Differences between high vs. Low performance chess players in heart rate variability during chess problems
Background: Heart rate variability (HRV) has been considered as a measure of heart-brain interaction and autonomic modulation, and it is modified by cognitive and attentional tasks. In cognitive tasks, HRV was reduced in participants who achieved worse results. This could indicate the possibility of...
- Autores:
-
Fuentes-García, Juan P.
Villafaina, Santos
Collado-Mateo, Daniel
De la Vega, Ricardo
R. Olivares, Pedro
Clemente Suárez, Vicente Javier
- Tipo de recurso:
- Article of journal
- Fecha de publicación:
- 2019
- Institución:
- Corporación Universidad de la Costa
- Repositorio:
- REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
- Idioma:
- eng
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- oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/4182
- Acceso en línea:
- https://hdl.handle.net/11323/4182
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/
- Palabra clave:
- Autonomic modulation
Chess
Cognition
Heart rate variability
Cognitive load
Modulación autonómica
Ajedrez
Cognición
Variabilidad del ritmo cardíaco
Carga cognitiva
- Rights
- openAccess
- License
- Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International
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| dc.title.spa.fl_str_mv |
Differences between high vs. Low performance chess players in heart rate variability during chess problems |
| dc.title.translated.spa.fl_str_mv |
Diferencias entre alto y jugadores de ajedrez de bajo rendimiento en la variabilidad del ritmo cardíaco durante los problemas de ajedrez. |
| title |
Differences between high vs. Low performance chess players in heart rate variability during chess problems |
| spellingShingle |
Differences between high vs. Low performance chess players in heart rate variability during chess problems Autonomic modulation Chess Cognition Heart rate variability Cognitive load Modulación autonómica Ajedrez Cognición Variabilidad del ritmo cardíaco Carga cognitiva |
| title_short |
Differences between high vs. Low performance chess players in heart rate variability during chess problems |
| title_full |
Differences between high vs. Low performance chess players in heart rate variability during chess problems |
| title_fullStr |
Differences between high vs. Low performance chess players in heart rate variability during chess problems |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Differences between high vs. Low performance chess players in heart rate variability during chess problems |
| title_sort |
Differences between high vs. Low performance chess players in heart rate variability during chess problems |
| dc.creator.fl_str_mv |
Fuentes-García, Juan P. Villafaina, Santos Collado-Mateo, Daniel De la Vega, Ricardo R. Olivares, Pedro Clemente Suárez, Vicente Javier |
| dc.contributor.author.spa.fl_str_mv |
Fuentes-García, Juan P. Villafaina, Santos Collado-Mateo, Daniel De la Vega, Ricardo R. Olivares, Pedro Clemente Suárez, Vicente Javier |
| dc.subject.spa.fl_str_mv |
Autonomic modulation Chess Cognition Heart rate variability Cognitive load Modulación autonómica Ajedrez Cognición Variabilidad del ritmo cardíaco Carga cognitiva |
| topic |
Autonomic modulation Chess Cognition Heart rate variability Cognitive load Modulación autonómica Ajedrez Cognición Variabilidad del ritmo cardíaco Carga cognitiva |
| description |
Background: Heart rate variability (HRV) has been considered as a measure of heart-brain interaction and autonomic modulation, and it is modified by cognitive and attentional tasks. In cognitive tasks, HRV was reduced in participants who achieved worse results. This could indicate the possibility of HRV predicting cognitive performance, but this association is still unclear in a high cognitive load sport such as chess. Objective: To analyze modifications on HRV and subjective perception of stress, difficulty and complexity in different chess problem tasks. Design: HRV was assessed at baseline. During the chess problems, HRV was also monitored, and immediately after chess problems the subjective stress, difficulty and complexity were also registered. Methods: A total of 16 male chess players, age: 35.19 (13.44) and ELO: 1927.69 (167.78) were analyzed while six chess problem solving tasks with different level of difficulty were conducted (two low level, two medium level and two high level chess problems). Participants were classified according to their results into two groups: high performance or low performance. Results: Friedman test showed a significant effect of tasks in HRV indexes and perceived difficulty, stress and complexity in both high and low performance groups. A decrease in HRV was observed in both groups when chess problems difficulty increased. In addition, HRV was significantly higher in the high performance group than in the low performance group during chess problems. Conclusion: An increase in autonomic modulation was observed to meet the cognitive demands of the problems, being higher while the difficulty of the tasks increased. Nonlinear HRV indexes seem to be more reactive to tasks difficulty, being an interesting and useful tool in chess training. |
| publishDate |
2019 |
| dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv |
2019-05-17T12:45:18Z |
| dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv |
2019-05-17T12:45:18Z |
| dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv |
2019-02-26 |
| dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv |
Artículo de revista |
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http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1 |
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http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501 |
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Text |
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info:eu-repo/semantics/article |
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http://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ART |
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info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion |
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1664-1078 |
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https://hdl.handle.net/11323/4182 |
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Corporación Universidad de la Costa |
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REDICUC - Repositorio CUC |
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https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/ |
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1664-1078 Corporación Universidad de la Costa REDICUC - Repositorio CUC |
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https://hdl.handle.net/11323/4182 https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/ |
| dc.language.iso.none.fl_str_mv |
eng |
| language |
eng |
| dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv |
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Controlling the false discovery rate: a practical and powerful approach to multiple testing. J. R. Stat. Soc. Ser. B 57, 289–300. doi: 10.1111/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x Camm, A. J., Malik, M., Bigger, J. T., Breithardt, G., Cerutti, S., Cohen, R. J., et al. (1996). Heart rate variability. Standards of measurement, physiological interpretation, and clinical use. Eur. Heart J. 17, 354–381. doi: 10.1093/ oxfordjournals.eurheartj.a014868 Chase, W. G., and Simon, H. A. (1973). Perception in chess. Cognit. Psychol. 4, 55–81. doi: 10.1016/0010-0285(73)90004-2 da Costa, M. P., Da Silva, N. T., De Azevedo, F. M., Pastre, C. M., and Marques Vanderlei, L. C. (2016). Comparison of Polar((R)) RS800G3 heart rate monitor with Polar((R)) S810i and electrocardiogram to obtain the series of RR intervals and analysis of heart rate variability at rest. Clin. Physiol. Funct. Imag. 36, 112–117. doi: 10.1111/cpf.12203 Dunn, O. J. (1961). Multiple comparisons among means. J. Am. Stat. 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The prefrontal landscape: implications of functional architecture for understanding human mentation and the central executive. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. B Biol. Sci. 351, 1445–1453. doi: 10.1098/rstb. 1996.0129 Guida, A., Gobet, F., Tardieu, H., and Nicolas, S. (2012). How chunks, long-term working memory and templates offer a cognitive explanation for neuroimaging data on expertise acquisition: a two-stage framework. Brain Cognit. 79, 221–244. doi: 10.1016/j.bandc.2012.01.010 Gur, R. C., Gur, R. E., Skolnick, B. E., Resnick, S. M., Silver, F. L., Chawluk, J., et al. (1988). Effects of task-difficulty on regional cerebral blood flow - relationships with anxiety and performance. Psychophysiology 25, 392–399. doi: 10.1111/j. 1469-8986.1988.tb01874.x Hjortskov, N., Rissén, D., Blangsted, A. K., Fallentin, N., Lundberg, U., and Søgaard, K. (2004). The effect of mental stress on heart rate variability and blood pressure during computer work. Eur. J. Appl. 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(2011). Sensitivity to mental effort and test-retest reliability of heart rate variability measures in healthy seniors. Clin. Neurophysiol. 122, 2059–2066. doi: 10.1016/j.clinph.2011. 02.032 Muthukrishnan, S. P., Gurja, J. P., and Sharma, R. (2017). Does heart rate variability predict human cognitive performance at higher memory loads? Indian J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 61, 14–22. Porges, S. W., and Raskin, D. C. (1969). Respiratory and heart rate components of attention. J. Exp. Psychol. 81, 497–503. doi: 10.1037/h0027921 Reardon, M., and Malik, M. (1996). Changes in heart rate variability with age. Pacing Clin. Electrophysiol. 19, 1863–1866. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-8159.1996. tb03241.x Sala, G., Foley, J. P., and Gobet, F. (2017). The effects of chess instruction on pupils’ cognitive and academic skills: state of the art and theoretical challenges. Front. Psychol. 8:238. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00238 Sala, G., Gorini, A., and Pravettoni, G. (2015). Mathematical problem-solving abilities and chess: an experimental study on young pupils. Sage Open 5:2158244015596050. doi: 10.1177/2158244015596050 Sánchez-Molina, J., Robles-Pérez, J. J., and Clemente-Suárez, V. J. (2018). Assessment of psychophysiological response and specific fine motor skills in combat units. J. Med. Syst. 42:67. doi: 10.1007/s10916-018-0922-9 Shaffer, F., Mccraty, R., and Zerr, C. L. (2014). A healthy heart is not a metronome: an integrative review of the heart’s anatomy and heart rate variability. Front. Psychol. 5:1040. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01040 Shah, A. K., and Oppenheimer, D. M. (2008). Heuristics made easy: an effortreduction framework. Psychol. Bull. 134:207. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.134. 2.207 Shinba, T., Kariya, N., Matsui, Y., Ozawa, N., Matsuda, Y., and Yamamoto, K. (2008). Decrease in heart rate variability response to task is related to anxiety and depressiveness in normal subjects. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 62, 603–609. doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1819.2008.01855.x Simon, H. A. (1990). Invariants of human behavior. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 41, 1–20. doi: 10.1146/annurev.ps.41.020190.000245 Soares-Miranda, L., Sattelmair, J., Chaves, P., Duncan, G., Siscovick, D. S., Stein, P. K., et al. (2014). Physical activity and heart rate variability in older adults: the Cardiovascular Health Study. Circulation 129, 2100–2110. doi: 10.1161/ CIRCULATIONAHA.113.005361 Tarvainen, M. P., Niskanen, J.-P., Lipponen, J. A., Ranta-Aho, P. O., and Karjalainen, P. A. (2014). Kubios HRV - Heart rate variability analysis software. Comput. Methods Progr. Biomed. 113, 210–220. doi: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2013. 07.024 Thayer, J. F., Ahs, F., Fredrikson, M., Sollers, J. J., and Wager, T. D. (2012). A metaanalysis of heart rate variability and neuroimaging studies: implications for heart rate variability as a marker of stress and health. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 36, 747–756. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.11.009 Trinchero, R., and Sala, G. (2016). Chess training and mathematical problemsolving: the role of teaching heuristics in transfer of learning. Eurasia J. Math. Sci. Technol. Educ. 12, 655–668. doi: 10.12973/eurasia.2016. 1255a Troubat, N., Fargeas-Gluck, M.-A., Tulppo, M., and Dugue, B. (2009). The stress of chess players as a model to study the effects of psychological stimuli on physiological responses: an example of substrate oxidation and heart rate variability in man. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 105, 343–349. doi: 10.1007/s00421-008- 0908-2 Villafaina, S., Collado-Mateo, D., Cano-Plasencia, R., Gusi, N., and Fuentes, J. P. (2018). Electroencephalographic response of chess players in decision-making processes under time pressure. Physiol. Behav. 198, 140–143. doi: 10.1016/j. physbeh.2018.10.017 Weippert, M., Behrens, M., Rieger, A., and Behrens, K. (2014). Sample entropy and traditional measures of heart rate dynamics reveal different modes of cardiovascular control during low intensity exercise. Entropy 16, 5698–5711. doi: 10.3390/e16115698 Wickens, C., Hollands, J., Banbury, S., and Parasuraman, R. (2015). Engineering Psychology and Human Performance. New York, NY: Psychology Press. Conflict of Interest Statement: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest |
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Fuentes-García, Juan P.Villafaina, SantosCollado-Mateo, DanielDe la Vega, RicardoR. Olivares, PedroClemente Suárez, Vicente Javier2019-05-17T12:45:18Z2019-05-17T12:45:18Z2019-02-261664-1078https://hdl.handle.net/11323/4182Corporación Universidad de la CostaREDICUC - Repositorio CUChttps://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/Background: Heart rate variability (HRV) has been considered as a measure of heart-brain interaction and autonomic modulation, and it is modified by cognitive and attentional tasks. In cognitive tasks, HRV was reduced in participants who achieved worse results. This could indicate the possibility of HRV predicting cognitive performance, but this association is still unclear in a high cognitive load sport such as chess. Objective: To analyze modifications on HRV and subjective perception of stress, difficulty and complexity in different chess problem tasks. Design: HRV was assessed at baseline. During the chess problems, HRV was also monitored, and immediately after chess problems the subjective stress, difficulty and complexity were also registered. Methods: A total of 16 male chess players, age: 35.19 (13.44) and ELO: 1927.69 (167.78) were analyzed while six chess problem solving tasks with different level of difficulty were conducted (two low level, two medium level and two high level chess problems). Participants were classified according to their results into two groups: high performance or low performance. Results: Friedman test showed a significant effect of tasks in HRV indexes and perceived difficulty, stress and complexity in both high and low performance groups. A decrease in HRV was observed in both groups when chess problems difficulty increased. In addition, HRV was significantly higher in the high performance group than in the low performance group during chess problems. Conclusion: An increase in autonomic modulation was observed to meet the cognitive demands of the problems, being higher while the difficulty of the tasks increased. Nonlinear HRV indexes seem to be more reactive to tasks difficulty, being an interesting and useful tool in chess training.Antecedentes: la variabilidad de la frecuencia cardíaca (VFC) se ha considerado como una medida de la interacción corazón-cerebro y la modulación autonómica, y se modifica por tareas cognitivas y de atención. En las tareas cognitivas, la HRV se redujo en los participantes que obtuvieron peores resultados. Esto podría indicar la posibilidad de que el HRV prediga el rendimiento cognitivo, pero esta asociación aún no está clara en un deporte de alta carga cognitiva, como el ajedrez. Objetivo: Analizar las modificaciones en la HRV y la percepción subjetiva del estrés, la dificultad y la complejidad en diferentes tareas relacionadas con problemas de ajedrez. Diseño: HRV se evaluó al inicio del estudio. Durante los problemas de ajedrez, también se monitorizó la HRV, e inmediatamente después de los problemas de ajedrez, también se registraron el estrés subjetivo, la dificultad y la complejidad. Métodos: se analizaron un total de 16 jugadores de ajedrez, edad: 35,19 (13,44) y ELO: 1927.69 (167.78), mientras que se realizaron seis tareas de resolución de problemas de ajedrez con diferentes niveles de dificultad (dos niveles bajos, dos niveles medios y dos niveles altos. problemas de ajedrez). Los participantes se clasificaron según sus resultados en dos grupos: alto rendimiento o bajo rendimiento. Resultados: la prueba de Friedman mostró un efecto significativo de las tareas en los índices de HRV y la dificultad percibida, el estrés y la complejidad en los grupos de alto y bajo rendimiento. Se observó una disminución en la HRV en ambos grupos cuando la dificultad de problemas de ajedrez aumentó. Además, la HRV fue significativamente mayor en el grupo de alto rendimiento que en el de bajo rendimiento durante los problemas de ajedrez. Conclusión: se observó un aumento en la modulación autonómica para satisfacer las demandas cognitivas de los problemas, siendo mayor mientras que la dificultad de las tareas aumentó. Los índices HRV no lineales parecen ser más reactivos a las tareas difíciles, siendo una herramienta interesante y útil en el entrenamiento de ajedrez.Fuentes-García, Juan P.-49420da3-fa09-496f-ae2f-fc5af52be030-0Villafaina, Santos-39f6b90a-6cc5-4632-8975-bd469afe4c2c-0Collado-Mateo, Daniel-44e99597-2d46-476b-93dd-9cf6e8896b1b-0De la Vega, Ricardo-0abe6951-4938-4872-ac85-e19bd2efc152-0R. Olivares, Pedro-7e463d01-6333-4f73-bc62-1c4556575014-0Clemente Suárez, Vicente Javier-0000-0002-2397-2801-600engFrontiers in PsychologyAttribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 Internationalhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Autonomic modulationChessCognitionHeart rate variabilityCognitive loadModulación autonómicaAjedrezCogniciónVariabilidad del ritmo cardíacoCarga cognitivaDifferences between high vs. Low performance chess players in heart rate variability during chess problemsDiferencias entre alto y jugadores de ajedrez de bajo rendimiento en la variabilidad del ritmo cardíaco durante los problemas de ajedrez.Artículo de revistahttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1Textinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARTinfo:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersionAciego, R., Garcia, L., and Betancort, M. (2012). The benefits of chess for the intellectual and social-emotional enrichment in schoolchildren. Span. J. Psychol. 15, 551–559. doi: 10.5209/rev_SJOP.2012.v15.n2.38866 Amidzic, O., Riehle, H. J., and Elbert, T. (2006). Toward a psychophysiology of expertise - Focal magnetic gamma bursts as a signature of memory chunks and the aptitude of chess players. J. Psychophysiol. 20, 253–258. doi: 10.1027/0269- 8803.20.4.253 Bart, W. M. (2014). On the effect of chess training on scholastic achievement. Front. Psychol. 5:762. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00762 Beltrán-Velasco, A. I., Bellido-Esteban, A., Ruisoto-Palomera, P., and ClementeSuárez, V. J. (2018). Use of portable digital devices to analyze autonomic stress response in psychology objective structured clinical examination. J. Med. Syst. 42:35. doi: 10.1007/s10916-018-0893-x Benjamini, Y., and Hochberg, Y. (1995). Controlling the false discovery rate: a practical and powerful approach to multiple testing. J. R. Stat. Soc. Ser. 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Conflict of Interest Statement: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interestPublicationORIGINALDifferences Between High vs. Low.pdfDifferences Between High vs. Low.pdfapplication/pdf8673260https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/a5fcc482-cb36-4dcf-b7e6-bd08b7605610/download798e29044b24b7ae20dcf2c4282d02b5MD51CC-LICENSElicense_rdflicense_rdfapplication/rdf+xml; charset=utf-81031https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/2ea2e32c-4037-49c9-9fc3-5e78d6b37e76/download934f4ca17e109e0a05eaeaba504d7ce4MD52LICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-81748https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/27282c4e-3194-49fc-acdd-afd444d46b59/download8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33MD53THUMBNAILDifferences Between High vs. Low.pdf.jpgDifferences Between High vs. Low.pdf.jpgimage/jpeg60328https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/dd7e5185-6c17-4baf-81b5-c4ca816ae291/download73a1a3cec3eae54b5df302bd723e3665MD55TEXTDifferences Between High vs. Low.pdf.txtDifferences Between High vs. Low.pdf.txttext/plain43343https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/2402d879-912a-4b3f-ade9-03f7f56de040/download2f4e5c598559a5bc6f1101b1f84f79c0MD5611323/4182oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/41822024-09-17 10:56:09.057http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 Internationalopen.accesshttps://repositorio.cuc.edu.coRepositorio de la Universidad de la Costa CUCrepdigital@cuc.edu.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 |