Impacts on the dunes system: natural dynamic versus anthropogenic interference
The shoreline of Capão da Canoa, RS, alternates densely populated areas with non urban empty spaces that still have their natural features preserved. This paperwork aimed to evaluate the foredunes vulnerability, by field evaluation along the shoreline in wintertime and summertime, using a field chec...
- Autores:
-
Portz, Luana Carla
De Moura Jardim, João Pedro
Portantiolo Manzolli, Rogerio
Sambaqui Gruber, Nelson Luiz
- Tipo de recurso:
- Article of journal
- Fecha de publicación:
- 2016
- Institución:
- Corporación Universidad de la Costa
- Repositorio:
- REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
- Idioma:
- eng
- OAI Identifier:
- oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/1425
- Acceso en línea:
- https://hdl.handle.net/11323/1425
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/
- Palabra clave:
- Capão da canoa
Foredunes
Vulnerability index
- Rights
- openAccess
- License
- Atribución – No comercial – Compartir igual
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Impacts on the dunes system: natural dynamic versus anthropogenic interference |
| title |
Impacts on the dunes system: natural dynamic versus anthropogenic interference |
| spellingShingle |
Impacts on the dunes system: natural dynamic versus anthropogenic interference Capão da canoa Foredunes Vulnerability index |
| title_short |
Impacts on the dunes system: natural dynamic versus anthropogenic interference |
| title_full |
Impacts on the dunes system: natural dynamic versus anthropogenic interference |
| title_fullStr |
Impacts on the dunes system: natural dynamic versus anthropogenic interference |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Impacts on the dunes system: natural dynamic versus anthropogenic interference |
| title_sort |
Impacts on the dunes system: natural dynamic versus anthropogenic interference |
| dc.creator.fl_str_mv |
Portz, Luana Carla De Moura Jardim, João Pedro Portantiolo Manzolli, Rogerio Sambaqui Gruber, Nelson Luiz |
| dc.contributor.author.spa.fl_str_mv |
Portz, Luana Carla De Moura Jardim, João Pedro Portantiolo Manzolli, Rogerio Sambaqui Gruber, Nelson Luiz |
| dc.subject.eng.fl_str_mv |
Capão da canoa Foredunes Vulnerability index |
| topic |
Capão da canoa Foredunes Vulnerability index |
| description |
The shoreline of Capão da Canoa, RS, alternates densely populated areas with non urban empty spaces that still have their natural features preserved. This paperwork aimed to evaluate the foredunes vulnerability, by field evaluation along the shoreline in wintertime and summertime, using a field checklist. After rating some parameters, a Vulnerability Index was established for each profile. The highest values matched the most densely populated areas in that municipality, due to the position of the urban area that often shortens the width of the foredune ridges. The superiority of the wintertime vulnerability index when compared to summertime, changes the consensus about the human interference as the main vector of vulnerability. The major factors contributing to foredune degradation were: beach condition during winter time and use pressure, during summertime, indicating the high vulnerability associated with some profiles along the shoreline. |
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2016 |
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2016 |
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2018-11-20T15:29:21Z |
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2018-11-20T15:29:21Z |
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Corporación Universidad de la Costa |
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eng |
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ALMEIDA, L. E. S. B; ROSAURO, N.; TOLDO, E. E.; GRUBER, N. L. S. Avaliação a profundidade de fechamento para o litoral norte do Rio Grande do Sul. In: XIII SIMPÓSIO BRASILEIRO DE RECURSOS HÍDRICOS, 1997 Belo Horizonte. Anais, Minas Gerais: Associação Brasileira de Recursos Hidricos, 1997. ANTHONY E. J.; VANHEE, S.; RUZ, M. Short-term beach–dune sand budgets on the north sea coast of France: Sand supply from shoreface to dunes, and the role of wind and fetch. Geomorphology, v. 81, p. 316–329, 2006. DOI: 10.1016/j.geomorph.2006.04.022 ANTHONY, E. J.; VANHEE S.; RUZ M. H. An assessment of the impact of experimental brushwood fences on foredune sand accumulation based on digital elelvation models. Ecological Engineering, v. 3, p. 41-46, 2007. DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoleng.2007.05.005 · ARMAROLI, E. T.; ARMAROLI, C.; GROTTOLI, E.; HARLEY, M. D.; CIAVOLA, P. Beach morphodynamics and types of foredune erosion generated by storms along the Emilia-Romagna coastline, Italy. Geomorphology, v. 199, p. 22–35, 2013. doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2013.04.034 GRUBER, N. L. S; TOLDO JR., E. E.; BARBOZA, E. G.; NICOLODI, J. L. Equilibrium Beach and Shoreface Profile of the Rio Grande do Sul Coast - South of Brazil. Journal of Coastal Research, Coconut Creek, FL, v. 12, n. 2, p. 496-519, 2003. HESP, P. A. Coastal Sand Dunes - Form and Functions. CDVN Technical Bulletin n° 4. Palmerston North, Nova Zelândia: Rotorua, 2000, 28 p. ______. Foredunes and blowouts: initiation, geomorphology and dynamics. Geomorphology, v. 48, n. 1-3, p. 245-268, 2002. JONES, D. A.; SIMMONDS, I. A climatology of Southern Hemisphere extratropical cyclones. Climate Dynamic, v. 9, p. 131–145, 1993. LARANJEIRA, M. C. Vulnerabilidade e gestão dos sistemas dunares: o caso das dunas de Mira. 1997. 193 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Geografia Física e Ambiente) - Faculdade de Letras da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, 1997. NORDSTRON, K. F. Beach and Dune Restoration. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008. 200 p. OVERTON, M. F.; FISHER, J. S.; YOUNG, M. A. Laboratory investigation of dune erosion. Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal, and Ocean Engineering, v. 114, n. 3, p. 367–373, 1988. doi:10.1016/j.coastaleng.2011.09.003 PARISE, C. K.; CALLIARI, L. J.; KRUSCHE, N. Extreme storm surges in the south of Brazil: atmospheric conditions and shore erosion. Brazilian Journal of Oceanography, v. 57, n. 3, p. 75-188, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1679-87592009000300002. PORTZ, L.; MANZOLLI, R. P.; GRUBER, N. L. S.; CORRÊA, I. C. S. Tourism and Degradation in the Coastline of Rio Grande do Sul: Conflicts and Management. Desenvolvimento e Meio Ambiente, Curitiba, BR, v. 22, p. 153-166, 2010. PORTZ, L.; MANZOLLI, R. P.; IVAR DO SUL, J. A. Marine debris on Rio Grande do Sul north coast, Brazil: spatial and temporal patterns. Journal of Integrated Coastal Zone Management, Portugal, v. 11, n. 1, p. 41-48, 2011a. PORTZ, L.; MANZOLLI, R. P.; CORRÊA, I. C. S. Tools for Environmental Management Applied to the Coastal Zone of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Journal of Integrated Coastal Zone Management, Portugal, v. 11, n. 4, p. 459-470, 2011b. DOI: 10.5894/rgci278 PORTZ, L.; ROCKETT, G. C.; FRANCHINI, R. A. L.; MANZOLLI, R. P.; GRUBER, N. L. S. Coastal dune management: the use of geographic information system (GIS) in the development of management plans in the coast of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Journal of Integrated Coastal Zone Management, Portugal, v. 14, n. 3, p. 517-534. 2014. DOI:10.5894/rgci445 PYE, K., BLOTT, S. J. Decadal-scale variation in dune erosion and accretion rates: an investigation of the significance of changing storm tide frequency and magnitude on the Sefton Coast, UK. Geomorphology, v. 102, p. 652-666, 2008. SAYE, S. E.; VAN DER WAL, D.; PYE, K.; BLOTT, S. J. Beach–dune morphological relationships and erosion/accretion: An investigation at five sites in England and Wales using LIDAR data. Geomorphology, v. 72, p.128–155, 2005. doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2005.05.007 SEPLAG - Secretaria Estadual do Planejamento e Gestão do RS. Atlas Socioeconômico do Rio Grande do Sul. Porto Alegre: Rio Grande do Sul, 2010. Disponível em: < www. seplag.rs.gov.br/atlas/atlas.asp?menu=349 > Acesso em 15 mai. 2010 STROHAECKER, T. M. A Urbanização no litoral Norte do Rio Grande do Sul: Contribuição para a Gestão Urbana Ambiental do município de Capão da Canoa. 2007. 398 f. Tese (Doutorado em Ciências) - Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geociências, Instituto de Geociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, 2007. SUANEZ, S.; CARIOLET, J-M.; CANCOUËT, R.; ARDHUIN, F.; DELACOURT, C. Dune recovery after storm erosion on a high-energy beach: Vougot Beach, Brittany (France). Geomorphology, v. 139-140, p. 16–33, 2012. doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2011.10.014 TABAJARA, L. L., DILLENBURG S. R.; BARBOZA E. G. Morphology, Vegetation and Sand Fence Influence on Sand Mobility of the Foredune System of Atlântida Sul Beach, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Journal of Coastal Research, Coconut Creek, FL, v. 39, p. 616-621, 2004. TABAJARA, L. L.; GRUBER, N. L. S; PORTZ, L. Dunas frontais de Xangri-Lá, litoral Norte do RS: inventário, classificação e escolha de áreas prioritárias ao manejo. Pesquisas em Geociências, Porto Alegre, BR, v. 39, n 1, p. 35-52, 2012. TOLDO JR., E. E.; DILLENBURG, S. R.; ALMEIDA, L. E. S. B.; TABAJARA, L. L.; MARTINS, R. R.; CUNHA, O. B. P. Parâmetros morfodinâmicos da praia de Imbé-RS. Pesquisas, Porto Alegre, BR, v. 20, n. 1, p. 27-32, 1993. TOMAZELLI, L. J.; VILLWOCK, J. A. Considerações sobre o ambiente praial e a deriva litorânea ao longo do litoral norte do Rio Grande do Sul. Pesquisas, Porto Alegre, BR v. 19, n. 1, p. 3-12, 1992. WESCHENFELDER, J.; AYUP-ZOUAIN, R. N. Variabilidade morfodinâmica das praias oceânicas entre Imbé e Arroio do Sal, RS, Brasil. Pesquisas em Geociências, Porto Alegre, BR, v. 29, n.1, p. 3-13, 2002. WILLIAMS, A. T.; ALVEIRINHO-DIASB, J.; GARCIA NOVOC, F.; GARCÍA-MORAC, M. R.; CURRD, R.; PEREIRAE, A. Integrated coastal dune management: checklists. Continental Shelf Research, v. 21, n. 18–19, p. 1937–1960, 2001. doi:10.1016/S0278- 4343(01)00036-X |
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Portz, Luana CarlaDe Moura Jardim, João PedroPortantiolo Manzolli, RogerioSambaqui Gruber, Nelson Luiz2018-11-20T15:29:21Z2018-11-20T15:29:21Z20161414753Xhttps://hdl.handle.net/11323/1425Corporación Universidad de la CostaREDICUC - Repositorio CUChttps://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/The shoreline of Capão da Canoa, RS, alternates densely populated areas with non urban empty spaces that still have their natural features preserved. This paperwork aimed to evaluate the foredunes vulnerability, by field evaluation along the shoreline in wintertime and summertime, using a field checklist. After rating some parameters, a Vulnerability Index was established for each profile. The highest values matched the most densely populated areas in that municipality, due to the position of the urban area that often shortens the width of the foredune ridges. The superiority of the wintertime vulnerability index when compared to summertime, changes the consensus about the human interference as the main vector of vulnerability. The major factors contributing to foredune degradation were: beach condition during winter time and use pressure, during summertime, indicating the high vulnerability associated with some profiles along the shoreline.Portz, Luana Carla-0000-0001-9232-8086-600De Moura Jardim, João Pedro-44af4d16-f560-4518-98d9-4e8a327dc04e-0Portantiolo Manzolli, Rogerio-0000-0002-0223-5634-600Sambaqui Gruber, Nelson Luiz-703ea8fa-355a-4266-8b77-19c8c493eb2b-0engAmbiente e SociedadeAtribución – No comercial – Compartir igualinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Capão da canoaForedunesVulnerability indexImpacts on the dunes system: natural dynamic versus anthropogenic interferenceArtículo de revistahttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1Textinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARTinfo:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersionALMEIDA, L. E. S. B; ROSAURO, N.; TOLDO, E. E.; GRUBER, N. L. S. Avaliação a profundidade de fechamento para o litoral norte do Rio Grande do Sul. In: XIII SIMPÓSIO BRASILEIRO DE RECURSOS HÍDRICOS, 1997 Belo Horizonte. Anais, Minas Gerais: Associação Brasileira de Recursos Hidricos, 1997. ANTHONY E. J.; VANHEE, S.; RUZ, M. Short-term beach–dune sand budgets on the north sea coast of France: Sand supply from shoreface to dunes, and the role of wind and fetch. Geomorphology, v. 81, p. 316–329, 2006. DOI: 10.1016/j.geomorph.2006.04.022 ANTHONY, E. J.; VANHEE S.; RUZ M. H. An assessment of the impact of experimental brushwood fences on foredune sand accumulation based on digital elelvation models. Ecological Engineering, v. 3, p. 41-46, 2007. DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoleng.2007.05.005 · ARMAROLI, E. T.; ARMAROLI, C.; GROTTOLI, E.; HARLEY, M. D.; CIAVOLA, P. Beach morphodynamics and types of foredune erosion generated by storms along the Emilia-Romagna coastline, Italy. Geomorphology, v. 199, p. 22–35, 2013. doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2013.04.034 GRUBER, N. L. S; TOLDO JR., E. E.; BARBOZA, E. G.; NICOLODI, J. L. Equilibrium Beach and Shoreface Profile of the Rio Grande do Sul Coast - South of Brazil. Journal of Coastal Research, Coconut Creek, FL, v. 12, n. 2, p. 496-519, 2003. HESP, P. A. Coastal Sand Dunes - Form and Functions. CDVN Technical Bulletin n° 4. Palmerston North, Nova Zelândia: Rotorua, 2000, 28 p. ______. Foredunes and blowouts: initiation, geomorphology and dynamics. Geomorphology, v. 48, n. 1-3, p. 245-268, 2002. JONES, D. A.; SIMMONDS, I. A climatology of Southern Hemisphere extratropical cyclones. Climate Dynamic, v. 9, p. 131–145, 1993. LARANJEIRA, M. C. Vulnerabilidade e gestão dos sistemas dunares: o caso das dunas de Mira. 1997. 193 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Geografia Física e Ambiente) - Faculdade de Letras da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, 1997. NORDSTRON, K. F. Beach and Dune Restoration. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008. 200 p. OVERTON, M. F.; FISHER, J. S.; YOUNG, M. A. Laboratory investigation of dune erosion. Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal, and Ocean Engineering, v. 114, n. 3, p. 367–373, 1988. doi:10.1016/j.coastaleng.2011.09.003 PARISE, C. K.; CALLIARI, L. J.; KRUSCHE, N. Extreme storm surges in the south of Brazil: atmospheric conditions and shore erosion. Brazilian Journal of Oceanography, v. 57, n. 3, p. 75-188, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1679-87592009000300002. PORTZ, L.; MANZOLLI, R. P.; GRUBER, N. L. S.; CORRÊA, I. C. S. Tourism and Degradation in the Coastline of Rio Grande do Sul: Conflicts and Management. Desenvolvimento e Meio Ambiente, Curitiba, BR, v. 22, p. 153-166, 2010. PORTZ, L.; MANZOLLI, R. P.; IVAR DO SUL, J. A. Marine debris on Rio Grande do Sul north coast, Brazil: spatial and temporal patterns. Journal of Integrated Coastal Zone Management, Portugal, v. 11, n. 1, p. 41-48, 2011a. PORTZ, L.; MANZOLLI, R. P.; CORRÊA, I. C. S. Tools for Environmental Management Applied to the Coastal Zone of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Journal of Integrated Coastal Zone Management, Portugal, v. 11, n. 4, p. 459-470, 2011b. DOI: 10.5894/rgci278 PORTZ, L.; ROCKETT, G. C.; FRANCHINI, R. A. L.; MANZOLLI, R. P.; GRUBER, N. L. S. Coastal dune management: the use of geographic information system (GIS) in the development of management plans in the coast of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Journal of Integrated Coastal Zone Management, Portugal, v. 14, n. 3, p. 517-534. 2014. DOI:10.5894/rgci445 PYE, K., BLOTT, S. J. Decadal-scale variation in dune erosion and accretion rates: an investigation of the significance of changing storm tide frequency and magnitude on the Sefton Coast, UK. Geomorphology, v. 102, p. 652-666, 2008. SAYE, S. E.; VAN DER WAL, D.; PYE, K.; BLOTT, S. J. Beach–dune morphological relationships and erosion/accretion: An investigation at five sites in England and Wales using LIDAR data. Geomorphology, v. 72, p.128–155, 2005. doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2005.05.007 SEPLAG - Secretaria Estadual do Planejamento e Gestão do RS. Atlas Socioeconômico do Rio Grande do Sul. Porto Alegre: Rio Grande do Sul, 2010. Disponível em: < www. seplag.rs.gov.br/atlas/atlas.asp?menu=349 > Acesso em 15 mai. 2010 STROHAECKER, T. M. A Urbanização no litoral Norte do Rio Grande do Sul: Contribuição para a Gestão Urbana Ambiental do município de Capão da Canoa. 2007. 398 f. Tese (Doutorado em Ciências) - Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geociências, Instituto de Geociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, 2007. SUANEZ, S.; CARIOLET, J-M.; CANCOUËT, R.; ARDHUIN, F.; DELACOURT, C. Dune recovery after storm erosion on a high-energy beach: Vougot Beach, Brittany (France). Geomorphology, v. 139-140, p. 16–33, 2012. doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2011.10.014 TABAJARA, L. L., DILLENBURG S. R.; BARBOZA E. G. Morphology, Vegetation and Sand Fence Influence on Sand Mobility of the Foredune System of Atlântida Sul Beach, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Journal of Coastal Research, Coconut Creek, FL, v. 39, p. 616-621, 2004. TABAJARA, L. L.; GRUBER, N. L. S; PORTZ, L. Dunas frontais de Xangri-Lá, litoral Norte do RS: inventário, classificação e escolha de áreas prioritárias ao manejo. Pesquisas em Geociências, Porto Alegre, BR, v. 39, n 1, p. 35-52, 2012. TOLDO JR., E. E.; DILLENBURG, S. R.; ALMEIDA, L. E. S. B.; TABAJARA, L. L.; MARTINS, R. R.; CUNHA, O. B. P. Parâmetros morfodinâmicos da praia de Imbé-RS. Pesquisas, Porto Alegre, BR, v. 20, n. 1, p. 27-32, 1993. TOMAZELLI, L. J.; VILLWOCK, J. A. Considerações sobre o ambiente praial e a deriva litorânea ao longo do litoral norte do Rio Grande do Sul. Pesquisas, Porto Alegre, BR v. 19, n. 1, p. 3-12, 1992. WESCHENFELDER, J.; AYUP-ZOUAIN, R. N. Variabilidade morfodinâmica das praias oceânicas entre Imbé e Arroio do Sal, RS, Brasil. Pesquisas em Geociências, Porto Alegre, BR, v. 29, n.1, p. 3-13, 2002. WILLIAMS, A. T.; ALVEIRINHO-DIASB, J.; GARCIA NOVOC, F.; GARCÍA-MORAC, M. R.; CURRD, R.; PEREIRAE, A. Integrated coastal dune management: checklists. Continental Shelf Research, v. 21, n. 18–19, p. 1937–1960, 2001. doi:10.1016/S0278- 4343(01)00036-XPublicationORIGINALImpacts on the dunes system Natural dynamic versus.pdfImpacts on the dunes system Natural dynamic versus.pdfapplication/pdf2991564https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/0298f5f6-cbfd-4466-b6d0-62eaa98b03bf/download95789e54fa14b3e7559dcc67aaf7f790MD51LICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-81748https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/b1485ccc-b804-407c-8071-9b1ba0bca86a/download8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33MD52THUMBNAILImpacts on the dunes system Natural dynamic versus.pdf.jpgImpacts on the dunes system Natural dynamic versus.pdf.jpgimage/jpeg41911https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/f6de6c56-a354-43b5-8b5b-65b84878c022/downloadb0978a8f10f1e99f05a0ec25a03508b6MD54TEXTImpacts on the dunes system Natural dynamic versus.pdf.txtImpacts on the dunes system Natural dynamic versus.pdf.txttext/plain48638https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/b0ab2aa3-74c8-48de-9ecd-172c99ee1fc7/download0f8d6e680f0aa09ff5f83ab54bfecec2MD5511323/1425oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/14252024-09-17 14:09:33.218open.accesshttps://repositorio.cuc.edu.coRepositorio de la Universidad de la Costa CUCrepdigital@cuc.edu.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 |