The effect of studying a double degree in the psychophysiological stress response in the bachelor’s thesis defense
The aim of this research was to analyze the effect of studying a single or double degree in the psychophysiological stress response and academic performance of university students in their bachelor’s thesis defense. We analyzed the autonomic stress response, cortical arousal, subjective distress per...
- Autores:
-
Ramírez-Adrados, Ana
Fernández-Elías, Valentín E.
Fernández Martínez, Silvia
MARTINEZ PASCUAL, BEATRIZ
Gonzalez-de-Ramos, Cristina
Clemente-Suárez, Vicente Javier
- Tipo de recurso:
- Article of journal
- Fecha de publicación:
- 2022
- Institución:
- Corporación Universidad de la Costa
- Repositorio:
- REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
- Idioma:
- eng
- OAI Identifier:
- oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/9237
- Acceso en línea:
- https://hdl.handle.net/11323/9237
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/
- Palabra clave:
- Double degree
Autonomic modulation
Heart rate variability
Stress
University
Physiotherapy academic achievement
- Rights
- openAccess
- License
- © 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
id |
RCUC2_b78f291b130b05a0f0c8b366cae21d10 |
---|---|
oai_identifier_str |
oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/9237 |
network_acronym_str |
RCUC2 |
network_name_str |
REDICUC - Repositorio CUC |
repository_id_str |
|
dc.title.eng.fl_str_mv |
The effect of studying a double degree in the psychophysiological stress response in the bachelor’s thesis defense |
title |
The effect of studying a double degree in the psychophysiological stress response in the bachelor’s thesis defense |
spellingShingle |
The effect of studying a double degree in the psychophysiological stress response in the bachelor’s thesis defense Double degree Autonomic modulation Heart rate variability Stress University Physiotherapy academic achievement |
title_short |
The effect of studying a double degree in the psychophysiological stress response in the bachelor’s thesis defense |
title_full |
The effect of studying a double degree in the psychophysiological stress response in the bachelor’s thesis defense |
title_fullStr |
The effect of studying a double degree in the psychophysiological stress response in the bachelor’s thesis defense |
title_full_unstemmed |
The effect of studying a double degree in the psychophysiological stress response in the bachelor’s thesis defense |
title_sort |
The effect of studying a double degree in the psychophysiological stress response in the bachelor’s thesis defense |
dc.creator.fl_str_mv |
Ramírez-Adrados, Ana Fernández-Elías, Valentín E. Fernández Martínez, Silvia MARTINEZ PASCUAL, BEATRIZ Gonzalez-de-Ramos, Cristina Clemente-Suárez, Vicente Javier |
dc.contributor.author.spa.fl_str_mv |
Ramírez-Adrados, Ana Fernández-Elías, Valentín E. Fernández Martínez, Silvia MARTINEZ PASCUAL, BEATRIZ Gonzalez-de-Ramos, Cristina Clemente-Suárez, Vicente Javier |
dc.subject.proposal.eng.fl_str_mv |
Double degree Autonomic modulation Heart rate variability Stress University Physiotherapy academic achievement |
topic |
Double degree Autonomic modulation Heart rate variability Stress University Physiotherapy academic achievement |
description |
The aim of this research was to analyze the effect of studying a single or double degree in the psychophysiological stress response and academic performance of university students in their bachelor’s thesis defense. We analyzed the autonomic stress response, cortical arousal, subjective distress perception, and the sense of objective and subjective academic fulfilment of 84 single-degree physiotherapy students and 26 double-degree sport sciences and physiotherapy students during their bachelor’s thesis defense. The results showed that the bachelor’s thesis defense was a stressful event for double-degree students, showing an activation of the sympathetic nervous system and presenting a higher autonomic habituation response for the double degree students compared to the single degree students. We found higher mean grades during the whole degree and higher grades in the written and oral bachelor’s thesis academic achievements for single-degree students compared to double-degree students. No significant differences were found between single-degree and double-degree students in subjective distress perception and cortical arousal. No correlation was found between academic performance variables and subjective distress perception, cortical arousal, and autonomic modulation variables. We conclude that the bachelor’s thesis defense produces a large anticipatory anxiety response in single-degree physiotherapy students and in double-degree sport sciences and physiotherapy students. Double-degree students showed higher levels of habituation and adaptability to the stressful event, with a better autonomic response. Academic achievements were significantly higher among single-degree students compared to the double-degree group. |
publishDate |
2022 |
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv |
2022-06-11T19:20:48Z |
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv |
2022-06-11T19:20:48Z |
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv |
2022-01-21 |
dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv |
Artículo de revista |
dc.type.coar.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1 |
dc.type.coarversion.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85 |
dc.type.coar.spa.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501 |
dc.type.content.spa.fl_str_mv |
Text |
dc.type.driver.spa.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/article |
dc.type.redcol.spa.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ART |
format |
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501 |
dc.identifier.citation.spa.fl_str_mv |
Ramírez-Adrados, A.; Fernández-Elías, V.E.; Fernández-Martínez, S.; Martínez-Pascual, B.; Gonzalez-de-Ramos, C.; Clemente-Suárez, V.J. The Effect of Studying a Double Degree in the Psychophysiological Stress Response in the Bachelor’s Thesis Defense. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 1207. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031207 |
dc.identifier.issn.spa.fl_str_mv |
1661-7827 |
dc.identifier.uri.spa.fl_str_mv |
https://hdl.handle.net/11323/9237 |
dc.identifier.doi.spa.fl_str_mv |
10.3390/ijerph19031207 |
dc.identifier.eissn.spa.fl_str_mv |
1660-4601 |
dc.identifier.instname.spa.fl_str_mv |
Corporación Universidad de la Costa |
dc.identifier.reponame.spa.fl_str_mv |
REDICUC - Repositorio CUC |
dc.identifier.repourl.spa.fl_str_mv |
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/ |
identifier_str_mv |
Ramírez-Adrados, A.; Fernández-Elías, V.E.; Fernández-Martínez, S.; Martínez-Pascual, B.; Gonzalez-de-Ramos, C.; Clemente-Suárez, V.J. The Effect of Studying a Double Degree in the Psychophysiological Stress Response in the Bachelor’s Thesis Defense. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 1207. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031207 1661-7827 10.3390/ijerph19031207 1660-4601 Corporación Universidad de la Costa REDICUC - Repositorio CUC |
url |
https://hdl.handle.net/11323/9237 https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/ |
dc.language.iso.none.fl_str_mv |
eng |
language |
eng |
dc.relation.ispartofjournal.spa.fl_str_mv |
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |
dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv |
Bamford, J.K. International Joint Double Degrees and International Transitions in Higher Education; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 2020; ISBN 9783030486228. [Google Scholar] Knight, J. Doubts and dilemmas with double degree programs. Rev. Univ. Soc. Conoc. 2011, 8, 297–312. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] Sursock, A.; Smidt, H. Trends 2010: A Decade of Change in European Higher Education. Available online: http://www.eua.be/publications/ (accessed on 8 November 2021). Ramírez-Adrados, A.; Martínez-Pascual, B.; Gonzalez-de-Ramos, C.; Fernández-Martínez, S.; Fernández-Elías, V.E.; Clemente-Suárez, V.J. The Impact of Nationality on the Psychophysiological Stress Response and Academic Fulfilment in the Final Degree Dissertation. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 4035. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] Ramírez-Adrados, A.; Fernández-Martínez, S.; Martínez-Pascual, B.; Gonzalez-de-Ramos, C.; Fernández-Elías, V.E.; Clemente-Suárez, V.J. Psychophysiological stress response of physiotherapy last year students in his final degree dissertation. Physiol. Behav. 2020, 222, 112928. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] Ramírez-Adrados, A.; Beltrán-Velasco, A.I.; Gonzalez-de-Ramos, C.; Fernández-Martínez, S.; Martínez-Pascual, B.; Fernández-Elías, V.E.; Clemente-Suárez, V.J. The effect of final dissertation defense language, native vs. non-native, in the psychophysiological stress response of university students. Physiol. Behav. 2020, 224, 113043. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] Bellido-Esteban, A.; Beltrán-Velasco, A.I.; Ruisoto-Palomera, P.; Nikolaidis, P.T.; Knechtle, B.; Clemente-Suárez, V.J. The Effect of Psychology Objective Structured Clinical Examination Scenarios Presentation Order on Students Autonomic Stress Response. Front. Psychol. 2021, 12, 622102. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] Webster, F.; Pepper, D.; Jenkins, A. Assessing the undergraduate dissertation. Assess. Eval. High. Educ. 2000, 25, 71–80. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] Beltrán-Velasco, A.I.; Bellido-Esteban, A.; Ruisoto-Palomera, P.; Clemente-Suárez, V.J. Use of Portable Digital Devices to Analyze Autonomic Stress Response in Psychology Objective Structured Clinical Examination. J. Med. Syst. 2018, 42, 35. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] Beltrán-Velasco, A.I.; Ruisoto-Palomera, P.; Bellido-Esteban, A.; García-Mateos, M.; Clemente-Suárez, V.J. Analysis of Psychophysiological Stress Response in Higher Education Students Undergoing Clinical Practice Evaluation. J. Med. Syst. 2019, 43, 68. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] Clemente-Suárez, V.J.; Beltrán-Velasco, A.I.; Bellido-Esteban, A.; Ruisoto-Palomera, P. Autonomic Adaption to Clinical Simulation in Psychology Students: Teaching Applications. Appl. Psychophysiol. Biofeedback 2018, 43, 239–245. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] Sánchez-Conde, P.; Beltrán-Velasco, A.I.; Clemente-Suárez, V.J. Influence of psychological profile in autonomic response of nursing students in their first hospital clinical stays. Physiol. Behav. 2019, 207, 99–103. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] Delgado-Moreno, R.; Robles-Pérez, J.J.; Clemente-Suárez, V.J. Combat Stress Decreases Memory of Warfighters in Action. J. Med. Syst. 2017, 41, 111. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] Hood, A.; Pulvers, K.; Spady, T.J.; Kliebenstein, A.; Bachand, J. Anxiety mediates the effect of acute stress on working memory performance when cortisol levels are high: A moderated mediation analysis. Anxiety Stress Coping 2015, 28, 545–562. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] Mark, G.; Smith, A. A Qualitative Study of Stress in University Staff. Adv. Soc. Sci. Res. J. 2018, 5. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] Huhn, D.; Lauter, J.; Roesch Ely, D.; Koch, E.; Möltner, A.; Herzog, W.; Resch, F.; Herpertz, S.C.; Nikendei, C. Performance of International Medical Students in psychosocial medicine. BMC Med. Educ. 2017, 17, 111. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] Pun, K.M.; Samson, P.; Timalsina, R. Stress, stress responses and coping strategies among bachelor nursing students. J. Patan Acad. Health Sci. 2018, 5, 74–80. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] Mendoza-Castejon, D.; Fraile-García, J.; Diaz-Manzano, M.; Fuentes-Garcia, J.P.; Clemente-Suárez, V.J. Differences in the autonomic nervous system stress status of urban and rural school teachers. Physiol. Behav. 2020, 222, 112925. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] Redondo-Flórez, L.; Fernández-Lucas, J.; Clemente-Suárez, V.J. Cultural differences in stress-related psychological, nutrition, physical activity and oral health factors of professors. Nutrients 2020, 12, 3644. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] Redondo Flórez, L.; Tornero-Aguilera, J.F.; Clemente-Suárez, V.J. Could academic experience modulate psychophysiological stress response of biomedical sciences students in laboratory? Physiol. Behav. 2020, 223, 113017. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] Beltrán-Velasco, A.I.; Mendoza-Castejón, D.; Fuentes-García, J.P.; Clemente-Suárez, V.J. Behavioural, psychological, and physiological stress markers and academic performance in immigrant and non-immigrant preschool and school students. Physiol. Behav. 2020, 225, 113081. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] Beltrán-Velasco, A.I.; Sánchez-Conde, P.; Ramos-Campo, D.J.; Clemente-Suárez, V.J. Monitorization of Autonomic Stress Response of Nurse Students in Hospital Clinical Simulation. BioMed Res. Int. 2021, 2021, 6641425. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] Rodriguez-Besteiro, S.; Tornero-Aguilera, J.F.; Fernández-Lucas, J.; Clemente-Suárez, V.J. Gender differences in the COVID-19 pandemic risk perception, psychology and behaviors of spanish university students. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 3908. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] Clemente-Suarez, V.J.; Herrera-Mendoza, K.; Montañez-Romero, M.; Navarro, M.C.; Crespo-Ribera, W.; Vargas, C.; Arroyo-Alvis, K.; Morales, M.; Fábregas, L.; Cadena-Díaz, I.; et al. Respuesta Autonómica de estrés en estudiantes de Doctorado. Cult. Educ. Y Soc. 2020, 12, 9–18. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] Laborde, S.; Mosley, E.; Thayer, J.F. Heart rate variability and cardiac vagal tone in psychophysiological research—Recommendations for experiment planning, data analysis, and data reporting. Front. Psychol. 2017, 8, 213. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] Beltrán-Velasco, A.I.; Bellido-Esteban, A.; Ruisoto-Palomera, P.; Mendoza, K.H.; Clemente-Suárez, V.J. The Effect of Cultural Differences in Psychophysiological Stress Response in High Education Context: A Pilot Study. Appl. Psychophysiol. Biofeedback 2019, 45, 23–29. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] Clemente-Suárez, V.J.; Diaz-Manzano, M. Evaluation of Central Fatigue by the Critical Flicker Fusion Threshold in Cyclists. J. Med. Syst. 2019, 43, 61. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] Aguilera, J.F.T.; Elias, V.F.; Clemente-Suárez, V.J. Autonomic and cortical response of soldiers in different combat scenarios. BMJ Mil. Health 2021, 167, 172–176. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] Clemente-Suárez, V.J.; Arroyo-Toledo, J.J. Use of Biotechnology Devices to Analyse Fatigue Process in Swimming Training. J. Med. Syst. 2017, 41, 94. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] Fuentes, J.P.; Villafaina, S.; Collado-Mateo, D.; de la Vega, R.; Gusi, N.; Clemente-Suárez, V.J. Use of Biotechnological Devices in the Quantification of Psychophysiological Workload of Professional Chess Players. J. Med. Syst. 2018, 42. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] Delgado-Moreno, R.; Robles-Pérez, J.J.; Aznar-Laín, S.; Clemente-Suárez, V.J. Effect of Experience and Psychophysiological Modification by Combat Stress in Soldier’s Memory. J. Med. Syst. 2019, 43, 150. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] Clemente-Suárez, V.J. The Application of Cortical Arousal Assessment to Control Neuromuscular Fatigue during Strength Training. J. Mot. Behav. 2017, 49, 429–434. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] Clemente-Suárez, V.J.; Fernandes, R.J.; Arroyo-Toledo, J.J.; Figueiredo, P.; González-Ravé, J.M.; Vilas-Boas, J.P. Autonomic adaptation after traditional and reverse swimming training periodizations. Acta Physiol. Hung. 2015, 102, 105–113. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] Belinchon-deMiguel, P.; Clemente-Suárez, V.J. Psychophysiological, Body Composition, Biomechanical and Autonomic Modulation Analysis Procedures in an Ultraendurance Mountain Race. J. Med. Syst. 2018, 42, 32. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] Clemente-Suárez, V.J.; Robles-Pérez, J.J.; Herrera-Mendoza, K.; Herrera-Tapias, B.; Fernández-Lucas, J. Psychophysiological Response and Fine Motor Skills in High-Altitude Parachute Jumps. High Alt. Med. Biol. 2017, 18, 392–399. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] Tornero-Aguilera, J.F.; Robles-Pérez, J.J.; Clemente-Suárez, V.J. Effect of Combat Stress in the Psychophysiological Response of Elite and Non-Elite Soldiers. J. Med. Syst. 2017, 41, 100. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] Clemente-Suarez, V.J.; Palomera, P.R.; Robles-Pérez, J.J. Psychophysiological response to acute-high-stress combat situations in professional soldiers. Stress Health 2018, 34, 247–252. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] Chan, C.K.L.; So, W.K.W.; Fong, D.Y.T. Hong Kong Baccalaureate Nursing Students’ Stress and Their Coping Strategies in Clinical Practice. J. Prof. Nurs. 2009, 25, 307–313. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] Unsworth, N.; Fukuda, K.; Awh, E.; Vogel, E.K. Working memory and fluid intelligence: Capacity, attention control, and secondary memory retrieval. Cogn. Psychol. 2014, 71, 1–26. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] Ríos Erazo, M.; Moncada Arroyo, L.; Llanos Román, G.; Santana González, R.; Salinas Gálvez, H. Perfil psicológico de los estudiantes de 1er año de enfermería. Estud. Prelim. 2009, 15, 99–108. [Google Scholar] Mills, B.; Carter, O.; Rudd, C.; Claxton, L.; O’Brien, R. An experimental investigation into the extent social evaluation anxiety impairs performance in simulation-based learning environments amongst final-year undergraduate nursing students. Nurse Educ. Today 2016, 45, 9–15. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] May, R.W.; Seibert, G.S.; Sanchez-Gonzalez, M.A.; Fincham, F.D. Physiology of school burnout in medical students: Hemodynamic and autonomic functioning. Burn. Res. 2016, 3, 63–68. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] Arruza, J.A.; Arribas, S.; Otaegi, O.; González, O.; Irazusta, S.; Ruiz, L.M. Percepción de competencia, estado de ánimo y tolerancia al estrés en jóvenes deportistas de alto rendimiento. An. Psicol. 2011, 27, 536–543. [Google Scholar] Dong, J.G. The role of heart rate variability in sports physiology (Review). Exp. Ther. Med. 2016, 11, 1531–1536. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] Belinchón-deMiguel, P.; Tornero-Aguilera, J.F.; Dalamitros, A.A.; Nikolaidis, P.T.; Rosemann, T.; Knechtle, B.; Clemente-Suárez, V.J. Multidisciplinary Analysis of Differences between Finisher and Non-finisher Ultra-Endurance Mountain Athletes. Front. Physiol. 2019, 10, 1507. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] Clemente-Suárez, V.J.; Robles-Pérez, J.J.; Fernández-Lucas, J. Psycho-physiological response in an automatic parachute jump. J. Sports Sci. 2017, 35, 1872–1878. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] Martínez-González, M.B.; Pérez-Pedraza, D.C.; Alfaro-Álvarez, J.; Reyes-Cervantes, C.; González-Malabet, M.; Clemente-Suárez, V.J. Women Facing Psychological Abuse: How Do They Respond to Maternal Identity Humiliation and Body Shaming? Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 6627. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] Martín-Rodríguez, A.; Tornero-Aguilera, J.F.; López-Pérez, P.J.; Clemente-Suárez, V.J. Gender Differences in Nutritional, Odontological and Psychological Patterns of Adolescent Students during COVID-19 Pandemic. Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 8499. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] Mendoza-Castejón, D.; Clemente-Suárez, V.J. Autonomic Profile, Physical Activity, Body Mass Index and Academic Performance of School Students. Sustainability 2020, 12, 6718. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] Martín-Rodríguez, A.; Tornero-Aguilera, J.F.; López-Pérez, P.J.; Clemente-Suárez, V.J. The Effect of Loneliness in Psychological and Behavioral Profile among High School Students in Spain. Sustainability 2022, 14, 168. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] Martínez-González, M.B.; Arenas-Rivera, C.P.; Cardozo-Rusinque, A.A.; Morales-Cuadro, A.R.; Acuña-Rodríguez, M.; Turizo-Palencia, Y.; Clemente-Suárez, V.J. Psychological and Gender Differences in a Simulated Cheating Coercion Situation at School. Soc. Sci. 2021, 10, 265. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] |
dc.relation.citationendpage.spa.fl_str_mv |
11 |
dc.relation.citationstartpage.spa.fl_str_mv |
1 |
dc.relation.citationissue.spa.fl_str_mv |
3 |
dc.relation.citationvolume.spa.fl_str_mv |
19 |
dc.rights.spa.fl_str_mv |
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. Atribución 4.0 Internacional (CC BY 4.0) |
dc.rights.uri.spa.fl_str_mv |
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ |
dc.rights.accessrights.spa.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess |
dc.rights.coar.spa.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2 |
rights_invalid_str_mv |
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. Atribución 4.0 Internacional (CC BY 4.0) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2 |
eu_rights_str_mv |
openAccess |
dc.format.extent.spa.fl_str_mv |
11 Páginas |
dc.format.mimetype.spa.fl_str_mv |
application/pdf |
dc.publisher.spa.fl_str_mv |
Frontiers Media S.A. |
dc.publisher.place.spa.fl_str_mv |
Switzerland |
institution |
Corporación Universidad de la Costa |
dc.source.url.spa.fl_str_mv |
https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/19/3/1207/htm |
bitstream.url.fl_str_mv |
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/da80c61d-b4f7-4aca-b5b6-0aee231eaffe/download https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/db7d2d0a-d482-4a71-8c92-2667bbd72fb7/download https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/bf778b69-e041-4556-8d9f-c01a3b161469/download https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/1e1fb301-90fc-4fac-a941-c35616b7ccae/download |
bitstream.checksum.fl_str_mv |
09bc5ba7b1ec62067b78e2884bdf7f34 e30e9215131d99561d40d6b0abbe9bad 220198cc4ab7addbc74a4007c2d9f6a9 e4026f23abc27c652c97967adcc1fb1a |
bitstream.checksumAlgorithm.fl_str_mv |
MD5 MD5 MD5 MD5 |
repository.name.fl_str_mv |
Repositorio de la Universidad de la Costa CUC |
repository.mail.fl_str_mv |
repdigital@cuc.edu.co |
_version_ |
1811760781831700480 |
spelling |
Ramírez-Adrados, AnaFernández-Elías, Valentín E.Fernández Martínez, SilviaMARTINEZ PASCUAL, BEATRIZGonzalez-de-Ramos, CristinaClemente-Suárez, Vicente Javier2022-06-11T19:20:48Z2022-06-11T19:20:48Z2022-01-21Ramírez-Adrados, A.; Fernández-Elías, V.E.; Fernández-Martínez, S.; Martínez-Pascual, B.; Gonzalez-de-Ramos, C.; Clemente-Suárez, V.J. The Effect of Studying a Double Degree in the Psychophysiological Stress Response in the Bachelor’s Thesis Defense. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 1207. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph190312071661-7827https://hdl.handle.net/11323/923710.3390/ijerph190312071660-4601Corporación Universidad de la CostaREDICUC - Repositorio CUChttps://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/The aim of this research was to analyze the effect of studying a single or double degree in the psychophysiological stress response and academic performance of university students in their bachelor’s thesis defense. We analyzed the autonomic stress response, cortical arousal, subjective distress perception, and the sense of objective and subjective academic fulfilment of 84 single-degree physiotherapy students and 26 double-degree sport sciences and physiotherapy students during their bachelor’s thesis defense. The results showed that the bachelor’s thesis defense was a stressful event for double-degree students, showing an activation of the sympathetic nervous system and presenting a higher autonomic habituation response for the double degree students compared to the single degree students. We found higher mean grades during the whole degree and higher grades in the written and oral bachelor’s thesis academic achievements for single-degree students compared to double-degree students. No significant differences were found between single-degree and double-degree students in subjective distress perception and cortical arousal. No correlation was found between academic performance variables and subjective distress perception, cortical arousal, and autonomic modulation variables. We conclude that the bachelor’s thesis defense produces a large anticipatory anxiety response in single-degree physiotherapy students and in double-degree sport sciences and physiotherapy students. Double-degree students showed higher levels of habituation and adaptability to the stressful event, with a better autonomic response. Academic achievements were significantly higher among single-degree students compared to the double-degree group.11 Páginasapplication/pdfengFrontiers Media S.A.Switzerland© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.Atribución 4.0 Internacional (CC BY 4.0)https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2The effect of studying a double degree in the psychophysiological stress response in the bachelor’s thesis defenseArtículo de revistahttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1Textinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARThttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/19/3/1207/htmInternational Journal of Environmental Research and Public HealthBamford, J.K. International Joint Double Degrees and International Transitions in Higher Education; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 2020; ISBN 9783030486228. [Google Scholar]Knight, J. Doubts and dilemmas with double degree programs. Rev. Univ. Soc. Conoc. 2011, 8, 297–312. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]Sursock, A.; Smidt, H. Trends 2010: A Decade of Change in European Higher Education. Available online: http://www.eua.be/publications/ (accessed on 8 November 2021).Ramírez-Adrados, A.; Martínez-Pascual, B.; Gonzalez-de-Ramos, C.; Fernández-Martínez, S.; Fernández-Elías, V.E.; Clemente-Suárez, V.J. The Impact of Nationality on the Psychophysiological Stress Response and Academic Fulfilment in the Final Degree Dissertation. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 4035. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]Ramírez-Adrados, A.; Fernández-Martínez, S.; Martínez-Pascual, B.; Gonzalez-de-Ramos, C.; Fernández-Elías, V.E.; Clemente-Suárez, V.J. Psychophysiological stress response of physiotherapy last year students in his final degree dissertation. Physiol. Behav. 2020, 222, 112928. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]Ramírez-Adrados, A.; Beltrán-Velasco, A.I.; Gonzalez-de-Ramos, C.; Fernández-Martínez, S.; Martínez-Pascual, B.; Fernández-Elías, V.E.; Clemente-Suárez, V.J. The effect of final dissertation defense language, native vs. non-native, in the psychophysiological stress response of university students. Physiol. Behav. 2020, 224, 113043. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]Bellido-Esteban, A.; Beltrán-Velasco, A.I.; Ruisoto-Palomera, P.; Nikolaidis, P.T.; Knechtle, B.; Clemente-Suárez, V.J. The Effect of Psychology Objective Structured Clinical Examination Scenarios Presentation Order on Students Autonomic Stress Response. Front. Psychol. 2021, 12, 622102. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]Webster, F.; Pepper, D.; Jenkins, A. Assessing the undergraduate dissertation. Assess. Eval. High. Educ. 2000, 25, 71–80. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]Beltrán-Velasco, A.I.; Bellido-Esteban, A.; Ruisoto-Palomera, P.; Clemente-Suárez, V.J. Use of Portable Digital Devices to Analyze Autonomic Stress Response in Psychology Objective Structured Clinical Examination. J. Med. Syst. 2018, 42, 35. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]Beltrán-Velasco, A.I.; Ruisoto-Palomera, P.; Bellido-Esteban, A.; García-Mateos, M.; Clemente-Suárez, V.J. Analysis of Psychophysiological Stress Response in Higher Education Students Undergoing Clinical Practice Evaluation. J. Med. Syst. 2019, 43, 68. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]Clemente-Suárez, V.J.; Beltrán-Velasco, A.I.; Bellido-Esteban, A.; Ruisoto-Palomera, P. Autonomic Adaption to Clinical Simulation in Psychology Students: Teaching Applications. Appl. Psychophysiol. Biofeedback 2018, 43, 239–245. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]Sánchez-Conde, P.; Beltrán-Velasco, A.I.; Clemente-Suárez, V.J. Influence of psychological profile in autonomic response of nursing students in their first hospital clinical stays. Physiol. Behav. 2019, 207, 99–103. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]Delgado-Moreno, R.; Robles-Pérez, J.J.; Clemente-Suárez, V.J. Combat Stress Decreases Memory of Warfighters in Action. J. Med. Syst. 2017, 41, 111. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]Hood, A.; Pulvers, K.; Spady, T.J.; Kliebenstein, A.; Bachand, J. Anxiety mediates the effect of acute stress on working memory performance when cortisol levels are high: A moderated mediation analysis. Anxiety Stress Coping 2015, 28, 545–562. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]Mark, G.; Smith, A. A Qualitative Study of Stress in University Staff. Adv. Soc. Sci. Res. J. 2018, 5. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]Huhn, D.; Lauter, J.; Roesch Ely, D.; Koch, E.; Möltner, A.; Herzog, W.; Resch, F.; Herpertz, S.C.; Nikendei, C. Performance of International Medical Students in psychosocial medicine. BMC Med. Educ. 2017, 17, 111. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]Pun, K.M.; Samson, P.; Timalsina, R. Stress, stress responses and coping strategies among bachelor nursing students. J. Patan Acad. Health Sci. 2018, 5, 74–80. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]Mendoza-Castejon, D.; Fraile-García, J.; Diaz-Manzano, M.; Fuentes-Garcia, J.P.; Clemente-Suárez, V.J. Differences in the autonomic nervous system stress status of urban and rural school teachers. Physiol. Behav. 2020, 222, 112925. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]Redondo-Flórez, L.; Fernández-Lucas, J.; Clemente-Suárez, V.J. Cultural differences in stress-related psychological, nutrition, physical activity and oral health factors of professors. Nutrients 2020, 12, 3644. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]Redondo Flórez, L.; Tornero-Aguilera, J.F.; Clemente-Suárez, V.J. Could academic experience modulate psychophysiological stress response of biomedical sciences students in laboratory? Physiol. Behav. 2020, 223, 113017. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]Beltrán-Velasco, A.I.; Mendoza-Castejón, D.; Fuentes-García, J.P.; Clemente-Suárez, V.J. Behavioural, psychological, and physiological stress markers and academic performance in immigrant and non-immigrant preschool and school students. Physiol. Behav. 2020, 225, 113081. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]Beltrán-Velasco, A.I.; Sánchez-Conde, P.; Ramos-Campo, D.J.; Clemente-Suárez, V.J. Monitorization of Autonomic Stress Response of Nurse Students in Hospital Clinical Simulation. BioMed Res. Int. 2021, 2021, 6641425. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]Rodriguez-Besteiro, S.; Tornero-Aguilera, J.F.; Fernández-Lucas, J.; Clemente-Suárez, V.J. Gender differences in the COVID-19 pandemic risk perception, psychology and behaviors of spanish university students. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 3908. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]Clemente-Suarez, V.J.; Herrera-Mendoza, K.; Montañez-Romero, M.; Navarro, M.C.; Crespo-Ribera, W.; Vargas, C.; Arroyo-Alvis, K.; Morales, M.; Fábregas, L.; Cadena-Díaz, I.; et al. Respuesta Autonómica de estrés en estudiantes de Doctorado. Cult. Educ. Y Soc. 2020, 12, 9–18. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]Laborde, S.; Mosley, E.; Thayer, J.F. Heart rate variability and cardiac vagal tone in psychophysiological research—Recommendations for experiment planning, data analysis, and data reporting. Front. Psychol. 2017, 8, 213. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]Beltrán-Velasco, A.I.; Bellido-Esteban, A.; Ruisoto-Palomera, P.; Mendoza, K.H.; Clemente-Suárez, V.J. The Effect of Cultural Differences in Psychophysiological Stress Response in High Education Context: A Pilot Study. Appl. Psychophysiol. Biofeedback 2019, 45, 23–29. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]Clemente-Suárez, V.J.; Diaz-Manzano, M. Evaluation of Central Fatigue by the Critical Flicker Fusion Threshold in Cyclists. J. Med. Syst. 2019, 43, 61. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]Aguilera, J.F.T.; Elias, V.F.; Clemente-Suárez, V.J. Autonomic and cortical response of soldiers in different combat scenarios. BMJ Mil. Health 2021, 167, 172–176. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]Clemente-Suárez, V.J.; Arroyo-Toledo, J.J. Use of Biotechnology Devices to Analyse Fatigue Process in Swimming Training. J. Med. Syst. 2017, 41, 94. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]Fuentes, J.P.; Villafaina, S.; Collado-Mateo, D.; de la Vega, R.; Gusi, N.; Clemente-Suárez, V.J. Use of Biotechnological Devices in the Quantification of Psychophysiological Workload of Professional Chess Players. J. Med. Syst. 2018, 42. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]Delgado-Moreno, R.; Robles-Pérez, J.J.; Aznar-Laín, S.; Clemente-Suárez, V.J. Effect of Experience and Psychophysiological Modification by Combat Stress in Soldier’s Memory. J. Med. Syst. 2019, 43, 150. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]Clemente-Suárez, V.J. The Application of Cortical Arousal Assessment to Control Neuromuscular Fatigue during Strength Training. J. Mot. Behav. 2017, 49, 429–434. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]Clemente-Suárez, V.J.; Fernandes, R.J.; Arroyo-Toledo, J.J.; Figueiredo, P.; González-Ravé, J.M.; Vilas-Boas, J.P. Autonomic adaptation after traditional and reverse swimming training periodizations. Acta Physiol. Hung. 2015, 102, 105–113. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]Belinchon-deMiguel, P.; Clemente-Suárez, V.J. Psychophysiological, Body Composition, Biomechanical and Autonomic Modulation Analysis Procedures in an Ultraendurance Mountain Race. J. Med. Syst. 2018, 42, 32. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]Clemente-Suárez, V.J.; Robles-Pérez, J.J.; Herrera-Mendoza, K.; Herrera-Tapias, B.; Fernández-Lucas, J. Psychophysiological Response and Fine Motor Skills in High-Altitude Parachute Jumps. High Alt. Med. Biol. 2017, 18, 392–399. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]Tornero-Aguilera, J.F.; Robles-Pérez, J.J.; Clemente-Suárez, V.J. Effect of Combat Stress in the Psychophysiological Response of Elite and Non-Elite Soldiers. J. Med. Syst. 2017, 41, 100. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]Clemente-Suarez, V.J.; Palomera, P.R.; Robles-Pérez, J.J. Psychophysiological response to acute-high-stress combat situations in professional soldiers. Stress Health 2018, 34, 247–252. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]Chan, C.K.L.; So, W.K.W.; Fong, D.Y.T. Hong Kong Baccalaureate Nursing Students’ Stress and Their Coping Strategies in Clinical Practice. J. Prof. Nurs. 2009, 25, 307–313. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]Unsworth, N.; Fukuda, K.; Awh, E.; Vogel, E.K. Working memory and fluid intelligence: Capacity, attention control, and secondary memory retrieval. Cogn. Psychol. 2014, 71, 1–26. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]Ríos Erazo, M.; Moncada Arroyo, L.; Llanos Román, G.; Santana González, R.; Salinas Gálvez, H. Perfil psicológico de los estudiantes de 1er año de enfermería. Estud. Prelim. 2009, 15, 99–108. [Google Scholar]Mills, B.; Carter, O.; Rudd, C.; Claxton, L.; O’Brien, R. An experimental investigation into the extent social evaluation anxiety impairs performance in simulation-based learning environments amongst final-year undergraduate nursing students. Nurse Educ. Today 2016, 45, 9–15. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]May, R.W.; Seibert, G.S.; Sanchez-Gonzalez, M.A.; Fincham, F.D. Physiology of school burnout in medical students: Hemodynamic and autonomic functioning. Burn. Res. 2016, 3, 63–68. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]Arruza, J.A.; Arribas, S.; Otaegi, O.; González, O.; Irazusta, S.; Ruiz, L.M. Percepción de competencia, estado de ánimo y tolerancia al estrés en jóvenes deportistas de alto rendimiento. An. Psicol. 2011, 27, 536–543. [Google Scholar]Dong, J.G. The role of heart rate variability in sports physiology (Review). Exp. Ther. Med. 2016, 11, 1531–1536. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]Belinchón-deMiguel, P.; Tornero-Aguilera, J.F.; Dalamitros, A.A.; Nikolaidis, P.T.; Rosemann, T.; Knechtle, B.; Clemente-Suárez, V.J. Multidisciplinary Analysis of Differences between Finisher and Non-finisher Ultra-Endurance Mountain Athletes. Front. Physiol. 2019, 10, 1507. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]Clemente-Suárez, V.J.; Robles-Pérez, J.J.; Fernández-Lucas, J. Psycho-physiological response in an automatic parachute jump. J. Sports Sci. 2017, 35, 1872–1878. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]Martínez-González, M.B.; Pérez-Pedraza, D.C.; Alfaro-Álvarez, J.; Reyes-Cervantes, C.; González-Malabet, M.; Clemente-Suárez, V.J. Women Facing Psychological Abuse: How Do They Respond to Maternal Identity Humiliation and Body Shaming? Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 6627. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]Martín-Rodríguez, A.; Tornero-Aguilera, J.F.; López-Pérez, P.J.; Clemente-Suárez, V.J. Gender Differences in Nutritional, Odontological and Psychological Patterns of Adolescent Students during COVID-19 Pandemic. Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 8499. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]Mendoza-Castejón, D.; Clemente-Suárez, V.J. Autonomic Profile, Physical Activity, Body Mass Index and Academic Performance of School Students. Sustainability 2020, 12, 6718. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]Martín-Rodríguez, A.; Tornero-Aguilera, J.F.; López-Pérez, P.J.; Clemente-Suárez, V.J. The Effect of Loneliness in Psychological and Behavioral Profile among High School Students in Spain. Sustainability 2022, 14, 168. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]Martínez-González, M.B.; Arenas-Rivera, C.P.; Cardozo-Rusinque, A.A.; Morales-Cuadro, A.R.; Acuña-Rodríguez, M.; Turizo-Palencia, Y.; Clemente-Suárez, V.J. Psychological and Gender Differences in a Simulated Cheating Coercion Situation at School. Soc. Sci. 2021, 10, 265. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]111319Double degreeAutonomic modulationHeart rate variabilityStressUniversityPhysiotherapy academic achievementPublicationORIGINALThe Effect of Studying a Double Degree in the Psychophysiological Stress Response in the Bachelor’s Thesis Defense.pdfThe Effect of Studying a Double Degree in the Psychophysiological Stress Response in the Bachelor’s Thesis Defense.pdfapplication/pdf624734https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/da80c61d-b4f7-4aca-b5b6-0aee231eaffe/download09bc5ba7b1ec62067b78e2884bdf7f34MD51LICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-83196https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/db7d2d0a-d482-4a71-8c92-2667bbd72fb7/downloade30e9215131d99561d40d6b0abbe9badMD52TEXTThe Effect of Studying a Double Degree in the Psychophysiological Stress Response in the Bachelor’s Thesis Defense.pdf.txtThe Effect of Studying a Double Degree in the Psychophysiological Stress Response in the Bachelor’s Thesis Defense.pdf.txttext/plain45131https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/bf778b69-e041-4556-8d9f-c01a3b161469/download220198cc4ab7addbc74a4007c2d9f6a9MD53THUMBNAILThe Effect of Studying a Double Degree in the Psychophysiological Stress Response in the Bachelor’s Thesis Defense.pdf.jpgThe Effect of Studying a Double Degree in the Psychophysiological Stress Response in the Bachelor’s Thesis Defense.pdf.jpgimage/jpeg16743https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/1e1fb301-90fc-4fac-a941-c35616b7ccae/downloade4026f23abc27c652c97967adcc1fb1aMD5411323/9237oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/92372024-09-17 11:07:35.106https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.open.accesshttps://repositorio.cuc.edu.coRepositorio de la Universidad de la Costa CUCrepdigital@cuc.edu.coQXV0b3Jpem8gKGF1dG9yaXphbW9zKSBhIGxhIEJpYmxpb3RlY2EgZGUgbGEgSW5zdGl0dWNpw7NuIHBhcmEgcXVlIGluY2x1eWEgdW5hIGNvcGlhLCBpbmRleGUgeSBkaXZ1bGd1ZSBlbiBlbCBSZXBvc2l0b3JpbyBJbnN0aXR1Y2lvbmFsLCBsYSBvYnJhIG1lbmNpb25hZGEgY29uIGVsIGZpbiBkZSBmYWNpbGl0YXIgbG9zIHByb2Nlc29zIGRlIHZpc2liaWxpZGFkIGUgaW1wYWN0byBkZSBsYSBtaXNtYSwgY29uZm9ybWUgYSBsb3MgZGVyZWNob3MgcGF0cmltb25pYWxlcyBxdWUgbWUobm9zKSBjb3JyZXNwb25kZShuKSB5IHF1ZSBpbmNsdXllbjogbGEgcmVwcm9kdWNjacOzbiwgY29tdW5pY2FjacOzbiBww7pibGljYSwgZGlzdHJpYnVjacOzbiBhbCBww7pibGljbywgdHJhbnNmb3JtYWNpw7NuLCBkZSBjb25mb3JtaWRhZCBjb24gbGEgbm9ybWF0aXZpZGFkIHZpZ2VudGUgc29icmUgZGVyZWNob3MgZGUgYXV0b3IgeSBkZXJlY2hvcyBjb25leG9zIHJlZmVyaWRvcyBlbiBhcnQuIDIsIDEyLCAzMCAobW9kaWZpY2FkbyBwb3IgZWwgYXJ0IDUgZGUgbGEgbGV5IDE1MjAvMjAxMiksIHkgNzIgZGUgbGEgbGV5IDIzIGRlIGRlIDE5ODIsIExleSA0NCBkZSAxOTkzLCBhcnQuIDQgeSAxMSBEZWNpc2nDs24gQW5kaW5hIDM1MSBkZSAxOTkzIGFydC4gMTEsIERlY3JldG8gNDYwIGRlIDE5OTUsIENpcmN1bGFyIE5vIDA2LzIwMDIgZGUgbGEgRGlyZWNjacOzbiBOYWNpb25hbCBkZSBEZXJlY2hvcyBkZSBhdXRvciwgYXJ0LiAxNSBMZXkgMTUyMCBkZSAyMDEyLCBsYSBMZXkgMTkxNSBkZSAyMDE4IHkgZGVtw6FzIG5vcm1hcyBzb2JyZSBsYSBtYXRlcmlhLg0KDQpBbCByZXNwZWN0byBjb21vIEF1dG9yKGVzKSBtYW5pZmVzdGFtb3MgY29ub2NlciBxdWU6DQoNCi0gTGEgYXV0b3JpemFjacOzbiBlcyBkZSBjYXLDoWN0ZXIgbm8gZXhjbHVzaXZhIHkgbGltaXRhZGEsIGVzdG8gaW1wbGljYSBxdWUgbGEgbGljZW5jaWEgdGllbmUgdW5hIHZpZ2VuY2lhLCBxdWUgbm8gZXMgcGVycGV0dWEgeSBxdWUgZWwgYXV0b3IgcHVlZGUgcHVibGljYXIgbyBkaWZ1bmRpciBzdSBvYnJhIGVuIGN1YWxxdWllciBvdHJvIG1lZGlvLCBhc8OtIGNvbW8gbGxldmFyIGEgY2FibyBjdWFscXVpZXIgdGlwbyBkZSBhY2Npw7NuIHNvYnJlIGVsIGRvY3VtZW50by4NCg0KLSBMYSBhdXRvcml6YWNpw7NuIHRlbmRyw6EgdW5hIHZpZ2VuY2lhIGRlIGNpbmNvIGHDsW9zIGEgcGFydGlyIGRlbCBtb21lbnRvIGRlIGxhIGluY2x1c2nDs24gZGUgbGEgb2JyYSBlbiBlbCByZXBvc2l0b3JpbywgcHJvcnJvZ2FibGUgaW5kZWZpbmlkYW1lbnRlIHBvciBlbCB0aWVtcG8gZGUgZHVyYWNpw7NuIGRlIGxvcyBkZXJlY2hvcyBwYXRyaW1vbmlhbGVzIGRlbCBhdXRvciB5IHBvZHLDoSBkYXJzZSBwb3IgdGVybWluYWRhIHVuYSB2ZXogZWwgYXV0b3IgbG8gbWFuaWZpZXN0ZSBwb3IgZXNjcml0byBhIGxhIGluc3RpdHVjacOzbiwgY29uIGxhIHNhbHZlZGFkIGRlIHF1ZSBsYSBvYnJhIGVzIGRpZnVuZGlkYSBnbG9iYWxtZW50ZSB5IGNvc2VjaGFkYSBwb3IgZGlmZXJlbnRlcyBidXNjYWRvcmVzIHkvbyByZXBvc2l0b3Jpb3MgZW4gSW50ZXJuZXQgbG8gcXVlIG5vIGdhcmFudGl6YSBxdWUgbGEgb2JyYSBwdWVkYSBzZXIgcmV0aXJhZGEgZGUgbWFuZXJhIGlubWVkaWF0YSBkZSBvdHJvcyBzaXN0ZW1hcyBkZSBpbmZvcm1hY2nDs24gZW4gbG9zIHF1ZSBzZSBoYXlhIGluZGV4YWRvLCBkaWZlcmVudGVzIGFsIHJlcG9zaXRvcmlvIGluc3RpdHVjaW9uYWwgZGUgbGEgSW5zdGl0dWNpw7NuLCBkZSBtYW5lcmEgcXVlIGVsIGF1dG9yKHJlcykgdGVuZHLDoW4gcXVlIHNvbGljaXRhciBsYSByZXRpcmFkYSBkZSBzdSBvYnJhIGRpcmVjdGFtZW50ZSBhIG90cm9zIHNpc3RlbWFzIGRlIGluZm9ybWFjacOzbiBkaXN0aW50b3MgYWwgZGUgbGEgSW5zdGl0dWNpw7NuIHNpIGRlc2VhIHF1ZSBzdSBvYnJhIHNlYSByZXRpcmFkYSBkZSBpbm1lZGlhdG8uDQoNCi0gTGEgYXV0b3JpemFjacOzbiBkZSBwdWJsaWNhY2nDs24gY29tcHJlbmRlIGVsIGZvcm1hdG8gb3JpZ2luYWwgZGUgbGEgb2JyYSB5IHRvZG9zIGxvcyBkZW3DoXMgcXVlIHNlIHJlcXVpZXJhIHBhcmEgc3UgcHVibGljYWNpw7NuIGVuIGVsIHJlcG9zaXRvcmlvLiBJZ3VhbG1lbnRlLCBsYSBhdXRvcml6YWNpw7NuIHBlcm1pdGUgYSBsYSBpbnN0aXR1Y2nDs24gZWwgY2FtYmlvIGRlIHNvcG9ydGUgZGUgbGEgb2JyYSBjb24gZmluZXMgZGUgcHJlc2VydmFjacOzbiAoaW1wcmVzbywgZWxlY3Ryw7NuaWNvLCBkaWdpdGFsLCBJbnRlcm5ldCwgaW50cmFuZXQsIG8gY3VhbHF1aWVyIG90cm8gZm9ybWF0byBjb25vY2lkbyBvIHBvciBjb25vY2VyKS4NCg0KLSBMYSBhdXRvcml6YWNpw7NuIGVzIGdyYXR1aXRhIHkgc2UgcmVudW5jaWEgYSByZWNpYmlyIGN1YWxxdWllciByZW11bmVyYWNpw7NuIHBvciBsb3MgdXNvcyBkZSBsYSBvYnJhLCBkZSBhY3VlcmRvIGNvbiBsYSBsaWNlbmNpYSBlc3RhYmxlY2lkYSBlbiBlc3RhIGF1dG9yaXphY2nDs24uDQoNCi0gQWwgZmlybWFyIGVzdGEgYXV0b3JpemFjacOzbiwgc2UgbWFuaWZpZXN0YSBxdWUgbGEgb2JyYSBlcyBvcmlnaW5hbCB5IG5vIGV4aXN0ZSBlbiBlbGxhIG5pbmd1bmEgdmlvbGFjacOzbiBhIGxvcyBkZXJlY2hvcyBkZSBhdXRvciBkZSB0ZXJjZXJvcy4gRW4gY2FzbyBkZSBxdWUgZWwgdHJhYmFqbyBoYXlhIHNpZG8gZmluYW5jaWFkbyBwb3IgdGVyY2Vyb3MgZWwgbyBsb3MgYXV0b3JlcyBhc3VtZW4gbGEgcmVzcG9uc2FiaWxpZGFkIGRlbCBjdW1wbGltaWVudG8gZGUgbG9zIGFjdWVyZG9zIGVzdGFibGVjaWRvcyBzb2JyZSBsb3MgZGVyZWNob3MgcGF0cmltb25pYWxlcyBkZSBsYSBvYnJhIGNvbiBkaWNobyB0ZXJjZXJvLg0KDQotIEZyZW50ZSBhIGN1YWxxdWllciByZWNsYW1hY2nDs24gcG9yIHRlcmNlcm9zLCBlbCBvIGxvcyBhdXRvcmVzIHNlcsOhbiByZXNwb25zYWJsZXMsIGVuIG5pbmfDum4gY2FzbyBsYSByZXNwb25zYWJpbGlkYWQgc2Vyw6EgYXN1bWlkYSBwb3IgbGEgaW5zdGl0dWNpw7NuLg0KDQotIENvbiBsYSBhdXRvcml6YWNpw7NuLCBsYSBpbnN0aXR1Y2nDs24gcHVlZGUgZGlmdW5kaXIgbGEgb2JyYSBlbiDDrW5kaWNlcywgYnVzY2Fkb3JlcyB5IG90cm9zIHNpc3RlbWFzIGRlIGluZm9ybWFjacOzbiBxdWUgZmF2b3JlemNhbiBzdSB2aXNpYmlsaWRhZA== |