensitive tasks. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. 2014; 8(850). doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00850 [11] Aviezer, H., Hassin, R., Bentin, S., & Trope, Y. Putting facial expressions back in context. First impressions. New York: Guilford; 2008 [12] Aviezer, H., Hassin, R.R., Ryan, J., Grady, C., Susskind, J., Anderson. A, & Bentin. S. Angry, disgusted, or afraid? Studies on the malleability of emotion perception. Psychological Science. 2008; 19: 724-732. [13] Aviezer, H., Bentin, S., Hassin, R.R., Meschino, W.S., Kennedy, J., Grewal, S, & Moscovitch, M. Not on the face alone: Perception of contextualized face expressions in Huntington’s disease. Brain. 2009; 132:1633–1644. [14] Koolhof, R., Loeber, R., Wei, E.H., Pardini, D., & D’Escury, A.C. Inhibition deficits of serious delinquent boys of low intelligence. Criminal Behavior of Mental Health. 2007; 17:274–292. [15] Trujillo, N., Pineda, D.A. y Puerta, C. Alteraciones cognitivas en adolescentes infractores con trastorno disocial de diversos niveles de gravedad. Psicología conductual. 2007; 15:297-319. [16] Maniadaki, K. & Kakouros, E. Attention problems and learning disabilities in young offenders in detention in Greece. Psychology. 2011; 2:53-59. [17] Hoaken, P.N.S., Allaby, D.B., & Earle, J. Executive cognitive functioning and the recognition of facial expressions of emotion in incarcerated violent offenders, non-violent offenders, and controls. Agressive Behavior. 2007; 33:412-421 [18] Omar-Martínez, E., Pino-Melgarejo, M. M, Idarraga-Cabrera, C. P, & Rodríguez-Aldana, Y. Performance-Associated Factors of Elderly Patients with a Low Education Level, with Acquired Language Alterations in Tests to Explore Executive Functions. World Journal of neuroscience. 2017; 7(3):293-306. [19] Sato, W., Uono, S., Matsurra, N. & Toichi, M. Misrecognition of facial expressions in delinquents. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health. 2009; doi: 10.1186/1753-2000-3-27 [20] Trepáčová, M., Řezáča, P., Kurečková, V., Zámečník, P., Řezáč, J., and Kopečkováb, L. Differences in facia affect recognition between non-offending and offending drivers. Transportation research part F: Traffic Psychology and behavior. 2019; 60:582-589. [21] McCown, W., Johnson, J., Austin, S. Inability of delinquents to recognize facial affect. J Soc Behav Pers. 1986; 1:489-496. [22] Bowen, K.L, Morgan, J.E., Moore, S.C & Van Goozen, S.H. Young Offenders’ Emotion Recognition Dysfunction Across Emotion Intensities: Explaining Variation Using Psychopathic Traits, Conduct Disorder and Offense Severity. Journal of psychopathology and behavioural assessment. 2013; 36(1):60-73. [23] Fox, B., Perez, N., Cass, N., Baglivio., and Epps, N. Trauma changes everything: Examining the relationship between adverse childhood experiences and serious, violent and chronic juvenile offenders. Child abuse & Neglect. 2015; 46:163-173. [24] Gillespie, S., Rotshtein, P., Satherley, R., Beech, A. and Mitchell, I. Emotional expression recognition and attribution bias among sexual and violent offenders: a signal detection analysis. Frontiers in psychology. 2015; 6(595):1-12. [25] Bennet, D.C, and Kerig, P, K. (2014). Investigating the Construct of Trauma‐ Related Acquired Callousness Among Delinquent Youth: Differences in Emotion Processing. Journal of traumatic Stress. 2014; 27(4):415-422.PublicationORIGINALEmotion recognition in young male offenders and non-offenders.pdfEmotion recognition in young male offenders and non-offenders.pdfapplication/pdf503144https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/0b546b77-d9fe-4696-825a-02cca03102b2/download4eea581ec97d270d5e36d8d9584d1dc0MD51LICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-81748https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/5300643f-891a-4659-99e7-0c74fa95e8f8/download8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33MD52THUMBNAILEmotion recognition in young male offenders and non-offenders.pdf.jpgEmotion recognition in young male offenders and non-offenders.pdf.jpgimage/jpeg36024https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/0e011c35-a0ca-4db4-9165-8ee88611826e/download5a8c9ee710018d6bfc51d640e656da45MD54TEXTEmotion recognition in young male offenders and non-offenders.pdf.txtEmotion recognition in young male offenders and non-offenders.pdf.txttext/plain24176https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/32411404-0d82-4276-8b7c-c4c247859e5e/download388c5f20b121b9cfc78805762f4cba90MD5511323/2994oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/29942024-09-17 11:02:17.816open.accesshttps://repositorio.cuc.edu.coRepositorio de la Universidad de la Costa CUCrepdigital@cuc.edu.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 |