Impact of acute blood loss on clinical, hematological, biochemical, and oxidative stress variables in sheep

Blood loss in sheep can have different causes and may result in anemia. We aimed to evaluate the clinical, hematological, and biochemical alterations and the oxidative stress generated by acute blood loss. Eighteen healthy sheep underwent phlebotomy to remove 40% of the blood volume and were evaluat...

Full description

Autores:
Santos Sousa, Rejane
Santos Sousa, Caroline
Costa Oliveira, Francisco Leonardo
Firmino, Paulo Ricardo
Freitas Sousa, Isadora Karolina
Veras Paula, Valeria
Mercado Caruso, Nohora Nubia
Lippi Ortolani, Enrico
Minervino, Antonio
Barrêto-Júnior, Raimundo Alves
Tipo de recurso:
Article of journal
Fecha de publicación:
2022
Institución:
Corporación Universidad de la Costa
Repositorio:
REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
Idioma:
eng
OAI Identifier:
oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/9435
Acceso en línea:
https://hdl.handle.net/11323/9435
https:// doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9050229
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/
Palabra clave:
Anemia
Ovine
Superoxide dismutase
Glutathione peroxidase
Catalase
Rights
openAccess
License
Atribución 4.0 Internacional (CC BY 4.0)
id RCUC2_a00d5731a2ad5f2a1d1a43559f46a38a
oai_identifier_str oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/9435
network_acronym_str RCUC2
network_name_str REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
repository_id_str
dc.title.eng.fl_str_mv Impact of acute blood loss on clinical, hematological, biochemical, and oxidative stress variables in sheep
title Impact of acute blood loss on clinical, hematological, biochemical, and oxidative stress variables in sheep
spellingShingle Impact of acute blood loss on clinical, hematological, biochemical, and oxidative stress variables in sheep
Anemia
Ovine
Superoxide dismutase
Glutathione peroxidase
Catalase
title_short Impact of acute blood loss on clinical, hematological, biochemical, and oxidative stress variables in sheep
title_full Impact of acute blood loss on clinical, hematological, biochemical, and oxidative stress variables in sheep
title_fullStr Impact of acute blood loss on clinical, hematological, biochemical, and oxidative stress variables in sheep
title_full_unstemmed Impact of acute blood loss on clinical, hematological, biochemical, and oxidative stress variables in sheep
title_sort Impact of acute blood loss on clinical, hematological, biochemical, and oxidative stress variables in sheep
dc.creator.fl_str_mv Santos Sousa, Rejane
Santos Sousa, Caroline
Costa Oliveira, Francisco Leonardo
Firmino, Paulo Ricardo
Freitas Sousa, Isadora Karolina
Veras Paula, Valeria
Mercado Caruso, Nohora Nubia
Lippi Ortolani, Enrico
Minervino, Antonio
Barrêto-Júnior, Raimundo Alves
dc.contributor.author.spa.fl_str_mv Santos Sousa, Rejane
Santos Sousa, Caroline
Costa Oliveira, Francisco Leonardo
Firmino, Paulo Ricardo
Freitas Sousa, Isadora Karolina
Veras Paula, Valeria
Mercado Caruso, Nohora Nubia
Lippi Ortolani, Enrico
Minervino, Antonio
Barrêto-Júnior, Raimundo Alves
dc.subject.proposal.eng.fl_str_mv Anemia
Ovine
Superoxide dismutase
Glutathione peroxidase
Catalase
topic Anemia
Ovine
Superoxide dismutase
Glutathione peroxidase
Catalase
description Blood loss in sheep can have different causes and may result in anemia. We aimed to evaluate the clinical, hematological, and biochemical alterations and the oxidative stress generated by acute blood loss. Eighteen healthy sheep underwent phlebotomy to remove 40% of the blood volume and were evaluated clinically and by laboratory tests for clinical, biochemical, and blood gas variables and to assess oxidative stress before induction (T0), 30 min (T30 min), and 6 (T6 h), 12 (T12 h), and 24 h (T24 h) after blood loss. The sheep showed tachycardia from T30 min until T24 h, reduction in the hematocrit, number of erythrocytes, and hemoglobin concentration, with lower values at T24 h and increase in the number of leukocytes from T12 h on. There was a reduction in blood pH and oxygen pressure at T30 min, increased lactate concentration and reduced blood bicarbonate at this time. There was an increase in urea concentration from T6 h until the end of the study, with no change in creatinine levels. The animals did not show changes in the concentration of malonaldehyde, and in the activity of the enzymes superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase, but there was a reduction in the concentration of reduced glutathione at T24 h. The acute loss of 40% of blood volume is capable of promoting relevant clinical, hematological, blood gas, and biochemical alterations, and contributed to the appearance of oxidative stress with reduced glutathione concentration, suggesting that this process generated free radicals in sufficient quantity to diminish the action of antioxidants.
publishDate 2022
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv 2022-08-05T22:11:26Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv 2022-08-05T22:11:26Z
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv 2022-05-11
dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv Artículo de revista
dc.type.coar.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1
dc.type.coarversion.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85
dc.type.coar.spa.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501
dc.type.content.spa.fl_str_mv Text
dc.type.driver.spa.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/article
dc.type.redcol.spa.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ART
format http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501
dc.identifier.citation.spa.fl_str_mv Sousa, R.S.; Sousa, C.S.; Oliveira, F.L.C.; Firmino, P.R.; Sousa, I.K.F.; Paula, V.V.; Caruso, N.M.; Ortolani, E.L.; Minervino, A.H.H.; Barrêto-Júnior, R.A. Impact of Acute Blood Loss on Clinical, Hematological, Biochemical, and Oxidative Stress Variables in Sheep. Vet. Sci. 2022, 9, 229. https:// doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9050229
dc.identifier.uri.spa.fl_str_mv https://hdl.handle.net/11323/9435
dc.identifier.url.spa.fl_str_mv https:// doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9050229
dc.identifier.doi.spa.fl_str_mv 10.3390/vetsci9050229
dc.identifier.eissn.spa.fl_str_mv 2306-7381
dc.identifier.instname.spa.fl_str_mv Corporación Universidad de la Costa
dc.identifier.reponame.spa.fl_str_mv REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
dc.identifier.repourl.spa.fl_str_mv https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/
identifier_str_mv Sousa, R.S.; Sousa, C.S.; Oliveira, F.L.C.; Firmino, P.R.; Sousa, I.K.F.; Paula, V.V.; Caruso, N.M.; Ortolani, E.L.; Minervino, A.H.H.; Barrêto-Júnior, R.A. Impact of Acute Blood Loss on Clinical, Hematological, Biochemical, and Oxidative Stress Variables in Sheep. Vet. Sci. 2022, 9, 229. https:// doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9050229
10.3390/vetsci9050229
2306-7381
Corporación Universidad de la Costa
REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
url https://hdl.handle.net/11323/9435
https:// doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9050229
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/
dc.language.iso.none.fl_str_mv eng
language eng
dc.relation.ispartofjournal.spa.fl_str_mv Veterinary Sciences
dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv 1. de Azambuja Ribeiro, E.L.; González-García, E. Indigenous Sheep Breeds in Brazil: Potential Role for Contributing to the Sustainability of Production Systems. Trop. Anim. Health Prod. 2016, 48, 1305–1313. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
2. Raineri, C.; Nunes, B.C.P.; Gameiro, A.H. Technological Characterization of Sheep Production Systems in Brazil. Anim. Sci. J. 2015, 86, 476–485. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
3. Debortoli, E.C.; Monteiro, A.L.G.; Gameiro, A.H.; Saraiva, L.C.V.F. Meat Sheep Farming Systems According to Economic and Productive Indicators: A Case Study in Southern Brazil. Rev. Bras. Zootec. 2021, 50, 1–12. [CrossRef]
4. IBGE (Instituto Brasileiro de Geografía e Estatística). Produção Pecuária Municipal; IBGE: Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2020. Available online: https://sidra.ibge.gov.br/tabela/3939 (accessed on 15 January 2021).
5. Argolo, E.P.; Firmino, P.R.; Soares, J.O.; Nunes, T.L.; Abrantes, M.R.; Sousa, R.S.; Oliveira, F.L.C.; Paula, V.V.; Ortolani, E.L.; Minervino, A.H.H.; et al. Clinical Responses to Acute Blood Loss in Goats. Semin. Cienc. Agrar. 2018, 39, 583–592. [CrossRef]
6. Thrall, M.A.; Fagliari, J.J.; Thiesen, R.; Barros Sobrinho, A. Hematologia e Bioquímica Clínica Veterinária; Roca: Barcelona, Spain, 2014; ISBN 8541204405.
7. Abdalla, S.E.; Abdelatif, A.M.; Omer, S.A. Thermoregulation and Haematological Responses to Induced Acute Haemorrhage in Adult Nubian Goats. J. Appl. Life Sci. Int. 2019, 21, 1–12. [CrossRef]
8. Abdalla, S.E.; Abdelatif, A.M. Effects of Haemorrhage on Thermoregulation, Heart Rate and Blood Constituents in Goats (Capra Hircus). Pak. J. Biol. Sci. 2008, 11, 1194–1203. [CrossRef]
9. Dorneles, T.E.A.; Junior, J.D.C.; Almeida, R.M.; Neto, A.R.T. Biochemical and Hematologic Changes in Whole Blood from Brazilian Horses Stored in Citrate–Phosphate–Dextrose–Adenine Pouches for up to 28 Days. Vet. Clin. Pathol. 2021, 50, 221–226. [CrossRef]
10. Grune, T.; Sommerburg, O.; Siems, W.G. Oxidative Stress in Anemia. Clin. Nephrol. 2000, 53, 18–22.
11. Sarada, S.K.S.; Dipti, P.; Anju, B.; Pauline, T.; Kain, A.K.; Sairam, M.; Sharma, S.K.; Ilavazhagan, G.; Kumar, D.; Selvamurthy, W. Antioxidant Effect of Beta-Carotene on Hypoxia Induced Oxidative Stress in Male Albino Rats. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2002, 79, 149–153. [CrossRef]
12. Chiumiento, L.; Bruschi, F. Enzymatic Antioxidant Systems in Helminth Parasites. Parasitol. Res. 2009, 105, 593–603. [CrossRef]
13. Baptistiolli, L.; Narciso, L.G.; de Almeida, B.F.M.; Bosco, A.M.; de Souza, J.C.; Torrecilha, R.B.P.; Pereira, P.P.; Figueiredo, R.N.; Garcia, J.F.; Kaneto, C.N.; et al. Systemic Oxidative Stress in Suffolk and Santa Ines Sheep Experimentally Infected with Haemonchus Contortus. Acta Parasitol. 2018, 63, 504–514. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
14. Esmaeilnejad, B.; Tavassoli, M.; Asri-Rezaei, S.; Dalir-Naghadeh, B.; Malekinejad, H.; Jalilzadeh-Amin, G.; Arjmand, J.; Golabi, M.; Hajipour, N. Evaluation of Antioxidant Status, Oxidative Stress and Serum Trace Mineral Levels Associated with Babesia Ovis Parasitemia in Sheep. Vet. Parasitol. 2014, 205, 38–45. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
15. Sousa, R.S.; Minervino, A.H.H.; Oliveira, F.L.C.; Araújo, C.A.S.C.; Rodrigues, F.A.M.L.; Zaminhan, J.L.R.; Vale, R.G.; Tavares, M.D.; Mori, C.S.; de Paula, V.V.; et al. Impact of Blood Storage Duration on Hematologic, Blood Gas, Biochemical, and Oxidative Stress Variables in Sheep Undergoing Allogeneic Blood Transfusions. Vet. Clin. Pathol. 2020, 49, 545–556. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
16. Nunes Neto, O.G.; Ricarte, S.A.; Sousa, R.S.; Portela, J.M.; Morini, A.C.; Neves, K.A.L.; Batista, H.R.; Oliveira, F.L.C.; Ortolani, E.L.; Barreto Junior, R.A.; et al. Hematological Changes in Buffalo (Bubalus Bubalis) Whole Blood Stored in CPDA-1 or CPD/SAG-M Plastic Bags. Buffalo Bull. 2018, 37, 403–410.
17. Barros, I.O.; Sousa, R.S.; Tavares, M.D.; Rêgo, R.O.; Firmino, P.R.; Souza, F.J.A.; Abrantes, M.R.; Minervino, A.H.H.; Araújo, C.A.S.C.; Ortolani, E.L.; et al. Assessment of Donkey (Equus asinus africanus) Whole Blood Stored in CPDA-1 and CPD/SAG-M Blood Bags. Biology 2021, 10, 133. [CrossRef]
18. Notomi, M.K.; de Gopegui, R.R.; Escodro, P.B. Haematologic Effects of Leukoreduction on Canine Whole Blood Post-Filtration and Post-Storage. Comp. Clin. Pathol. 2016, 25, 145–149. [CrossRef]
19. Cummings, K.A.; Abelson, A.L.; Rozanski, E.A.; Sharp, C.R. The Effect of Storage on Ammonia, Cytokine, and Chemokine Concentrations in Feline Whole Blood. J. Vet. Emerg. Crit. Care 2016, 26, 639–645. [CrossRef]
20. Pereira, E.S.; Lima, F.W.R.; Marcondes, M.I.; Rodrigues, J.P.P.; Campos, A.C.N.; Silva, L.P.; Bezerra, L.R.; Pereira, M.W.F.; Oliveira, R.L. Energy and Protein Requirements of Santa Ines Lambs, a Breed of Hair Sheep. Animal 2017, 11, 2165–2174. [CrossRef]
21. Radostits, O.M.; Gay, C.C.; Hinchcliff, K.W.; Constable, P.D. Veterinary Medicine: A Textbook of the Diseases of Cattle, Sheep, Pigs, Goats, and Horses, 10th ed.; Saunders Elsevier: Philadelphia, PA, USA, 2007; ISBN 0702027774.
22. Vinholte, B.P.; Sousa, R.d.S.; Assis, F.F.V.; Nunes Neto, O.G.; Portela, J.M.; Pinto, G.A.S.; Ortolani, E.L.; Benesi, F.J.; Barrêto Júnior, R.A.; Minervino, A.H.H. The Effects of Pre-Storage Leukoreduction on the Conservation of Bovine Whole Blood in Plastic Bags. Biology 2020, 9, 444. [CrossRef]
23. Ortolani, E.L.; Maruta, C.A.; Barrêto Junior, R.A.; Mori, C.S.; Antonelli, A.C.; Sucupira, M.C.A.; Minervino, A.H.H. Metabolic Profile of Steers Subjected to Normal Feeding, Fasting, and Re-Feeding Conditions. Vet. Sci. 2020, 7, 95. [CrossRef]
24. Esterbauer, H.; Cheeseman, K.H. Determination of Aldehydic Lipid Peroxidation Products: Malonaldehyde and 4-Hydroxynonenal. Methods Enzymol. 1990, 186, 407–421. [PubMed]
25. Beutler, E.; Duron, O.; Kelly, B.M. Improved Method for the Determination of Blood Glutathione. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 1963, 61, 882–888. [PubMed]
26. Aebi, H. Catalase in Vitro. Methods Enzymol. 1984, 105, 121–126. [PubMed]
27. Bordin, A.I.; Oliveira, H.P.; Freitas, C.F.; Verçosa, D.; Marval, C.A.; Fonseca, M.R.; Pagliosa, G.; Souza, M.V.; Alves, G.E.S. Effects of 7,5% Hypertonic Saline in 5% Glucose on Serum Levels of Sodium, Chloride and Potassium in Induced Hypovolemic Horses. Arq. Bras. Med. Vet. Zootec. 2007, 59, 621–626. [CrossRef]
28. Marson, F.; Pereira, G.A., Jr.; Filho, A.P.; Basile-Filho, A. A Síndrome Do Choque Circulatório. Medicina 1998, 31, 369–379. [CrossRef]
29. Scully, C.G.; Daluwatte, C.; Marques, N.R.; Khan, M.; Salter, M.; Wolf, J.; Nelson, C.; Salsbury, J.; Enkhbaatar, P.; Kinsky, M.; et al. Effect of Hemorrhage Rate on Early Hemodynamic Responses in Conscious Sheep. Physiol. Rep. 2016, 4, e12739. [CrossRef]
30. Richard, P. Dutton Pathophysiology of Traumatic Shock. In Massive Transfusion and Control of Hemorrhage in the Trauma Patient; Smith, C.E., Rosenberg, A.D., Grande, C.M., Eds.; International Trauma Anesthesia and Critical Care Society: Baltimore, MD, USA, 2003; pp. 5–7.
31. Klein, B.G. Cunnigham’s Textbook of Veterinary Physiology; Elsevier Health Sciences: Philadelphia, PA, USA, 2013; ISBN 9780323266314.
32. Mohamed Abdelatif, A.; Abdalla, S.E.; Abdelatif, A.M. Physiological Responses of Goats (Capra hircus) to Haemorrhage as Influenced by Splenectomy. J. Sci. Res. 2010, 5, 76–87.
33. Weiss, D.J.; Wardrop, K.J.; Weiss, D.J. Schalm’s Veterinary Hematology; Wiley: New York, NY, USA, 2011; ISBN 047096183X.
34. Roth, J.A.; Kaeberle, M.L. Effect of Glucocorticoids on the Bovine Immune System. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 1982, 180, 894–901.
35. Yang, E.V.; Glaser, R. Stress-Induced Immunomodulation and the Implications for Health. Int. Immunopharmacol. 2002, 2, 315–324. [CrossRef]
36. Sousa, R.S.; Chaves, D.F.; Barrêto-Júnior, R.A.; Sousa, I.K.F.; Soares, H.S.; Barros, I.O.; Minervino, A.H.H.; Ortolani, E.L. Clinical, Haematological and Biochemical Responses of Sheep Undergoing Autologous Blood Transfusion. BMC Vet. Res. 2012, 8, 61. [CrossRef]
37. Fonteque, J.H. Estresse Oxidativo e Lipoperoxidação Devido à Anemia Induzida Por Perda Aguda de Sangue Em Ovinos; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP): São Paulo, Brazil, 2005.
38. Kaneko, J.J.; Harvey, J.J.; Bruss, M.L. Clinical Biochemistry of Domestic Animals; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Academic Press: Cambridge, MA, USA, 2008; ISBN 9780123704917.
39. Wintour, E.M.; Moritz, K.M.; Potocnik, S.J. Cardiovascular, Hormonal, and Metabolic Responses to Severe Prolonged Hemorrhage in Adult Sheep. Am. J. Vet. Res. 1995, 56, 1232–1240. [PubMed]
40. Costagliola, C.; Romano, L.; Sorice, L.; Di Benedetto, A. Anemia and Chronic Renal Failure: The Possible Role of the Oxidative State of Glutathione. Nephron 1989, 52, 11–14. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
41. Ludat, K.; Sommerburg, O.; Grune, T.; Siems, W.G.; Riedel, E.; Hampl, H. Oxidation Parameters in Complete Correction of Renal Anemia. Clin. Nephrol. 2000, 53, S30–S35.
42. Nanev, V.; Gabrashanska, M.; Vladov, I. Impact of Haemonchus Contortus (Nematoda) Infection on the Oxidant/Antioxidant Status in Lambs. Ecologica 2012, 19, 426–429.
43. Dominguez, C.; Ruiz, E.; Gussinye, M.; Carrascosa, A. Oxidative Stress at Onset and in Early Stages of Type 1 Diabetes in Children and Adolescents. Diabetes Care 1998, 21, 1736–1742. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
44. Rashid, S.; Irshadullah, M. Evaluation of Antioxidant and Oxidant Status of Goats (Capra aegagrus hircus) Naturally Infected with Haemonchus Contortus. J. Helminthol. 2020, 94, E36. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
dc.relation.citationendpage.spa.fl_str_mv 9
dc.relation.citationstartpage.spa.fl_str_mv 1
dc.relation.citationissue.spa.fl_str_mv 5
dc.relation.citationvolume.spa.fl_str_mv 9
dc.rights.spa.fl_str_mv Atribución 4.0 Internacional (CC BY 4.0)
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
dc.rights.uri.spa.fl_str_mv https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
dc.rights.accessrights.spa.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
dc.rights.coar.spa.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
rights_invalid_str_mv Atribución 4.0 Internacional (CC BY 4.0)
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
eu_rights_str_mv openAccess
dc.format.extent.spa.fl_str_mv 9 páginas
dc.format.mimetype.spa.fl_str_mv application/pdf
dc.publisher.spa.fl_str_mv Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)
dc.publisher.place.spa.fl_str_mv Switzerland
institution Corporación Universidad de la Costa
dc.source.url.spa.fl_str_mv https://www.mdpi.com/2306-7381/9/5/229
bitstream.url.fl_str_mv https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/90b336f8-930f-4e8a-9d37-820587751c35/download
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/0a43a7db-a3cc-46ce-9089-f41fe9970a9c/download
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/aecf216f-b546-4fa4-b5c5-3446748f27c9/download
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/eaa60524-b654-41bb-bb4d-a003c0ca004f/download
bitstream.checksum.fl_str_mv 7638b178da178657dd9ab846503df23b
e30e9215131d99561d40d6b0abbe9bad
c5dc79ca809f3464ade0c833dd6df3f0
cb7178a83a6b17df2045512e282994fd
bitstream.checksumAlgorithm.fl_str_mv MD5
MD5
MD5
MD5
repository.name.fl_str_mv Repositorio de la Universidad de la Costa CUC
repository.mail.fl_str_mv repdigital@cuc.edu.co
_version_ 1828166895933587456
spelling Santos Sousa, RejaneSantos Sousa, CarolineCosta Oliveira, Francisco LeonardoFirmino, Paulo RicardoFreitas Sousa, Isadora KarolinaVeras Paula, ValeriaMercado Caruso, Nohora NubiaLippi Ortolani, EnricoMinervino, AntonioBarrêto-Júnior, Raimundo Alves2022-08-05T22:11:26Z2022-08-05T22:11:26Z2022-05-11Sousa, R.S.; Sousa, C.S.; Oliveira, F.L.C.; Firmino, P.R.; Sousa, I.K.F.; Paula, V.V.; Caruso, N.M.; Ortolani, E.L.; Minervino, A.H.H.; Barrêto-Júnior, R.A. Impact of Acute Blood Loss on Clinical, Hematological, Biochemical, and Oxidative Stress Variables in Sheep. Vet. Sci. 2022, 9, 229. https:// doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9050229https://hdl.handle.net/11323/9435https:// doi.org/10.3390/vetsci905022910.3390/vetsci90502292306-7381Corporación Universidad de la CostaREDICUC - Repositorio CUChttps://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/Blood loss in sheep can have different causes and may result in anemia. We aimed to evaluate the clinical, hematological, and biochemical alterations and the oxidative stress generated by acute blood loss. Eighteen healthy sheep underwent phlebotomy to remove 40% of the blood volume and were evaluated clinically and by laboratory tests for clinical, biochemical, and blood gas variables and to assess oxidative stress before induction (T0), 30 min (T30 min), and 6 (T6 h), 12 (T12 h), and 24 h (T24 h) after blood loss. The sheep showed tachycardia from T30 min until T24 h, reduction in the hematocrit, number of erythrocytes, and hemoglobin concentration, with lower values at T24 h and increase in the number of leukocytes from T12 h on. There was a reduction in blood pH and oxygen pressure at T30 min, increased lactate concentration and reduced blood bicarbonate at this time. There was an increase in urea concentration from T6 h until the end of the study, with no change in creatinine levels. The animals did not show changes in the concentration of malonaldehyde, and in the activity of the enzymes superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase, but there was a reduction in the concentration of reduced glutathione at T24 h. The acute loss of 40% of blood volume is capable of promoting relevant clinical, hematological, blood gas, and biochemical alterations, and contributed to the appearance of oxidative stress with reduced glutathione concentration, suggesting that this process generated free radicals in sufficient quantity to diminish the action of antioxidants.9 páginasapplication/pdfengMultidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)SwitzerlandAtribución 4.0 Internacional (CC BY 4.0)© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Impact of acute blood loss on clinical, hematological, biochemical, and oxidative stress variables in sheepArtículo de revistahttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1Textinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARThttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85https://www.mdpi.com/2306-7381/9/5/229Veterinary Sciences1. de Azambuja Ribeiro, E.L.; González-García, E. Indigenous Sheep Breeds in Brazil: Potential Role for Contributing to the Sustainability of Production Systems. Trop. Anim. Health Prod. 2016, 48, 1305–1313. [CrossRef] [PubMed]2. Raineri, C.; Nunes, B.C.P.; Gameiro, A.H. Technological Characterization of Sheep Production Systems in Brazil. Anim. Sci. J. 2015, 86, 476–485. [CrossRef] [PubMed]3. Debortoli, E.C.; Monteiro, A.L.G.; Gameiro, A.H.; Saraiva, L.C.V.F. Meat Sheep Farming Systems According to Economic and Productive Indicators: A Case Study in Southern Brazil. Rev. Bras. Zootec. 2021, 50, 1–12. [CrossRef]4. IBGE (Instituto Brasileiro de Geografía e Estatística). Produção Pecuária Municipal; IBGE: Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2020. Available online: https://sidra.ibge.gov.br/tabela/3939 (accessed on 15 January 2021).5. Argolo, E.P.; Firmino, P.R.; Soares, J.O.; Nunes, T.L.; Abrantes, M.R.; Sousa, R.S.; Oliveira, F.L.C.; Paula, V.V.; Ortolani, E.L.; Minervino, A.H.H.; et al. Clinical Responses to Acute Blood Loss in Goats. Semin. Cienc. Agrar. 2018, 39, 583–592. [CrossRef]6. Thrall, M.A.; Fagliari, J.J.; Thiesen, R.; Barros Sobrinho, A. Hematologia e Bioquímica Clínica Veterinária; Roca: Barcelona, Spain, 2014; ISBN 8541204405.7. Abdalla, S.E.; Abdelatif, A.M.; Omer, S.A. Thermoregulation and Haematological Responses to Induced Acute Haemorrhage in Adult Nubian Goats. J. Appl. Life Sci. Int. 2019, 21, 1–12. [CrossRef]8. Abdalla, S.E.; Abdelatif, A.M. Effects of Haemorrhage on Thermoregulation, Heart Rate and Blood Constituents in Goats (Capra Hircus). Pak. J. Biol. Sci. 2008, 11, 1194–1203. [CrossRef]9. Dorneles, T.E.A.; Junior, J.D.C.; Almeida, R.M.; Neto, A.R.T. Biochemical and Hematologic Changes in Whole Blood from Brazilian Horses Stored in Citrate–Phosphate–Dextrose–Adenine Pouches for up to 28 Days. Vet. Clin. Pathol. 2021, 50, 221–226. [CrossRef]10. Grune, T.; Sommerburg, O.; Siems, W.G. Oxidative Stress in Anemia. Clin. Nephrol. 2000, 53, 18–22.11. Sarada, S.K.S.; Dipti, P.; Anju, B.; Pauline, T.; Kain, A.K.; Sairam, M.; Sharma, S.K.; Ilavazhagan, G.; Kumar, D.; Selvamurthy, W. Antioxidant Effect of Beta-Carotene on Hypoxia Induced Oxidative Stress in Male Albino Rats. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2002, 79, 149–153. [CrossRef]12. Chiumiento, L.; Bruschi, F. Enzymatic Antioxidant Systems in Helminth Parasites. Parasitol. Res. 2009, 105, 593–603. [CrossRef]13. Baptistiolli, L.; Narciso, L.G.; de Almeida, B.F.M.; Bosco, A.M.; de Souza, J.C.; Torrecilha, R.B.P.; Pereira, P.P.; Figueiredo, R.N.; Garcia, J.F.; Kaneto, C.N.; et al. Systemic Oxidative Stress in Suffolk and Santa Ines Sheep Experimentally Infected with Haemonchus Contortus. Acta Parasitol. 2018, 63, 504–514. [CrossRef] [PubMed]14. Esmaeilnejad, B.; Tavassoli, M.; Asri-Rezaei, S.; Dalir-Naghadeh, B.; Malekinejad, H.; Jalilzadeh-Amin, G.; Arjmand, J.; Golabi, M.; Hajipour, N. Evaluation of Antioxidant Status, Oxidative Stress and Serum Trace Mineral Levels Associated with Babesia Ovis Parasitemia in Sheep. Vet. Parasitol. 2014, 205, 38–45. [CrossRef] [PubMed]15. Sousa, R.S.; Minervino, A.H.H.; Oliveira, F.L.C.; Araújo, C.A.S.C.; Rodrigues, F.A.M.L.; Zaminhan, J.L.R.; Vale, R.G.; Tavares, M.D.; Mori, C.S.; de Paula, V.V.; et al. Impact of Blood Storage Duration on Hematologic, Blood Gas, Biochemical, and Oxidative Stress Variables in Sheep Undergoing Allogeneic Blood Transfusions. Vet. Clin. Pathol. 2020, 49, 545–556. [CrossRef] [PubMed]16. Nunes Neto, O.G.; Ricarte, S.A.; Sousa, R.S.; Portela, J.M.; Morini, A.C.; Neves, K.A.L.; Batista, H.R.; Oliveira, F.L.C.; Ortolani, E.L.; Barreto Junior, R.A.; et al. Hematological Changes in Buffalo (Bubalus Bubalis) Whole Blood Stored in CPDA-1 or CPD/SAG-M Plastic Bags. Buffalo Bull. 2018, 37, 403–410.17. Barros, I.O.; Sousa, R.S.; Tavares, M.D.; Rêgo, R.O.; Firmino, P.R.; Souza, F.J.A.; Abrantes, M.R.; Minervino, A.H.H.; Araújo, C.A.S.C.; Ortolani, E.L.; et al. Assessment of Donkey (Equus asinus africanus) Whole Blood Stored in CPDA-1 and CPD/SAG-M Blood Bags. Biology 2021, 10, 133. [CrossRef]18. Notomi, M.K.; de Gopegui, R.R.; Escodro, P.B. Haematologic Effects of Leukoreduction on Canine Whole Blood Post-Filtration and Post-Storage. Comp. Clin. Pathol. 2016, 25, 145–149. [CrossRef]19. Cummings, K.A.; Abelson, A.L.; Rozanski, E.A.; Sharp, C.R. The Effect of Storage on Ammonia, Cytokine, and Chemokine Concentrations in Feline Whole Blood. J. Vet. Emerg. Crit. Care 2016, 26, 639–645. [CrossRef]20. Pereira, E.S.; Lima, F.W.R.; Marcondes, M.I.; Rodrigues, J.P.P.; Campos, A.C.N.; Silva, L.P.; Bezerra, L.R.; Pereira, M.W.F.; Oliveira, R.L. Energy and Protein Requirements of Santa Ines Lambs, a Breed of Hair Sheep. Animal 2017, 11, 2165–2174. [CrossRef]21. Radostits, O.M.; Gay, C.C.; Hinchcliff, K.W.; Constable, P.D. Veterinary Medicine: A Textbook of the Diseases of Cattle, Sheep, Pigs, Goats, and Horses, 10th ed.; Saunders Elsevier: Philadelphia, PA, USA, 2007; ISBN 0702027774.22. Vinholte, B.P.; Sousa, R.d.S.; Assis, F.F.V.; Nunes Neto, O.G.; Portela, J.M.; Pinto, G.A.S.; Ortolani, E.L.; Benesi, F.J.; Barrêto Júnior, R.A.; Minervino, A.H.H. The Effects of Pre-Storage Leukoreduction on the Conservation of Bovine Whole Blood in Plastic Bags. Biology 2020, 9, 444. [CrossRef]23. Ortolani, E.L.; Maruta, C.A.; Barrêto Junior, R.A.; Mori, C.S.; Antonelli, A.C.; Sucupira, M.C.A.; Minervino, A.H.H. Metabolic Profile of Steers Subjected to Normal Feeding, Fasting, and Re-Feeding Conditions. Vet. Sci. 2020, 7, 95. [CrossRef]24. Esterbauer, H.; Cheeseman, K.H. Determination of Aldehydic Lipid Peroxidation Products: Malonaldehyde and 4-Hydroxynonenal. Methods Enzymol. 1990, 186, 407–421. [PubMed]25. Beutler, E.; Duron, O.; Kelly, B.M. Improved Method for the Determination of Blood Glutathione. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 1963, 61, 882–888. [PubMed]26. Aebi, H. Catalase in Vitro. Methods Enzymol. 1984, 105, 121–126. [PubMed]27. Bordin, A.I.; Oliveira, H.P.; Freitas, C.F.; Verçosa, D.; Marval, C.A.; Fonseca, M.R.; Pagliosa, G.; Souza, M.V.; Alves, G.E.S. Effects of 7,5% Hypertonic Saline in 5% Glucose on Serum Levels of Sodium, Chloride and Potassium in Induced Hypovolemic Horses. Arq. Bras. Med. Vet. Zootec. 2007, 59, 621–626. [CrossRef]28. Marson, F.; Pereira, G.A., Jr.; Filho, A.P.; Basile-Filho, A. A Síndrome Do Choque Circulatório. Medicina 1998, 31, 369–379. [CrossRef]29. Scully, C.G.; Daluwatte, C.; Marques, N.R.; Khan, M.; Salter, M.; Wolf, J.; Nelson, C.; Salsbury, J.; Enkhbaatar, P.; Kinsky, M.; et al. Effect of Hemorrhage Rate on Early Hemodynamic Responses in Conscious Sheep. Physiol. Rep. 2016, 4, e12739. [CrossRef]30. Richard, P. Dutton Pathophysiology of Traumatic Shock. In Massive Transfusion and Control of Hemorrhage in the Trauma Patient; Smith, C.E., Rosenberg, A.D., Grande, C.M., Eds.; International Trauma Anesthesia and Critical Care Society: Baltimore, MD, USA, 2003; pp. 5–7.31. Klein, B.G. Cunnigham’s Textbook of Veterinary Physiology; Elsevier Health Sciences: Philadelphia, PA, USA, 2013; ISBN 9780323266314.32. Mohamed Abdelatif, A.; Abdalla, S.E.; Abdelatif, A.M. Physiological Responses of Goats (Capra hircus) to Haemorrhage as Influenced by Splenectomy. J. Sci. Res. 2010, 5, 76–87.33. Weiss, D.J.; Wardrop, K.J.; Weiss, D.J. Schalm’s Veterinary Hematology; Wiley: New York, NY, USA, 2011; ISBN 047096183X.34. Roth, J.A.; Kaeberle, M.L. Effect of Glucocorticoids on the Bovine Immune System. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 1982, 180, 894–901.35. Yang, E.V.; Glaser, R. Stress-Induced Immunomodulation and the Implications for Health. Int. Immunopharmacol. 2002, 2, 315–324. [CrossRef]36. Sousa, R.S.; Chaves, D.F.; Barrêto-Júnior, R.A.; Sousa, I.K.F.; Soares, H.S.; Barros, I.O.; Minervino, A.H.H.; Ortolani, E.L. Clinical, Haematological and Biochemical Responses of Sheep Undergoing Autologous Blood Transfusion. BMC Vet. Res. 2012, 8, 61. [CrossRef]37. Fonteque, J.H. Estresse Oxidativo e Lipoperoxidação Devido à Anemia Induzida Por Perda Aguda de Sangue Em Ovinos; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP): São Paulo, Brazil, 2005.38. Kaneko, J.J.; Harvey, J.J.; Bruss, M.L. Clinical Biochemistry of Domestic Animals; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Academic Press: Cambridge, MA, USA, 2008; ISBN 9780123704917.39. Wintour, E.M.; Moritz, K.M.; Potocnik, S.J. Cardiovascular, Hormonal, and Metabolic Responses to Severe Prolonged Hemorrhage in Adult Sheep. Am. J. Vet. Res. 1995, 56, 1232–1240. [PubMed]40. Costagliola, C.; Romano, L.; Sorice, L.; Di Benedetto, A. Anemia and Chronic Renal Failure: The Possible Role of the Oxidative State of Glutathione. Nephron 1989, 52, 11–14. [CrossRef] [PubMed]41. Ludat, K.; Sommerburg, O.; Grune, T.; Siems, W.G.; Riedel, E.; Hampl, H. Oxidation Parameters in Complete Correction of Renal Anemia. Clin. Nephrol. 2000, 53, S30–S35.42. Nanev, V.; Gabrashanska, M.; Vladov, I. Impact of Haemonchus Contortus (Nematoda) Infection on the Oxidant/Antioxidant Status in Lambs. Ecologica 2012, 19, 426–429.43. Dominguez, C.; Ruiz, E.; Gussinye, M.; Carrascosa, A. Oxidative Stress at Onset and in Early Stages of Type 1 Diabetes in Children and Adolescents. Diabetes Care 1998, 21, 1736–1742. [CrossRef] [PubMed]44. Rashid, S.; Irshadullah, M. Evaluation of Antioxidant and Oxidant Status of Goats (Capra aegagrus hircus) Naturally Infected with Haemonchus Contortus. J. Helminthol. 2020, 94, E36. [CrossRef] [PubMed]9159AnemiaOvineSuperoxide dismutaseGlutathione peroxidaseCatalasePublicationORIGINALImpact of Acute Blood Loss on Clinical, Hematological, Biochemical, and Oxidative Stress Variables in Sheep.pdfImpact of Acute Blood Loss on Clinical, Hematological, Biochemical, and Oxidative Stress Variables in Sheep.pdfapplication/pdf292488https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/90b336f8-930f-4e8a-9d37-820587751c35/download7638b178da178657dd9ab846503df23bMD51LICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-83196https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/0a43a7db-a3cc-46ce-9089-f41fe9970a9c/downloade30e9215131d99561d40d6b0abbe9badMD52TEXTImpact of Acute Blood Loss on Clinical, Hematological, Biochemical, and Oxidative Stress Variables in Sheep.pdf.txtImpact of Acute Blood Loss on Clinical, Hematological, Biochemical, and Oxidative Stress Variables in Sheep.pdf.txttext/plain37185https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/aecf216f-b546-4fa4-b5c5-3446748f27c9/downloadc5dc79ca809f3464ade0c833dd6df3f0MD53THUMBNAILImpact of Acute Blood Loss on Clinical, Hematological, Biochemical, and Oxidative Stress Variables in Sheep.pdf.jpgImpact of Acute Blood Loss on Clinical, Hematological, Biochemical, and Oxidative Stress Variables in Sheep.pdf.jpgimage/jpeg16526https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/eaa60524-b654-41bb-bb4d-a003c0ca004f/downloadcb7178a83a6b17df2045512e282994fdMD5411323/9435oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/94352024-09-17 14:23:19.334https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Atribución 4.0 Internacional (CC BY 4.0)open.accesshttps://repositorio.cuc.edu.coRepositorio de la Universidad de la Costa CUCrepdigital@cuc.edu.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

Publicaciones similares