The economic valuation of ecosystem services in Colombia. Challenges, gaps and future pathways
This paper provides a comprehensive assessment of the economic values for ecosystem services (ESs) in Colombia. Were analyzed 154 studies that estimated economic values for 21 ESs in 18 general ecosystems. In total, 502 values were coded and classified according to the Common International Classific...
- Autores:
-
Ruiz Agudelo, Cesar Augusto
Suarez, Andrés
GUTIÉRREZ BONILLA, FRANCISCO DE PAULA
Cortés-Gómez, Angela M.
- Tipo de recurso:
- Article of investigation
- Fecha de publicación:
- 2022
- Institución:
- Corporación Universidad de la Costa
- Repositorio:
- REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
- Idioma:
- eng
- OAI Identifier:
- oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/9596
- Acceso en línea:
- https://hdl.handle.net/11323/9596
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/
- Palabra clave:
- Colombia
Ecosystem services
Literature assessment
Economic valuation
Environmental policy
Ecosystems
- Rights
- openAccess
- License
- Atribución-NoComercial 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC 4.0)
| id |
RCUC2_c283cc64dd2916e00f1d96e9b49a6b0c |
|---|---|
| oai_identifier_str |
oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/9596 |
| network_acronym_str |
RCUC2 |
| network_name_str |
REDICUC - Repositorio CUC |
| repository_id_str |
|
| dc.title.eng.fl_str_mv |
The economic valuation of ecosystem services in Colombia. Challenges, gaps and future pathways |
| title |
The economic valuation of ecosystem services in Colombia. Challenges, gaps and future pathways |
| spellingShingle |
The economic valuation of ecosystem services in Colombia. Challenges, gaps and future pathways Colombia Ecosystem services Literature assessment Economic valuation Environmental policy Ecosystems |
| title_short |
The economic valuation of ecosystem services in Colombia. Challenges, gaps and future pathways |
| title_full |
The economic valuation of ecosystem services in Colombia. Challenges, gaps and future pathways |
| title_fullStr |
The economic valuation of ecosystem services in Colombia. Challenges, gaps and future pathways |
| title_full_unstemmed |
The economic valuation of ecosystem services in Colombia. Challenges, gaps and future pathways |
| title_sort |
The economic valuation of ecosystem services in Colombia. Challenges, gaps and future pathways |
| dc.creator.fl_str_mv |
Ruiz Agudelo, Cesar Augusto Suarez, Andrés GUTIÉRREZ BONILLA, FRANCISCO DE PAULA Cortés-Gómez, Angela M. |
| dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv |
Ruiz Agudelo, Cesar Augusto Suarez, Andrés GUTIÉRREZ BONILLA, FRANCISCO DE PAULA Cortés-Gómez, Angela M. |
| dc.subject.proposal.eng.fl_str_mv |
Colombia Ecosystem services Literature assessment Economic valuation Environmental policy Ecosystems |
| topic |
Colombia Ecosystem services Literature assessment Economic valuation Environmental policy Ecosystems |
| description |
This paper provides a comprehensive assessment of the economic values for ecosystem services (ESs) in Colombia. Were analyzed 154 studies that estimated economic values for 21 ESs in 18 general ecosystems. In total, 502 values were coded and classified according to the Common International Classification of Ecosystem Services – CICES. Despite being a technique that is not based on primary economic valuation information, Benefits transfer was the most common method used to estimate the value of ESs in Colombia, followed by market prices and contingent valuation. Opportunities for recreation and tourism, climate regulation, habitat conservation, and water have been the most valued ESs. Many important ESs remain unnoticed and are not adequately accounted (e.g. pollination). Additionally, 53% of the information available on the economic values of ESs is concentrated in only 5 of the 32 Colombian departments. Finally, this review highlights the multiple challenges of Colombian academics and practitioners to improve the economic valuation practice and complement and recognize the multiple social relationships and the multiple views in terms of the values nature has. |
| publishDate |
2022 |
| dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv |
2022-10-28T15:12:36Z |
| dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv |
2022-10-28T15:12:36Z |
| dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv |
2022-10-04 |
| dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv |
Artículo de revista |
| dc.type.coar.spa.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1 |
| dc.type.content.spa.fl_str_mv |
Text |
| dc.type.driver.spa.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/article |
| dc.type.redcol.spa.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ART |
| dc.type.version.spa.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion |
| dc.type.coarversion.spa.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85 |
| format |
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1 |
| status_str |
publishedVersion |
| dc.identifier.citation.spa.fl_str_mv |
César Augusto Ruiz-Agudelo, Andrés Suarez, Francisco de Paula GutiérrezBonilla & Angela María Cortes-Gómez (2022): The economic valuation of ecosystem services in Colombia. Challenges, gaps and future pathways, Journal of Environmental Economics and Policy, DOI: 10.1080/21606544.2022.2134218 |
| dc.identifier.issn.spa.fl_str_mv |
2160-6544 |
| dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv |
https://hdl.handle.net/11323/9596 |
| dc.identifier.doi.none.fl_str_mv |
10.1080/21606544.2022.2134218 |
| dc.identifier.eissn.spa.fl_str_mv |
2160-6552 |
| dc.identifier.instname.spa.fl_str_mv |
Corporación Universidad de la Costa |
| dc.identifier.reponame.spa.fl_str_mv |
REDICUC - Repositorio CUC |
| dc.identifier.repourl.spa.fl_str_mv |
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/ |
| identifier_str_mv |
César Augusto Ruiz-Agudelo, Andrés Suarez, Francisco de Paula GutiérrezBonilla & Angela María Cortes-Gómez (2022): The economic valuation of ecosystem services in Colombia. Challenges, gaps and future pathways, Journal of Environmental Economics and Policy, DOI: 10.1080/21606544.2022.2134218 2160-6544 10.1080/21606544.2022.2134218 2160-6552 Corporación Universidad de la Costa REDICUC - Repositorio CUC |
| url |
https://hdl.handle.net/11323/9596 https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/ |
| dc.language.iso.spa.fl_str_mv |
eng |
| language |
eng |
| dc.relation.ispartofjournal.spa.fl_str_mv |
Journal of Environmental Economics and Policy |
| dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv |
Acharya, R. P., T. Maraseni, and G. Cockfield. 2019. “Global Trend of Forest Ecosystem Services Valuation – An Analysis of Publications.” Ecosystem Services 39: 100979. Andrade, G. 2011. “Estado del conocimiento de la biodiversidad en Colombia y sus amenazas. Consideraciones para fortalecer la interacción ciencia-política.” Revista de la Academia Colombiana de. Cienciencias 137: 491–507. Andreopoulos, D., and D. Damigos. 2017. “To Transfer or not to Transfer? Evidence from Validity and Reliability Tests for International Transfers of Non-Market Adaptation Benefits in River Basins.” Journal of Environmental Management 185: 44–53. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.10.047. Angarita-Baéz, J. A., E. Pérez-Miñana, J. E. Beltrán, C. A. Ruiz-Agudelo, A. Paez-Ortiz, E. Palacios, and S. Willcock. 2017. “Assessing and Mapping Cultural Ecosystem Services at Community Level in the Colombian Amazon.” International Journal of Biodiversity Science, Ecosystem Services & Management 13 (1): 280–296. doi:10.1080/21513732.2017.1345981. Arias-Arévalo, P., E. Gómez-Baggethun, B. Martín-López, and M. Pérez-Rincón. 2018. “Widening the Evaluative Space for Ecosystem Services: A Taxonomy of Plural Values and Valuation Methods.” Environmental Values 27 (1): 29–53. doi:10.3197/096327118X15144698637513. Armenteras, D., E. Cabrera, N. Rodríguez, and J. Retana. 2013. “National and Regional Determinants of Tropical Deforestation in Colombia.” Regional Environmental Change 13: 1181–1193. doi:10.1007/s10113-013-0433-7. Armenteras, D., J. M. Espelta, N. Rodríguez, and J. Retana. 2017. “Deforestation Dynamics and Drivers in Different Forest Types in Latin America: Three Decades of Studies (1980–2010).” Global Environmental Change 46: 139– 147. doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2017.09.002. Armenteras, D., N. Rodríguez, J. Retana, and M. Morales. 2011. “Understanding Deforestation in Montane and Lowland Forests of the Colombian Andes.” Regional Environmental Change 11: 693–705. doi:10.1007/s10113-010-0200-y. Artell, J., H. Ahtiainen, and E. Pouta. 2019. “Distance Decay and Regional Statistics in International Benefit Transfer.” Ecological Economics 164: 106383–383. doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2019.106383. Balmford, A., A. Bruner, P. Cooper, R. Costanza, S. Farber, R. E. Green, M. Jenkins, P. Jefferiss, V. Jessamy, and J. Madden. 2002. “Economic Reasons for Conserving Wild Nature.” Science 297 (5583): 950–953. Balmford, Andrew, Brendan Fisher, Rhys E. Green, Robin Naidoo, Bernardo Strassburg, R. Kerry Turner, and Ana S. L. Rodrigues. 2011. “Bringing Ecosystem Services into the Real World: An Operational Framework for Assessing the Economic Consequences of Losing Wild Nature.” Environmental and Resource Economics 48: 161–175. doi:10.1007/s10640-010-9413-2. Barbier, E. B., M. Acreman, and D. Knowler. 1997. Economic Valuation of Wetlands: A Guide for Policy Makers and Planners. Gland, Switzerland: Ramsar Convention Bureau. Bateman, I. J., R. Brouwer, S. Ferrini, M. Schaafsma, D. N. Barton, A. Dubgaard, B. Hasler, et al. 2011. “Making Benefit Transfers Work: Deriving and Testing Principles for Value Transfers for Similar and Dissimilar Sites Using a Case Study of the Non-Market Benefits of Water Quality Improvements Across Europe.” Environmental and Resource Economics 50 (3): 365–387. doi:10.1007/s10640-011-9476-8. Baumgärtner, S., M. A. Drupp, J. Munz, J. N. Meya, and M. F. Quaas. 2017. “Income Inequality and Willingness to Pay for Environmental Public Goods.” Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 85: 35–61. doi:10.1016/j.jeem.2017.04.005. Braat, L. C., and R. de Groot. 2012. “The Ecosystem Services Agenda:Bridging the Worlds of Natural Science and Economics, Conservation and Development, and Public and Private Policy.” Ecosystem Services 1 (1): 4. doi:10.1016/j.ecoser.2012.07.011. Brander, L. M., P. van Beukering, M. Balzan, S. Broekx, I. Liekens, C. Marta-Pedroso, Z. Szkop, et al. 2018. Report on Economic Mapping and Assessment Methods for Ecosystem Services. Deliverable D3.2 EU Horizon 2020 ESMERALDA Project, Grant agreement No. 642007. Chadid, M., L. Dávalos, J. Molina, and D. A. Armenteras. 2015. “A Bayesian Spatial Model Highlights Distinct Dynamics in Deforestation from Coca and Pastures in an Andean Biodiversity Hotspot.” Forests 6: 3828–3846. doi:10.3390/f6113828. Christie, M., and M. Rayment. 2012. “An Economic Assessment of the Ecosystem Service Benefits Derived from the SSSI Biodiversity Conservation Policy in England and Wales.” Ecosystem Services 1 (1): 70–84. Costanza, R., R. de Groot, L. Braat, I. Kubiszewski, L. Fioramonati, P. Sutton, and M. Grasso. 2017. “Twenty Years of Ecosystem Services: How Far have we Come and How Far do we Still Need to go?.” Ecosystem Services 28: 1–16. doi:10.1016/j.ecoser.2017.09.008. Costanza, R., R. de Groot, P. Sutton, S. van der Ploeg, S. J. Anderson, I. Kubiszewski, S. Farber, and R. K. Turner. 2014. “Changes in the Global Value of Ecosystem Services.” Global Environmental Change 26: 152–158. doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2014.04.002. Czajkowski, M., H. Ahtiainen, J. Artell, and J. Meyerhoff. 2017. “Choosing a Functional Form for an International Benefit Transfer: Evidence from a Nine-Country Valuation Experiment.” Ecological Economics 134: 104–13. doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.01.005. Daily, G. C. 1997. Nature’s Services, vol. 3. Washington, DC: Island Press. Daily, Gretchen C., Stephen Polasky, Joshua Goldstein, Peter M. Kareiva, Harold A. Mooney, Liba Pejchar, Taylor H. Ricketts, James Salzman, and Robert Shallenberger. 2009. “Ecosystem Services in Decision Making: Time to Deliver.” Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 7 (1): 21–28. doi:10.1890/080025. D’Alberto, R., M. Zavalloni, M. Raggi, and D. Viaggi. 2021. “A Statistical Matching Approach to Reproduce the Heterogeneity of Willingness to Pay in Benefit Transfer.” Socio-Economic Planning Sciences 74: 100935. doi:10.1016/j.seps.2020.100935. DANE (Departamento Nacional de Estadística). 2021. Estadísticas nacionales del censo 2018. Available via: https://www.dane.gov.co/index.php/estadisticas-por-tema/demografia-y-poblacion/censo-nacional-de-poblacion-y-vivenda-2018/cuantos-somos. Dávalos, L. M., A. C. Bejarano, M. A. Hall, H. L. Correa, A. Corthals, and O. J. Espejo. 2011. “Forests and Drugs: Coca-Driven Deforestation in Tropical Biodiversity Hotspots.” Environmental Science & Technology 45 (4): 1219–27. doi:10.1021/es102373d. Dávalos, L. M., J. S. Holmes, N. Rodríguez, and D. Armenteras. 2014. “Demand for Beef is Unrelated to Pasture Expansion in Northwestern Amazonia.” Biological Conservation 170: 64–73. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2013.12.018. de Groot, R. S., R. Alkemade, L. Braat, L. Hein, and L. Willemen. 2010. “Challenges in Integrating the Concept of Ecosystem Services and Values in Landscape Planning, Management and Decision Making.” Ecological Complexity 7: 260–272. doi:10.1016/j.ecocom.2009.10.006. de Groot, R., L. Brander, and S. Solomonides. 2020a. Update of Global Ecosystem Service Valuation Database (ESVD). FSD Report No 2020-06 Wageningen, The Netherlands (58 pp). Available via: https://www.espartnership.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/ESVD_Global-Update-FINAL-Report-June-2020.pdf. de Groot, Rudolf, Luke Brander, Sander van der Ploeg, Robert Costanza, Florence Bernard, Leon Braat, Mike Christie, et al. 2012. “Global Estimates of the Value of Ecosystems and Their Services in Monetary Units.” Ecosystem Services 1: 50–61. doi:10.1016/j.ecoser.2012.07.005. de Groot, R. S., B. Fisher, M. Christie, J. Aronson, L. Braat, R. Haines-Young, and J. Gowdy. 2010. “Integrating the Ecological and Economic Dimensions in Biodiversity and Ecosystem Service Valuation. Chapter 1.” In TEEB (2010) The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity: Ecological and Economic Foundations, edited by Pushpam Kumar, 9–40. London, Washington: Earthscan. ISBN 9781849712125. Etter, A., C. McAlpine, K. Wilson, S. Phinn, and H. Possingham. 2006. “Regional Patterns of Agricultural Land Use and Deforestation in Colombia.” Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 114: 369–386. doi:10.1016/j.agee.2005.11.013. Farber, S. C., R. Costanza, and M. A. Wilson. 2002. “Economic and Ecological Concepts for Valuing Ecosystem Services.” Ecological Economics 41 (3): 375–392. Frélichová, J., D. Vačkář, A. Pártl, B. Loučková, Z. V. Harmáčková, and E. Lorencová. 2014. “Integrated Assessment of Ecosystem Services in the Czech Republic.” Ecosystem Services 8: 110–117. doi:10.1016/j.ecoser.2014.03.001. Gómez-S, R., M. E. Chaves, W. Ramírez, M. Santamaría, G. Andrade, and C. y S. Aranguren Solano, eds. 2021. “Evaluación Nacional de Biodiversidad y Servicios Ecosistémicos de Colombia.” In Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt, Programa de Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo y el Centro Mundial de Monitoreo para la Conservación del Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Medio Ambiente, Ministerio Federal de Medio Ambiente, Conservación de la Naturaleza y Seguridad Nuclear de la República Federal de Alemania. Bogotá, D. C., Colombia. Hernández-Blanco, M., R. Costanza, S. Anderson, I. Kubiszewski, and P. Sutton. 2020. “Future Scenarios for the Value of Ecosystem Services in Latin America and the Caribbean to 2050.” Current Research in Environmental Sustainability 2: 100008. doi:10.1016/j.crsust.2020.100008. IDEAM (Instituto de Estudios Ambientales). 2018. Mapa de Ecosistemas generales de Colombia 2018. Available via: http://www.ideam.gov.co/web/ecosistemas. Jacobs, Sander, Nicolas Dendoncker, Berta Martín-López, David Nicholas Barton, Erik Gomez-Baggethun, Fanny Boeraeve, Francesca L. McGrath, et al. 2016. “A new Valuation School: Integrating Diverse Values of Nature in Resource and Land use Decisions.” Ecosystem Services 22: 213–220. doi:10.1016/j.ecoser.2016.11.007. Johnston, R. J., J. Rolfe, and E. Zawojska. 2018. “Benefit Transfer of Environmental and Resource Values: Progress, Prospects and Challenges.” International Review of Environmental and Resource Economics 12: 177–266. doi:10.1561/101.00000102. Johnston, R. J., and M. Russell. 2011. “An Operational Structure for Clarity in Ecosystem Service Values.” Ecological Economics 70 (12): 2243. doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2011.07.003. Kaul, S., K. J. Boyle, N. V. Kuminoff, C. F. Parmeter, and J. C. Pope. 2013. “What can we Learn from Benefit Transfer Errors? Evidence from 20 Years of Research on Convergent Validity.” Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 66 (1): 90–104. doi:10.1016/j.jeem.2013.03.001. Keith, D. A., J. R. Ferrer-Paris, E. Nicholson, and R. T. Kingsford, eds. 2020. The IUCN Global Ecosystem Typology 2.0: Descriptive Profiles for Biomes and Ecosystem Functional Groups. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN. ISBN: 978-2-8317- 2077-7. doi:10.2305/IUCN.CH.2020.13.en Kenter, J. O., N. Jobstvogt, V. Watson, K. N. Irvine, M. Christie, and R. Bryce. 2016. “The Impact of Information, Value-Deliberation and Group-Based Decision-Making on Values for Ecosystem Services: Integrating Deliberative Monetary Valuation and Storytelling.” Ecosystem Services 21 (Part B): 270–290. doi:10.1016/j.ecoser.2016.06.006. Kenter, J. O., L. O’Brien, N. Hockley, N. Ravenscroft, I. Fazey, K. N. Irvine, and A. Church. 2015. “What are Shared and Social Values of Ecosystems?” Ecological Economics 111: 86–99. Kling, C. L., and D. J. Phaneuf. 2018. “How are Scope and Adding up Relevant for Benefits Transfer?” Environmental and Resource Economics 69 (3): 483–502. doi:10.1007/s10640-017-0208-6. Kubiszewski, I., R. Costanza, S. Anderson, and P. Sutton. 2017. “The Future Value of Ecosystem Services: Global Scenarios and National Implications.” Ecosystem Services 26: 289–301. doi:10.1016/j.ecoser.2017.05.004. Kubiszewski, I., R. Costanza, L. Dorji, P. Thoennes, and K. Tshering. 2013. “An Initial Estimate of the Value of Ecosystem Services in Bhutan.” Ecosystem Services 3: e11–e21. doi:10.1016/j.ecoser.2012.11.004. Lara-Pulido, J. A., A. Guevara-Sanginés, and C. Arias-Martelo. 2018. “A Meta-Analysis of Economic Valuation of Ecosystem Services in Mexico.” Ecosystem Services 31: 126–141. doi:10.1016/j.ecoser.2018.02.018. Laurans, Y., A. Rankovic, L. Mermet, R. Bill, and R. Pirard. 2013. “Use of Ecosystem Services Economic Valuation for Decision Making: Questioning a Literature Blindspot.” Journal of Environmental Management 119: 208–219. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.01.008. Liu, S., R. Costanza, S. Farber, and A. Troy. 2010. “Valuing Ecosystem Services Theory, Practice, and the Need for a Transdisciplinary Synthesis.” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1185: 54–78. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05167.x. Lloyd-Smith, P., E. Zawojska, and W. L. Adamowicz. 2018. “Moving Beyond the Contingent Valuation Versus Choice Experiment Debate – Presentation Effects in Stated Preference”. Working Papers. 2018.14. University of Warsaw; 2018. http://le.uwpress.org/content/96/1/1.short. Maldonado, J. H., R. Moreno-Sánchez, T. Zárate, C. A. Barrera, R. Cuervo, C. A. Gutiérrez, A. M. Montañez, and M. Rubio. 2013. “Economic Valuation of the Marine Protected Areas Subsystem in Colombia: An Analysis for Policy Makers Using a Multi-Service and Multi-Agent Approach”. No 52. Serie Documentos Cede, 2013-52. ISSN 1657-7191 Edición Electrónica. © 2012, Universidad de los Andes–Facultad de Economía–CEDE. Mastrangelo, M. E., F. Weyland, L. P. Herrera, S. H. Villarino, M. P. Barral, and A. D. Auer. 2015.“Ecosystem Services Research in Contrasting Socio-Ecological Contexts of Argentina: Critical Assessment and Future Directions.” Ecosystem Services 16: 63–73. doi:10.1016/j.ecoser.2015.10.001. MEA (Millennium Ecosystem Assessment). 2005. Ecosystems and Human Well-Being: Synthesis. Washington, DC: Island Press. Mejia, F., P. Winters, C. Alvarez, L. Corral, and E. Diez-Roux. 2012. “Guidelines for the Economic Analysis of IDBFunded Projects (June 2012)”. IDB-WP, 2012, SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract = 3307420 or doi:10.2139/ssrn.3307420 Moeltner, K. 2019. “Bayesian Nonlinear Meta Regression for Benefit Transfer.” Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 93: 44–62. doi:10.1016/j.jeem.2018.10.008. Mononen, L., A.-P. Auvinen, A.-L. Ahokumpu, M. Rönkä, N. Aarras, H. Tolvanen, M. Kamppinen, E. Viirret, T. Kumpula, and P. Vihervaara. 2016. “National Ecosystem Service Indicators: Measures of Social–Ecological Sustainability.” Ecological Indicators 61: 27–37. doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2015.03.041. Muradian, R., and E. Gomez-Baggethun. 2021. “Beyond Ecosystem Services and Nature’s Contributions: Is it Time to Leave Utilitarian Environmentalism Behind?” Ecological Economics 185: 107038. doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2021.107038. Muradian, R., and U. Pascual. 2018. “A Typology of Elementary Forms of Human-Nature Relations: A Contribution to the Valuation Debate.” Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 35: 8–14. doi:10.1016/j.cosust.2018.10.014. Pandeya, B., W. Buytaert, Z. Zulkafli, T. Karpouzoglou, F. Mao, and D. M. Hannah. 2016.“A Comparative Analysis of Ecosystem Services Valuation Approaches for Application at the Local Scale and in Data Scarce Regions.” Ecosystem Services 22: 250. doi:10.1016/j.ecoser.2016.10.015 November 2015. Pascual, Unai, Patricia Balvanera, Sandra Díaz, György Pataki, Eva Roth, Marie Stenseke, Robert T. Watson, et al. 2017. “Valuing Nature’s Contributions to People: The IPBES Approach.” Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 26-27 (27): 7–16. doi:10.1016/j.cosust.2016.12.006. Pérez-Sánchez, D., M. Montes, C. Cardona-Almeida, L. A. Vargas-Marín, T. Enríquez-Acevedo, and A. Suarez. 2021. “Keeping People in the Loop: Socioeconomic Valuation of Dry Forest Ecosystem Services in the Colombian Caribbean Region.” Journal of Arid Environments 188: 104446. Piraquive-Quesada, R.Ch., and M. S. Velasquez-Loaiza. 2018. “Valoración Integral De Los Servicios Ecosistémicos Del Humedal Brisas Del Llano En El Municipio De Restrepo”. Trabajo De Grado Presentado Como Requisito Para Optar Al Título De Ingeniero Ambiental. Universidad Santo Tomás. Facultad De Ingeniería Ambiental. Villavicencio. 2018. Richardson, L., J. Loomis, T. Kroeger, and F. Casey. 2015. “The Role of Benefit Transfer in Ecosystem Service Valuation.” Ecological Economics 115: 51–58. doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2014.02.018. Rogers, A. A., M. E. Kragt, F. L. Gibson, M. P. Burton, E. H. Petersen, and D. J. Pannell. 2013. “Is it Too Late to Stabilise the Global Climate?.” Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics 57: 1–14. doi:10. 1111/j.1467-8489.2012.00617.x. Rosenberger, R. S. 2015. “Benefit Transfer Validity and Reliability.” In Benefit Transfer of Environmental and Resource Values, edited by R. J. Johnston, J. Rolfe, R. S. Rosenberger, and R. Brouwer, 307–26. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. doi:10.1007/978-94-017-9930-0_14 Rosenberger, R., and J. Loomis. 2003. “Benefit Transfer.” In A Primer on Nonmarket Valuation, edited by P. A. Champ, K. J. Boyle, and T. C. Brown, 395–444. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers. Ruiz-Agudelo, C. A. 2016. “Biodiversidad y pobreza en Colombia: un análisis desde el enfoque institucional.” Ciudad Paz-Ando 9: 11. doi:10.14483/udistrital.jour.cpaz.2016.2.a01. Ruiz-Agudelo, C. A., and A. M. Cortes–Gómez. 2021. “Sustainable Behaviors, Prosocial Behaviors, and Religiosity in Colombia. A First Empirical Assessment.” Environmental Challenges 4: 100088. doi:10.1016/j.envc.2021.100088. Ruiz-Agudelo, C. A., N. Mazzeo, I. Díaz, M. P. Barral, G. Piñeiro, I. Gadino, I. Roche, and R. Acuña. 2020. “Land Use Planning in the Amazon Basin: Challenges from Resilience Thinking.” Ecology and Society 25 (1): 8. doi:10.5751/ES-11352-250108. Ruiz–Agudelo, C. A., and C. Bello. 2014. “¿El valor de algunos servicios ecosistémicos de los Andes colombianos?: transferencia de beneficios por meta - análisis.” Universitas Scientiarum 19 (3): 301–322. doi:10.11144/Javeriana.SC19-3.vase. Spangerberg, J. H., and J. Settele. 2010. “Precisely Incorrect? Monetising the Value of Ecosystem Services.” Ecological Complexity 7: 327–337. doi:10.1016/j.ecocom.2010.04.007. Suarez, A., P. A. Árias-Arévalo, and E. Martínez-Mera. 2018. “Environmental Sustainability in Post-Conflict Countries: Insights for Rural Colombia.” Environment, Development and Sustainability 20 (3): 997–1015. Suarez, A., C. Ruiz-Agudelo, E. Castro-Escobar, G. Y. Flórez-Yepes, and L. A. Vargas-Marín. 2021. “On the Mismatches between the Monetary and Social Values of Air Purification in the Colombian Andean Region: A Case Study.” Forests 12 (9): 1274. Sukhdev, P. 2008. The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity (TEEB): An Interim Report. A Banson Production, Cambridge, UK: European Communities. Turner, K., T. Badura, and S. Ferrini. 2019. “Natural Capital Accounting Perspectives: A Pragmatic Way Forward.” Ecosystem Health and Sustainability 5 (1): 237–241. Vatn, A., and D. W. Bromley. 1994. “Choices Without Prices Without Apologies.” Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 26: 129–148. doi:10.1006/jeem.1994.1008. Wegner, G., and U. Pascual. 2011. “Cost-benefit Analysis in the Context of Ecosystem Services for Human WellBeing: A Multidisciplinary Critique.” Global Environmental Change 21 (2): 492–504. doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2010.12.008. Xu, X., B. Jiang, Y. Tan, R. Costanza, and G. Yang. 2018. “Lake-wetland Ecosystem Services Modeling and Valuation: Progress, Gaps and Future Directions.” Ecosystem Services 33: 19–28. doi:10.1016/j.ecoser.2018.08.001. Young, H., and M. Potschin. 2018. “Common International Classification of Ecosystem Services (CICES) V5.1. Guidance on the Application of the Revised Structure”. Fabis Consulting Ltd. The Paddocks, Chestnut Lane, Barton in Fabis, Nottingham, NG11 0AE, UK. https://cices.eu/content/uploads/sites/8/2018/01/Guidance-V51-01012018.pdf. |
| dc.relation.citationendpage.spa.fl_str_mv |
20 |
| dc.relation.citationstartpage.spa.fl_str_mv |
1 |
| dc.rights.eng.fl_str_mv |
© 2022 Journal of Environmental Economics and Policy Ltd |
| dc.rights.license.spa.fl_str_mv |
Atribución-NoComercial 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC 4.0) |
| dc.rights.uri.spa.fl_str_mv |
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ |
| dc.rights.accessrights.spa.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess |
| dc.rights.coar.spa.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2 |
| rights_invalid_str_mv |
Atribución-NoComercial 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC 4.0) © 2022 Journal of Environmental Economics and Policy Ltd https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2 |
| eu_rights_str_mv |
openAccess |
| dc.format.extent.spa.fl_str_mv |
20 páginas |
| dc.format.mimetype.spa.fl_str_mv |
application/pdf |
| dc.coverage.country.none.fl_str_mv |
Colombia |
| dc.publisher.spa.fl_str_mv |
Taylor and Francis Ltd. |
| dc.publisher.place.spa.fl_str_mv |
United Kingdom |
| dc.source.spa.fl_str_mv |
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21606544.2022.2134218?scroll=top&needAccess=true |
| institution |
Corporación Universidad de la Costa |
| bitstream.url.fl_str_mv |
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/ccef28ab-9680-4cf1-ac6f-2aaf882e93f0/download https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/b56bc6a6-08a2-400c-b272-09c28c21b76b/download https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/fcbffeb4-e0ee-4177-9b28-7af8840588bd/download https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/91d1b6c2-c02e-4a7e-9493-d90e971d11b5/download |
| bitstream.checksum.fl_str_mv |
02f47fd20182ea8512e0db2f86f729f0 2f9959eaf5b71fae44bbf9ec84150c7a f62be28199e7287a7ccdce9c51d8917e ff522f72d49e19a164d824abaa34e4f6 |
| bitstream.checksumAlgorithm.fl_str_mv |
MD5 MD5 MD5 MD5 |
| repository.name.fl_str_mv |
Repositorio de la Universidad de la Costa CUC |
| repository.mail.fl_str_mv |
repdigital@cuc.edu.co |
| _version_ |
1811760773685313536 |
| spelling |
Atribución-NoComercial 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC 4.0)© 2022 Journal of Environmental Economics and Policy Ltdhttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Ruiz Agudelo, Cesar AugustoSuarez, AndrésGUTIÉRREZ BONILLA, FRANCISCO DE PAULACortés-Gómez, Angela M.2022-10-28T15:12:36Z2022-10-28T15:12:36Z2022-10-04César Augusto Ruiz-Agudelo, Andrés Suarez, Francisco de Paula GutiérrezBonilla & Angela María Cortes-Gómez (2022): The economic valuation of ecosystem services in Colombia. Challenges, gaps and future pathways, Journal of Environmental Economics and Policy, DOI: 10.1080/21606544.2022.21342182160-6544https://hdl.handle.net/11323/959610.1080/21606544.2022.21342182160-6552Corporación Universidad de la CostaREDICUC - Repositorio CUChttps://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/This paper provides a comprehensive assessment of the economic values for ecosystem services (ESs) in Colombia. Were analyzed 154 studies that estimated economic values for 21 ESs in 18 general ecosystems. In total, 502 values were coded and classified according to the Common International Classification of Ecosystem Services – CICES. Despite being a technique that is not based on primary economic valuation information, Benefits transfer was the most common method used to estimate the value of ESs in Colombia, followed by market prices and contingent valuation. Opportunities for recreation and tourism, climate regulation, habitat conservation, and water have been the most valued ESs. Many important ESs remain unnoticed and are not adequately accounted (e.g. pollination). Additionally, 53% of the information available on the economic values of ESs is concentrated in only 5 of the 32 Colombian departments. Finally, this review highlights the multiple challenges of Colombian academics and practitioners to improve the economic valuation practice and complement and recognize the multiple social relationships and the multiple views in terms of the values nature has.20 páginasapplication/pdfengTaylor and Francis Ltd.United Kingdomhttps://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21606544.2022.2134218?scroll=top&needAccess=trueThe economic valuation of ecosystem services in Colombia. Challenges, gaps and future pathwaysArtículo de revistahttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1Textinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARTinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85ColombiaJournal of Environmental Economics and PolicyAcharya, R. P., T. Maraseni, and G. Cockfield. 2019. “Global Trend of Forest Ecosystem Services Valuation – An Analysis of Publications.” Ecosystem Services 39: 100979.Andrade, G. 2011. “Estado del conocimiento de la biodiversidad en Colombia y sus amenazas. Consideraciones para fortalecer la interacción ciencia-política.” Revista de la Academia Colombiana de. Cienciencias 137: 491–507.Andreopoulos, D., and D. Damigos. 2017. “To Transfer or not to Transfer? Evidence from Validity and Reliability Tests for International Transfers of Non-Market Adaptation Benefits in River Basins.” Journal of Environmental Management 185: 44–53. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.10.047.Angarita-Baéz, J. A., E. Pérez-Miñana, J. E. Beltrán, C. A. Ruiz-Agudelo, A. Paez-Ortiz, E. Palacios, and S. Willcock. 2017. “Assessing and Mapping Cultural Ecosystem Services at Community Level in the Colombian Amazon.” International Journal of Biodiversity Science, Ecosystem Services & Management 13 (1): 280–296. doi:10.1080/21513732.2017.1345981.Arias-Arévalo, P., E. Gómez-Baggethun, B. Martín-López, and M. Pérez-Rincón. 2018. “Widening the Evaluative Space for Ecosystem Services: A Taxonomy of Plural Values and Valuation Methods.” Environmental Values 27 (1): 29–53. doi:10.3197/096327118X15144698637513.Armenteras, D., E. Cabrera, N. Rodríguez, and J. Retana. 2013. “National and Regional Determinants of Tropical Deforestation in Colombia.” Regional Environmental Change 13: 1181–1193. doi:10.1007/s10113-013-0433-7.Armenteras, D., J. M. Espelta, N. Rodríguez, and J. Retana. 2017. “Deforestation Dynamics and Drivers in Different Forest Types in Latin America: Three Decades of Studies (1980–2010).” Global Environmental Change 46: 139– 147. doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2017.09.002.Armenteras, D., N. Rodríguez, J. Retana, and M. Morales. 2011. “Understanding Deforestation in Montane and Lowland Forests of the Colombian Andes.” Regional Environmental Change 11: 693–705. doi:10.1007/s10113-010-0200-y.Artell, J., H. Ahtiainen, and E. Pouta. 2019. “Distance Decay and Regional Statistics in International Benefit Transfer.” Ecological Economics 164: 106383–383. doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2019.106383.Balmford, A., A. Bruner, P. Cooper, R. Costanza, S. Farber, R. E. Green, M. Jenkins, P. Jefferiss, V. Jessamy, and J. Madden. 2002. “Economic Reasons for Conserving Wild Nature.” Science 297 (5583): 950–953.Balmford, Andrew, Brendan Fisher, Rhys E. Green, Robin Naidoo, Bernardo Strassburg, R. Kerry Turner, and Ana S. L. Rodrigues. 2011. “Bringing Ecosystem Services into the Real World: An Operational Framework for Assessing the Economic Consequences of Losing Wild Nature.” Environmental and Resource Economics 48: 161–175. doi:10.1007/s10640-010-9413-2.Barbier, E. B., M. Acreman, and D. Knowler. 1997. Economic Valuation of Wetlands: A Guide for Policy Makers and Planners. Gland, Switzerland: Ramsar Convention Bureau.Bateman, I. J., R. Brouwer, S. Ferrini, M. Schaafsma, D. N. Barton, A. Dubgaard, B. Hasler, et al. 2011. “Making Benefit Transfers Work: Deriving and Testing Principles for Value Transfers for Similar and Dissimilar Sites Using a Case Study of the Non-Market Benefits of Water Quality Improvements Across Europe.” Environmental and Resource Economics 50 (3): 365–387. doi:10.1007/s10640-011-9476-8.Baumgärtner, S., M. A. Drupp, J. Munz, J. N. Meya, and M. F. Quaas. 2017. “Income Inequality and Willingness to Pay for Environmental Public Goods.” Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 85: 35–61. doi:10.1016/j.jeem.2017.04.005.Braat, L. C., and R. de Groot. 2012. “The Ecosystem Services Agenda:Bridging the Worlds of Natural Science and Economics, Conservation and Development, and Public and Private Policy.” Ecosystem Services 1 (1): 4. doi:10.1016/j.ecoser.2012.07.011.Brander, L. M., P. van Beukering, M. Balzan, S. Broekx, I. Liekens, C. Marta-Pedroso, Z. Szkop, et al. 2018. Report on Economic Mapping and Assessment Methods for Ecosystem Services. Deliverable D3.2 EU Horizon 2020 ESMERALDA Project, Grant agreement No. 642007.Chadid, M., L. Dávalos, J. Molina, and D. A. Armenteras. 2015. “A Bayesian Spatial Model Highlights Distinct Dynamics in Deforestation from Coca and Pastures in an Andean Biodiversity Hotspot.” Forests 6: 3828–3846. doi:10.3390/f6113828.Christie, M., and M. Rayment. 2012. “An Economic Assessment of the Ecosystem Service Benefits Derived from the SSSI Biodiversity Conservation Policy in England and Wales.” Ecosystem Services 1 (1): 70–84.Costanza, R., R. de Groot, L. Braat, I. Kubiszewski, L. Fioramonati, P. Sutton, and M. Grasso. 2017. “Twenty Years of Ecosystem Services: How Far have we Come and How Far do we Still Need to go?.” Ecosystem Services 28: 1–16. doi:10.1016/j.ecoser.2017.09.008.Costanza, R., R. de Groot, P. Sutton, S. van der Ploeg, S. J. Anderson, I. Kubiszewski, S. Farber, and R. K. Turner. 2014. “Changes in the Global Value of Ecosystem Services.” Global Environmental Change 26: 152–158. doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2014.04.002.Czajkowski, M., H. Ahtiainen, J. Artell, and J. Meyerhoff. 2017. “Choosing a Functional Form for an International Benefit Transfer: Evidence from a Nine-Country Valuation Experiment.” Ecological Economics 134: 104–13. doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.01.005.Daily, G. C. 1997. Nature’s Services, vol. 3. Washington, DC: Island Press.Daily, Gretchen C., Stephen Polasky, Joshua Goldstein, Peter M. Kareiva, Harold A. Mooney, Liba Pejchar, Taylor H. Ricketts, James Salzman, and Robert Shallenberger. 2009. “Ecosystem Services in Decision Making: Time to Deliver.” Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 7 (1): 21–28. doi:10.1890/080025.D’Alberto, R., M. Zavalloni, M. Raggi, and D. Viaggi. 2021. “A Statistical Matching Approach to Reproduce the Heterogeneity of Willingness to Pay in Benefit Transfer.” Socio-Economic Planning Sciences 74: 100935. doi:10.1016/j.seps.2020.100935.DANE (Departamento Nacional de Estadística). 2021. Estadísticas nacionales del censo 2018. Available via: https://www.dane.gov.co/index.php/estadisticas-por-tema/demografia-y-poblacion/censo-nacional-de-poblacion-y-vivenda-2018/cuantos-somos.Dávalos, L. M., A. C. Bejarano, M. A. Hall, H. L. Correa, A. Corthals, and O. J. Espejo. 2011. “Forests and Drugs: Coca-Driven Deforestation in Tropical Biodiversity Hotspots.” Environmental Science & Technology 45 (4): 1219–27. doi:10.1021/es102373d.Dávalos, L. M., J. S. Holmes, N. Rodríguez, and D. Armenteras. 2014. “Demand for Beef is Unrelated to Pasture Expansion in Northwestern Amazonia.” Biological Conservation 170: 64–73. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2013.12.018.de Groot, R. S., R. Alkemade, L. Braat, L. Hein, and L. Willemen. 2010. “Challenges in Integrating the Concept of Ecosystem Services and Values in Landscape Planning, Management and Decision Making.” Ecological Complexity 7: 260–272. doi:10.1016/j.ecocom.2009.10.006.de Groot, R., L. Brander, and S. Solomonides. 2020a. Update of Global Ecosystem Service Valuation Database (ESVD). FSD Report No 2020-06 Wageningen, The Netherlands (58 pp). Available via: https://www.espartnership.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/ESVD_Global-Update-FINAL-Report-June-2020.pdf.de Groot, Rudolf, Luke Brander, Sander van der Ploeg, Robert Costanza, Florence Bernard, Leon Braat, Mike Christie, et al. 2012. “Global Estimates of the Value of Ecosystems and Their Services in Monetary Units.” Ecosystem Services 1: 50–61. doi:10.1016/j.ecoser.2012.07.005.de Groot, R. S., B. Fisher, M. Christie, J. Aronson, L. Braat, R. Haines-Young, and J. Gowdy. 2010. “Integrating the Ecological and Economic Dimensions in Biodiversity and Ecosystem Service Valuation. Chapter 1.” In TEEB (2010) The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity: Ecological and Economic Foundations, edited by Pushpam Kumar, 9–40. London, Washington: Earthscan. ISBN 9781849712125.Etter, A., C. McAlpine, K. Wilson, S. Phinn, and H. Possingham. 2006. “Regional Patterns of Agricultural Land Use and Deforestation in Colombia.” Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 114: 369–386. doi:10.1016/j.agee.2005.11.013.Farber, S. C., R. Costanza, and M. A. Wilson. 2002. “Economic and Ecological Concepts for Valuing Ecosystem Services.” Ecological Economics 41 (3): 375–392.Frélichová, J., D. Vačkář, A. Pártl, B. Loučková, Z. V. Harmáčková, and E. Lorencová. 2014. “Integrated Assessment of Ecosystem Services in the Czech Republic.” Ecosystem Services 8: 110–117. doi:10.1016/j.ecoser.2014.03.001.Gómez-S, R., M. E. Chaves, W. Ramírez, M. Santamaría, G. Andrade, and C. y S. Aranguren Solano, eds. 2021. “Evaluación Nacional de Biodiversidad y Servicios Ecosistémicos de Colombia.” In Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt, Programa de Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo y el Centro Mundial de Monitoreo para la Conservación del Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Medio Ambiente, Ministerio Federal de Medio Ambiente, Conservación de la Naturaleza y Seguridad Nuclear de la República Federal de Alemania. Bogotá, D. C., Colombia.Hernández-Blanco, M., R. Costanza, S. Anderson, I. Kubiszewski, and P. Sutton. 2020. “Future Scenarios for the Value of Ecosystem Services in Latin America and the Caribbean to 2050.” Current Research in Environmental Sustainability 2: 100008. doi:10.1016/j.crsust.2020.100008.IDEAM (Instituto de Estudios Ambientales). 2018. Mapa de Ecosistemas generales de Colombia 2018. Available via: http://www.ideam.gov.co/web/ecosistemas.Jacobs, Sander, Nicolas Dendoncker, Berta Martín-López, David Nicholas Barton, Erik Gomez-Baggethun, Fanny Boeraeve, Francesca L. McGrath, et al. 2016. “A new Valuation School: Integrating Diverse Values of Nature in Resource and Land use Decisions.” Ecosystem Services 22: 213–220. doi:10.1016/j.ecoser.2016.11.007.Johnston, R. J., J. Rolfe, and E. Zawojska. 2018. “Benefit Transfer of Environmental and Resource Values: Progress, Prospects and Challenges.” International Review of Environmental and Resource Economics 12: 177–266. doi:10.1561/101.00000102.Johnston, R. J., and M. Russell. 2011. “An Operational Structure for Clarity in Ecosystem Service Values.” Ecological Economics 70 (12): 2243. doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2011.07.003.Kaul, S., K. J. Boyle, N. V. Kuminoff, C. F. Parmeter, and J. C. Pope. 2013. “What can we Learn from Benefit Transfer Errors? Evidence from 20 Years of Research on Convergent Validity.” Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 66 (1): 90–104. doi:10.1016/j.jeem.2013.03.001.Keith, D. A., J. R. Ferrer-Paris, E. Nicholson, and R. T. Kingsford, eds. 2020. The IUCN Global Ecosystem Typology 2.0: Descriptive Profiles for Biomes and Ecosystem Functional Groups. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN. ISBN: 978-2-8317- 2077-7. doi:10.2305/IUCN.CH.2020.13.enKenter, J. O., N. Jobstvogt, V. Watson, K. N. Irvine, M. Christie, and R. Bryce. 2016. “The Impact of Information, Value-Deliberation and Group-Based Decision-Making on Values for Ecosystem Services: Integrating Deliberative Monetary Valuation and Storytelling.” Ecosystem Services 21 (Part B): 270–290. doi:10.1016/j.ecoser.2016.06.006.Kenter, J. O., L. O’Brien, N. Hockley, N. Ravenscroft, I. Fazey, K. N. Irvine, and A. Church. 2015. “What are Shared and Social Values of Ecosystems?” Ecological Economics 111: 86–99.Kling, C. L., and D. J. Phaneuf. 2018. “How are Scope and Adding up Relevant for Benefits Transfer?” Environmental and Resource Economics 69 (3): 483–502. doi:10.1007/s10640-017-0208-6.Kubiszewski, I., R. Costanza, S. Anderson, and P. Sutton. 2017. “The Future Value of Ecosystem Services: Global Scenarios and National Implications.” Ecosystem Services 26: 289–301. doi:10.1016/j.ecoser.2017.05.004.Kubiszewski, I., R. Costanza, L. Dorji, P. Thoennes, and K. Tshering. 2013. “An Initial Estimate of the Value of Ecosystem Services in Bhutan.” Ecosystem Services 3: e11–e21. doi:10.1016/j.ecoser.2012.11.004.Lara-Pulido, J. A., A. Guevara-Sanginés, and C. Arias-Martelo. 2018. “A Meta-Analysis of Economic Valuation of Ecosystem Services in Mexico.” Ecosystem Services 31: 126–141. doi:10.1016/j.ecoser.2018.02.018.Laurans, Y., A. Rankovic, L. Mermet, R. Bill, and R. Pirard. 2013. “Use of Ecosystem Services Economic Valuation for Decision Making: Questioning a Literature Blindspot.” Journal of Environmental Management 119: 208–219. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.01.008.Liu, S., R. Costanza, S. Farber, and A. Troy. 2010. “Valuing Ecosystem Services Theory, Practice, and the Need for a Transdisciplinary Synthesis.” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1185: 54–78. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05167.x.Lloyd-Smith, P., E. Zawojska, and W. L. Adamowicz. 2018. “Moving Beyond the Contingent Valuation Versus Choice Experiment Debate – Presentation Effects in Stated Preference”. Working Papers. 2018.14. University of Warsaw; 2018. http://le.uwpress.org/content/96/1/1.short.Maldonado, J. H., R. Moreno-Sánchez, T. Zárate, C. A. Barrera, R. Cuervo, C. A. Gutiérrez, A. M. Montañez, and M. Rubio. 2013. “Economic Valuation of the Marine Protected Areas Subsystem in Colombia: An Analysis for Policy Makers Using a Multi-Service and Multi-Agent Approach”. No 52. Serie Documentos Cede, 2013-52. ISSN 1657-7191 Edición Electrónica. © 2012, Universidad de los Andes–Facultad de Economía–CEDE.Mastrangelo, M. E., F. Weyland, L. P. Herrera, S. H. Villarino, M. P. Barral, and A. D. Auer. 2015.“Ecosystem Services Research in Contrasting Socio-Ecological Contexts of Argentina: Critical Assessment and Future Directions.” Ecosystem Services 16: 63–73. doi:10.1016/j.ecoser.2015.10.001.MEA (Millennium Ecosystem Assessment). 2005. Ecosystems and Human Well-Being: Synthesis. Washington, DC: Island Press.Mejia, F., P. Winters, C. Alvarez, L. Corral, and E. Diez-Roux. 2012. “Guidelines for the Economic Analysis of IDBFunded Projects (June 2012)”. IDB-WP, 2012, SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract = 3307420 or doi:10.2139/ssrn.3307420Moeltner, K. 2019. “Bayesian Nonlinear Meta Regression for Benefit Transfer.” Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 93: 44–62. doi:10.1016/j.jeem.2018.10.008.Mononen, L., A.-P. Auvinen, A.-L. Ahokumpu, M. Rönkä, N. Aarras, H. Tolvanen, M. Kamppinen, E. Viirret, T. Kumpula, and P. Vihervaara. 2016. “National Ecosystem Service Indicators: Measures of Social–Ecological Sustainability.” Ecological Indicators 61: 27–37. doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2015.03.041.Muradian, R., and E. Gomez-Baggethun. 2021. “Beyond Ecosystem Services and Nature’s Contributions: Is it Time to Leave Utilitarian Environmentalism Behind?” Ecological Economics 185: 107038. doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2021.107038.Muradian, R., and U. Pascual. 2018. “A Typology of Elementary Forms of Human-Nature Relations: A Contribution to the Valuation Debate.” Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 35: 8–14. doi:10.1016/j.cosust.2018.10.014.Pandeya, B., W. Buytaert, Z. Zulkafli, T. Karpouzoglou, F. Mao, and D. M. Hannah. 2016.“A Comparative Analysis of Ecosystem Services Valuation Approaches for Application at the Local Scale and in Data Scarce Regions.” Ecosystem Services 22: 250. doi:10.1016/j.ecoser.2016.10.015 November 2015.Pascual, Unai, Patricia Balvanera, Sandra Díaz, György Pataki, Eva Roth, Marie Stenseke, Robert T. Watson, et al. 2017. “Valuing Nature’s Contributions to People: The IPBES Approach.” Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 26-27 (27): 7–16. doi:10.1016/j.cosust.2016.12.006.Pérez-Sánchez, D., M. Montes, C. Cardona-Almeida, L. A. Vargas-Marín, T. Enríquez-Acevedo, and A. Suarez. 2021. “Keeping People in the Loop: Socioeconomic Valuation of Dry Forest Ecosystem Services in the Colombian Caribbean Region.” Journal of Arid Environments 188: 104446.Piraquive-Quesada, R.Ch., and M. S. Velasquez-Loaiza. 2018. “Valoración Integral De Los Servicios Ecosistémicos Del Humedal Brisas Del Llano En El Municipio De Restrepo”. Trabajo De Grado Presentado Como Requisito Para Optar Al Título De Ingeniero Ambiental. Universidad Santo Tomás. Facultad De Ingeniería Ambiental. Villavicencio. 2018.Richardson, L., J. Loomis, T. Kroeger, and F. Casey. 2015. “The Role of Benefit Transfer in Ecosystem Service Valuation.” Ecological Economics 115: 51–58. doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2014.02.018.Rogers, A. A., M. E. Kragt, F. L. Gibson, M. P. Burton, E. H. Petersen, and D. J. Pannell. 2013. “Is it Too Late to Stabilise the Global Climate?.” Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics 57: 1–14. doi:10. 1111/j.1467-8489.2012.00617.x.Rosenberger, R. S. 2015. “Benefit Transfer Validity and Reliability.” In Benefit Transfer of Environmental and Resource Values, edited by R. J. Johnston, J. Rolfe, R. S. Rosenberger, and R. Brouwer, 307–26. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. doi:10.1007/978-94-017-9930-0_14Rosenberger, R., and J. Loomis. 2003. “Benefit Transfer.” In A Primer on Nonmarket Valuation, edited by P. A. Champ, K. J. Boyle, and T. C. Brown, 395–444. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers.Ruiz-Agudelo, C. A. 2016. “Biodiversidad y pobreza en Colombia: un análisis desde el enfoque institucional.” Ciudad Paz-Ando 9: 11. doi:10.14483/udistrital.jour.cpaz.2016.2.a01.Ruiz-Agudelo, C. A., and A. M. Cortes–Gómez. 2021. “Sustainable Behaviors, Prosocial Behaviors, and Religiosity in Colombia. A First Empirical Assessment.” Environmental Challenges 4: 100088. doi:10.1016/j.envc.2021.100088.Ruiz-Agudelo, C. A., N. Mazzeo, I. Díaz, M. P. Barral, G. Piñeiro, I. Gadino, I. Roche, and R. Acuña. 2020. “Land Use Planning in the Amazon Basin: Challenges from Resilience Thinking.” Ecology and Society 25 (1): 8. doi:10.5751/ES-11352-250108.Ruiz–Agudelo, C. A., and C. Bello. 2014. “¿El valor de algunos servicios ecosistémicos de los Andes colombianos?: transferencia de beneficios por meta - análisis.” Universitas Scientiarum 19 (3): 301–322. doi:10.11144/Javeriana.SC19-3.vase.Spangerberg, J. H., and J. Settele. 2010. “Precisely Incorrect? Monetising the Value of Ecosystem Services.” Ecological Complexity 7: 327–337. doi:10.1016/j.ecocom.2010.04.007.Suarez, A., P. A. Árias-Arévalo, and E. Martínez-Mera. 2018. “Environmental Sustainability in Post-Conflict Countries: Insights for Rural Colombia.” Environment, Development and Sustainability 20 (3): 997–1015.Suarez, A., C. Ruiz-Agudelo, E. Castro-Escobar, G. Y. Flórez-Yepes, and L. A. Vargas-Marín. 2021. “On the Mismatches between the Monetary and Social Values of Air Purification in the Colombian Andean Region: A Case Study.” Forests 12 (9): 1274.Sukhdev, P. 2008. The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity (TEEB): An Interim Report. A Banson Production, Cambridge, UK: European Communities.Turner, K., T. Badura, and S. Ferrini. 2019. “Natural Capital Accounting Perspectives: A Pragmatic Way Forward.” Ecosystem Health and Sustainability 5 (1): 237–241.Vatn, A., and D. W. Bromley. 1994. “Choices Without Prices Without Apologies.” Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 26: 129–148. doi:10.1006/jeem.1994.1008.Wegner, G., and U. Pascual. 2011. “Cost-benefit Analysis in the Context of Ecosystem Services for Human WellBeing: A Multidisciplinary Critique.” Global Environmental Change 21 (2): 492–504. doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2010.12.008.Xu, X., B. Jiang, Y. Tan, R. Costanza, and G. Yang. 2018. “Lake-wetland Ecosystem Services Modeling and Valuation: Progress, Gaps and Future Directions.” Ecosystem Services 33: 19–28. doi:10.1016/j.ecoser.2018.08.001.Young, H., and M. Potschin. 2018. “Common International Classification of Ecosystem Services (CICES) V5.1. Guidance on the Application of the Revised Structure”. Fabis Consulting Ltd. The Paddocks, Chestnut Lane, Barton in Fabis, Nottingham, NG11 0AE, UK. https://cices.eu/content/uploads/sites/8/2018/01/Guidance-V51-01012018.pdf.201ColombiaEcosystem servicesLiterature assessmentEconomic valuationEnvironmental policyEcosystemsPublicationORIGINALThe economic valuation of ecosystem services in Colombia. Challenges, gaps and future pathways.pdfThe economic valuation of ecosystem services in Colombia. Challenges, gaps and future pathways.pdfArtículoapplication/pdf2710471https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/ccef28ab-9680-4cf1-ac6f-2aaf882e93f0/download02f47fd20182ea8512e0db2f86f729f0MD51LICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-814828https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/b56bc6a6-08a2-400c-b272-09c28c21b76b/download2f9959eaf5b71fae44bbf9ec84150c7aMD52TEXTThe economic valuation of ecosystem services in Colombia. Challenges, gaps and future pathways.pdf.txtThe economic valuation of ecosystem services in Colombia. Challenges, gaps and future pathways.pdf.txtExtracted texttext/plain61808https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/fcbffeb4-e0ee-4177-9b28-7af8840588bd/downloadf62be28199e7287a7ccdce9c51d8917eMD53THUMBNAILThe economic valuation of ecosystem services in Colombia. Challenges, gaps and future pathways.pdf.jpgThe economic valuation of ecosystem services in Colombia. Challenges, gaps and future pathways.pdf.jpgGenerated Thumbnailimage/jpeg14542https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/91d1b6c2-c02e-4a7e-9493-d90e971d11b5/downloadff522f72d49e19a164d824abaa34e4f6MD5411323/9596oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/95962024-09-17 11:05:31.692https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/© 2022 Journal of Environmental Economics and Policy Ltdopen.accesshttps://repositorio.cuc.edu.coRepositorio de la Universidad de la Costa CUCrepdigital@cuc.edu.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 |