Analysis of harmonic distortion generated by PWM motor drives

This paper evaluates the harmonic distortion generated by PWM motor drives in an electrical industrial system of a wheat flour mill company. For this, a comparative study between two industrial circuits connected at the same point of common coupling with similar characteristics of load and transform...

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Autores:
Sousa Santos, Vladimir
Hernandez Herrera, Hernan
Quispe, Enrique Ciro
Gómez, Julio Rafael
Viego, Percy Rafael
Tipo de recurso:
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_f744
Fecha de publicación:
2017
Institución:
Corporación Universidad de la Costa
Repositorio:
REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
Idioma:
eng
OAI Identifier:
oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/1714
Acceso en línea:
https://hdl.handle.net/11323/1714
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/
Palabra clave:
Electrical industrial system
Harmonic distortion
Harmonic statistical analysis
PWM motor drives
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openAccess
License
Atribución – No comercial – Compartir igual
id RCUC2_c03c8a064a76c454c83e3a75c279c2ed
oai_identifier_str oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/1714
network_acronym_str RCUC2
network_name_str REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
repository_id_str
dc.title.eng.fl_str_mv Analysis of harmonic distortion generated by PWM motor drives
title Analysis of harmonic distortion generated by PWM motor drives
spellingShingle Analysis of harmonic distortion generated by PWM motor drives
Electrical industrial system
Harmonic distortion
Harmonic statistical analysis
PWM motor drives
title_short Analysis of harmonic distortion generated by PWM motor drives
title_full Analysis of harmonic distortion generated by PWM motor drives
title_fullStr Analysis of harmonic distortion generated by PWM motor drives
title_full_unstemmed Analysis of harmonic distortion generated by PWM motor drives
title_sort Analysis of harmonic distortion generated by PWM motor drives
dc.creator.fl_str_mv Sousa Santos, Vladimir
Hernandez Herrera, Hernan
Quispe, Enrique Ciro
Gómez, Julio Rafael
Viego, Percy Rafael
dc.contributor.author.spa.fl_str_mv Sousa Santos, Vladimir
Hernandez Herrera, Hernan
Quispe, Enrique Ciro
Gómez, Julio Rafael
Viego, Percy Rafael
dc.subject.eng.fl_str_mv Electrical industrial system
Harmonic distortion
Harmonic statistical analysis
PWM motor drives
topic Electrical industrial system
Harmonic distortion
Harmonic statistical analysis
PWM motor drives
description This paper evaluates the harmonic distortion generated by PWM motor drives in an electrical industrial system of a wheat flour mill company. For this, a comparative study between two industrial circuits connected at the same point of common coupling with similar characteristics of load and transformers is presented. The difference is that one circuit has PWM motor drives and the other does not have them. In the study, a practical method based on the statistical characterization of the total harmonic distortion of voltage (THDV) and current (THDI), individual voltage distortion (IVD), individual current distortion (ICD) and K-Factor is applied. As result, it was observed that PWM motor drives generated harmonics voltage mainly of fifth and seventh order with values that exceed limits established by standards in both circuits. In the work is also demonstrated that in the analysis of harmonics is necessary to consider various parameters and not only one.
publishDate 2017
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv 2017
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv 2018-11-22T15:14:23Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv 2018-11-22T15:14:23Z
dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv Documento de Conferencia
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dc.identifier.instname.spa.fl_str_mv Corporación Universidad de la Costa
dc.identifier.reponame.spa.fl_str_mv REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
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url https://hdl.handle.net/11323/1714
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/
identifier_str_mv Corporación Universidad de la Costa
REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
dc.language.iso.none.fl_str_mv eng
language eng
dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv [1] S. R. Movahed, S. O. Mirzamani, A. Rajabi, H. Daneshvar, “Estimation of insulation life of inverter- fed induction motors,” in Proc. Conf. Power Electronic & Drive Systems & Technologies Conference (PEDSTC), pp. 335-339, Feb. 2010. [2] G. K. Singh, “A research survey of induction motor operation with nonsinusoidal supply wave forms,” Elect. Power Syst. Res., vol. 75, no. 2, pp. 200-213, 2005. [3] G. Suresh, H. A. Toliyat and A. Abur, “Analysis of the effect of feeder cable on the stator winding voltage stress in a PWM induction motor drive,” in Proc. Electrical Insulation Conference, 1997, and Electrical Manufacturing & Coil Winding Conference, pp. 407-412, Sep. 1997. [4] M. C. Di Piazza and M. Pucci. “Techniques for efficiency improvement in PWM motor drives,” Elect. Power Syst. Res., vol. 136, pp. 270-280, 2016. [5] M. Chirindo, M. A. Khan and P. S. Barendse, “Considerations for nonintrusive efficiency estimation of inverter-fed induction motors,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 63, no. 2, pp. 741-749, Feb. 2016. [6] C. J. R. Kriel, H. P. R. Joubert and J. H. Marais, “The influence of variable speed drives on electric motor opperating temperatures,” in Proc. Industrial and Commercial Use of Energy Conference (ICUE), pp. 1-6, Aug. 2013. [7] R. Mayuri., N. R. Sinnou and K. Ilango, “Eddy current loss modelling in transformer iron losses operated by PWM inverter,” in Proc. Power Electronics, Drives and Energy Systems (PEDES) & 2010 Power India, 2010 Joint International, pp. 1-5, Dec. 2010. [8] M. Digalovski, K. Najdenkoski and G. Rafajlovski, “Impact of current high order harmonic to core losses of three-phase distribution transformer,” in Proc. EUROCON, pp. 1531-1535, Jul. 2013. [9] H. Oraee, “A quantative approach to estimate the life expectancy of motor insulation systems,” IEEE Trans. Diel. and Elect.Insul., vol. 7, no. 6, pp. 790-796, Dec. 2000. [10] A. Inan and F. Attar, “The life expectancy analysis for an electric motor due to harmonics,” in Proc. Electrotechnical Conference, MELECON 98., vol.2, pp. 997-999, May. 1998. [11] J. P. G. de Abreu and A. E. Emanuel, “Induction motor thermal aging caused by voltage distortion and imbalance: loss of useful life and its estimated cost,” in Proc. Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Technical Conference, pp. 105-114, May. 2001. [12] V. S. Santos, P. R. V. Felipe, J. R. G. Sarduy, N. A. Lemozy, A. Jurado and E. C. Quispe, “Procedure for determining induction motor efficiency working under distorted grid voltages,” IEEE Trans. Energy Conv., vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 331-339, Mar. 2015. [13] P. Donolo, G. Bossio, C. De Angelo, G. García, and M. Donolo, “Voltage unbalance and harmonic distortion effects on induction motor power, torque and vibrations,” Elect. Power Syst. Res., vol. 140, no. 1, pp. 866-873, Nov. 2016. [14] Y. Wang, W. Liu, Z. Chen and B. Bai, “Calculation of high frequency bearing currents of PWM inverter-fed VF induction motor,” in Proc. 2014 International Power Electronics and Application Conference and Exposition, Shanghai, pp. 1428-1433, Nov. 2014. [15] Y. Wang, B. Bai and W. F. Liu, “Research on discharging bearing currents of PWM inverter-fed variable frequency induction motor,” in Proc. Electrical Machines and Systems (ICEMS), pp. 2945-2949, 2014. [16] B. Zhu, B. Bai and H. He, “Effects of the inverter parameters on the eddy current losses in induction motor fed by PWM inverter,” in Proc. Electrical Machines and Systems ICEMS 2008. pp. 4240-4243, Oct. 2008. [17] A. Strandt, J. Hu and L. Wei, “No-load power losses and motor overheating effects versus PWM switching frequencies,” in Proc. Renewable Energy Research and Application (ICRERA), pp. 280- 283, Oct. 2014. [18] D. M. Said, K. M. Nor and M. S. Majid, “Analysis of distribution transformer losses and life expectancy using measured harmonic data,” in Proc. 14th International Conference on Harmonics and Quality of Power - ICHQP 2010, pp. 1-6, 2010. [19] G. W. Massey, “Estimation methods for power system harmonic effects on power distribution transformers,” IEEE Trans.Ind. Appl., vol. 30, no. 2, pp. 485-489, Mar/Apr. 1994. [20] M. T. Bishop, J. F. Baranowski, D. Heath and S. J. Benna, “Evaluating harmonic-induced transformer heating,” IEEE Trans. Power Deliv., vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 305-311, Jan. 1996. [21] L. W. Pierce, “Transformer design and application considerations for nonsinusoidal load currents,” IEEE Trans.Ind. Appl., vol. 32, no. 3, pp. 633-645, May/Jun. 1996. [22] W. Chen and Z. Cheng, “An experimental study of the damaging effects of harmonics in power networks on the capacitor dielectrics,” in Proc. Second International Conference on Properties and Applications, vol.2, pp. 645-648, Sep. 1988. [23] C. Boonseng, C. Chompoo-Inwai, V. Kinnares, K. Nakawiwat and P. Apiratikul, “Failure analysis of dielectric of low voltage power capacitors due to related harmonic resonance effects,” in Proc. Power Engineering Society Winter Meeting, 2001. IEEE, Columbus, vol.3, pp. 1003-1008, Feb. 2001. [24] M.J.H. Rawa, D.W.P. Thomas, M. Sumner, “Power quality monitoring and simulation of a personal computer based on IEEE 1459-2010”, Proc. Int. Conf. International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility, pp. 671-675, Sep. 2013. [25] P. Aramwanid, I. Boonyaroonate, “Power quality impact study and analysis of electrical power efficacy in sugar industry”, Proc. Int. Conf. Electrical Engineering/Electronics, Computer, Telecommunications and Information Technology, pp.1-4, Jun. 2015. [26] “IEEE Recommended practices and requirements for harmonic control in electrical power systems”, IEEE Standard 519. 1993. [27] Y. Baghzouz, R.F. Burch, A. Capasso, A. Cavallini, A.E. Emanuel, M. Halpin, A. Imece, A. Ludbrook, G. Montanari, K.J. Olejniczak, P. Ribeiro, S. Rios-Marcuello, L. Tang, R. Thaliam and P. Verde, “Timevarying harmonics. I. Characterizing measured data”, IEEE Trans. Pow. Deliv., vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 938-944, Jul. 1998. [28] A. E. Emanuel, J. A. Orr, “'Six-pulse converter atypical harmonics caused by second harmonic voltage”, Proc. Int. Conf. 10th International Conference on Harmonics and Quality of Power, pp. 340-346, Oct. 2002, [29] C. Collombet, J. M. Lupin, J. Schonek, “'Harmonics disturbances in networks, and their treatment”, Cahier Technique Merlin Gerin., vol. 1, no. 152, pp. 28, 1999.
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spelling Sousa Santos, VladimirHernandez Herrera, HernanQuispe, Enrique CiroGómez, Julio RafaelViego, Percy Rafael2018-11-22T15:14:23Z2018-11-22T15:14:23Z2017https://hdl.handle.net/11323/1714Corporación Universidad de la CostaREDICUC - Repositorio CUChttps://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/This paper evaluates the harmonic distortion generated by PWM motor drives in an electrical industrial system of a wheat flour mill company. For this, a comparative study between two industrial circuits connected at the same point of common coupling with similar characteristics of load and transformers is presented. The difference is that one circuit has PWM motor drives and the other does not have them. In the study, a practical method based on the statistical characterization of the total harmonic distortion of voltage (THDV) and current (THDI), individual voltage distortion (IVD), individual current distortion (ICD) and K-Factor is applied. As result, it was observed that PWM motor drives generated harmonics voltage mainly of fifth and seventh order with values that exceed limits established by standards in both circuits. In the work is also demonstrated that in the analysis of harmonics is necessary to consider various parameters and not only one.Sousa Santos, Vladimir-0000-0001-8808-1914-600Hernandez Herrera, Hernan-d3f0ff8a-ec90-485a-b33b-40d187052285-0Quispe, Enrique Ciro-82fa64db-e560-4049-85e9-ee34bf04f8f7-0Gómez, Julio Rafael-36158e7a-d9e6-4448-8a78-a3ce97be46cf-0Viego, Percy Rafael-73186627-023b-4e63-af11-5eef74f4f434-0engIEEE Workshop on Power Electronics and Power Quality Applications, PEPQA 2017Atribución – No comercial – Compartir igualinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Electrical industrial systemHarmonic distortionHarmonic statistical analysisPWM motor drivesAnalysis of harmonic distortion generated by PWM motor drivesDocumento de Conferenciahttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_f744http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_c94fTextinfo:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObjecthttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ECinfo:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion[1] S. R. Movahed, S. O. Mirzamani, A. Rajabi, H. Daneshvar, “Estimation of insulation life of inverter- fed induction motors,” in Proc. Conf. Power Electronic & Drive Systems & Technologies Conference (PEDSTC), pp. 335-339, Feb. 2010. [2] G. K. Singh, “A research survey of induction motor operation with nonsinusoidal supply wave forms,” Elect. Power Syst. Res., vol. 75, no. 2, pp. 200-213, 2005. [3] G. Suresh, H. A. Toliyat and A. Abur, “Analysis of the effect of feeder cable on the stator winding voltage stress in a PWM induction motor drive,” in Proc. Electrical Insulation Conference, 1997, and Electrical Manufacturing & Coil Winding Conference, pp. 407-412, Sep. 1997. [4] M. C. Di Piazza and M. Pucci. “Techniques for efficiency improvement in PWM motor drives,” Elect. Power Syst. Res., vol. 136, pp. 270-280, 2016. [5] M. Chirindo, M. A. Khan and P. S. Barendse, “Considerations for nonintrusive efficiency estimation of inverter-fed induction motors,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 63, no. 2, pp. 741-749, Feb. 2016. [6] C. J. R. Kriel, H. P. R. Joubert and J. H. Marais, “The influence of variable speed drives on electric motor opperating temperatures,” in Proc. Industrial and Commercial Use of Energy Conference (ICUE), pp. 1-6, Aug. 2013. [7] R. Mayuri., N. R. Sinnou and K. Ilango, “Eddy current loss modelling in transformer iron losses operated by PWM inverter,” in Proc. Power Electronics, Drives and Energy Systems (PEDES) & 2010 Power India, 2010 Joint International, pp. 1-5, Dec. 2010. [8] M. Digalovski, K. Najdenkoski and G. Rafajlovski, “Impact of current high order harmonic to core losses of three-phase distribution transformer,” in Proc. EUROCON, pp. 1531-1535, Jul. 2013. [9] H. Oraee, “A quantative approach to estimate the life expectancy of motor insulation systems,” IEEE Trans. Diel. and Elect.Insul., vol. 7, no. 6, pp. 790-796, Dec. 2000. [10] A. Inan and F. Attar, “The life expectancy analysis for an electric motor due to harmonics,” in Proc. Electrotechnical Conference, MELECON 98., vol.2, pp. 997-999, May. 1998. [11] J. P. G. de Abreu and A. E. Emanuel, “Induction motor thermal aging caused by voltage distortion and imbalance: loss of useful life and its estimated cost,” in Proc. Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Technical Conference, pp. 105-114, May. 2001. [12] V. S. Santos, P. R. V. Felipe, J. R. G. Sarduy, N. A. Lemozy, A. Jurado and E. C. Quispe, “Procedure for determining induction motor efficiency working under distorted grid voltages,” IEEE Trans. Energy Conv., vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 331-339, Mar. 2015. [13] P. Donolo, G. Bossio, C. De Angelo, G. García, and M. Donolo, “Voltage unbalance and harmonic distortion effects on induction motor power, torque and vibrations,” Elect. Power Syst. Res., vol. 140, no. 1, pp. 866-873, Nov. 2016. [14] Y. Wang, W. Liu, Z. Chen and B. Bai, “Calculation of high frequency bearing currents of PWM inverter-fed VF induction motor,” in Proc. 2014 International Power Electronics and Application Conference and Exposition, Shanghai, pp. 1428-1433, Nov. 2014. [15] Y. Wang, B. Bai and W. F. Liu, “Research on discharging bearing currents of PWM inverter-fed variable frequency induction motor,” in Proc. Electrical Machines and Systems (ICEMS), pp. 2945-2949, 2014. [16] B. Zhu, B. Bai and H. He, “Effects of the inverter parameters on the eddy current losses in induction motor fed by PWM inverter,” in Proc. Electrical Machines and Systems ICEMS 2008. pp. 4240-4243, Oct. 2008. [17] A. Strandt, J. Hu and L. Wei, “No-load power losses and motor overheating effects versus PWM switching frequencies,” in Proc. Renewable Energy Research and Application (ICRERA), pp. 280- 283, Oct. 2014. [18] D. M. Said, K. M. Nor and M. S. Majid, “Analysis of distribution transformer losses and life expectancy using measured harmonic data,” in Proc. 14th International Conference on Harmonics and Quality of Power - ICHQP 2010, pp. 1-6, 2010. [19] G. W. Massey, “Estimation methods for power system harmonic effects on power distribution transformers,” IEEE Trans.Ind. Appl., vol. 30, no. 2, pp. 485-489, Mar/Apr. 1994. [20] M. T. Bishop, J. F. Baranowski, D. Heath and S. J. Benna, “Evaluating harmonic-induced transformer heating,” IEEE Trans. Power Deliv., vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 305-311, Jan. 1996. [21] L. W. Pierce, “Transformer design and application considerations for nonsinusoidal load currents,” IEEE Trans.Ind. Appl., vol. 32, no. 3, pp. 633-645, May/Jun. 1996. [22] W. Chen and Z. Cheng, “An experimental study of the damaging effects of harmonics in power networks on the capacitor dielectrics,” in Proc. Second International Conference on Properties and Applications, vol.2, pp. 645-648, Sep. 1988. [23] C. Boonseng, C. Chompoo-Inwai, V. Kinnares, K. Nakawiwat and P. Apiratikul, “Failure analysis of dielectric of low voltage power capacitors due to related harmonic resonance effects,” in Proc. Power Engineering Society Winter Meeting, 2001. IEEE, Columbus, vol.3, pp. 1003-1008, Feb. 2001. [24] M.J.H. Rawa, D.W.P. Thomas, M. Sumner, “Power quality monitoring and simulation of a personal computer based on IEEE 1459-2010”, Proc. Int. Conf. International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility, pp. 671-675, Sep. 2013. [25] P. Aramwanid, I. Boonyaroonate, “Power quality impact study and analysis of electrical power efficacy in sugar industry”, Proc. Int. Conf. Electrical Engineering/Electronics, Computer, Telecommunications and Information Technology, pp.1-4, Jun. 2015. [26] “IEEE Recommended practices and requirements for harmonic control in electrical power systems”, IEEE Standard 519. 1993. [27] Y. Baghzouz, R.F. Burch, A. Capasso, A. Cavallini, A.E. Emanuel, M. Halpin, A. Imece, A. Ludbrook, G. Montanari, K.J. Olejniczak, P. Ribeiro, S. Rios-Marcuello, L. Tang, R. Thaliam and P. Verde, “Timevarying harmonics. I. Characterizing measured data”, IEEE Trans. Pow. Deliv., vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 938-944, Jul. 1998. [28] A. E. Emanuel, J. A. Orr, “'Six-pulse converter atypical harmonics caused by second harmonic voltage”, Proc. Int. Conf. 10th International Conference on Harmonics and Quality of Power, pp. 340-346, Oct. 2002, [29] C. Collombet, J. M. Lupin, J. Schonek, “'Harmonics disturbances in networks, and their treatment”, Cahier Technique Merlin Gerin., vol. 1, no. 152, pp. 28, 1999.PublicationORIGINALAnalysis of Harmonic Distortion Generated by PWM.pdfAnalysis of Harmonic Distortion Generated by PWM.pdfapplication/pdf450730https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/abdf963f-1776-46bb-97f3-f0f5b5eb27eb/downloadf351b9969f90ed327d406506fd519c36MD51LICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-81748https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/b4ca184c-9d9a-43f9-b554-db63af7a66c8/download8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33MD52THUMBNAILAnalysis of Harmonic Distortion Generated by PWM.pdf.jpgAnalysis of Harmonic Distortion Generated by PWM.pdf.jpgimage/jpeg73666https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/95f04026-9dc5-467b-a687-ff988fb08f24/download917c92590125fc4f8d4fab232318e006MD54TEXTAnalysis of Harmonic Distortion Generated by PWM.pdf.txtAnalysis of Harmonic Distortion Generated by PWM.pdf.txttext/plain24690https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/b287aef7-aac3-4f78-b2ab-a5c455dac354/downloadeb6156703e66b8f9e9d0d6bc1b6fc343MD5511323/1714oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/17142024-09-17 11:09:14.907open.accesshttps://repositorio.cuc.edu.coRepositorio de la Universidad de la Costa CUCrepdigital@cuc.edu.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