Biomass-based energy potential from the oil palm agroindustry in Colombia: a path to low carbon energy transition
The energy valorization of biomass is critical to meeting the GHG mitigation goals and supporting the energy transition. The oil palm agroindustry, one of the fastest-growing sectors in Colombian agriculture, is characterized by low-efficiency technologies for bioenergy production. This study assess...
- Autores:
-
Barrera Hernandez, Juan Camilo
Sagastume Gutierrez, Alexis
Ramírez-Contreras, Nidia Elizabeth
Cabello Eras, Juan J.
García-Nunez, Jesús Alberto
Barrera Agudelo, Osmar Ricardo
Silva Lora, Electo Eduardo
- Tipo de recurso:
- Article of investigation
- Fecha de publicación:
- 2024
- Institución:
- Corporación Universidad de la Costa
- Repositorio:
- REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
- Idioma:
- eng
- OAI Identifier:
- oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/13435
- Acceso en línea:
- https://hdl.handle.net/11323/13435
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/
- Palabra clave:
- Biomass
Renewable energy
Energy scenarios
- Rights
- embargoedAccess
- License
- Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)
id |
RCUC2_9ca0a1f91ecb7b169d979352c9ea9ae8 |
---|---|
oai_identifier_str |
oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/13435 |
network_acronym_str |
RCUC2 |
network_name_str |
REDICUC - Repositorio CUC |
repository_id_str |
|
dc.title.eng.fl_str_mv |
Biomass-based energy potential from the oil palm agroindustry in Colombia: a path to low carbon energy transition |
title |
Biomass-based energy potential from the oil palm agroindustry in Colombia: a path to low carbon energy transition |
spellingShingle |
Biomass-based energy potential from the oil palm agroindustry in Colombia: a path to low carbon energy transition Biomass Renewable energy Energy scenarios |
title_short |
Biomass-based energy potential from the oil palm agroindustry in Colombia: a path to low carbon energy transition |
title_full |
Biomass-based energy potential from the oil palm agroindustry in Colombia: a path to low carbon energy transition |
title_fullStr |
Biomass-based energy potential from the oil palm agroindustry in Colombia: a path to low carbon energy transition |
title_full_unstemmed |
Biomass-based energy potential from the oil palm agroindustry in Colombia: a path to low carbon energy transition |
title_sort |
Biomass-based energy potential from the oil palm agroindustry in Colombia: a path to low carbon energy transition |
dc.creator.fl_str_mv |
Barrera Hernandez, Juan Camilo Sagastume Gutierrez, Alexis Ramírez-Contreras, Nidia Elizabeth Cabello Eras, Juan J. García-Nunez, Jesús Alberto Barrera Agudelo, Osmar Ricardo Silva Lora, Electo Eduardo |
dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv |
Barrera Hernandez, Juan Camilo Sagastume Gutierrez, Alexis Ramírez-Contreras, Nidia Elizabeth Cabello Eras, Juan J. García-Nunez, Jesús Alberto Barrera Agudelo, Osmar Ricardo Silva Lora, Electo Eduardo |
dc.subject.proposal.eng.fl_str_mv |
Biomass Renewable energy Energy scenarios |
topic |
Biomass Renewable energy Energy scenarios |
description |
The energy valorization of biomass is critical to meeting the GHG mitigation goals and supporting the energy transition. The oil palm agroindustry, one of the fastest-growing sectors in Colombian agriculture, is characterized by low-efficiency technologies for bioenergy production. This study assessed four biomass-based energy generation scenarios considering the availability of biomass-based energy applications in backpressure or extraction-condensation turbines and anaerobic digestion systems in 28 palm oil mills, accounting for 68 % of Colombian crude palm oil production. Overall, the four scenarios can support 61–227 MW of electricity, coinciding with 0.4–1.5 % of the national installed capacity, while producing 44 to 222 kWh of surplus electricity per ton of fresh fruit bunch processed, with a levelized cost of electricity between 92.4 and 201.1 USD•MWh− 1 that highlights the economic feasibility. The emission of GHGs accounting for 22.2 to 55.1 gCO2eq per kWh could reduce the national GHG emissions by up to 2.1 %. |
publishDate |
2024 |
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv |
2024-10-16T14:07:03Z |
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv |
2024-10-16T14:07:03Z 2025-04-10 |
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv |
2024-04-10 |
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv |
Artículo de revista |
dc.type.coar.none.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1 |
dc.type.content.none.fl_str_mv |
Text |
dc.type.driver.none.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/article |
dc.type.redcol.none.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ART |
dc.type.version.none.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion |
dc.type.coarversion.none.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85 |
format |
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1 |
status_str |
publishedVersion |
dc.identifier.citation.none.fl_str_mv |
Juan Camilo Barrera Hernandez, Alexis Sagastume Gutierrez, Nidia Elizabeth Ramírez-Contreras, Juan J. Cabello Eras, Jesús Alberto García-Nunez, Osmar Ricardo Barrera Agudelo, Electo Eduardo Silva Lora,Biomass-based energy potential from the oil palm agroindustry in Colombia: A path to low carbon energy transition, Journal of Cleaner Production, Volume 449, 2024, 141808, ISSN 0959-6526, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2024.141808. |
dc.identifier.issn.none.fl_str_mv |
0959-6526 |
dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv |
https://hdl.handle.net/11323/13435 |
dc.identifier.doi.none.fl_str_mv |
10.1016/j.jclepro.2024.141808 |
dc.identifier.instname.none.fl_str_mv |
Corporación Universidad de la Costa |
dc.identifier.reponame.none.fl_str_mv |
REDICUC - Repositorio CUC |
dc.identifier.repourl.none.fl_str_mv |
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/ |
identifier_str_mv |
Juan Camilo Barrera Hernandez, Alexis Sagastume Gutierrez, Nidia Elizabeth Ramírez-Contreras, Juan J. Cabello Eras, Jesús Alberto García-Nunez, Osmar Ricardo Barrera Agudelo, Electo Eduardo Silva Lora,Biomass-based energy potential from the oil palm agroindustry in Colombia: A path to low carbon energy transition, Journal of Cleaner Production, Volume 449, 2024, 141808, ISSN 0959-6526, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2024.141808. 0959-6526 10.1016/j.jclepro.2024.141808 Corporación Universidad de la Costa REDICUC - Repositorio CUC |
url |
https://hdl.handle.net/11323/13435 https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/ |
dc.language.iso.none.fl_str_mv |
eng |
language |
eng |
dc.relation.ispartofjournal.none.fl_str_mv |
Journal of cleaner production |
dc.relation.references.none.fl_str_mv |
Acobta, A.N., Ayompe, L.M., Wandum, L.M., Tambasi, E.E., Muyuka, D.S., Egoh, B.N., 2023. Greenhouse gas emissions along the value chain in palm oil producing systems: a case study of Cameroon. Clean. Circ. Bioeconomy 6, 100057. https://doi. org/10.1016/J.CLCB.2023.100057. Air-e, 2023. Know our tariffs (Conoce nuest Air-e, 2023. Know our tariffs (Conoce nuestras tarifas) [WWW Document]. Transparencia y acceso a la Inf. publica. URL. https://www.air-e.com/hogares/mifactura/conoce-nuestras-tarifas/. (Accessed 20 October 2023). Alvarez, ´ I.C.B., Concha, J.F.V., Vacca, M.P., 2015. Power generation potential of the oil palm agroindustry in Colombia (Potential de generacion ´ de energía de la agroindustria de la palma de aceite en Colombia). Palmas 36, 43–53. https://doi. org/10.56866/ISSN.0121-2923. ANH, 2021. Reserves history 2007-2021 (Historico ´ de Reservas 2007 - 2021). Agencia Nacional de Hidrocarburos (ANH), Bogota, ´ Colombia. Arrieta, F.R.P.R.P., Teixeira, F.N.N., Y´ anez, ˜ E., Lora, E., Castillo, E., 2007. Cogeneration potential in the Columbian palm oil industry: three case studies. Biomass Bioenergy 31, 503–511. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.BIOMBIOE.2007.01.016. ASME, 2013. Fired steam generators PTC4-2013. The American Society of Mechanical Engineers. ASME (Standard), New York. Barma, M.C., Saidur, R., Rahman, S.M.A., Allouhi, A., Akash, B.A., Sait, S.M., 2017. A review on boilers energy use, energy savings, and emissions reductions. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 79, 970–983. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.05.187. Barrera, J.C., Ramírez-Contreras, N., García-Núnez, ˜ J.A., Guevara, F.E., 2016. Diagnosis of the performance of electric energy consumption in processing plants in Colombia (Diagnostico ´ del desempeno ˜ en consumo de energía el´ectrica en plantas de beneficio en Colombia). Palmas 37, 17–31. Baruah, J., Nath, B.K., Sharma, R., Kumar, S., Deka, R.C., Baruah, D.C., Kalita, E., 2018. Recent trends in the pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass for value-added products. Front. Energy Res. 6, 141. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenrg.2018.00141. Bazmi, A.A., Zahedi, G., Hashim, H., 2011. Progress and challenges in utilization of palm oil biomass as fuel for decentralized electricity generation. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 15, 574–583. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2010.09.031. Booneimsri, P., Kubaha, K., Chullabodhi, C., 2018. Increasing power generation with enhanced cogeneration using waste energy in palm oil mills. Energy Sci. Eng. 6, 154–173. https://doi.org/10.1002/ese3.196. Cabello, J.J., Balbis, M., Sagastume, A., Pardo, A., Cabello, M.J., Rey, F.J., RuedaBayona, J.G., 2019. A look to the electricity generation from non-conventional renewable energy sources in Colombia. Int. J. Energy Econ. Pol. 9, 15–25. https:// doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.7108. Cala Gait´ an, G., Bernal Castillo, G., 2008. Modern palm oil extraction processes (Procesos modernos de extraccion ´ de aceite de palma). Federacion ´ Nacional de Cultivadores de Palma de Aceite (Fedepalma), Bogota, ´ Colombia. Chan, Y.J., Chong, M.F., 2019. Palm oil mill effluent (POME) treatment—current technologies, biogas capture and challenges. In: Dominic, C. Y. Foo, Aziz, M.K.T.A. (Eds.), Green Technologies for the Oil Palm Industry. Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd, Singapore, Singapore, pp. 71–92. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2236-5_ 4. Congreso de la Republica de Colombia, 2021. Ley 2099, Disposiciones para la transicion ´ energ´etica, la dinamizacion ´ del mercado energ´etico, la reactivacion ´ economica ´ del país y se dictan otras disposiciones. Congreso de la República, Colombia. Congreso de la República de Colombia, 2016. Ley 1819. Congreso de la República, Colombia. Crippa, M., Guizzardi, D., Solazzo, E., Muntean, M., Schaaf, E., Monforti-Ferrario, F., Banja, M., Olivier, J.G.J., Grassi, G., Rossi, S., Vignati, E., 2021. GHG Emissions of All World Countries - 2021 Report. Publications Office of the European Union. European Union, Luxembourg. https://doi.org/10.2760/173513. De Rosa, M., Schmidt, J., Pasang, H., 2022. Industry-driven mitigation measures can reduce GHG emissions of palm oil. J. Clean. Prod. 365, 132565 https://doi.org/ 10.1016/J.JCLEPRO.2022.132565. Delgado, R., Wild, T.B., Arguello, R., Clarke, L., Romero, G., 2020. Options for Colombia’s mid-century deep decarbonization strategy. Energy Strategy Rev. 32, 100525 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esr.2020.100525. Demirbas, A., 2007. Effects of moisture and hydrogen content on the heating value of fuels. Energy Sources, Part A Recover. Util. Environ. Eff. 29, 649–655. https://doi. org/10.1080/009083190957801. Departamento Nacional de Planeacion, ´ 2022. CONPES 4075, Política de Transicion ´ Energ´etica. Consejo Nacional de Política Economica ´ Y Social, Colombia. Dovichi Filho, F.B., Castillo Santiago, Y., Silva Lora, E.E., Escobar Palacio, J.C., Almazan del Olmo, O.A., 2021. Evaluation of the maturity level of biomass electricity generation technologies using the technology readiness level criteria. J. Clean. Prod. 295, 126426 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.126426. EMSA (Electrificadora del Meta S.A.), 2022. Energy tariffs (tarifas energía) [WWW Document]. URL. https://www.electrificadoradelmeta.com.co/newweb/tarifas-ene rgia-2-2/. (Accessed 20 October 2023). Escalante, H., Orduz, J., Zapata, H.J., Cardona, M.C., Duarte, M., Upme, I.D.E.A.M., Colciencias, U.I.S., 2011. Atlas of the energy potential of residual biomass in Colombia (Atlas del potential energ´etico de la biomasa residual en Colombia). Unidad de Planeacion ´ Minero Energ´etica (UPME), Bogota, ´ Colombia. ESSA (Electrificadora de Santander S.A E.S.P.), 2022. Consult tariffs (Consultar tarifas) [WWW Document]. Consult. tarífas. URL. https://www.essa.com.co/site/mi-factura /formula-tarifaria-y-tarifas/consultar-tarifas. (Accessed 19 October 2023). Fedepalma, 2022. Statistical Mini-Yearbook 2022 (Minianuario Estadístico 2022). Federacion ´ Nacional de Cultivadores de Palma de Aceite (Fedepalma), Bogota, Colombia Fedepalma, 2021. Entorno economico ´ y desempeno ˜ del sector palmero en 2021 y perspectivas 2022 (Entorno economico ´ y desempeno ˜ del sector palmero en 2021 y perspectivas 2022). Federacion ´ Nacional de Cultivadores de Palma de Aceite (Fedepalma), Bogota, Colombia. Fedepalma, 2015. Technology routes for the integrated management of wastewater in palm oil mills (Rutas tecnologicas ´ para el manejo integral de aguas residuales en las plantas de beneficio del sector palmero). Federacion ´ Nacional de Cultivadores de Palma de Aceite (Fedepalma), Bogota, Colombia. Firdaus, N., Prasetyo, B.T., Sofyan, Y., Siregar, F., 2017. Part II of II: palm oil mill effluent (POME): biogas power plant. Distr. Generat. Alternative Energy J. 32, 6–18. https:// doi.org/10.1080/21563306.2017.11878943 Garcia-Nunez, J.A., Ramirez-Contreras, N.E., Rodriguez, D.T., Silva-Lora, E., Frear, C.S., Stockle, C., Garcia-Perez, M., 2016. Evolution of palm oil mills into bio-refineries: literature review on current and potential uses of residual biomass and effluents. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 110, 99–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. resconrec.2016.03.022. Garcia-Pena, ˜ E.I., Parameswaran, P., Kang, D.W., Canul-Chan, M., Krajmalnik-Brown, R., 2011. Anaerobic digestion and co-digestion processes of vegetable and fruit residues: process and microbial ecology. Bioresour. Technol. 102, 9447–9455. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.biortech.2011.07.068. Gobierno de Colombia, 2022. Ley 1955, Plan Nacional de Desarrollo. Departamento Administrativo de la Funcion ´ Pública, Colombia. Gomez-Navarro, ´ T., Ribo-P ´ ´erez, D., 2018. Assessing the obstacles to the participation of renewable energy sources in the electricity market of Colombia. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 90, 131–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2018.03.015. Gomez, ´ D.R., Watterson, J.D., Americano, B.B., Ha, C., Marland, G., Matsika, E., Namayanga, L.N.O.-E., Saka, J.D.K., Treanton, K., IPCC, 2017. Stationary combustion. In: Eggleston, Simon, Buendia, Leandro, Kyoko, Miwa, Todd, Ngara, Kiyoto, Tanabe (Eds.), 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. IPCC, Hayama, Japan, pp. 361–362. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0- 12-804173-4.00145-9 vol. 2. Gonzalez-Salazar, M.A., Morini, M., Pinelli, M., Spina, P.R., Venturini, M., Finkenrath, M., Poganietz, W.R., 2014. Methodology for biomass energy potential estimation: projections of future potential in Colombia. Renew. Energy 69, 488–505. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2014.03.056 Gonzalez-Salazar, M.A., Venturini, M., Poganietz, W.R., Finkenrath, M., Kirsten, T., Acevedo, H., Spina, P.R., 2016. Development of a technology roadmap for bioenergy exploitation including biofuels, waste-to-energy and power generation & CHP. Appl. Energy 180, 338–352. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.APENERGY.2016.07.120. Gozan, M., Aulawy, N., Rahman, S.F., Budiarto, R., 2018. Techno-economic analysis of biogas power plant from POME (palm oil mill effluent) oil recovery from oil sludge view project salt quality improvement view project techno-economic analysis of biogas power plant from POME (palm oil mill effluent). Int. J. Appl. Eng. Res. 13, 6151–6157 Guerrero, A., Munoz, ˜ H., Coral, O., Marsiglia, E., Gantiva, J., Munoz, ˜ J., Garavito, W., Reina, E., Cala, S., Mosquera, M., 2020. Estimated of the palm oil extraction costs of E. guineensis in 2019 for pal oil mills located in the Northern Zone (Estimacion ´ de los costos de extraccion ´ de aceite de palma E. guineensis en 2019 para plantas de beneficio ubicadas en la Zona Norte). Palmas 41, 24–36 Husain, Z., Zainal, Z.A., Abdullah, M.Z., 2003. Analysis of biomass-residue-based cogeneration system in palm oil mills. Biomass Bioenergy 24, 117–124. https://doi. org/10.1016/S0961-9534(02)00101-0. IPCC, 2014. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Cambridge University Press, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415416. IRENA, 2022. Renewable Power Generation Costs in 2021. International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), Abu Dhabi. Janke, L., Weinrich, S., Leite, A.F., Terzariol, F.K., Nikolausz, M., Nelles, M., Stinner, W., 2017. Improving anaerobic digestion of sugarcane straw for methane production: combined benefits of mechanical and sodium hydroxide pretreatment for process designing. Energy Convers. Manag. 141, 378–389. https://doi.org/10.1016/J. ENCONMAN.2016.09.083. Johnson, E., 2009. Goodbye to carbon neutral: getting biomass footprints right. Environ. Impact Assess. Rev. 29, 165–168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eiar.2008.11.002. Kaewmai, R., H-Kittikun, A., Musikavong, C., 2012. Greenhouse gas emissions of palm oil mills in Thailand. Int. J. Greenh. Gas Control 11, 141–151. https://doi.org/10.1016/ J.IJGGC.2012.08.006 Kumari, D., Singh, R., 2018. Pretreatment of lignocellulosic wastes for biofuel production: a critical review. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 90, 877–891. https://doi. org/10.1016/J.RSER.2018.03.111. Lakshmanan, S., Yung, Y.L., Palanisamy, K., Ling, H.K., 2023. Innovations to a palm biomass-fueled power plant. In: Foo, D.C.Y., Aziz, M.K.T.A., Yusup, S. (Eds.), Sustainable Technologies for the Oil Palm Industry: Latest Advances and Case Studies. Springer Nature, Singapore, Singapore, pp. 201–225. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/978-981-19-4847-3_8. Lam, W.Y., Kulak, M., Sim, S., King, H., Huijbregts, M.A.J., Chaplin-Kramer, R., 2019. Greenhouse gas footprints of palm oil production in Indonesia over space and time. Sci. Total Environ. 688, 827–837. https://doi.org/10.1016/J. SCITOTENV.2019.06.377. Liew, Z.K., Chan, Y.J., Ho, Z.T., Yip, Y.H., Teng, M.C., Ameer Abbas bin, A.I.T., Chong, S., Show, P.L., Chew, C.L., 2021. Biogas production enhancement by co-digestion of empty fruit bunch (EFB) with palm oil mill effluent (POME): performance and kinetic evaluation. Renew. Energy 179, 766–777. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. renene.2021.07.073. Luk, H.T., Lam, T.Y.G., Oyedun, A.O., Gebreegziabher, T., Hui, C.W., 2013. Drying of biomass for power generation: a case study on power generation from empty fruit bunch. Energy 63, 205–215. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENERGY.2013.10.056. Madhiyanon, T., Sathitruangsak, P., Sungworagarn, S., Pipatmanomai, S., Tia, S., 2012. A pilot-scale investigation of ash and deposition formation during oil-palm emptyfruit-bunch (EFB) combustion. Fuel Process. Technol. 96, 250–264. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/J.FUPROC.2011.12.020. Malico, I., Nepomuceno Pereira, R., Gonçalves, A.C., Sousa, A.M.O., 2019. Current status and future perspectives for energy production from solid biomass in the European industry. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 112, 960–977. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. rser.2019.06.022. Mantilla, S., Santos, D.M.F., 2022. Green and blue hydrogen production: an overview in Colombia. Energies 15, 8862. https://doi.org/10.3390/EN15238862. MINAMBIENTE, 2021. Long-term E2050 climate strategy to comply with the Paris Agreement in Colombia (Estrategia clim´ atica de largo plazo de Colombia E2050 para cumplir con el Acuerdo de París). Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible (MINAMBIENTE), Bogota, Colombia Montoya, J., Vald´es, C., Chaquea, H., Pecha, M.B., Chejne, F., 2020. Surplus electricity production and LCOE estimation in Colombian palm oil mills using empty fresh bunches (EFB) as fuel. Energy 202, 117713. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. energy.2020.117713. Nasrin, A.B., Loh, S.K., Sukiran, M.A., Bukhari, N.A., Aziz, A.A., 2019. Technical assessment and flue gases emission monitoring of an oil palm biomass–biogas cofired boiler. Environ. Prog. Sustain. Energy 38, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1002/ep.13189. Nasrin, A.B., Ravi, N., Lim, W.S., Choo, Y.M., Fadzil, A.M., 2011. Assessment of the performance and potential export renewable energy (RE) from typical Co generation plants used in palm oil mills. J. Eng. Appl. Sci. 6, 433–439. https://doi.org/10.3923/ jeasci.2011.433.439. Ninduangdee, P., Kuprianov, V.I., 2016. A study on combustion of oil palm empty fruit bunch in a fluidized bed using alternative bed materials: performance, emissions, and time-domain changes in the bed condition. Appl. Energy 176, 34–38. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.05.063. Ocampo Batlle, E.A., Castillo Santiago, Y., Venturini, O.J., Escobar Palacio, J.C., Silva Lora, E.E., Yepes Maya, D.M., Albis Arrieta, A.R., 2020. Thermodynamic and environmental assessment of different scenarios for the insertion of pyrolysis technology in palm oil biorefineries. J. Clean. Prod. 250, 119544 https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.119544. Omar, A.K.M., Tengku Norsalwani, T.L., Asmah, M.S., Badrulhisham, Z.Y., Easa, A.M., Omar, F.M., Hossain, M.S., Zuknik, M.H., Nik Norulaini, N.A., 2018. Implementation of the supercritical carbon dioxide technology in oil palm fresh fruits bunch sterilization: a review. J. CO2 Util. 25, 205–215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. jcou.2018.03.021 Papapetrou, M., Kosmadakis, G., 2022. Resource, environmental, and economic aspects of SGHE. In: Tamburini, A., Cipollina, A., Micale, G. (Eds.), Salinity Gradient Heat Engines. Woodhead Publishing, Cambridge, United States, pp. 319–353. https://doi. org/10.1016/B978-0-08-102847-6.00006-1. Pehl, M., Arvesen, A., Humpenoder, ¨ F., Popp, A., Hertwich, E.G., Luderer, G., 2017. Understanding future emissions from low-carbon power systems by integration of life-cycle assessment and integrated energy modelling. Nat. Energy 2, 939–945. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-017-0032-9. Presidente de Colombia, 2016. Decreto 1625 (Colombia). Primadita, D.S., Kumara, I.N.S., Ariastina, W.G., 2020. A review on biomass for electricity generation in Indonesia. J. Electr. Electron. Informatics 4, 1–9. https:// doi.org/10.24843/JEEI.2020.V04.I01.P01. Rahayu, A.S., Karsiwulan, D., Yuwono, H., Trisnawati, I., Mulyasari, S., Raharjo, S., Hokermin, S., Paramita, V., 2015. Handbook POME-To-Biogas Project Development in Indonesia, second ed. Winrock International. United States Agency for International Development (USAID), Washington DC, US. Raikar, S., Adamson, S., 2020. Project development and valuation. Theory and Practice. In: Renewable Energy Finance. Academic Press, Cambridge, USA, pp. 161–175. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-816441-9.00011-8. Ramirez-Contreras, N.E., Munar-Florez, D.A., Garcia-Nunez, ˜ J.A., MosqueraMontoya, M., Faaij, A.P.C., 2020. The GHG emissions and economic performance of the Colombian palm oil sector; current status and long-term perspectives. J. Clean. Prod. 258, 120757 https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JCLEPRO.2020.120757. Ramirez, N.E., 2015. Characterization of the crude palm oil extraction process from OxG hybrid materials (Caracterizacion ´ del proceso de extraccion ´ de aceite de palma de materiales híbridos OxG). El palmicultor 516, 14–15 Rincon Martinez, J.M., Silva Lora, E.E., 2015. Bioenergy: Sources, Conversion and Sustainability (Bioenergía: Fuentes, Conversion ´ Y Sustentabilidad). CYTED, Bogota, Colombia Rivera-M´endez, Y.D., Rodríguez, D.T., Romero, H.M., 2017. Carbon footprint of the production of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) fresh fruit bunches in Colombia. J. Clean. Prod. 149, 743–750. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.02.149. Sagastume, A., Cabello Eras, J.J., Hens, L., Vandecasteele, C., 2020. The energy potential of agriculture, agroindustrial, livestock, and slaughterhouse biomass wastes through direct combustion and anaerobic digestion. The case of Colombia. J. Clean. Prod. 269, 122317 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.122317. Sagastume, A., Cabello, J.J.J., Huisingh, D., Vandecasteele, C., Hens, L., 2018. The current potential of low-carbon economy and biomass-based electricity in Cuba. The case of sugarcane, energy cane and marabu (Dichrostachys cinerea) as biomass sources. J. Clean. Prod. 172, 2108–2122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. jclepro.2017.11.209. Saidur, R., Abdelaziz, E.A., Demirbas, A., Hossain, M.S., Mekhilef, S., 2011. A review on biomass as a fuel for boilers. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 15, 2262–2289. https:// doi.org/10.1016/J.RSER.2011.02.015. Salleh, S.F., Mohd Roslan, M.E., Abd Rahman, A., Shamsuddin, A.H., Tuan Abdullah, T. A.R., Sovacool, B.K., 2020. Transitioning to a sustainable development framework for bioenergy in Malaysia: policy suggestions to catalyse the utilisation of palm oil mill residues. Energy. Sustain. Soc. 10, 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1186/S13705-020- 00269-Y/FIGURES/5. Salomon, ´ M., Gomez, M.F., Martin, A., 2013. Technical polygeneration potential in palm oil mills in Colombia: a case study. Sustain. Energy Technol. Assessments 3, 40–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seta.2013.05.003. Shirai, Y., Wakisaka, M., Yacob, S., Hassan, M.A., Suzuki, S., 2003. Reduction of methane released from palm oil mill lagoon in Malaysia and its countermeasures. Mitig. Adapt. Strategies Glob. Change 8, 237–252. https://doi.org/10.1023/B: MITI.0000005641.97009.14. Strzalka, R., Schneider, D., Eicker, U., 2017. Current status of bioenergy technologies in Germany. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 72, 801–820. https://doi.org/10.1016/J. RSER.2017.01.091. Su, G., Mohd Zulkifli, N.W., Ong, H.C., Ibrahim, S., Bu, Q., Zhu, R., 2022. Pyrolysis of oil palm wastes for bioenergy in Malaysia: a review. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 164, 112554 https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RSER.2022.112554. Tavera-Ruiz, C., Martí-Herrero, J., Mendieta, O., Jaimes-Est´evez, J., GauthierMaradei, P., Azimov, U., Escalante, H., Castro, L., 2023. Current understanding and perspectives on anaerobic digestion in developing countries: Colombia case study. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 173, 113097 https://doi.org/10.1016/J. RSER.2022.113097. Thomsen, S.T., Spliid, H., Østergård, H., 2014. Statistical prediction of biomethane potentials based on the composition of lignocellulosic biomass. Bioresour. Technol. 154, 80–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2013.12.029. UPME, 2023. Colombian energy balance (Balance energ´etico Colombiano - BECO). Unidad de Planeacion ´ Minero Energ´etica (UPME) [WWW Document]. http s://www1.upme.gov.co/InformacionCifras/Paginas/BalanceEnergetico.aspx, 1.23.24. UPME, 2022. Projected Demand for Electricity, Natural Gas and Liquid Fuels (Proyeccion ´ Demanda Energía El´ectrica, Gas Natural Y Combustibles Líquidos). Unidad de Planeacion ´ Minero Energ´etica (UPME), Bogota, ´ Colombia. UPME, 2019. National Energy Plan 2020-2050 (Plan Energetico Nacional 2020-2050). Unidad de Planeacion ´ Minero Energ´etica (UPME), Bogot´ a, Colombia. Van Loo, S., 2008. Biomass fuel properties and basic principles of biomass combustion. In: Loo Van, S., Koppejan, J. (Eds.), The Handbook of Biomass Combustion and Cofiring. Earthscan, London, United Kingdom. Voogt, J., Elbersen, W., Meesters, K., Blankenborg, S., Langeveld, H., Quist-Wessel, F., 2018. Valorizing nutrients from palm oil mill effluent (Pome) digestate. In: 26th European Biomass Conference and Exhibition Proceedings. ETA-Florence Renewable Energies, Copenhagen, Denmark, pp. 72–76. https://doi.org/10.5071/ 26thEUBCE2018-1BO.1.4. Wang-Helmreich, H., Kreibich, N., 2019. The potential impacts of a domestic offset component in a carbon tax on mitigation of national emissions. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 101, 453–460. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RSER.2018.11.026. Wang, W., Porninta, K., Aggarangsi, P., Leksawasdi, N., Li, L., Chen, X., Zhuang, X., Yuan, Z., Qi, W., 2021. Bioenergy development in Thailand based on the potential estimation from crop residues and livestock manures. Biomass Bioenergy 144, 105914. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.BIOMBIOE.2020.105914. XM, 2023. Emission Factor calculation result of the National Interconnected System for the Greenhouse Gas Inventory (Resultado de calculo ´ de Factor de Emision ´ del Sistema Interconectado Nacional, para inventario de Gases de Efecto Invernadero) [WWW Document]. Not. del Merc. URL https://www.xm.com.co/noticias/5548-res ultado-de-calculo-de-factor-de-emision-del-sistema-interconectado-nacional-para. . (Accessed 19 October 2023). XM, 2021. Subasta CLPE No. 03-2021 [WWW Document]. Subas. CLPE No.2021. https: //www.xm.com.co/subasta-clpe-no-03-2021. (Accessed 17 October 2023). Yunus, R., Omar, R., Abidin, Z.Z., Biak, D.R.A., 2012. Oil palm as bioenergy feedstock. In: Lai, O.-M., Tan, C.-P., Akoh, C.C. (Eds.), Palm Oil: Production, Processing, Characterization, and Uses. AOCS Press, Champaign, USA, pp. 653–692. https://doi. org/10.1016/B978-0-9818936-9-3.50025-3. Yusniati, Parinduri, L., Sulaiman, O.K., 2018. Biomass analysis at palm oil factory as an electric power plant. J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 1007, 012053 https://doi.org/10.1088/ 1742-6596/1007/1/012053. |
dc.relation.citationendpage.none.fl_str_mv |
20 |
dc.relation.citationstartpage.none.fl_str_mv |
1 |
dc.relation.citationvolume.none.fl_str_mv |
449 |
dc.rights.eng.fl_str_mv |
© 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. |
dc.rights.license.none.fl_str_mv |
Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) |
dc.rights.uri.none.fl_str_mv |
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ |
dc.rights.accessrights.none.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/embargoedAccess |
dc.rights.coar.none.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_f1cf |
rights_invalid_str_mv |
Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_f1cf |
eu_rights_str_mv |
embargoedAccess |
dc.format.extent.none.fl_str_mv |
20 páginas |
dc.format.mimetype.none.fl_str_mv |
application/pdf |
dc.coverage.country.none.fl_str_mv |
Colombia |
dc.publisher.none.fl_str_mv |
Elsevier Ltd |
dc.publisher.place.none.fl_str_mv |
United Kingdom |
publisher.none.fl_str_mv |
Elsevier Ltd |
dc.source.none.fl_str_mv |
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959652624012563?via%3Dihub |
institution |
Corporación Universidad de la Costa |
bitstream.url.fl_str_mv |
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/733cca14-3ffb-4d22-bb32-3c0825bbf31f/download https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/7fd44a51-e56b-4554-a547-a68e5c27bced/download https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/8f2c76cf-c57f-402c-b995-1d515519524c/download https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/2c3a11ba-d68a-4ae7-b4f9-0c9d5aeb07ba/download |
bitstream.checksum.fl_str_mv |
ca2af9759800cfa5aa424831841b903a 73a5432e0b76442b22b026844140d683 cb43d6cb37384e6909490a6223e99869 62c16d0e1dbf74c8d114849a310f1fca |
bitstream.checksumAlgorithm.fl_str_mv |
MD5 MD5 MD5 MD5 |
repository.name.fl_str_mv |
Repositorio de la Universidad de la Costa CUC |
repository.mail.fl_str_mv |
repdigital@cuc.edu.co |
_version_ |
1828166836230815744 |
spelling |
Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)© 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/embargoedAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_f1cfBarrera Hernandez, Juan CamiloSagastume Gutierrez, AlexisRamírez-Contreras, Nidia ElizabethCabello Eras, Juan J.García-Nunez, Jesús AlbertoBarrera Agudelo, Osmar RicardoSilva Lora, Electo Eduardo2024-10-16T14:07:03Z2025-04-102024-10-16T14:07:03Z2024-04-10Juan Camilo Barrera Hernandez, Alexis Sagastume Gutierrez, Nidia Elizabeth Ramírez-Contreras, Juan J. Cabello Eras, Jesús Alberto García-Nunez, Osmar Ricardo Barrera Agudelo, Electo Eduardo Silva Lora,Biomass-based energy potential from the oil palm agroindustry in Colombia: A path to low carbon energy transition, Journal of Cleaner Production, Volume 449, 2024, 141808, ISSN 0959-6526, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2024.141808.0959-6526https://hdl.handle.net/11323/1343510.1016/j.jclepro.2024.141808Corporación Universidad de la CostaREDICUC - Repositorio CUChttps://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/The energy valorization of biomass is critical to meeting the GHG mitigation goals and supporting the energy transition. The oil palm agroindustry, one of the fastest-growing sectors in Colombian agriculture, is characterized by low-efficiency technologies for bioenergy production. This study assessed four biomass-based energy generation scenarios considering the availability of biomass-based energy applications in backpressure or extraction-condensation turbines and anaerobic digestion systems in 28 palm oil mills, accounting for 68 % of Colombian crude palm oil production. Overall, the four scenarios can support 61–227 MW of electricity, coinciding with 0.4–1.5 % of the national installed capacity, while producing 44 to 222 kWh of surplus electricity per ton of fresh fruit bunch processed, with a levelized cost of electricity between 92.4 and 201.1 USD•MWh− 1 that highlights the economic feasibility. The emission of GHGs accounting for 22.2 to 55.1 gCO2eq per kWh could reduce the national GHG emissions by up to 2.1 %.20 páginasapplication/pdfengElsevier LtdUnited Kingdomhttps://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959652624012563?via%3DihubBiomass-based energy potential from the oil palm agroindustry in Colombia: a path to low carbon energy transitionArtículo de revistahttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1Textinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARTinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85ColombiaJournal of cleaner productionAcobta, A.N., Ayompe, L.M., Wandum, L.M., Tambasi, E.E., Muyuka, D.S., Egoh, B.N., 2023. Greenhouse gas emissions along the value chain in palm oil producing systems: a case study of Cameroon. Clean. Circ. Bioeconomy 6, 100057. https://doi. org/10.1016/J.CLCB.2023.100057. Air-e, 2023. Know our tariffs (Conoce nuestAir-e, 2023. Know our tariffs (Conoce nuestras tarifas) [WWW Document]. Transparencia y acceso a la Inf. publica. URL. https://www.air-e.com/hogares/mifactura/conoce-nuestras-tarifas/. (Accessed 20 October 2023).Alvarez, ´ I.C.B., Concha, J.F.V., Vacca, M.P., 2015. Power generation potential of the oil palm agroindustry in Colombia (Potential de generacion ´ de energía de la agroindustria de la palma de aceite en Colombia). Palmas 36, 43–53. https://doi. org/10.56866/ISSN.0121-2923.ANH, 2021. Reserves history 2007-2021 (Historico ´ de Reservas 2007 - 2021). Agencia Nacional de Hidrocarburos (ANH), Bogota, ´ Colombia.Arrieta, F.R.P.R.P., Teixeira, F.N.N., Y´ anez, ˜ E., Lora, E., Castillo, E., 2007. Cogeneration potential in the Columbian palm oil industry: three case studies. Biomass Bioenergy 31, 503–511. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.BIOMBIOE.2007.01.016.ASME, 2013. Fired steam generators PTC4-2013. The American Society of Mechanical Engineers. ASME (Standard), New York.Barma, M.C., Saidur, R., Rahman, S.M.A., Allouhi, A., Akash, B.A., Sait, S.M., 2017. A review on boilers energy use, energy savings, and emissions reductions. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 79, 970–983. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.05.187.Barrera, J.C., Ramírez-Contreras, N., García-Núnez, ˜ J.A., Guevara, F.E., 2016. Diagnosis of the performance of electric energy consumption in processing plants in Colombia (Diagnostico ´ del desempeno ˜ en consumo de energía el´ectrica en plantas de beneficio en Colombia). Palmas 37, 17–31.Baruah, J., Nath, B.K., Sharma, R., Kumar, S., Deka, R.C., Baruah, D.C., Kalita, E., 2018. Recent trends in the pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass for value-added products. Front. Energy Res. 6, 141. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenrg.2018.00141.Bazmi, A.A., Zahedi, G., Hashim, H., 2011. Progress and challenges in utilization of palm oil biomass as fuel for decentralized electricity generation. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 15, 574–583. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2010.09.031.Booneimsri, P., Kubaha, K., Chullabodhi, C., 2018. Increasing power generation with enhanced cogeneration using waste energy in palm oil mills. Energy Sci. Eng. 6, 154–173. https://doi.org/10.1002/ese3.196.Cabello, J.J., Balbis, M., Sagastume, A., Pardo, A., Cabello, M.J., Rey, F.J., RuedaBayona, J.G., 2019. A look to the electricity generation from non-conventional renewable energy sources in Colombia. Int. J. Energy Econ. Pol. 9, 15–25. https:// doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.7108.Cala Gait´ an, G., Bernal Castillo, G., 2008. Modern palm oil extraction processes (Procesos modernos de extraccion ´ de aceite de palma). Federacion ´ Nacional de Cultivadores de Palma de Aceite (Fedepalma), Bogota, ´ Colombia.Chan, Y.J., Chong, M.F., 2019. Palm oil mill effluent (POME) treatment—current technologies, biogas capture and challenges. In: Dominic, C. Y. Foo, Aziz, M.K.T.A. (Eds.), Green Technologies for the Oil Palm Industry. Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd, Singapore, Singapore, pp. 71–92. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2236-5_ 4.Congreso de la Republica de Colombia, 2021. Ley 2099, Disposiciones para la transicion ´ energ´etica, la dinamizacion ´ del mercado energ´etico, la reactivacion ´ economica ´ del país y se dictan otras disposiciones. Congreso de la República, Colombia.Congreso de la República de Colombia, 2016. Ley 1819. Congreso de la República, Colombia.Crippa, M., Guizzardi, D., Solazzo, E., Muntean, M., Schaaf, E., Monforti-Ferrario, F., Banja, M., Olivier, J.G.J., Grassi, G., Rossi, S., Vignati, E., 2021. GHG Emissions of All World Countries - 2021 Report. Publications Office of the European Union. European Union, Luxembourg. https://doi.org/10.2760/173513.De Rosa, M., Schmidt, J., Pasang, H., 2022. Industry-driven mitigation measures can reduce GHG emissions of palm oil. J. Clean. Prod. 365, 132565 https://doi.org/ 10.1016/J.JCLEPRO.2022.132565.Delgado, R., Wild, T.B., Arguello, R., Clarke, L., Romero, G., 2020. Options for Colombia’s mid-century deep decarbonization strategy. Energy Strategy Rev. 32, 100525 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esr.2020.100525.Demirbas, A., 2007. Effects of moisture and hydrogen content on the heating value of fuels. Energy Sources, Part A Recover. Util. Environ. Eff. 29, 649–655. https://doi. org/10.1080/009083190957801.Departamento Nacional de Planeacion, ´ 2022. CONPES 4075, Política de Transicion ´ Energ´etica. Consejo Nacional de Política Economica ´ Y Social, Colombia.Dovichi Filho, F.B., Castillo Santiago, Y., Silva Lora, E.E., Escobar Palacio, J.C., Almazan del Olmo, O.A., 2021. Evaluation of the maturity level of biomass electricity generation technologies using the technology readiness level criteria. J. Clean. Prod. 295, 126426 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.126426.EMSA (Electrificadora del Meta S.A.), 2022. Energy tariffs (tarifas energía) [WWW Document]. URL. https://www.electrificadoradelmeta.com.co/newweb/tarifas-ene rgia-2-2/. (Accessed 20 October 2023).Escalante, H., Orduz, J., Zapata, H.J., Cardona, M.C., Duarte, M., Upme, I.D.E.A.M., Colciencias, U.I.S., 2011. Atlas of the energy potential of residual biomass in Colombia (Atlas del potential energ´etico de la biomasa residual en Colombia). Unidad de Planeacion ´ Minero Energ´etica (UPME), Bogota, ´ Colombia.ESSA (Electrificadora de Santander S.A E.S.P.), 2022. Consult tariffs (Consultar tarifas) [WWW Document]. Consult. tarífas. URL. https://www.essa.com.co/site/mi-factura /formula-tarifaria-y-tarifas/consultar-tarifas. (Accessed 19 October 2023).Fedepalma, 2022. Statistical Mini-Yearbook 2022 (Minianuario Estadístico 2022). Federacion ´ Nacional de Cultivadores de Palma de Aceite (Fedepalma), Bogota, ColombiaFedepalma, 2021. Entorno economico ´ y desempeno ˜ del sector palmero en 2021 y perspectivas 2022 (Entorno economico ´ y desempeno ˜ del sector palmero en 2021 y perspectivas 2022). Federacion ´ Nacional de Cultivadores de Palma de Aceite (Fedepalma), Bogota, Colombia.Fedepalma, 2015. Technology routes for the integrated management of wastewater in palm oil mills (Rutas tecnologicas ´ para el manejo integral de aguas residuales en las plantas de beneficio del sector palmero). Federacion ´ Nacional de Cultivadores de Palma de Aceite (Fedepalma), Bogota, Colombia.Firdaus, N., Prasetyo, B.T., Sofyan, Y., Siregar, F., 2017. Part II of II: palm oil mill effluent (POME): biogas power plant. Distr. Generat. Alternative Energy J. 32, 6–18. https:// doi.org/10.1080/21563306.2017.11878943Garcia-Nunez, J.A., Ramirez-Contreras, N.E., Rodriguez, D.T., Silva-Lora, E., Frear, C.S., Stockle, C., Garcia-Perez, M., 2016. Evolution of palm oil mills into bio-refineries: literature review on current and potential uses of residual biomass and effluents. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 110, 99–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. resconrec.2016.03.022.Garcia-Pena, ˜ E.I., Parameswaran, P., Kang, D.W., Canul-Chan, M., Krajmalnik-Brown, R., 2011. Anaerobic digestion and co-digestion processes of vegetable and fruit residues: process and microbial ecology. Bioresour. Technol. 102, 9447–9455. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.biortech.2011.07.068.Gobierno de Colombia, 2022. Ley 1955, Plan Nacional de Desarrollo. Departamento Administrativo de la Funcion ´ Pública, Colombia.Gomez-Navarro, ´ T., Ribo-P ´ ´erez, D., 2018. Assessing the obstacles to the participation of renewable energy sources in the electricity market of Colombia. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 90, 131–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2018.03.015.Gomez, ´ D.R., Watterson, J.D., Americano, B.B., Ha, C., Marland, G., Matsika, E., Namayanga, L.N.O.-E., Saka, J.D.K., Treanton, K., IPCC, 2017. Stationary combustion. In: Eggleston, Simon, Buendia, Leandro, Kyoko, Miwa, Todd, Ngara, Kiyoto, Tanabe (Eds.), 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. IPCC, Hayama, Japan, pp. 361–362. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0- 12-804173-4.00145-9 vol. 2.Gonzalez-Salazar, M.A., Morini, M., Pinelli, M., Spina, P.R., Venturini, M., Finkenrath, M., Poganietz, W.R., 2014. Methodology for biomass energy potential estimation: projections of future potential in Colombia. Renew. Energy 69, 488–505. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2014.03.056Gonzalez-Salazar, M.A., Venturini, M., Poganietz, W.R., Finkenrath, M., Kirsten, T., Acevedo, H., Spina, P.R., 2016. Development of a technology roadmap for bioenergy exploitation including biofuels, waste-to-energy and power generation & CHP. Appl. Energy 180, 338–352. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.APENERGY.2016.07.120.Gozan, M., Aulawy, N., Rahman, S.F., Budiarto, R., 2018. Techno-economic analysis of biogas power plant from POME (palm oil mill effluent) oil recovery from oil sludge view project salt quality improvement view project techno-economic analysis of biogas power plant from POME (palm oil mill effluent). Int. J. Appl. Eng. Res. 13, 6151–6157Guerrero, A., Munoz, ˜ H., Coral, O., Marsiglia, E., Gantiva, J., Munoz, ˜ J., Garavito, W., Reina, E., Cala, S., Mosquera, M., 2020. Estimated of the palm oil extraction costs of E. guineensis in 2019 for pal oil mills located in the Northern Zone (Estimacion ´ de los costos de extraccion ´ de aceite de palma E. guineensis en 2019 para plantas de beneficio ubicadas en la Zona Norte). Palmas 41, 24–36Husain, Z., Zainal, Z.A., Abdullah, M.Z., 2003. Analysis of biomass-residue-based cogeneration system in palm oil mills. Biomass Bioenergy 24, 117–124. https://doi. org/10.1016/S0961-9534(02)00101-0.IPCC, 2014. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Cambridge University Press, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415416.IRENA, 2022. Renewable Power Generation Costs in 2021. International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), Abu Dhabi.Janke, L., Weinrich, S., Leite, A.F., Terzariol, F.K., Nikolausz, M., Nelles, M., Stinner, W., 2017. Improving anaerobic digestion of sugarcane straw for methane production: combined benefits of mechanical and sodium hydroxide pretreatment for process designing. Energy Convers. Manag. 141, 378–389. https://doi.org/10.1016/J. ENCONMAN.2016.09.083.Johnson, E., 2009. Goodbye to carbon neutral: getting biomass footprints right. Environ. Impact Assess. Rev. 29, 165–168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eiar.2008.11.002.Kaewmai, R., H-Kittikun, A., Musikavong, C., 2012. Greenhouse gas emissions of palm oil mills in Thailand. Int. J. Greenh. Gas Control 11, 141–151. https://doi.org/10.1016/ J.IJGGC.2012.08.006Kumari, D., Singh, R., 2018. Pretreatment of lignocellulosic wastes for biofuel production: a critical review. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 90, 877–891. https://doi. org/10.1016/J.RSER.2018.03.111.Lakshmanan, S., Yung, Y.L., Palanisamy, K., Ling, H.K., 2023. Innovations to a palm biomass-fueled power plant. In: Foo, D.C.Y., Aziz, M.K.T.A., Yusup, S. (Eds.), Sustainable Technologies for the Oil Palm Industry: Latest Advances and Case Studies. Springer Nature, Singapore, Singapore, pp. 201–225. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/978-981-19-4847-3_8.Lam, W.Y., Kulak, M., Sim, S., King, H., Huijbregts, M.A.J., Chaplin-Kramer, R., 2019. Greenhouse gas footprints of palm oil production in Indonesia over space and time. Sci. Total Environ. 688, 827–837. https://doi.org/10.1016/J. SCITOTENV.2019.06.377.Liew, Z.K., Chan, Y.J., Ho, Z.T., Yip, Y.H., Teng, M.C., Ameer Abbas bin, A.I.T., Chong, S., Show, P.L., Chew, C.L., 2021. Biogas production enhancement by co-digestion of empty fruit bunch (EFB) with palm oil mill effluent (POME): performance and kinetic evaluation. Renew. Energy 179, 766–777. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. renene.2021.07.073.Luk, H.T., Lam, T.Y.G., Oyedun, A.O., Gebreegziabher, T., Hui, C.W., 2013. Drying of biomass for power generation: a case study on power generation from empty fruit bunch. Energy 63, 205–215. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENERGY.2013.10.056.Madhiyanon, T., Sathitruangsak, P., Sungworagarn, S., Pipatmanomai, S., Tia, S., 2012. A pilot-scale investigation of ash and deposition formation during oil-palm emptyfruit-bunch (EFB) combustion. Fuel Process. Technol. 96, 250–264. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/J.FUPROC.2011.12.020.Malico, I., Nepomuceno Pereira, R., Gonçalves, A.C., Sousa, A.M.O., 2019. Current status and future perspectives for energy production from solid biomass in the European industry. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 112, 960–977. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. rser.2019.06.022.Mantilla, S., Santos, D.M.F., 2022. Green and blue hydrogen production: an overview in Colombia. Energies 15, 8862. https://doi.org/10.3390/EN15238862.MINAMBIENTE, 2021. Long-term E2050 climate strategy to comply with the Paris Agreement in Colombia (Estrategia clim´ atica de largo plazo de Colombia E2050 para cumplir con el Acuerdo de París). Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible (MINAMBIENTE), Bogota, ColombiaMontoya, J., Vald´es, C., Chaquea, H., Pecha, M.B., Chejne, F., 2020. Surplus electricity production and LCOE estimation in Colombian palm oil mills using empty fresh bunches (EFB) as fuel. Energy 202, 117713. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. energy.2020.117713.Nasrin, A.B., Loh, S.K., Sukiran, M.A., Bukhari, N.A., Aziz, A.A., 2019. Technical assessment and flue gases emission monitoring of an oil palm biomass–biogas cofired boiler. Environ. Prog. Sustain. Energy 38, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1002/ep.13189.Nasrin, A.B., Ravi, N., Lim, W.S., Choo, Y.M., Fadzil, A.M., 2011. Assessment of the performance and potential export renewable energy (RE) from typical Co generation plants used in palm oil mills. J. Eng. Appl. Sci. 6, 433–439. https://doi.org/10.3923/ jeasci.2011.433.439.Ninduangdee, P., Kuprianov, V.I., 2016. A study on combustion of oil palm empty fruit bunch in a fluidized bed using alternative bed materials: performance, emissions, and time-domain changes in the bed condition. Appl. Energy 176, 34–38. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.05.063.Ocampo Batlle, E.A., Castillo Santiago, Y., Venturini, O.J., Escobar Palacio, J.C., Silva Lora, E.E., Yepes Maya, D.M., Albis Arrieta, A.R., 2020. Thermodynamic and environmental assessment of different scenarios for the insertion of pyrolysis technology in palm oil biorefineries. J. Clean. Prod. 250, 119544 https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.119544.Omar, A.K.M., Tengku Norsalwani, T.L., Asmah, M.S., Badrulhisham, Z.Y., Easa, A.M., Omar, F.M., Hossain, M.S., Zuknik, M.H., Nik Norulaini, N.A., 2018. Implementation of the supercritical carbon dioxide technology in oil palm fresh fruits bunch sterilization: a review. J. CO2 Util. 25, 205–215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. jcou.2018.03.021Papapetrou, M., Kosmadakis, G., 2022. Resource, environmental, and economic aspects of SGHE. In: Tamburini, A., Cipollina, A., Micale, G. (Eds.), Salinity Gradient Heat Engines. Woodhead Publishing, Cambridge, United States, pp. 319–353. https://doi. org/10.1016/B978-0-08-102847-6.00006-1.Pehl, M., Arvesen, A., Humpenoder, ¨ F., Popp, A., Hertwich, E.G., Luderer, G., 2017. Understanding future emissions from low-carbon power systems by integration of life-cycle assessment and integrated energy modelling. Nat. Energy 2, 939–945. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-017-0032-9.Presidente de Colombia, 2016. Decreto 1625 (Colombia).Primadita, D.S., Kumara, I.N.S., Ariastina, W.G., 2020. A review on biomass for electricity generation in Indonesia. J. Electr. Electron. Informatics 4, 1–9. https:// doi.org/10.24843/JEEI.2020.V04.I01.P01.Rahayu, A.S., Karsiwulan, D., Yuwono, H., Trisnawati, I., Mulyasari, S., Raharjo, S., Hokermin, S., Paramita, V., 2015. Handbook POME-To-Biogas Project Development in Indonesia, second ed. Winrock International. United States Agency for International Development (USAID), Washington DC, US.Raikar, S., Adamson, S., 2020. Project development and valuation. Theory and Practice. In: Renewable Energy Finance. Academic Press, Cambridge, USA, pp. 161–175. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-816441-9.00011-8.Ramirez-Contreras, N.E., Munar-Florez, D.A., Garcia-Nunez, ˜ J.A., MosqueraMontoya, M., Faaij, A.P.C., 2020. The GHG emissions and economic performance of the Colombian palm oil sector; current status and long-term perspectives. J. Clean. Prod. 258, 120757 https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JCLEPRO.2020.120757.Ramirez, N.E., 2015. Characterization of the crude palm oil extraction process from OxG hybrid materials (Caracterizacion ´ del proceso de extraccion ´ de aceite de palma de materiales híbridos OxG). El palmicultor 516, 14–15Rincon Martinez, J.M., Silva Lora, E.E., 2015. Bioenergy: Sources, Conversion and Sustainability (Bioenergía: Fuentes, Conversion ´ Y Sustentabilidad). CYTED, Bogota, ColombiaRivera-M´endez, Y.D., Rodríguez, D.T., Romero, H.M., 2017. Carbon footprint of the production of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) fresh fruit bunches in Colombia. J. Clean. Prod. 149, 743–750. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.02.149.Sagastume, A., Cabello Eras, J.J., Hens, L., Vandecasteele, C., 2020. The energy potential of agriculture, agroindustrial, livestock, and slaughterhouse biomass wastes through direct combustion and anaerobic digestion. The case of Colombia. J. Clean. Prod. 269, 122317 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.122317.Sagastume, A., Cabello, J.J.J., Huisingh, D., Vandecasteele, C., Hens, L., 2018. The current potential of low-carbon economy and biomass-based electricity in Cuba. The case of sugarcane, energy cane and marabu (Dichrostachys cinerea) as biomass sources. J. Clean. Prod. 172, 2108–2122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. jclepro.2017.11.209.Saidur, R., Abdelaziz, E.A., Demirbas, A., Hossain, M.S., Mekhilef, S., 2011. A review on biomass as a fuel for boilers. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 15, 2262–2289. https:// doi.org/10.1016/J.RSER.2011.02.015.Salleh, S.F., Mohd Roslan, M.E., Abd Rahman, A., Shamsuddin, A.H., Tuan Abdullah, T. A.R., Sovacool, B.K., 2020. Transitioning to a sustainable development framework for bioenergy in Malaysia: policy suggestions to catalyse the utilisation of palm oil mill residues. Energy. Sustain. Soc. 10, 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1186/S13705-020- 00269-Y/FIGURES/5.Salomon, ´ M., Gomez, M.F., Martin, A., 2013. Technical polygeneration potential in palm oil mills in Colombia: a case study. Sustain. Energy Technol. Assessments 3, 40–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seta.2013.05.003.Shirai, Y., Wakisaka, M., Yacob, S., Hassan, M.A., Suzuki, S., 2003. Reduction of methane released from palm oil mill lagoon in Malaysia and its countermeasures. Mitig. Adapt. Strategies Glob. Change 8, 237–252. https://doi.org/10.1023/B: MITI.0000005641.97009.14.Strzalka, R., Schneider, D., Eicker, U., 2017. Current status of bioenergy technologies in Germany. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 72, 801–820. https://doi.org/10.1016/J. RSER.2017.01.091.Su, G., Mohd Zulkifli, N.W., Ong, H.C., Ibrahim, S., Bu, Q., Zhu, R., 2022. Pyrolysis of oil palm wastes for bioenergy in Malaysia: a review. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 164, 112554 https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RSER.2022.112554.Tavera-Ruiz, C., Martí-Herrero, J., Mendieta, O., Jaimes-Est´evez, J., GauthierMaradei, P., Azimov, U., Escalante, H., Castro, L., 2023. Current understanding and perspectives on anaerobic digestion in developing countries: Colombia case study. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 173, 113097 https://doi.org/10.1016/J. RSER.2022.113097.Thomsen, S.T., Spliid, H., Østergård, H., 2014. Statistical prediction of biomethane potentials based on the composition of lignocellulosic biomass. Bioresour. Technol. 154, 80–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2013.12.029.UPME, 2023. Colombian energy balance (Balance energ´etico Colombiano - BECO). Unidad de Planeacion ´ Minero Energ´etica (UPME) [WWW Document]. http s://www1.upme.gov.co/InformacionCifras/Paginas/BalanceEnergetico.aspx, 1.23.24.UPME, 2022. Projected Demand for Electricity, Natural Gas and Liquid Fuels (Proyeccion ´ Demanda Energía El´ectrica, Gas Natural Y Combustibles Líquidos). Unidad de Planeacion ´ Minero Energ´etica (UPME), Bogota, ´ Colombia.UPME, 2019. National Energy Plan 2020-2050 (Plan Energetico Nacional 2020-2050). Unidad de Planeacion ´ Minero Energ´etica (UPME), Bogot´ a, Colombia.Van Loo, S., 2008. Biomass fuel properties and basic principles of biomass combustion. In: Loo Van, S., Koppejan, J. (Eds.), The Handbook of Biomass Combustion and Cofiring. Earthscan, London, United Kingdom.Voogt, J., Elbersen, W., Meesters, K., Blankenborg, S., Langeveld, H., Quist-Wessel, F., 2018. Valorizing nutrients from palm oil mill effluent (Pome) digestate. In: 26th European Biomass Conference and Exhibition Proceedings. ETA-Florence Renewable Energies, Copenhagen, Denmark, pp. 72–76. https://doi.org/10.5071/ 26thEUBCE2018-1BO.1.4.Wang-Helmreich, H., Kreibich, N., 2019. The potential impacts of a domestic offset component in a carbon tax on mitigation of national emissions. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 101, 453–460. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RSER.2018.11.026.Wang, W., Porninta, K., Aggarangsi, P., Leksawasdi, N., Li, L., Chen, X., Zhuang, X., Yuan, Z., Qi, W., 2021. Bioenergy development in Thailand based on the potential estimation from crop residues and livestock manures. Biomass Bioenergy 144, 105914. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.BIOMBIOE.2020.105914.XM, 2023. Emission Factor calculation result of the National Interconnected System for the Greenhouse Gas Inventory (Resultado de calculo ´ de Factor de Emision ´ del Sistema Interconectado Nacional, para inventario de Gases de Efecto Invernadero) [WWW Document]. Not. del Merc. URL https://www.xm.com.co/noticias/5548-res ultado-de-calculo-de-factor-de-emision-del-sistema-interconectado-nacional-para. . (Accessed 19 October 2023).XM, 2021. Subasta CLPE No. 03-2021 [WWW Document]. Subas. CLPE No.2021. https: //www.xm.com.co/subasta-clpe-no-03-2021. (Accessed 17 October 2023).Yunus, R., Omar, R., Abidin, Z.Z., Biak, D.R.A., 2012. Oil palm as bioenergy feedstock. In: Lai, O.-M., Tan, C.-P., Akoh, C.C. (Eds.), Palm Oil: Production, Processing, Characterization, and Uses. AOCS Press, Champaign, USA, pp. 653–692. https://doi. org/10.1016/B978-0-9818936-9-3.50025-3.Yusniati, Parinduri, L., Sulaiman, O.K., 2018. Biomass analysis at palm oil factory as an electric power plant. J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 1007, 012053 https://doi.org/10.1088/ 1742-6596/1007/1/012053.201449BiomassRenewable energyEnergy scenariosPublicationORIGINALBiomass-based energy potential from the oil palm agroindustry in Colombia A path to low carbon energy transition.pdfBiomass-based energy potential from the oil palm agroindustry in Colombia A path to low carbon energy transition.pdfapplication/pdf11650896https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/733cca14-3ffb-4d22-bb32-3c0825bbf31f/downloadca2af9759800cfa5aa424831841b903aMD51LICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-815543https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/7fd44a51-e56b-4554-a547-a68e5c27bced/download73a5432e0b76442b22b026844140d683MD52TEXTBiomass-based energy potential from the oil palm agroindustry in Colombia A path to low carbon energy transition.pdf.txtBiomass-based energy potential from the oil palm agroindustry in Colombia A path to low carbon energy transition.pdf.txtExtracted texttext/plain100088https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/8f2c76cf-c57f-402c-b995-1d515519524c/downloadcb43d6cb37384e6909490a6223e99869MD53THUMBNAILBiomass-based energy potential from the oil palm agroindustry in Colombia A path to low carbon energy transition.pdf.jpgBiomass-based energy potential from the oil palm agroindustry in Colombia A path to low carbon energy transition.pdf.jpgGenerated Thumbnailimage/jpeg15406https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/2c3a11ba-d68a-4ae7-b4f9-0c9d5aeb07ba/download62c16d0e1dbf74c8d114849a310f1fcaMD5411323/13435oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/134352024-10-17 03:02:02.791https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/© 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.open.accesshttps://repositorio.cuc.edu.coRepositorio de la Universidad de la Costa CUCrepdigital@cuc.edu.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 |