Definición geométrica de andamios metálicos para posibles aplicaciones en ingeniería de tejidos

Introduction− The design of porous structures used as scaffolds in tissue engineering, is directed towards the development of elements that promote bone consolida-tion processes, stabilizing tissue fragments in conven-tional biodegradable fixation devices.Objective−To obtain a digital three-dimensio...

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Autores:
Acevedo Rueda, Oscar David
Fernández-Morales, Patricia
Ramirez, Juan
Tipo de recurso:
Article of journal
Fecha de publicación:
2019
Institución:
Corporación Universidad de la Costa
Repositorio:
REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
Idioma:
spa
OAI Identifier:
oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/5599
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https://hdl.handle.net/11323/5599
https://doi.org/10.17981/ingecuc.15.1.2019.02
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/
Palabra clave:
Andamios metálicos
Ingeniería de tejidos
Modelo digital
Definición geométrica
Metallic scaffolds
Tissue engineering
Digital model
Geometric definition
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openAccess
License
CC0 1.0 Universal
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dc.title.spa.fl_str_mv Definición geométrica de andamios metálicos para posibles aplicaciones en ingeniería de tejidos
dc.title.translated.spa.fl_str_mv Digital geometric definition of metallic scaffolds for potential applications in tissue engineering
title Definición geométrica de andamios metálicos para posibles aplicaciones en ingeniería de tejidos
spellingShingle Definición geométrica de andamios metálicos para posibles aplicaciones en ingeniería de tejidos
Andamios metálicos
Ingeniería de tejidos
Modelo digital
Definición geométrica
Metallic scaffolds
Tissue engineering
Digital model
Geometric definition
title_short Definición geométrica de andamios metálicos para posibles aplicaciones en ingeniería de tejidos
title_full Definición geométrica de andamios metálicos para posibles aplicaciones en ingeniería de tejidos
title_fullStr Definición geométrica de andamios metálicos para posibles aplicaciones en ingeniería de tejidos
title_full_unstemmed Definición geométrica de andamios metálicos para posibles aplicaciones en ingeniería de tejidos
title_sort Definición geométrica de andamios metálicos para posibles aplicaciones en ingeniería de tejidos
dc.creator.fl_str_mv Acevedo Rueda, Oscar David
Fernández-Morales, Patricia
Ramirez, Juan
dc.contributor.author.spa.fl_str_mv Acevedo Rueda, Oscar David
Fernández-Morales, Patricia
Ramirez, Juan
dc.subject.proposal.spa.fl_str_mv Andamios metálicos
Ingeniería de tejidos
Modelo digital
Definición geométrica
topic Andamios metálicos
Ingeniería de tejidos
Modelo digital
Definición geométrica
Metallic scaffolds
Tissue engineering
Digital model
Geometric definition
dc.subject.proposal.eng.fl_str_mv Metallic scaffolds
Tissue engineering
Digital model
Geometric definition
description Introduction− The design of porous structures used as scaffolds in tissue engineering, is directed towards the development of elements that promote bone consolida-tion processes, stabilizing tissue fragments in conven-tional biodegradable fixation devices.Objective−To obtain a digital three-dimensional mod-el for a cellular metal that resembles the cortical and trabecular bone morphology, with characteristics such as geometry, pore size, porosity and skin type coating, as well as providing a basis for the materialization of structures that improve bone regeneration and facilitate the control of the mechanical properties of the scaffold for the biological defects of its application.Methodology−A parametric 3D modeling code is pre-sented, by means of the definition of a uniform regular geometry with a suitable porosity and pore size, tak-ing into account the essence of the cellular metals and complemented by a skin-like coating body that sur-rounds the three-dimensional model seeking to elevate the rigidity and mechanical strength of the scaffolding, in addition to making possible the machining of own geometries and allowing isolation and protection for the cases in which it is required.Results− The development of two digital models for cel-lular metals with complex morphological conditions was generated, allowing a good interrelation of geometric pa-rameters for cell proliferation and a favorable response to structural stress in tissue engineering applications.Conclusions−The designed model demonstrates the possibility of being applied to development of bone fixa-tion alternatives, which decrease the inflammatory re-sponse, avoid secondary interventions and reduce the rejection rates of the elements currently used to treat-ment of musculoskeletal conditions.
publishDate 2019
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv 2019-11-12T16:55:07Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv 2019-11-12T16:55:07Z
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv 2019-03-11
dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv Artículo de revista
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dc.identifier.citation.spa.fl_str_mv O. Acevedo-Rueda, G. P. Fernández-Morales and J. Ramírez Patiño, “Definición geométrica de andamios metálicos para posibles aplicaciones en ingeniería de tejidos”, INGE CUC, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 17-24, 2019. DOI: http://doi.org/10.17981/ingecuc.15.1.2019.02
dc.identifier.uri.spa.fl_str_mv https://hdl.handle.net/11323/5599
dc.identifier.url.spa.fl_str_mv https://doi.org/10.17981/ingecuc.15.1.2019.02
dc.identifier.doi.spa.fl_str_mv 10.17981/ingecuc.15.1.2019.02
dc.identifier.eissn.spa.fl_str_mv 2382-4700
dc.identifier.instname.spa.fl_str_mv Corporación Universidad de la Costa
dc.identifier.pissn.spa.fl_str_mv 0122-6517
dc.identifier.reponame.spa.fl_str_mv REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
dc.identifier.repourl.spa.fl_str_mv https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/
identifier_str_mv O. Acevedo-Rueda, G. P. Fernández-Morales and J. Ramírez Patiño, “Definición geométrica de andamios metálicos para posibles aplicaciones en ingeniería de tejidos”, INGE CUC, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 17-24, 2019. DOI: http://doi.org/10.17981/ingecuc.15.1.2019.02
10.17981/ingecuc.15.1.2019.02
2382-4700
Corporación Universidad de la Costa
0122-6517
REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
url https://hdl.handle.net/11323/5599
https://doi.org/10.17981/ingecuc.15.1.2019.02
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/
dc.language.iso.none.fl_str_mv spa
language spa
dc.relation.ispartofseries.spa.fl_str_mv INGE CUC; Vol. 15, Núm. 1 (2019)
dc.relation.ispartofjournal.spa.fl_str_mv INGE CUC
INGE CUC
dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv G. Falke, y A. Atala, “Reconstrucción de tejidos y órganos utilizando ingeniería tisular”, Arch Argent Pediatr, vol.98, no. 2, pp. 103–115, Jan. 2000. Retrieved from: http://evunix.uevora.pt/~fcs/bioh16.pdf C. García, y D. Ortega, “Elementos de Osteosíntesis de uso Habitual en Fracturas del Esqueleto Apendicular: Evaluación Radiológica", Rev. Chil. Radiol., vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 58–70, Jan. 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0717-93082005000200005 T. Albrektsson and C. Johansson, “Osteoinduction, osteoconduction and osseointegration”, Eur. Spine J., vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 96–101, Oct. 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s005860100282 N. Jasmawati, J. Djuansjah, M. Kadir and I. Sukmana, “Porous Magnesium Scaffolds for Bone Implant Applications: A Review”, Advanced Materials Research, vol. 1125, no. 1, pp. 437–440, Oct. 2015. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.1125.437 M-Q. Cheng, T. Wahafu, G-F. Jiang, W. Liu, Y-Q. Qiao, X-C. Peng, T. Chen, X-L. Zhang, G. He & X-Y. Liu, “A novel open-porous magnesium scaffold with controllable microstructures and properties for bone regeneration”, Sci. Rep., vol. 6, no. 1, p. 24134, Apr. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep24134 Z. Zhen, T-F. Xi, and Y-F. Zheng, “A review on in vitro corrosion performance test of biodegradable metallic materials”, Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China, vol. 23, no. 8, pp. 2283–2293, Aug. 2013. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1003-6326(13)62730-2 J. Mitra, G. Tripathi, A. Sharma and B. Basu, “Scaffolds for bone tissue engineering: role of surface patterning on osteoblast response”, RSC Adv., vol. 3, no. 28, pp. 11073– 11094, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1039/C3RA23315D K-J. Kim, S. Choi, Y. Sang Cho, S-J. Yang, Y-S. Cho and K. K. Kim, “Magnesium ions enhance infiltration of osteoblasts in scaffolds via increasing cell motility”, J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med., vol. 28, no. 6, pp. 1–7, Jun. 2017. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10856-017-5908-5 A. R. Boccaccini, U. Kneser and A. Arkudas, “Scaffolds for vascularized bone regeneration: advances and challenges”, Expert Rev. Med. Devices, vol. 9, no. 5, pp. 457– 460, Sept. 2012. https://doi.org/10.1586/erd.12.49 V. Karageorgiou and D. Kaplan, “Porosity of 3D biomaterial scaffolds and osteogenesis”, Biomaterials, vol. 26, no. 27, pp. 5474–5491, Sept. 2005. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2005.02.002 L. D. Albrecht, S. W. Sawyer, and P. Soman, “Developing 3D Scaffolds in the Field of Tissue Engineering to Treat Complex Bone Defects,” 3D Print. Addit. Manuf., vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 106–112, Jun. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1089/3dp.2016.0006 K. Alvarez and H. Nakajima, “Metallic Scaffolds for Bone Regeneration”, Materials, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 790– 832, Jul. 2009. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma2030790 M. Tarik, I. Gibson and X. Li, “State of the art and future direction of additive manufactured scaffolds-based bone tissue engineering”, Rapid Prototyp. J., vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 13–26, Jan. 2014. https://doi.org/10.1108/RPJ-03-2012-0023 J. R. Caeiro, P. González and D. Guede, “Biomecánica y hueso (y II): Ensayos en los distintos niveles jerárquicos del hueso y técnicas alternativas para la determinación de la resistencia ósea”, Rev. Osteoporosis Metab. Min., vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 99–108, Jun. 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4321/S1889-836X2013000200007 P. J. Prendergast and P. E. McHugh, “Topics in bio-mechanical engineering”, in 1st Symposium on Biomechanical Engineering, Dublin, Ireland, Nov. 27, 2004. X-Y. Zhang, G. Fang, and J. Zhou, “Additively Manufactured Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering and the Prediction of their Mechanical behavior: A review”, Materials, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 1–28, Jan. 2017. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma10010050 G. Maliaris, “Mechanical and fracture behaviour of cellular materials with regular and random lattice structures under various compressive velocities”, in 4th International Conference of Engineering Against Failure (ICEAF IV), Skiathos, Greece, Jun. 24–26, 2015. J. Banhart, “Manufacture, characterisation and application of cellular metals and metal foams”, Prog. Mater. Sci., vol. 46, no. 6, pp. 559–632, Dec. 2001. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0079-6425(00)00002-5 P. Pinto, N. Peixinho, D. Soares and F. Silva, “Process development for manufacturing of cellular structures with controlled geometry and properties,” Mater. Res., vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 274–282, Apr. 2015. https://doi.org/10.1590/1516-1439.286614 Č. Jaroslav and D. Vojtěch, “Characterization of porous magnesium prepared by powder metallurgy – influence of powder shape”, Manuf. Technol., vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 271–275, Jan. 2014. M. Velasco y D. Garzón, “Implantes Scaffolds para regeneración ósea. Materiales, técnicas y modelado mediante sistemas de reacción-difusión”, Rev. Cubana de Invest. Biomed., Vol. 29, no.1, pp. 140–154, Mar. 2010. Recuperado de http://www.bvs.sld.cu/revistas/ibi/vol_29_1_10/ibi08110.htm F. Djamaluddin, S. Abdullah, A. Ariffin, and Z. Nopiah, “Finite element analysis and crashworthiness optimization of foam-filled double circular under oblique loading”, Lat. Am. J. Solids Struct., vol. 13, no. 11, pp. 2176–2189, Nov. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1590/1679-78252844 A. Uzun, H. Karakoc, U. Gokmen, H. Cinici, and M. Turker, “Investigation of mechanical properties of tubular aluminum foams”, Int. J. Mater. Res., vol. 107, no. 11, pp. 996–1004, Nov. 2016. https://doi.org/10.3139/146.111430 N. Chantarapanich, P. Puttawibul, S. Sucharitpwatskul, P. Jeamwatthanachai, S. Inglam, and K. Sitthiseripratip, “Scaffold Library for Tissue Engineering: A Geometric Evaluation”, Comput. Mat. Methods Med., vol. 2012, no. 1, pp. 1-14. Sept. 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/407805 F. Zwarts, "Size effects in cellular solids", Ph.D. dissertation, Dept. Mat. Nat. Sci. RUG, Groningen, 2007. Retrieved from: https://www.uni-due.de/~hm0014/Cosserat_files/tekoglu_thesis06.pdf H. Kanahashi, T. Mukai, T. G. Nieh, T. Aizawa, and K. Higashi, “Effect of Cell Size on the Dynamic Compressive Properties of Open-Celled Aluminum Foams”, Mater. Trans., vol. 43, no. 10, pp. 2548–2553, Sept. 2002. https://doi.org/10.2320/matertrans.43.2548 R. Oftadeh, M. Perez-viloria, J. Villa-camacho, A. Vaziri, and A. Nazarian, “Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Trabecular Bone: A Review”, J. Biomech. Eng., vol. 137, no. 1, pp. 1–15, Dec. 2015. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4029176 C. Misch, Z. Qu and M. Bidez, “Mechanical properties of trabecular bone in the human mandible: implications for dental implant treatment planning and surgical placement”, J. Oral Maxillofac. 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Thomson, “On the division of space with minimum partitional area”, Acta Math., vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 121–134, Mar. 1887. https://projecteuclid.org/euclid.acta/1485881153 P. J. Veale, “Investigation of the Behavior of Open Cell Aluminum Foam”, M. S. thesis, Dept. Civil. Env. Eng., Mass. Univ., Amherst, 2010. Retrieved from: https://scholarworks.umass.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1527&context=theses D. M. Robertson, L. Pierre and R. Chahal, “Preliminary Observations of Bone Ingrowth into Porous Materials”, J Biomed Mater Res., vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 335–344, May. 1976. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820100304 V. Guneta, J. K. Wang, S. Maleksaeedi, Z. M. He, M. T. C. Wong, and C. Choong, “Three-Dimensional Printing of Titanium for Bone Tissue Engineering Applications: A Preliminary Study”, J. Biomimetics, Biomater. Biomed. Eng., vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 101–115, Aug, 2014. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/JBBBE.21.101 F. Bobbert, K. Lietaert, A. Eftekhari, B. Pouran, S. Ahmadi, H. Weinans, and A. Zadpoor, “Additively manufactured metallic porous biomaterials based on minimal surfaces: A unique combination of topological, mechanical, and mass transport properties”, Acta Biomaterialia, vol. 53, no. 1, pp. 572–584, Apr. 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2017.02.024. S. J. Hollister, “Porous scaffold design for tissue engineering”, Nat. Mater., vol. 4, no. 7, pp. 518–24, Jul. 2005. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat1421 G. Jia, Y. Hou, C. Chen, J. Niu, H. Zhang, and H. Huang, “Precise fabrication of open porous Mg scaffolds using NaCl templates: Relationship between space holder particles, pore characteristics and mechanical behavior”, Mater. Des., vol. 140, pp. 106–113, Feb. 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2017.11.064 J. Osorio-Hernández, M. Suarez, R. Goodall, G. Lara- Rodriguez, I. Alfonso, and I. Figueroa, “Manufacturing of open-cell Mg foams by replication process and mechanical properties”, Mater. Des., vol. 64, pp. 136–141, Dec. 2014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2014.07.015 Z. Li and F. Lu, “Bending resistance and energy-absorbing effectiveness of empty and foam-filled thin-walled tubes”, J. Reinf. Plast. Compos., vol. 34, no. 9, pp. 761–768, Apr. 2015. https://doi.org/10.1177/0731684415580329 Robert McNeel & Associates, “Rhinoceros 3D”, noviembre, 2012, [En línea]. Disponible en: https://www.rhino3d.com/la/
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spelling Acevedo Rueda, Oscar DavidFernández-Morales, PatriciaRamirez, Juan2019-11-12T16:55:07Z2019-11-12T16:55:07Z2019-03-11O. Acevedo-Rueda, G. P. Fernández-Morales and J. Ramírez Patiño, “Definición geométrica de andamios metálicos para posibles aplicaciones en ingeniería de tejidos”, INGE CUC, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 17-24, 2019. DOI: http://doi.org/10.17981/ingecuc.15.1.2019.02https://hdl.handle.net/11323/5599https://doi.org/10.17981/ingecuc.15.1.2019.0210.17981/ingecuc.15.1.2019.022382-4700Corporación Universidad de la Costa0122-6517REDICUC - Repositorio CUChttps://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/Introduction− The design of porous structures used as scaffolds in tissue engineering, is directed towards the development of elements that promote bone consolida-tion processes, stabilizing tissue fragments in conven-tional biodegradable fixation devices.Objective−To obtain a digital three-dimensional mod-el for a cellular metal that resembles the cortical and trabecular bone morphology, with characteristics such as geometry, pore size, porosity and skin type coating, as well as providing a basis for the materialization of structures that improve bone regeneration and facilitate the control of the mechanical properties of the scaffold for the biological defects of its application.Methodology−A parametric 3D modeling code is pre-sented, by means of the definition of a uniform regular geometry with a suitable porosity and pore size, tak-ing into account the essence of the cellular metals and complemented by a skin-like coating body that sur-rounds the three-dimensional model seeking to elevate the rigidity and mechanical strength of the scaffolding, in addition to making possible the machining of own geometries and allowing isolation and protection for the cases in which it is required.Results− The development of two digital models for cel-lular metals with complex morphological conditions was generated, allowing a good interrelation of geometric pa-rameters for cell proliferation and a favorable response to structural stress in tissue engineering applications.Conclusions−The designed model demonstrates the possibility of being applied to development of bone fixa-tion alternatives, which decrease the inflammatory re-sponse, avoid secondary interventions and reduce the rejection rates of the elements currently used to treat-ment of musculoskeletal conditions.Introducción: El diseño de estructuras porosas tipo andamio en ingeniería de tejidos, se direcciona hacia el desarrollo de elementos que promuevan la consolidación ósea, estabilizando los fragmentos tisulares en dispositivos de fijación biodegradable. Objetivo: Obtener un modelo tridimensional digital para un metal celular que asemeje la morfología ósea cortical y trabecular, con características como geometría, tamaño de poro, porosidad y recubrimiento tipo piel, además de brindar una base para la materialización de estructuras que mejoren la regeneración ósea y faciliten el control de las propiedades mecánicas del andamio para los defectos biológicos de su aplicación. Metodología: Se presenta un código paramétrico de modelado 3D, mediante la definición de una geometría regular uniforme con una porosidad y tamaño de poro adecuadas, atendiendo a la esencia de los metales celulares y complementada con un cuerpo de recubrimiento tipo piel que envuelve el modelo tridimensional, para elevar la rigidez y la resistencia mecánica del andamio; además de viabilizar el mecanizado de geometrías propias y permitir aislamiento y protección para los casos en los que se requiera. Resultados: Se generó el desarrollo de dos modelos digitales para metales celulares con condiciones morfológicas complejas, permitiendo una buena interrelación de parámetros geométricos para la proliferación celular y una respuesta favorable a la solicitación estructural en aplicaciones de ingeniería de tejidos. Conclusiones: El modelo diseñado evidencia la posibilidad de aplicarse al desarrollo de alternativas de fijación ósea, que disminuyan la respuesta inflamatoria, eviten intervenciones secundarias y reduzcan las tasas de rechazo a los elementos actualmente utilizados para tratar afecciones osteomusculares.Acevedo Rueda, Oscar David-bc1b2fd611fa64502fa94d39eaeb9a1f-600Fernández-Morales, Patricia-774c3d67a1be0d8db92b49b5f1c732ec-600Ramirez, Juan-5cdc0e820a52133d8c33b041f9ef6e6a-08 páginasapplication/pdfspaCorporación Universidad de la CostaINGE CUC; Vol. 15, Núm. 1 (2019)INGE CUCINGE CUCG. Falke, y A. 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Disponible en: https://www.rhino3d.com/la/2417115INGE CUCCC0 1.0 Universalhttp://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2INGE CUChttps://revistascientificas.cuc.edu.co/ingecuc/article/view/1769Definición geométrica de andamios metálicos para posibles aplicaciones en ingeniería de tejidosDigital geometric definition of metallic scaffolds for potential applications in tissue engineeringArtículo de revistahttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1Textinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARTinfo:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersionAndamios metálicosIngeniería de tejidosModelo digitalDefinición geométricaMetallic scaffoldsTissue engineeringDigital modelGeometric definitionPublicationORIGINALDefinición geométrica de andamios metálicos para posibles aplicaciones en ingeniería de tejidos.pdfDefinición geométrica de andamios metálicos para posibles aplicaciones en ingeniería de tejidos.pdfapplication/pdf914701https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/de573ce3-8981-469d-9645-6bb07635541f/download2d8a98eca12099fbbef9828684f50cb6MD51CC-LICENSElicense_rdflicense_rdfapplication/rdf+xml; charset=utf-8701https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/2853ceec-09c6-44a4-9c79-215f83d0efbd/download42fd4ad1e89814f5e4a476b409eb708cMD52LICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-81748https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/b4f5eca7-c38f-490b-82af-019b817153fc/download8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33MD53THUMBNAILDefinición geométrica de andamios metálicos para posibles aplicaciones en ingeniería de tejidos.pdf.jpgDefinición geométrica de andamios metálicos para posibles aplicaciones en ingeniería de tejidos.pdf.jpgimage/jpeg62631https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/55f9ec55-48e3-4411-9071-b1e00f7b53b8/downloadc91c2a5a17e9227ccf7e75098148ebaaMD55TEXTDefinición geométrica de andamios metálicos para posibles aplicaciones en ingeniería de tejidos.pdf.txtDefinición geométrica de andamios metálicos para posibles aplicaciones en ingeniería de tejidos.pdf.txttext/plain41100https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/7836548a-b9a5-4a7b-a656-dec59bbeb8eb/downloadd7ec589a89f7598151ecf38a761737c4MD5611323/5599oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/55992024-09-17 11:07:33.563http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/CC0 1.0 Universalopen.accesshttps://repositorio.cuc.edu.coRepositorio de la Universidad de la Costa CUCrepdigital@cuc.edu.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