Assessment Of Human Health Risk Associated With Methylmercury In The Imported Fish Marketed In The Caribbean
The decline in marine and freshwaters catches in recent years in Colombia has led to a change in dietary habits, with an increase in the purchase and consumption of imported fish. This is of particular concern as fish are sometimes caught in mercury-contaminated waters, and are subsequently sold can...
- Autores:
-
Fuentes Gándara, Fabio Armando
Herrera Herrera, Claudia Patricia
Pinedo Hernandez, Jose Joaquin
Díez, Sergi
- Tipo de recurso:
- Article of journal
- Fecha de publicación:
- 2018
- Institución:
- Corporación Universidad de la Costa
- Repositorio:
- REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
- Idioma:
- eng
- OAI Identifier:
- oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/1091
- Acceso en línea:
- https://hdl.handle.net/11323/1091
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/
- Palabra clave:
- Canned Tuna
Colombia
Imported Fish
Potential Risk
Total Mercury
- Rights
- openAccess
- License
- Atribución – No comercial – Compartir igual
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dc.title.eng.fl_str_mv |
Assessment Of Human Health Risk Associated With Methylmercury In The Imported Fish Marketed In The Caribbean |
title |
Assessment Of Human Health Risk Associated With Methylmercury In The Imported Fish Marketed In The Caribbean |
spellingShingle |
Assessment Of Human Health Risk Associated With Methylmercury In The Imported Fish Marketed In The Caribbean Canned Tuna Colombia Imported Fish Potential Risk Total Mercury |
title_short |
Assessment Of Human Health Risk Associated With Methylmercury In The Imported Fish Marketed In The Caribbean |
title_full |
Assessment Of Human Health Risk Associated With Methylmercury In The Imported Fish Marketed In The Caribbean |
title_fullStr |
Assessment Of Human Health Risk Associated With Methylmercury In The Imported Fish Marketed In The Caribbean |
title_full_unstemmed |
Assessment Of Human Health Risk Associated With Methylmercury In The Imported Fish Marketed In The Caribbean |
title_sort |
Assessment Of Human Health Risk Associated With Methylmercury In The Imported Fish Marketed In The Caribbean |
dc.creator.fl_str_mv |
Fuentes Gándara, Fabio Armando Herrera Herrera, Claudia Patricia Pinedo Hernandez, Jose Joaquin Díez, Sergi |
dc.contributor.author.spa.fl_str_mv |
Fuentes Gándara, Fabio Armando Herrera Herrera, Claudia Patricia Pinedo Hernandez, Jose Joaquin Díez, Sergi |
dc.subject.eng.fl_str_mv |
Canned Tuna Colombia Imported Fish Potential Risk Total Mercury |
topic |
Canned Tuna Colombia Imported Fish Potential Risk Total Mercury |
description |
The decline in marine and freshwaters catches in recent years in Colombia has led to a change in dietary habits, with an increase in the purchase and consumption of imported fish. This is of particular concern as fish are sometimes caught in mercury-contaminated waters, and are subsequently sold canned or uncanned. In addition, canned tuna has received little attention as it is widely assumed that concentrations are low. In this study, total mercury (THg) and methylmercury (MeHg) concentrations were evaluated in three imported fish species marketed in Colombia, Prochilodus lineatus, Prochilodus reticulatus, and Pangasianodon hypophthalmus, plus four brands of canned tuna and one of sardines. One brand of tuna showed the highest mean concentrations of THg (0.543 ± 0.237 μg/g, wet weight, ww) and MeHg (0.518 ± 0.337 μg/g ww), while concentrations in P. hypophthalmus were approximately 30 times lower (≈0.02 µg/g ww). The estimated weekly intake (EWI) in children was above the provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI) of MeHg established by the Joint FAO/World Health Organization (WHO) Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) in 2007, 1.6 μg/kg body weight (bw) per week, for all the canned tuna brands. Values for adults were below PTWI, whereas for women of childbearing age, values were above PTWI only for brand D of canned tuna. The estimate of the potential risk indicated that MeHg levels in canned tuna can generate negative effects in vulnerable groups, while the EWI of fresh fish did not pose a threat to the general population. Therefore, establishing strategies to address the high consumption of canned tuna, and continuous monitoring to control commercial food, are recommended to decrease Hg exposure. |
publishDate |
2018 |
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv |
2018-11-16T00:22:25Z |
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv |
2018-11-16T00:22:25Z |
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv |
2018-08 |
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Artículo de revista |
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http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1 |
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http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501 |
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Text |
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info:eu-repo/semantics/article |
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http://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ART |
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00139351 |
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Corporación Universidad de la Costa |
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REDICUC - Repositorio CUC |
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dc.language.iso.none.fl_str_mv |
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eng |
dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv |
Allouhi, A., T. Kousksou, A. Jamil, T. El Rhafiki e Y. Mourad, Economic and environmental assessment of solar airconditioning systems in Morocco, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 50, 770-781 (2015) ASHRAE, HVAC, Aplications, Termal Confort (1997) ASHRAE, Fundamentals, ASHRAE Handbook, I-P Editions (2005) Barros, M., M. Balbis y otros cinco autores, Comparación del consumo energético entre las tecnologías de aire acondicionado tipo mini-split y volume de refrigerante variable en un edificio educativo, Rev. Espacios, 38 (43), 19 (2017) Bom Conselho, R., R. Rodrigues, M.T. Paulino y A. Valadão, Thermal comfort of seats as visualized by infrared thermography, Applied Ergonomics, 62, 142-149 (2017) Busch, J., Tale of two populations: thermal comfort in air-conditioned and naturally ventilated offices in Thailand, Energy and Buildings, 18(3), 235-249 (1992) Cabello, J.J., V. Sousa y otros cuatro autores, Tools to improve forecasting and control of the electricity consumption in hotels, Journal of Cleaner Production, 137, 803-812 (2016) Cabrera, O., A. Borroto, J. Monteagudo y C. Pérez, Evaluación del indicador kWh/HDO de eficiencia eléctrica en instalaciones hoteleras, Retos turísticos, 3(2), 38-41 (2004) Carbonell, T., e I. Salgado, Desiccant cooling system to decrease energy consumption in Restaurant study case, 37(1), 55-62 (2016) Djamila, H., Indoor thermal comfort predictions: Selected issues and trends, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 74, 569-580 (2017) Fernández, L., T. Carbonell y L. Aballe, Aplicación de Gestión Total Eficiente de Energía en el Centro Internacional de Salud “La Pradera”, Ingeniería Energética, 35(2), 112-121 (2014) Gallegos, R., N. Velázquez y A. Luna, Simulación Dinámica y Estudio Comparativo de diferentes Configuraciones de Sistemas de Enfriamiento Evaporativo para Mexicali, México, Información Tecnológica, 21(2), 45-58 (2010) Haiguo, Y., A Li y otros tres autores, Experimental study on airflow characteristics of a square column attached ventilation mode, Building and Environment, 109, 112-120 (2016) Klein, S.A., TRNSYS: A Transient System Simulation Program, Solar Energy Laboratory, University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA (2018) Maroy, K., K. Carbonez, M. Steeman y N. Van Den Bossche, Assessing the thermal performance of insulating glass units with infrared thermography: Potential and limitations, Energy and Buildings, 138, 175-192 (2017) Oldewurtel, F., A. Parisio, C. Jones, M. Morari y D. Gyalistras, Energy efficient building climate control using stochastic predictive control and weather predictions, American Control Conference (ACC), 5100-5105), Baltimore, Estados Unidos, 30 June (2010) Privara, S., J. Cigler y otros cuatro autores, Building modeling as a crucial part for building predictive control, Energy and Buildings, 56, 8-22 (2013) Privara, S., J. Široký, L. Ferkl y J. Cigler, Model predictive control of a building heating system: The first experience, Energy and Buildings, 43(2), 564-572 (2011) Ramos, M. C., Determinación de estándares de confort térmico para personas que habitan en clima tropical sub-húmedo, Tesis de Magister, Universidad Internacional de Andalucía, España (2012) Shan, K. y W. Shengwei, Energy efficient design and control of cleanroom environment control systems in subtropical regions – A comparative analysis and on-site validation, Applied Energy, 204, 582-595 (2017)Vakiloroaya, V., B. Samali y K. Pishghadam, Investigation of energy-efficient strategy for direct expansion air-cooled air conditioning systems, Applied Thermal Engineering, 66(1), 84-93 (2014) Van Hoof, J., L. Schellen, V. Soebarto, J.K. Wong y J.K. Kazak, Ten questions concerning thermal comfort and ageing, Building and Environment, 120, 123-133 (2017) Vehelts, C., Model Predictive Control of Ground Coupled Heat Pump Systems for Office Buildings. Ph.D. Dissertation, Science, Engineering and Technology Group, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Catholic University of Leuven, Belgica (2012) Vega, B., L. Castellanos, P. Monteagudo, Modeling and identification of the cooling dynamics of a tropical island hotel, Energy and Buildings, 92, 19-28 (2015) Viloria, A., N. Acuna, H. Mejia, M. Galofre, Determination of the Influence of Thermal Comfort in Care and Concentration of Media Education Students: Case Colombia, Indian Journal of Science and Technology, 9 (46), 1-7 (2016) Wu, Y., S. Cisesky y otros seis autores, Fluid pressurization and tractional forces during TMJ disc loading: A biphasic finite element analysis, Orthodontics and Craniofacial Research, 20, 151-156 (2017) |
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Fuentes Gándara, Fabio ArmandoHerrera Herrera, Claudia PatriciaPinedo Hernandez, Jose JoaquinDíez, Sergi2018-11-16T00:22:25Z2018-11-16T00:22:25Z2018-0800139351https://hdl.handle.net/11323/1091Corporación Universidad de la CostaREDICUC - Repositorio CUChttps://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/The decline in marine and freshwaters catches in recent years in Colombia has led to a change in dietary habits, with an increase in the purchase and consumption of imported fish. This is of particular concern as fish are sometimes caught in mercury-contaminated waters, and are subsequently sold canned or uncanned. In addition, canned tuna has received little attention as it is widely assumed that concentrations are low. In this study, total mercury (THg) and methylmercury (MeHg) concentrations were evaluated in three imported fish species marketed in Colombia, Prochilodus lineatus, Prochilodus reticulatus, and Pangasianodon hypophthalmus, plus four brands of canned tuna and one of sardines. One brand of tuna showed the highest mean concentrations of THg (0.543 ± 0.237 μg/g, wet weight, ww) and MeHg (0.518 ± 0.337 μg/g ww), while concentrations in P. hypophthalmus were approximately 30 times lower (≈0.02 µg/g ww). The estimated weekly intake (EWI) in children was above the provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI) of MeHg established by the Joint FAO/World Health Organization (WHO) Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) in 2007, 1.6 μg/kg body weight (bw) per week, for all the canned tuna brands. Values for adults were below PTWI, whereas for women of childbearing age, values were above PTWI only for brand D of canned tuna. The estimate of the potential risk indicated that MeHg levels in canned tuna can generate negative effects in vulnerable groups, while the EWI of fresh fish did not pose a threat to the general population. Therefore, establishing strategies to address the high consumption of canned tuna, and continuous monitoring to control commercial food, are recommended to decrease Hg exposure.Fuentes Gándara, Fabio Armando-0000-0002-0681-0544-600Herrera Herrera, Claudia Patricia-dc364b98-7c90-41c8-b0cf-7456e2d364a2-0Pinedo Hernandez, Jose Joaquin-93c4728a-e9f7-4996-9e0e-f4fa5adbb35b-0Díez, Sergi-51db0b47-e172-4175-8278-8f97b238554a-0engEnvironmental ResearchAtribución – No comercial – Compartir igualinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Canned TunaColombiaImported FishPotential RiskTotal MercuryAssessment Of Human Health Risk Associated With Methylmercury In The Imported Fish Marketed In The CaribbeanArtículo de revistahttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1Textinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARTinfo:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersionAllouhi, A., T. Kousksou, A. Jamil, T. El Rhafiki e Y. Mourad, Economic and environmental assessment of solar airconditioning systems in Morocco, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 50, 770-781 (2015) ASHRAE, HVAC, Aplications, Termal Confort (1997) ASHRAE, Fundamentals, ASHRAE Handbook, I-P Editions (2005) Barros, M., M. Balbis y otros cinco autores, Comparación del consumo energético entre las tecnologías de aire acondicionado tipo mini-split y volume de refrigerante variable en un edificio educativo, Rev. Espacios, 38 (43), 19 (2017) Bom Conselho, R., R. Rodrigues, M.T. Paulino y A. Valadão, Thermal comfort of seats as visualized by infrared thermography, Applied Ergonomics, 62, 142-149 (2017) Busch, J., Tale of two populations: thermal comfort in air-conditioned and naturally ventilated offices in Thailand, Energy and Buildings, 18(3), 235-249 (1992) Cabello, J.J., V. Sousa y otros cuatro autores, Tools to improve forecasting and control of the electricity consumption in hotels, Journal of Cleaner Production, 137, 803-812 (2016) Cabrera, O., A. Borroto, J. Monteagudo y C. Pérez, Evaluación del indicador kWh/HDO de eficiencia eléctrica en instalaciones hoteleras, Retos turísticos, 3(2), 38-41 (2004) Carbonell, T., e I. Salgado, Desiccant cooling system to decrease energy consumption in Restaurant study case, 37(1), 55-62 (2016) Djamila, H., Indoor thermal comfort predictions: Selected issues and trends, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 74, 569-580 (2017) Fernández, L., T. Carbonell y L. Aballe, Aplicación de Gestión Total Eficiente de Energía en el Centro Internacional de Salud “La Pradera”, Ingeniería Energética, 35(2), 112-121 (2014) Gallegos, R., N. Velázquez y A. Luna, Simulación Dinámica y Estudio Comparativo de diferentes Configuraciones de Sistemas de Enfriamiento Evaporativo para Mexicali, México, Información Tecnológica, 21(2), 45-58 (2010) Haiguo, Y., A Li y otros tres autores, Experimental study on airflow characteristics of a square column attached ventilation mode, Building and Environment, 109, 112-120 (2016) Klein, S.A., TRNSYS: A Transient System Simulation Program, Solar Energy Laboratory, University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA (2018) Maroy, K., K. Carbonez, M. Steeman y N. Van Den Bossche, Assessing the thermal performance of insulating glass units with infrared thermography: Potential and limitations, Energy and Buildings, 138, 175-192 (2017) Oldewurtel, F., A. Parisio, C. Jones, M. Morari y D. Gyalistras, Energy efficient building climate control using stochastic predictive control and weather predictions, American Control Conference (ACC), 5100-5105), Baltimore, Estados Unidos, 30 June (2010) Privara, S., J. Cigler y otros cuatro autores, Building modeling as a crucial part for building predictive control, Energy and Buildings, 56, 8-22 (2013) Privara, S., J. Široký, L. Ferkl y J. Cigler, Model predictive control of a building heating system: The first experience, Energy and Buildings, 43(2), 564-572 (2011) Ramos, M. C., Determinación de estándares de confort térmico para personas que habitan en clima tropical sub-húmedo, Tesis de Magister, Universidad Internacional de Andalucía, España (2012) Shan, K. y W. Shengwei, Energy efficient design and control of cleanroom environment control systems in subtropical regions – A comparative analysis and on-site validation, Applied Energy, 204, 582-595 (2017)Vakiloroaya, V., B. Samali y K. Pishghadam, Investigation of energy-efficient strategy for direct expansion air-cooled air conditioning systems, Applied Thermal Engineering, 66(1), 84-93 (2014) Van Hoof, J., L. Schellen, V. Soebarto, J.K. Wong y J.K. Kazak, Ten questions concerning thermal comfort and ageing, Building and Environment, 120, 123-133 (2017) Vehelts, C., Model Predictive Control of Ground Coupled Heat Pump Systems for Office Buildings. Ph.D. Dissertation, Science, Engineering and Technology Group, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Catholic University of Leuven, Belgica (2012) Vega, B., L. Castellanos, P. Monteagudo, Modeling and identification of the cooling dynamics of a tropical island hotel, Energy and Buildings, 92, 19-28 (2015) Viloria, A., N. Acuna, H. Mejia, M. Galofre, Determination of the Influence of Thermal Comfort in Care and Concentration of Media Education Students: Case Colombia, Indian Journal of Science and Technology, 9 (46), 1-7 (2016) Wu, Y., S. Cisesky y otros seis autores, Fluid pressurization and tractional forces during TMJ disc loading: A biphasic finite element analysis, Orthodontics and Craniofacial Research, 20, 151-156 (2017)PublicationLICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-81748https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/47c6ad8f-4abf-475c-94b1-52c9c9eb1fea/download8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33MD52THUMBNAILAssessment of human health risk associated.pdf.jpgAssessment of human health risk associated.pdf.jpgimage/jpeg1627https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/d9aa8ef0-6cc9-411a-a72e-79d045cbd40d/downloadd108052b198fe44080b5fb96aa669e07MD53Assessment of human health risk associated with methylmercury in the imported fish marketed in the Caribbean.pdf.jpgAssessment of human health risk associated with methylmercury in the imported fish marketed in the Caribbean.pdf.jpgimage/jpeg50349https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/ca6a8c43-3e9e-4109-bba6-1bdb6aa2b38a/downloadbc124d8dfaa80b3b40a22ec17cc0a42aMD56ORIGINALAssessment of human health risk associated with methylmercury in the imported fish marketed in the Caribbean.pdfAssessment of human health risk associated with methylmercury in the imported fish marketed in the Caribbean.pdfapplication/pdf184248https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/91e739f2-ef08-4a50-a910-d8070c2c63de/downloade8cf8e70dc8e5c9a205f1738f1abad81MD54TEXTAssessment of human health risk associated with methylmercury in the imported fish marketed in the Caribbean.pdf.txtAssessment of human health risk associated with methylmercury in the imported fish marketed in the Caribbean.pdf.txttext/plain2097https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/8d171c38-3b9c-4c02-89fe-ec228645aa20/downloadf0ab37a2f6b0978fcc75af5ff5564770MD5711323/1091oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/10912024-09-17 12:50:24.931open.accesshttps://repositorio.cuc.edu.coRepositorio de la Universidad de la Costa CUCrepdigital@cuc.edu.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 |