Invariance of the sexual double standard scale: a cross-cultural study

The Sexual Double Standard (SDS) is an instrument used to judge sexual behavior, in which men are usually granted greater sexual freedom, while the same sexual behavior is condemned in women. Culture can be a relevant variable for the SDS. Therefore, we have examined the measurement invariance of th...

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Autores:
Sánchez-Fuentes, María del Mar
Moyano, Nieves
Gómez-Berrocal, Carmen
Sierra, Juan Carlos
Tipo de recurso:
Article of journal
Fecha de publicación:
2020
Institución:
Corporación Universidad de la Costa
Repositorio:
REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
Idioma:
eng
OAI Identifier:
oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/7219
Acceso en línea:
https://hdl.handle.net/11323/7219
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/
Palabra clave:
Sexual double standard
Invariance
Culture
Sex
Rights
openAccess
License
CC0 1.0 Universal
id RCUC2_b1e9d5e95c4e55bc6066f235a967fe73
oai_identifier_str oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/7219
network_acronym_str RCUC2
network_name_str REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
repository_id_str
dc.title.spa.fl_str_mv Invariance of the sexual double standard scale: a cross-cultural study
title Invariance of the sexual double standard scale: a cross-cultural study
spellingShingle Invariance of the sexual double standard scale: a cross-cultural study
Sexual double standard
Invariance
Culture
Sex
title_short Invariance of the sexual double standard scale: a cross-cultural study
title_full Invariance of the sexual double standard scale: a cross-cultural study
title_fullStr Invariance of the sexual double standard scale: a cross-cultural study
title_full_unstemmed Invariance of the sexual double standard scale: a cross-cultural study
title_sort Invariance of the sexual double standard scale: a cross-cultural study
dc.creator.fl_str_mv Sánchez-Fuentes, María del Mar
Moyano, Nieves
Gómez-Berrocal, Carmen
Sierra, Juan Carlos
dc.contributor.author.spa.fl_str_mv Sánchez-Fuentes, María del Mar
Moyano, Nieves
Gómez-Berrocal, Carmen
Sierra, Juan Carlos
dc.subject.spa.fl_str_mv Sexual double standard
Invariance
Culture
Sex
topic Sexual double standard
Invariance
Culture
Sex
description The Sexual Double Standard (SDS) is an instrument used to judge sexual behavior, in which men are usually granted greater sexual freedom, while the same sexual behavior is condemned in women. Culture can be a relevant variable for the SDS. Therefore, we have examined the measurement invariance of the Sexual Double Standard Scale (SDSS) across the Spanish and Colombian populations, comparing this phenomenon by country and gender. The scale comprises two factors: sexual freedom and sexual shyness. The sample consisted of 1832 heterosexual adults (46.3% men, 53.7% women), 54.3% of whom were Spanish and 45.7% Colombian. Strong invariance was found. The reliability values were good for country and gender. Men and women from both countries supported greater freedom for themselves compared to the other gender. Furthermore, Spanish women, unlike their Colombian counterparts, supported greater sexual shyness for men. Thus, what some authors have labeled as a "reverse sexual double standard" seems to emerge.
publishDate 2020
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv 2020-11-04T21:58:57Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv 2020-11-04T21:58:57Z
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv 2020-02-29
dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv Artículo de revista
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dc.identifier.issn.spa.fl_str_mv 1661-7827
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dc.identifier.doi.spa.fl_str_mv doi:10.3390/ijerph17051569
1660-4601
dc.identifier.instname.spa.fl_str_mv Corporación Universidad de la Costa
dc.identifier.reponame.spa.fl_str_mv REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
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identifier_str_mv 1661-7827
doi:10.3390/ijerph17051569
1660-4601
Corporación Universidad de la Costa
REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
url https://hdl.handle.net/11323/7219
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/
dc.language.iso.none.fl_str_mv eng
language eng
dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv 1. Reiss, I.L. Premarital Sexual Standards in America a Sociological Investigation of the Relative Social and Cultural Integration of American Sexual Standards; Collier-Macmillan: New York, NY, USA, 1964.
2. Milhausen, R.R.; Herold, E.S. Reconceptualizing the sexual double standard. J. Psychol. Hum. Sex 2002, 13, 63–83. [CrossRef]
3. Fasula, A.M.; Carry, M.; Miller, K.S. A multidimensional framework for the meanings of the sexual double standard and its application for the sexual health of young black women in the US. J. Sex Res. 2014, 51, 170–183. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
4. Marks, M.J.; Young, T.M.; Zaikman, Y. The sexual double standard in the real world: Evaluations of sexually active friends and acquaintances. Soc. Psychol. 2018, 1, 1–13. [CrossRef]
5. Farvid, P.; Braun, V.; Rowney, C. ‘No girl wants to be called a slut!’: Women, heterosexual casual sex and the sexual double standard. J. Gend. Stud. 2017, 26, 544–560. [CrossRef]
6. Ramiro-Sánchez, T.; Ramiro, M.T.; Bermúdez, M.P.; Buela-Casal, G. Sexism and sexual risk behavior in adolescents: Gender differences. Int. J. Clin. Health Psychol. 2018, 18, 245–253. [CrossRef]
7. Gómez Berrocal, C.; Vallejo-Medina, P.; Moyano, N.; Sierra, J.C. Sexual Double Standard: A psychometric study from a macropsychological perspective among the Spanish heterosexual population. Front. Psychol. 2019, 10, 1869. [CrossRef]
8. Eaton, A.A.; Matamala, A. The relationship between heteronormative beliefs and verbal sexual coercion in college students. Arch. Sex Behav. 2014, 43, 1443–1457. [CrossRef]
9. Klement, K.R.; Sagarin, B.J.; Lee, E.M. Participating in a culture of consent may be associated with lower rape-supportive beliefs. J. Sex Res. 2017, 54, 130–134. [CrossRef]
10. Simon, W.; Gagnon, J.H. Sexual scripts: Origins, influences and changes. Qual. Sociol. 2003, 26, 491–497. [CrossRef]
11. Endendijk, J.J.; van Baar, A.L.; Dekovi´c, M. He is a Stud, She is a Slut! A Meta-Analysis on the Continued Existence of Sexual Double Standards. Pers. Soc. Psychol. Rev. 2019, 1–28. [CrossRef]
12. Bordini, G.S.; Sperb, T.M. Sexual double standard: A review of the literature between 2001 and 2010. Sex. Cult. 2013, 17, 686–704. [CrossRef]
13. Wells, B.E.; Twenge, J.M. Changes in young people’s sexual behavior and attitudes, 1943–1999: A cross-temporal meta-analysis. Rev. Gen. Psychol. 2005, 9, 249–261. [CrossRef]
14. Rodríguez, A.; Marín, L.; Leone, M.E. The machismo in the social imaginary. Lat. Am. J. Psychol. 1993, 25, 275–284.
15. Hofstede, G. Cultures Consequences. Comparing Values, Behaviors, Institutions and Organizations across Cultures; Sage: Thousand Oaks, CA, USA, 2001.
16. Minkov, M.; Dutt, P.; Schachner, M.; Morales, O.; Sanchez, C.; Jandosova, J.; Mudd, B. A revision of Hofstede’s individualism-collectivism dimension: A new national index from a 56-country study. Cross Cult. Strateg. Manag. 2017, 24, 386–404. [CrossRef]
17. Vallejo-Medina, P.; Marchal-Bertrand, L.; Gómez-Lugo, M.; Espada, J.P.; Sierra, J.C.; Soler, F.; Morales, A. Adaptation and validation of the Brief Sexual Opinion Survey (SOS) in a Colombian sample and factorial equivalence with the Spanish version. PLoS ONE 2016, 11, e0162531. [CrossRef]
18. Ubillos, S.; Zubieta, E.; Páez, D.; Deschamps, J.C.; Ezeiza, A.; Vera, A. Amor, cultura y sexo [Love, culture and sex]. Rev. Electron. Motiv. Emoc. 2001, 4, 197–221.
19. Álvarez-Muelas, A.; Gómez Berrocal, C.; Vallejo-Medina, P.; Sierra, J.C. Invariance of Spanish version of Sexual Double Standard Scale across sex, age, and education level. Psicothema 2019, 31, 465–474.
20. Gutiérrez-Quintanilla, J.R.; Rojas-García, A.; Sierra, J.C. Comparación transcultural de la doble moral sexual entre estudiantes universitarios salvadoreños y españoles [Transcultural comparison of double sexual standard among Salvadorian and Spanish undergraduate students]. Rev. Salv. Psicol. 2010, 1, 31–51.
21. Muñiz, J.; Elosua, P.; Hambleton, R.K. Directrices para la traducción y adaptación de los tests: Segunda edición [Guidelines for the translation and adaptation of tests]. Psicothema 2013, 25, 151–157.
22. Mellenbergh, G.J. Item bias and item response theory. Educ. Res. 1989, 13, 127–143. [CrossRef]
23. Meredith, W. Measurement invariance, Factor-Analysis and Factorial Invariance. Psychometrika 1993, 58, 525–543. [CrossRef]
24. Muehlenhard, C.L.; Quackenbush, D.M. Sexual Double Standard Scale. In Handbook of Sexuality Related Measures, 3rd ed.; Fisher, T.D., Davis, C.M., Yarber, W.L., Davis, S.L., Eds.; Routledge: New York, NY, USA, 1998; pp. 199–201.
25. Sierra, J.C.; Moyano, N.; Vallejo-Medina, P.; Gómez Berrocal, C. An abridged Spanish version of Sexual Double Standard Scale: Factorial structure, reliability and validity evidence. Int. J. Clin. Health Psychol. 2018, 18, 69–80. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
26. Pratto, F.; Sidanius, J.; Stallworth, L.M.; Malle, B.F. Social dominance orientation: A personality variable predicting social and political attitudes. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 1994, 67, 741–763. [CrossRef]
27. Byrne, B.M. Structural Equation Modeling with Lisrel, Prelis, and Simplis: Basic Concepts, Applications, and Programming; Psychology Press: East Sussex, UK, 2003.
28. Cheung, G.W.; Rensvold, R.B. Evaluating goodness-of-fit indexes for testing measurement invariance. Struct. Equ. Model. 2002, 9, 233–255. [CrossRef]
29. Dimitrov, D.M. Testing for factorial invariance in the context of construct validation. Meas Eval Couns Dev 2011, 43, 121–149. [CrossRef]
30. Petersen, J.L.; Hyde, J.S. Gender differences in sexual attitudes and behaviors: A review of meta-analytic results and large datasets. J. Sex Res. 2011, 48, 149–165. [CrossRef]
31. Allison, R.; Risman, B.J. A double standard for “Hooking Up”: How far have we come toward gender equality? Soc. Sci. Res. 2013, 42, 1191–1206. [CrossRef]
32. Vaamonde, J.D.; Omar, A. Perceptions of organizational justice and ambivalent sexism: The moderation role of individualism-collectivism. Rev. Psicol. 2017, 35, 31–60.
33. Rudman, L.A.; Goodwin, S.A. Gender differences in automatic in group bias: Why do women like women more than men like men? J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 2004, 87, 494–509. [CrossRef]
34. Gómez-Berrocal, C.; Cuadrado, I.; Navas, M.; Quiles, M.N.; Morera, M.D. Sexismo hostil y benevolente: Dimensiones de comparación intergrupal, imagen de los subtipos de mujer y autoimagen del endogrupo [Hostil and benevolent sexism: Dimensions of intergrupal comparison, subtypes women’s image and self-image from the endrogroup]. Rev. Psicol. Soc. 2011, 26, 45–62.
35. Moya, M.; Páez, D.; Glickndez, P.; Fernández, I.; Poeschl, G. Masculinidad-feminidad y factores culturales [Masculinity-feminity and cultural factors]. Rev. Esp. Motiv. Emoc. 2002, 3, 127–142.
36. Kreager, D.A.; Staff, J. The sexual double standard and adolescent peer acceptance. Soc. Psychol. Quart. 2009, 72, 143–164. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
37. Klein, V.; Imhoff, R.; Reininger, K.M.; Briken, P. Perceptions of Sexual Script Deviation in Women and Men. Arch. Sex Behav. 2019, 48, 631–644. [CrossRef]
38. Thompson, A.E.; Hart, J.; Stefaniak, S.; Harvey, C. Exploring heterosexual adults’ endorsement of the sexual double standard among initiators of consensually nonmonogamous relationship behaviors. Sex Roles 2018, 79, 228–238. [CrossRef]
39. Calvillo, C.; Sánchez-Fuentes, M.M.; Sierra, J.C. Revisión sistemática sobre la satisfacción sexual en parejas del mismo sexo [Systematic review of sexual satisfaction in same-sex couples]. Rev. Iberoam. Psicol. Salud 2018, 9, 115–136. [CrossRef]
40. Borowsky, H.M.; Eisenberg, M.E.; Bucchianeri, M.M.; Piran, N.; Neumark-Sztainer, D. Feminist identity, body image, and disordered eating. Eat. Disord. 2016, 24, 297–311. [CrossRef]
41. Chisango, T.; Mayekiso, T.; Thomae, M. The social nature of benevolent sexism and the antisocial nature of hostile sexism: Is benevolent sexism more likely to manifest in public contexts and hostile sexism in private contexts? Int. J. Psychol. 2015, 50, 363–371. [CrossRef]
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spelling Sánchez-Fuentes, María del MarMoyano, NievesGómez-Berrocal, CarmenSierra, Juan Carlos2020-11-04T21:58:57Z2020-11-04T21:58:57Z2020-02-291661-7827https://hdl.handle.net/11323/7219doi:10.3390/ijerph170515691660-4601Corporación Universidad de la CostaREDICUC - Repositorio CUChttps://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/The Sexual Double Standard (SDS) is an instrument used to judge sexual behavior, in which men are usually granted greater sexual freedom, while the same sexual behavior is condemned in women. Culture can be a relevant variable for the SDS. Therefore, we have examined the measurement invariance of the Sexual Double Standard Scale (SDSS) across the Spanish and Colombian populations, comparing this phenomenon by country and gender. The scale comprises two factors: sexual freedom and sexual shyness. The sample consisted of 1832 heterosexual adults (46.3% men, 53.7% women), 54.3% of whom were Spanish and 45.7% Colombian. Strong invariance was found. The reliability values were good for country and gender. Men and women from both countries supported greater freedom for themselves compared to the other gender. Furthermore, Spanish women, unlike their Colombian counterparts, supported greater sexual shyness for men. Thus, what some authors have labeled as a "reverse sexual double standard" seems to emerge.Sánchez-Fuentes, María del Mar-will be generated-orcid-0000-0003-3657-4981-600Moyano, Nieves-will be generated-orcid-0000-0002-5416-9464-600Gómez-Berrocal, CarmenSierra, Juan Carlosapplication/pdfengCorporación Universidad de la CostaCC0 1.0 Universalhttp://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Healthhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7084208/Sexual double standardInvarianceCultureSexInvariance of the sexual double standard scale: a cross-cultural studyArtículo de revistahttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1Textinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARTinfo:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion1. Reiss, I.L. Premarital Sexual Standards in America a Sociological Investigation of the Relative Social and Cultural Integration of American Sexual Standards; Collier-Macmillan: New York, NY, USA, 1964.2. Milhausen, R.R.; Herold, E.S. Reconceptualizing the sexual double standard. J. Psychol. Hum. Sex 2002, 13, 63–83. [CrossRef]3. Fasula, A.M.; Carry, M.; Miller, K.S. A multidimensional framework for the meanings of the sexual double standard and its application for the sexual health of young black women in the US. J. Sex Res. 2014, 51, 170–183. [CrossRef] [PubMed]4. Marks, M.J.; Young, T.M.; Zaikman, Y. The sexual double standard in the real world: Evaluations of sexually active friends and acquaintances. Soc. Psychol. 2018, 1, 1–13. [CrossRef]5. Farvid, P.; Braun, V.; Rowney, C. ‘No girl wants to be called a slut!’: Women, heterosexual casual sex and the sexual double standard. J. Gend. Stud. 2017, 26, 544–560. [CrossRef]6. Ramiro-Sánchez, T.; Ramiro, M.T.; Bermúdez, M.P.; Buela-Casal, G. Sexism and sexual risk behavior in adolescents: Gender differences. Int. J. Clin. Health Psychol. 2018, 18, 245–253. [CrossRef]7. Gómez Berrocal, C.; Vallejo-Medina, P.; Moyano, N.; Sierra, J.C. Sexual Double Standard: A psychometric study from a macropsychological perspective among the Spanish heterosexual population. Front. Psychol. 2019, 10, 1869. [CrossRef]8. Eaton, A.A.; Matamala, A. The relationship between heteronormative beliefs and verbal sexual coercion in college students. Arch. Sex Behav. 2014, 43, 1443–1457. [CrossRef]9. Klement, K.R.; Sagarin, B.J.; Lee, E.M. Participating in a culture of consent may be associated with lower rape-supportive beliefs. J. Sex Res. 2017, 54, 130–134. [CrossRef]10. Simon, W.; Gagnon, J.H. Sexual scripts: Origins, influences and changes. Qual. Sociol. 2003, 26, 491–497. [CrossRef]11. Endendijk, J.J.; van Baar, A.L.; Dekovi´c, M. He is a Stud, She is a Slut! A Meta-Analysis on the Continued Existence of Sexual Double Standards. Pers. Soc. Psychol. Rev. 2019, 1–28. [CrossRef]12. Bordini, G.S.; Sperb, T.M. Sexual double standard: A review of the literature between 2001 and 2010. Sex. Cult. 2013, 17, 686–704. [CrossRef]13. Wells, B.E.; Twenge, J.M. Changes in young people’s sexual behavior and attitudes, 1943–1999: A cross-temporal meta-analysis. Rev. Gen. Psychol. 2005, 9, 249–261. [CrossRef]14. Rodríguez, A.; Marín, L.; Leone, M.E. The machismo in the social imaginary. Lat. Am. J. Psychol. 1993, 25, 275–284.15. Hofstede, G. Cultures Consequences. Comparing Values, Behaviors, Institutions and Organizations across Cultures; Sage: Thousand Oaks, CA, USA, 2001.16. Minkov, M.; Dutt, P.; Schachner, M.; Morales, O.; Sanchez, C.; Jandosova, J.; Mudd, B. A revision of Hofstede’s individualism-collectivism dimension: A new national index from a 56-country study. Cross Cult. Strateg. Manag. 2017, 24, 386–404. [CrossRef]17. Vallejo-Medina, P.; Marchal-Bertrand, L.; Gómez-Lugo, M.; Espada, J.P.; Sierra, J.C.; Soler, F.; Morales, A. Adaptation and validation of the Brief Sexual Opinion Survey (SOS) in a Colombian sample and factorial equivalence with the Spanish version. PLoS ONE 2016, 11, e0162531. [CrossRef]18. Ubillos, S.; Zubieta, E.; Páez, D.; Deschamps, J.C.; Ezeiza, A.; Vera, A. Amor, cultura y sexo [Love, culture and sex]. Rev. Electron. Motiv. Emoc. 2001, 4, 197–221.19. Álvarez-Muelas, A.; Gómez Berrocal, C.; Vallejo-Medina, P.; Sierra, J.C. Invariance of Spanish version of Sexual Double Standard Scale across sex, age, and education level. Psicothema 2019, 31, 465–474.20. Gutiérrez-Quintanilla, J.R.; Rojas-García, A.; Sierra, J.C. Comparación transcultural de la doble moral sexual entre estudiantes universitarios salvadoreños y españoles [Transcultural comparison of double sexual standard among Salvadorian and Spanish undergraduate students]. Rev. Salv. Psicol. 2010, 1, 31–51.21. Muñiz, J.; Elosua, P.; Hambleton, R.K. Directrices para la traducción y adaptación de los tests: Segunda edición [Guidelines for the translation and adaptation of tests]. Psicothema 2013, 25, 151–157.22. Mellenbergh, G.J. Item bias and item response theory. Educ. Res. 1989, 13, 127–143. [CrossRef]23. Meredith, W. Measurement invariance, Factor-Analysis and Factorial Invariance. Psychometrika 1993, 58, 525–543. [CrossRef]24. Muehlenhard, C.L.; Quackenbush, D.M. Sexual Double Standard Scale. In Handbook of Sexuality Related Measures, 3rd ed.; Fisher, T.D., Davis, C.M., Yarber, W.L., Davis, S.L., Eds.; Routledge: New York, NY, USA, 1998; pp. 199–201.25. Sierra, J.C.; Moyano, N.; Vallejo-Medina, P.; Gómez Berrocal, C. An abridged Spanish version of Sexual Double Standard Scale: Factorial structure, reliability and validity evidence. Int. J. Clin. Health Psychol. 2018, 18, 69–80. [CrossRef] [PubMed]26. Pratto, F.; Sidanius, J.; Stallworth, L.M.; Malle, B.F. Social dominance orientation: A personality variable predicting social and political attitudes. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 1994, 67, 741–763. [CrossRef]27. Byrne, B.M. Structural Equation Modeling with Lisrel, Prelis, and Simplis: Basic Concepts, Applications, and Programming; Psychology Press: East Sussex, UK, 2003.28. Cheung, G.W.; Rensvold, R.B. Evaluating goodness-of-fit indexes for testing measurement invariance. Struct. Equ. Model. 2002, 9, 233–255. [CrossRef]29. Dimitrov, D.M. Testing for factorial invariance in the context of construct validation. Meas Eval Couns Dev 2011, 43, 121–149. [CrossRef]30. Petersen, J.L.; Hyde, J.S. Gender differences in sexual attitudes and behaviors: A review of meta-analytic results and large datasets. J. Sex Res. 2011, 48, 149–165. [CrossRef]31. Allison, R.; Risman, B.J. A double standard for “Hooking Up”: How far have we come toward gender equality? Soc. Sci. Res. 2013, 42, 1191–1206. [CrossRef]32. Vaamonde, J.D.; Omar, A. Perceptions of organizational justice and ambivalent sexism: The moderation role of individualism-collectivism. Rev. Psicol. 2017, 35, 31–60.33. Rudman, L.A.; Goodwin, S.A. Gender differences in automatic in group bias: Why do women like women more than men like men? J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 2004, 87, 494–509. [CrossRef]34. Gómez-Berrocal, C.; Cuadrado, I.; Navas, M.; Quiles, M.N.; Morera, M.D. Sexismo hostil y benevolente: Dimensiones de comparación intergrupal, imagen de los subtipos de mujer y autoimagen del endogrupo [Hostil and benevolent sexism: Dimensions of intergrupal comparison, subtypes women’s image and self-image from the endrogroup]. Rev. Psicol. Soc. 2011, 26, 45–62.35. Moya, M.; Páez, D.; Glickndez, P.; Fernández, I.; Poeschl, G. Masculinidad-feminidad y factores culturales [Masculinity-feminity and cultural factors]. Rev. Esp. Motiv. Emoc. 2002, 3, 127–142.36. Kreager, D.A.; Staff, J. The sexual double standard and adolescent peer acceptance. Soc. Psychol. Quart. 2009, 72, 143–164. [CrossRef] [PubMed]37. Klein, V.; Imhoff, R.; Reininger, K.M.; Briken, P. Perceptions of Sexual Script Deviation in Women and Men. Arch. Sex Behav. 2019, 48, 631–644. [CrossRef]38. Thompson, A.E.; Hart, J.; Stefaniak, S.; Harvey, C. Exploring heterosexual adults’ endorsement of the sexual double standard among initiators of consensually nonmonogamous relationship behaviors. Sex Roles 2018, 79, 228–238. [CrossRef]39. Calvillo, C.; Sánchez-Fuentes, M.M.; Sierra, J.C. Revisión sistemática sobre la satisfacción sexual en parejas del mismo sexo [Systematic review of sexual satisfaction in same-sex couples]. Rev. Iberoam. Psicol. Salud 2018, 9, 115–136. [CrossRef]40. Borowsky, H.M.; Eisenberg, M.E.; Bucchianeri, M.M.; Piran, N.; Neumark-Sztainer, D. Feminist identity, body image, and disordered eating. Eat. Disord. 2016, 24, 297–311. [CrossRef]41. Chisango, T.; Mayekiso, T.; Thomae, M. The social nature of benevolent sexism and the antisocial nature of hostile sexism: Is benevolent sexism more likely to manifest in public contexts and hostile sexism in private contexts? Int. J. Psychol. 2015, 50, 363–371. 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