Overview of mobile communications in Colombia and introduction to 5G
The deployment of 5G around the world continues to progress at a rapid pace, especially in North America and Asia. Its advantages and efficiency as a data transmission network have been widely demonstrated in different fields such as agriculture, education, health, and surveillance. However, this pr...
- Autores:
-
Barrios-Ulloa, Alexis
Cama-Pinto, Dora
Arrabal Campos, Francisco Manuel
Martínez Lao, Juan Antonio
Monsalvo, Jose
Hernández-López, Audomaro
Cama-Pinto, Alejandro
- Tipo de recurso:
- Article of investigation
- Fecha de publicación:
- 2023
- Institución:
- Corporación Universidad de la Costa
- Repositorio:
- REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
- Idioma:
- eng
- OAI Identifier:
- oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/9852
- Acceso en línea:
- https://hdl.handle.net/11323/9852
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/
- Palabra clave:
- 4G
5G
Mobile communication networks
Mobile operators
Spectrum
Colombia
- Rights
- openAccess
- License
- Atribución 4.0 Internacional (CC BY 4.0)
id |
RCUC2_9b39eda8a108219fb7d9f7945e42fc2e |
---|---|
oai_identifier_str |
oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/9852 |
network_acronym_str |
RCUC2 |
network_name_str |
REDICUC - Repositorio CUC |
repository_id_str |
|
dc.title.eng.fl_str_mv |
Overview of mobile communications in Colombia and introduction to 5G |
title |
Overview of mobile communications in Colombia and introduction to 5G |
spellingShingle |
Overview of mobile communications in Colombia and introduction to 5G 4G 5G Mobile communication networks Mobile operators Spectrum Colombia |
title_short |
Overview of mobile communications in Colombia and introduction to 5G |
title_full |
Overview of mobile communications in Colombia and introduction to 5G |
title_fullStr |
Overview of mobile communications in Colombia and introduction to 5G |
title_full_unstemmed |
Overview of mobile communications in Colombia and introduction to 5G |
title_sort |
Overview of mobile communications in Colombia and introduction to 5G |
dc.creator.fl_str_mv |
Barrios-Ulloa, Alexis Cama-Pinto, Dora Arrabal Campos, Francisco Manuel Martínez Lao, Juan Antonio Monsalvo, Jose Hernández-López, Audomaro Cama-Pinto, Alejandro |
dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv |
Barrios-Ulloa, Alexis Cama-Pinto, Dora Arrabal Campos, Francisco Manuel Martínez Lao, Juan Antonio Monsalvo, Jose Hernández-López, Audomaro Cama-Pinto, Alejandro |
dc.subject.proposal.eng.fl_str_mv |
4G 5G Mobile communication networks Mobile operators Spectrum |
topic |
4G 5G Mobile communication networks Mobile operators Spectrum Colombia |
dc.subject.proposal.spa.fl_str_mv |
Colombia |
description |
The deployment of 5G around the world continues to progress at a rapid pace, especially in North America and Asia. Its advantages and efficiency as a data transmission network have been widely demonstrated in different fields such as agriculture, education, health, and surveillance. However, this process does not have the same dynamics in Latin America, specifically in Colombia. The country is currently implementing actions aimed at facilitating the deployment of this technology in the short term, including pilot tests for the use of the radio spectrum, spectrum auctions, the planning of future auctions, and the review of spectrum caps. The results of this review allow us to conclude that despite the forecasts and the intentions of the Colombian government and mobile communication service operators, 5G in standalone mode will not be commercially available in Colombia before the end of 2023. The main failures in its deployment are related to the lack of available spectrum to support the ultrahigh-reliability and low-latency, enhanced mobile broadband, and massive machine-type communications scenarios, as well as the delay in the auction processes for its assignment. |
publishDate |
2023 |
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv |
2023-01-30T16:08:06Z |
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv |
2023-01-30T16:08:06Z |
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv |
2023 |
dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv |
Artículo de revista |
dc.type.coar.spa.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1 |
dc.type.content.spa.fl_str_mv |
Text |
dc.type.driver.spa.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/article |
dc.type.redcol.spa.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ART |
dc.type.version.spa.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion |
dc.type.coarversion.spa.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85 |
format |
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1 |
status_str |
publishedVersion |
dc.identifier.citation.spa.fl_str_mv |
Barrios-Ulloa, A.; Cama-Pinto, D.; Arrabal-Campos, F.M.; Martínez-Lao, J.A.; MonsalvoAmaris, J.; Hernández-López, A.; Cama-Pinto, A. Overview of Mobile Communications in Colombia and Introduction to 5G. Sensors 2023, 23, 1126. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23031126 |
dc.identifier.issn.spa.fl_str_mv |
1424-3210 |
dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv |
https://hdl.handle.net/11323/9852 |
dc.identifier.doi.none.fl_str_mv |
10.3390/s23031126 |
dc.identifier.eissn.spa.fl_str_mv |
1424-8220 |
dc.identifier.instname.spa.fl_str_mv |
Corporación Universidad de la Costa |
dc.identifier.reponame.spa.fl_str_mv |
REDICUC - Repositorio CUC |
dc.identifier.repourl.spa.fl_str_mv |
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/ |
identifier_str_mv |
Barrios-Ulloa, A.; Cama-Pinto, D.; Arrabal-Campos, F.M.; Martínez-Lao, J.A.; MonsalvoAmaris, J.; Hernández-López, A.; Cama-Pinto, A. Overview of Mobile Communications in Colombia and Introduction to 5G. Sensors 2023, 23, 1126. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23031126 1424-3210 10.3390/s23031126 1424-8220 Corporación Universidad de la Costa REDICUC - Repositorio CUC |
url |
https://hdl.handle.net/11323/9852 https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/ |
dc.language.iso.spa.fl_str_mv |
eng |
language |
eng |
dc.relation.ispartofjournal.spa.fl_str_mv |
Sensors |
dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv |
1. Ericsson. Mobile Subscriptions Outlook. Available online: https://www.ericsson.com/en/reports-and-papers/mobility-report/dataforecasts/mobile-subscriptions-outlook (accessed on 28 June 2022). 2. 5G Americas. Latin America & Caribbean Statistics. Available online: https://www.5gamericas.org/resources/charts-statistics/latin-america/ (accessed on 28 June 2022). 3. CRC. Tráfico de Internet Móvil en Colombia se Incrementó en 94.5% en Tercer Trimestre de 2021. Available online: https://www.crcom.gov.co/es/noticias/comunicado-prensa/trafico-internet-movil-en-colombia-se-incremento-en-945-entercer#:~{}:text=Enseptiembrede2021%2Cla,35%2C7 (accessed on 28 June 2022). 4. Matinmikko-blue, M. Visions for 6G Futures: A Causal Layered Analysis. In Proceedings of the 2022 Joint European Conference on Networks and Communications & 6G Summit (EuCNC/6G Summit): 6G Visions (6GV) 2022, Porto, Portugal, 7 June 2022; IEEE: New York, NY, USA, 2023; pp. 535–540. 5. Ahmed Solyman, A.A.; Yahya, K. Evolution of wireless communication networks: From 1G to 6G and future perspective. Int. J. Electr. Comput. Eng. 2022, 12, 3943–3950. [CrossRef] 6. Vriendt, J.A. De Mobile Network Evolution. ITP 2015, 9, 10–16. 7. Linge, N.; Sutton, A. The road to 4G. J. Inst. Telecommun. Prof. 2014, 8, 9–16. 8. Hodara, H.; Skaljo, E. From 1G to 5G. Fiber Integr. Opt. 2021, 40, 85–183. [CrossRef] 9. Pavia, J.P.; Lopes, D.; Cristóvão, P.; Sebastião, P.; Correia, A. The evolution and future perspective of security in mobile communications networks. In Proceedings of the 9th International Congress on Ultra Modern Telecommunications and Control Systems and Workshops (ICUMT), Munich, Germany, 6–8 November 2017; pp. 267–276. 10. Mendoza, J.J.I.; Campoverde, M.J.I.; Lima, D.R.M.; Jumbo, R.M.S.; Conde-Zhingre, L.E. The 5G Mobile Network and Its Contribution Towards Smart Cities. Iber. Conf. Inf. Syst. Technol. Cist. 2022, 2022, 22–25. [CrossRef] 11. MINTIC Colombia. PLan de Transición a Nuevas Tecnologías. Available online: https://mintic.gov.co/portal/715/articles-145550_plan_transicion_nuevas_tecnologias_20200624a.pdf (accessed on 28 June 2022). 12. CCIT. Apagón 2G: ¿el fin de las “flechas”? Available online: https://www.ccit.org.co/datotic/apagon-2g-el-fin-de-las-flechas/(accessed on 28 June 2022). 13. MINTIC Colombia. Plan TIC 2018-2022 El Futuro Digital es de Todos. Available online: https://www.mintic.gov.co/portal/604/articles-101922_Plan_TIC.pdf (accessed on 18 June 2022). 14. TigoUne. Apagado de Red 2G. Available online: https://ayuda.tigo.com.co/hc/es/articles/5442277948947-Apagado-de-red-2GGeneral- (accessed on 28 June 2022). 15. Claro Colombia. Claro Anuncia Modernización de su Red Móvil. Available online: https://www.claro.com.co/institucional/modernizacion-red-claro/ (accessed on 28 June 2022). 16. Neagu, G.; Ianculescu, M.; Alexandru, A.; Florian, V.; Radulescu, C.T.Z. Next generation IoT and its influence on decision-making. ˇAn illustrative case study. Procedia Comput. Sci. 2019, 162, 555–561. [CrossRef] 17. Ericsson. IoT Connections Outlook. Available online: https://www.ericsson.com/en/reports-and-papers/mobility-report/dataforecasts/iot-connections-outlook (accessed on 12 November 2022). 18. IoT Analytics. State of IoT 2022: Number of Connected IoT Devices Growing 18% to 14.4 Billion Globally. Available online: https://iot-analytics.com/number-connected-iot-devices/ (accessed on 12 November 2022). 19. GSMA. The Mobile Economy 2022. Available online: www.gsmaintelligence.com (accessed on 18 June 2022). 20. DANE. Boletín Técnico: Indicadores Básicos de Tenencia y uso de Tecnologías de la Información y las Comunicaciones—TIC en hogares y personas de 5 y más años de edad Departamental 2019. Available online: https://www.dane.gov.co/index.php/estadisticas-por-tema/tecnologia-e-innovacion/tecnologias-de-la-informacion-y-las-comunicaciones-tic/indicadores-basicosde-tic-en-hogares (accessed on 20 November 2022). 21. MinTIC Colombia. Boletín Trimestral de Las TIC cuarto trimestre de 2021. Available online: http://colombiatic.mintic.gov.co/60 2/articles-11128_archivo_pdf.pdf (accessed on 12 November 2022). 22. Nikolic, I.; Galli, N. Patent pools in 5G: The principles for facilitating pool licensing. Telecomm. Policy 2022, 46, 29–30. [CrossRef] 23. Nikbakht, H.; Wigger, M.; Egan, M.; Shamai, S.; Gorce, J.M.; Poor, H.V. An Information-Theoretic View of Mixed-Delay Traffic in 5G and 6G. Entropy 2022, 24, 637. [CrossRef] 24. Yang, C.; Liang, P.; Fu, L.; Cui, G.; Huang, F.; Teng, F.; Bangash, Y.A. Using 5G in smart cities: A systematic mapping study. Intell. Syst. Appl. 2022, 14, 200065. [CrossRef] 25. Barrios-Ulloa, A.; Cama-Pinto, D.; Mardini-Bovea, J.; Díaz-Martínez, J.; Ca 26. GSMA. Brazil’s Multi-Band Auction: One of the Largest in the History of Mobile Communications. Available online: https://www.gsma.com/latinamerica/es/subasta-multibanda-de-brasil-una-de-las-mas-grandes-en-la-historia-de-lascomunicaciones-moviles/#:~{}:text=Larecientesubastamultibandade,enlagestióndelespectro (accessed on 27 June 2022). 27. European 5G Observatory. The 5G Greek Auction Raised 372.3 Million EUR. Available online: https://5gobservatory.eu/the-5ggreek-auction-raised-372-3-million-eur/ (accessed on 27 June 2022). 28. Belbase, K.; Tellambura, C.; Jiang, H. Coverage, Capacity, and Error Rate Analysis of Multi-Hop Millimeter-Wave Decode and Forward Relaying. IEEE Access 2019, 7, 69638–69656. [CrossRef] 29. Aoudia, F.A.; Hoydis, J. Waveform Learning for Next-Generation Wireless Communication Systems. IEEE Trans. Commun. 2022, 70, 3804–3817. [CrossRef] 30. Levanen, T.; Kaikkonen, J.; Nielsen, S.; Pajukoski, K.; Renfors, M.; Valkama, M. 5G new radio UL coverage with peak clipping. IEEE Veh. Technol. Conf. 2018, 2017, 1–7. [CrossRef] 31. Peng, S.; Xue, W.; Decai, Z.; Ziyue, C.; Yao, G. Acquisition performance of B1I abounding with 5G signals. J. Syst. Eng. Electron. 2022, 99, 1–12. [CrossRef] 32. Peña, J.E.A.; Bustamante, R.A.G. Radiopropagation Simulations in 28 GHz, 38 GHz and 60 GHz with 128 Elements Massive MIMO Array for 5G Networks. In Proceedings of the IEEE MTT-S Latin America Microwave Conference, Arequipa, Peru, 10–13 December 2018; pp. 16–18. 33. Tervo, O.; Nousiainen, I.; Nasarre, I.P.; Tiirola, E.; Hulkkonen, J. On the Potential of Using Sub-THz Frequencies for Beyond 5G. In Proceedings of the 2022 Joint European 2022 Joint European Conference on Networks and Communications & 6G Summit (EuCNC/6G Summit), Grenoble, France, 7–10 June 2022; IEEE: New York, NY, USA; pp. 37–42. 34. Badran, E.F.; Samara, M.; Ismail, N.E. Carrier frequency offset estimation for MIMO single-carrier FDMA system in wireless communication. Alexandria Eng. J. 2022, 61, 6907–6917. [CrossRef] 35. MinTIC Colombia. Informe de Asignación-Espectro Para de Pruebas écnicas 5G. Available online: https://mintic.gov.co/micrositios/plan_5g//764/articles-162293_recurso_1.pdf (accessed on 15 July 2022). 36. Alexandre, L.C.; De Souza Filho, A.L.; Sodre, A.C. Indoor Coexistence Analysis among 5G New Radio, LTE-A and NB-IoT in the 700 MHz Band. IEEE Access 2020, 8, 135000–135010. [CrossRef] 37. Stevens, B.W.; Ray, J.; Daugherty, E.; Everett, J.S.; Yang, Y.; Younis, M.F. Cognitive Resource Analyzer for Cellular Network Ecosystems. IEEE Trans. Cogn. Commun. Netw. 2022, 8, 733–749. [CrossRef] 38. Velez, V.; Pavia, J.P.; Rita, C.; Gonçalves, C.; Souto, N.; Sebastião, P.; Correia, A. System-Level Assessment of a C-RAN based on Generalized Space–Frequency Index Modulation for 5G New Radio and Beyond. Appl. Sci. 2022, 12, 1592. [CrossRef] 39. Dey, P.; Masal, A.; Kaimalettu, S.; Milleth, J.K.; Ramamurthi, B. Reference signal design to mitigate co-channel interference in 5G OFDM systems with multiple numerologies. Phys. Commun. 2022, 53, 101653. [CrossRef] 40. Sanchez, J.M. Mobile Revolution: From 2G to 5G. In Proceedings of the 2021 IEEE Colombian Conference on Communications and Computing, COLCOM 2021, Virtual, 26–28 May 2021; IEEE: New York, NY, USA; pp. 1–6. 41. Shen, Y.; Bootsman, R.; Alavi, M.S.; De Vreede, L.C.N. A Wideband IQ-Mapping Direct-Digital RF Modulator for 5G Transmitters. IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits 2022, 57, 1446–1456. [CrossRef] 42. Yi, Y.; Member, G.S.; Zhao, D.; Member, S. A 24–29.5-GHz Highly Linear Phased-Array Transceiver Front-End in 65-nm CMOS Supporting 800-MHz 64-QAM and 400-MHz 256-QAM for 5G New Radio. IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits 2022, 57, 1–17. [CrossRef] 43. Hasan, M.M.; Islam, M.T.; Samsuzzaman, M.; Baharuddin, M.H.; Soliman, M.S.; Alzamil, A.; Abu Sulayman, I.I.M.; Islam, M.S. Gain and isolation enhancement of a wideband MIMO antenna using metasurface for 5G sub-6 GHz communication systems. Sci. Rep. 2022, 12, 9433. [CrossRef] 44. Babu, K.V.; Das, S.; Naga, G.; Sree, J.; Patel, S.K.; Saradhi, M.P.; Tagore, M.R.N. Design and development of miniaturized MIMO antenna using parasitic elements and Machine learning (ML) technique for lower sub 6 GHz 5G applications. AEUE-Int. J. Electron. Commun. 2022, 153, 154281. [CrossRef] 45. Cama-Pinto, D.; Damas, M.; Holgado-Terriza, J.A.; Gómez-Mula, F.; Calderín-Curtidor, A.C.; Martínez-Lao, J.A.; Cama-Pinto, A. 5G Mobile Phone Network Introduction in Colombia. Electronics 2021, 10, 922. [CrossRef] 46. MinICT Colombia. Plan 5G Colombia-The Digital Future Belongs to Everyone. Available online: https://mintic.gov.co/micrositios/plan_5g//764/articles-162230_recurso_1.pdf (accessed on 16 June 2022). 47. Ericsson. Ericsson Mobility Report November 2021. Available online: https://www.ericsson.com/4ad7e9/assets/local/reportspapers/mobility-report/documents/2021/ericsson-mobility-report-november-2021.pdf (accessed on 10 July 2022). 48. GSMA 5G Spectrum, GSMA Public Policy Position. Available online: https://www.gsma.com/spectrum/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/5G-Spectrum-Positions.pdf (accessed on 12 November 2022). 49. GSMA 5G and the 3.3–3.8 GHz Range in Latin America. Available online: https://www.gsma.com/spectrum/wp-content/ uploads/2020/11/5G-and-3.5-GHz-Range-in-Latam.pdf (accessed on 19 July 2022). 50. Arrubla-Hoyos, W.; Ojeda-Beltrán, A.; Solano-Barliza, A.; Rambauth-Ibarra, G.; Barrios-Ulloa, A.; Cama-Pinto, D.; ArrabalCampos, F.M.; Martínez-Lao, J.A.; Cama-Pinto, A.; Manzano-Agugliaro, F. Precision Agriculture and Sensor Systems Applications in Colombia through 5G Networks. Sensors 2022, 22, 7295. [CrossRef] 51. Congreso de la República de Colombia Ley 1341 de 2009. Available online: https://www.funcionpublica.gov.co/eva/ gestornormativo/norma.php?i=36913#:~{}:text=Establecequeapartirde,delaInformaciónylas (accessed on 1 July 2022). 52. Congreso de la República de Colombia Ley 1978 de 2019. Available online: https://micrositios.mintic.gov.co/ley_tic/pdf/ley_tic_1978.pdf (accessed on 1 July 2022). 53. ITU Economic Aspects of Spectrum Management. Available online: https://www.itu.int/dms_pub/itu-r/opb/rep/R-REP-SM. 2012-6-2018-PDF-E.pdf (accessed on 7 July 2022). 54. MinTIC Colombia Plan Marco de Asignación de Permisos de uso del Espectro 2020–2022. Available online: https://mintic.gov. co/portal/715/articles-151433_recurso_1.pdf (accessed on 19 July 2022). 55. MINTIC Colombia Resolución 0597 de 2014. Available online: https://www.minsalud.gov.co/Areadetrabajocolaborativo/ConectividadMinTIC/Normativa/Resolución597-renovaciónTMC.pdf (accessed on 9 November 2022). 56. MINTIC Colombia Resolución 0598 de 2014. Available online: https://www.minsalud.gov.co/Areadetrabajocolaborativo/ConectividadMinTIC/Normativa/Resolución598-RenovaciónTMC.pdf (accessed on 9 November 2022). 57. Agencia Nacional del Espectro Consulta Pública Sobre las Bandas Disponibles Para el Futuro Desarrollo de las IMT en Colombia. Available online: https://www.ane.gov.co/Documentoscompartidos/ArchivosDescargables/noticias/ConsultapúblicasobrelasbandasdisponiblesparaelfuturodesarrollodelasIMTenColombia.pdf (accessed on 9 November 2022). 58. Comisión Reguladora de Comunicaciones Diaz-Granados, Julián-2011-Condiciones Regulatorias y de Mercado Operación Móvil Virtual Proceso Regulación de Mercados. Available online: https://www.crcom.gov.co/system/files/BibliotecaVirtual/CondicionesRegulatoriasydeMercadoOperaciónMóvilVirtual/124-documentosoporte.pdf (accessed on 10 November 2022). 59. MINTIC Colombia Consulta en Línea Registro Tic. Available online: http://bpm-integraciones.mintic.gov.co:9000/Consulta_RTIC/ (accessed on 8 July 2022). 60. CRC Información Internet Móvil. Available online: https://postdata.gov.co/información-internet-móvil (accessed on 13 July 2022). 61. MinTIC Colombia Documento soporte y Consulta pública—Desarrollo de 5G en Colombia. Available online: https://www.mintic.gov.co/portal/715/articles-236811_documento_soporte_consulta_publica_desarrollo_5g_colombia.pdf (accessed on 16 July 2022). 62. MinTIC Colombia Análisis Preliminar Sobre Proceso de Selección Objetiva para Asignación de Permisos de Uso del Espectro en Bandas IMT. Available online: https://www.mintic.gov.co/portal/715/articles-146624_resolucion_1322_20200727_soporte_tecnico.pdf (accessed on 16 July 2022). 63. MINTIC Colombia Resolución 003209 de 2019. Available online: https://mintic.gov.co/micrositios/plan_5g//764/articles-162285_recurso_1.pdf (accessed on 14 July 2022). 64. MINTIC Colombia Informe Manifestaciones de Interes Pilotos 5G. Available online: https://mintic.gov.co/micrositios/plan_5g//764/articles-162286_recurso_1.pdf (accessed on 14 July 2022). 65. MINTIC Colombia Resolución 000638. Available online: https://mintic.gov.co/micrositios/plan_5g//764/articles-162287_recurso_1.pdf (accessed on 15 July 2022). 66. ITU Setting the Scene for 5G: Opportunities & Challenges. Available online: https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Documents/ITU_5G_REPORT-2018.pdf (accessed on 15 July 2022). 67. MINTIC Colombia Resolución 467 de 2020. Available online: https://normograma.mintic.gov.co/mintic/docs/resolucion_mintic_0467_2020.htm (accessed on 15 July 2022). 68. MinTIC Colombia MINTIC Publica Para Comentarios el Nuevo Proyecto de Decreto que Actualiza los Topes de Espectro y Habilita la Asignación de Espectro Para 5G. Available online: https://mintic.gov.co/portal/inicio/Sala-de-prensa/Noticias/195456:MINTIC-publica-para-comentarios-el-nuevo-proyecto-de-Decreto-que-actualiza-los-topes-de-espectro-y-habilita-laasignacion-de-espectro-para-5G (accessed on 16 July 2022). 69. MINTIC Colombia Documentos de Interés Plan 5G Colombia. Available online: https://mintic.gov.co/micrositios/plan_5g//764/w3-channel.html (accessed on 14 July 2022). 70. Williams, L.; Sovacool, B.K.; Foxon, T.J. The energy use implications of 5G: Reviewing whole network operational energy, embodied energy, and indirect effects. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2022, 157, 112033. [CrossRef] 71. 3GPP Release 17. Available online: https://www.3gpp.org/release-17 (accessed on 16 July 2022). 72. Blind, K.; Niebel, C. 5G roll-out failures addressed by innovation policies in the EU. Technol. Forecast. Soc. Chang. 2022, 180, 121673. [CrossRef] 73. Chiaraviglio, L.; Elzanaty, A.; Alouini, M.S. Health risks associated with 5G exposure: A view from the communications engineering perspective. IEEE Open J. Commun. Soc. 2021, 2, 2131–2179. [CrossRef] 74. Lehr, W.; Queder, F.; Haucap, J. 5G: A new future for Mobile Network Operators, or not? Telecomm. Policy 2021, 45, 102086. [CrossRef] 75. Jabbar, A.; Abbasi, Q.H.; Anjum, N.; Kalsoom, T.; Ramzan, N.; Ahmed, S.; Rafi-Ul-shan, P.M.; Falade, O.P.; Imran, M.A.; Ur Rehman, M. Millimeter-Wave Smart Antenna Solutions for URLLC in Industry 4.0 and Beyond. Sensors 2022, 22, 2688. [CrossRef] 76. Belani, J.D.; Thakore, Y.B.; Kotak, N.A.; Borisagar, K.R.; Sedani, B.S. Performance Analysis of Various 5G Mobile Architectures. Int. J. Interact. Mob. Technol. 2022, 16, 94–106. [CrossRef] 77. Liu, G.; Huang, Y.; Chen, Z.; Liu, L.; Wang, Q.; Li, N. 5G Deployment: Standalone vs. Non-Standalone from the Operator Perspective. IEEE Commun. Mag. 2020, 58, 83–89. [CrossRef] 78. MinTIC Colombia Resolución 3078 de 2019. Available online: https://normograma.mintic.gov.co/mintic/docs/resolucion_mintic_3078_2019.htm (accessed on 20 July 2022). 79. MinTIC Colombia Con 28,3 Millones de Conexiones, Gobierno Nacional Supera la Meta de Cobertura en 4G en el País. Available online: https://mintic.gov.co/portal/inicio/Sala-de-prensa/Noticias/208181:Con-28-3-millones-de-conexiones-GobiernoNacional-supera-la-meta-de-cobertura-en-4G-en-el-pais (accessed on 20 July 2022). 80. Claro Colombia Tecnología 5G en Colombia: Ya Estamos en Pruebas. Available online: https://www.claro.com.co/empresas/sectores/noticias-interes/5g-colombia/ (accessed on 20 July 2022). 81. Claro Colombia Innovación, Tecnología y Nuevas Redes 5G. Available online: https://www.claro.com.co/institucional/implementacion-de-tecnologia-5g/ (accessed on 20 July 2022). 82. MinTIC Colombia Nuevo Piloto de 5G Mejorará la Atención Médica a Pacientes COVID-19 en el Hospital Militar en Bogotá”, Celebró la Ministra TIC, Karen Abudinen. Available online: https://www.mintic.gov.co/portal/inicio/Sala-de-prensa/Noticias/161637:Nuevo-piloto-de-5G-mejorara-la-atencion-medica-a-pacientes-COVID-19-en-el-Hospital-Militar-en-Bogota-celebrola-ministra-TIC-Karen-Abudinen (accessed on 20 July 2022). 83. Military Hospital HOMIL and Movistar Present Second 5G Pilot. Available online: https://www.hospitalmilitar.gov.co/index. php?idcategoria=69906 (accessed on 19 March 2021). 84. TigoUne Usos del 5G. Available online: https://comunicacionestigo.com/5g/?page_id=36 (accessed on 20 July 2022). 85. 5G-MAG Pruebas de Transmisión 5G Basada en LTE en Colombia. Available online: https://www.5g-mag.com/post/lte-based5g-broadcast-in-colombia-id-tolú (accessed on 22 July 2022). 86. Arora, S.; Sharma, N.; Bhushan, B.; Kaushik, I.; Ahmad, A. Evolution of 5G wireless network in IoT. In Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE 9th International Conference on Communication Systems and Network Technologies, CSNT 2020, Gwalior, India, 10–12 April 2020; pp. 108–113. 87. Zhang, D.; Rodrigues, J.J.P.C.; Zhai, Y.; Sato, T. Design and Implementation of 5G e-Health Systems: Technologies, Use Cases, and Future Challenges. IEEE Commun. Mag. 2021, 59, 80–85. [CrossRef] 88. Maraveas, C.; Piromalis, D.; Arvanitis, K.G.; Bartzanas, T.; Loukatos, D. Applications of IoT for optimized greenhouse environment and resources management. Comput. Electron. Agric. 2022, 198, 106993. [CrossRef] 89. Barrios-Ulloa, A.; Ariza-colpas, P.P.; Hernando, S.; Quintero-linero, A.P.; Hoz-franco, E. De Modeling Radio Wave Propagation for Wireless Sensor Networks in Vegetated Environments: A Systematic Literature Review. Sensors 2022, 22, 5285. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 90. Banco de la República Aislamiento Geográfico y Educación Rural. Available online: https://www.banrep.gov.co/es/blog/aislamiento-geografico-y-educacion-rural (accessed on 25 July 2022). 91. Mineducación Colombia Educación Virtual o Educación en Línea. Available online: https://www.mineducacion.gov.co/portal/Educacion-superior/Informacion-Destacada/196492:Educacion-virtual-o-educacion-en-linea (accessed on 25 July 2022). 92. Bucea-Manea-Toni¸s, R.; Kuleto, V.; Gudei, S.C.D.; Lianu, C.; Lianu, C.; Ili´c, M.P.; Păun, D. Artificial Intelligence Potential in Higher Education Institutions Enhanced Learning Environment in Romania and Serbia. Sustainability 2022, 14, 5842. [CrossRef] 93. Kumar, P.; Thallapalli, R.; Akshay, R.; Sai, S.; Sai, S.; Srujan, S. State-of-the-Art: Implementation of Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality with the Integration of 5G in the Classroom. AIP Conf. Proc. 2022, 2418, 020069. 94. UNDP La Percepción de Seguridad en Colombia, un Desafío Para la Construcción de paz. Available online: https://www.undp.org/es/colombia/la-percepción-de-seguridad-en-colombia-un-desafío-para-la-construcción-de-paz (accessed on 26 July 2022). 95. Universidad de Antioquia Paradoja de adopción tecnológica en Colombia. Available online: https://udearroba.udea.edu.co/ blog/tag/alfabetizacion-digital/ (accessed on 27 December 2022). 96. Iranpak, S.; Shahbahrami, A.; Shakeri, H. Remote patient monitoring and classifying using the internet of things platform combined with cloud computing. J. Big Data 2021, 8, 120. [CrossRef] 97. Humayun, M.; Jhanjhi, N.Z.; Almotilag, A.; Almufareh, M.F. Agent-Based Medical Health Monitoring System. Sensors 2022, 22, 2820. [CrossRef] 98. Xue, C.; Feng, Y.; Bai, F.; Liu, T. A Drip Irrigation Remote Control System Using 5G-IoT Technology. In Lecture Notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering; Xiang, W., Han, F., Phan, T.K., Eds.; Springer: Cham, Switzerland, 2022; ISBN 978-3-030-93479-8. 99. Li, F. Intelligent Agricultural Monitoring System Based on Lot. In Proceedings of the IEEE 6th Information Technology and Mechatronics Engineering Conference, ITOEC 2022, Chongqing, China, 4–6 March 2022; IEEE: New York, NY, USA; pp. 652–655. 100. Wang, L.; Jia, L.; Wang, J.; Zhou, Q. The Early-Warning and Inspection System for Intelligent Greenhouse Based on Internet of Things. J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 2021, 1757, 012151. [CrossRef] 101. Ndiaye, L.; Diouf, S.; Gueye, K.; Ouya, S.; Mendy, G. Contribution to Improving the Conditions of Access to Very High Speed 5G Internet for Online Education in Developing African Countries. In Proceedings of the 2021 International Conference on Digital Age and Technological Advances for Sustainable Development, ICDATA 2021, Marrakech, Morocco, 29–30 June 2021; IEEE: New York, NY, USA; pp. 114–120. 102. Huang, S. Innovative Practice of Music Education in the Universities in the Context of 5G Network. Comput. Intell. Neurosci. 2022, 2022, 3451422. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 103. Wu, W.; Lu, B. Construction of Wireless Sensor Network Video Surveillance System for Multimedia Classroom Education and Teaching under 5G Communication Network. J. Sens. 2022, 2022, 6385391. [CrossRef] 104. Cui, C.; Zhou, G.; Chen, C. Research on Intelligent Mobile Police Application Based on 5G Technology. In Proceedings of the 2022 IEEE International Conference on Electrical Engineering, Big Data and Algorithms, EEBDA 2022, Changchun China, 25–27 February 2022; IEEE: New York, NY, USA; pp. 426–429. 105. Dai, C.; Zhang, C.Y.; Zhang, Y.X.; Liao, Y.Z.; Xiong, Y.L.; Yu, S.S. 5G + UAV Intelligent Tracking System Based on Beidou and Its Financial Evaluation. In Proceedings of the 2022 7th International Conference on Intelligent Computing and Signal Processing, ICSP 2022, Virtual, 15–17 April 2022; pp. 1107–1111. 106. Humayun, M.; Jhanjhi, N.Z.; Almotilag, A. Real-Time Security Health and Privacy Monitoring for Saudi Highways Using Cutting-Edge Technologies. Appl. Sci. 2022, 12, 2177. [CrossRef] |
dc.relation.citationendpage.spa.fl_str_mv |
26 |
dc.relation.citationstartpage.spa.fl_str_mv |
1 |
dc.relation.citationissue.spa.fl_str_mv |
3 |
dc.relation.citationvolume.spa.fl_str_mv |
23 |
dc.rights.eng.fl_str_mv |
© 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland |
dc.rights.license.spa.fl_str_mv |
Atribución 4.0 Internacional (CC BY 4.0) |
dc.rights.uri.spa.fl_str_mv |
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ |
dc.rights.accessrights.spa.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess |
dc.rights.coar.spa.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2 |
rights_invalid_str_mv |
Atribución 4.0 Internacional (CC BY 4.0) © 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2 |
eu_rights_str_mv |
openAccess |
dc.format.extent.spa.fl_str_mv |
26 páginas |
dc.format.mimetype.spa.fl_str_mv |
application/pdf |
dc.coverage.country.none.fl_str_mv |
Colombia |
dc.publisher.spa.fl_str_mv |
Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI) |
dc.publisher.place.spa.fl_str_mv |
Switzerland |
dc.source.spa.fl_str_mv |
https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/3/1126 |
institution |
Corporación Universidad de la Costa |
bitstream.url.fl_str_mv |
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/ef3fb4cc-daef-4be7-afa1-d853c601fb6a/download https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/57ce10be-f5a2-4a16-9687-6f9371f7bc56/download https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/e2ed673c-07ab-4b8a-8623-c4aa8fce89c4/download https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/ec5fa4d0-6c53-4877-8f31-2f3500bf7196/download |
bitstream.checksum.fl_str_mv |
3a05cbcb51b63ac5cf9a8ac53d8e221e 2f9959eaf5b71fae44bbf9ec84150c7a 5e60bba01066fda2f8a278044bc9e374 d530b98914604c6cf80390d7178277db |
bitstream.checksumAlgorithm.fl_str_mv |
MD5 MD5 MD5 MD5 |
repository.name.fl_str_mv |
Repositorio de la Universidad de la Costa CUC |
repository.mail.fl_str_mv |
repdigital@cuc.edu.co |
_version_ |
1811760766650417152 |
spelling |
Atribución 4.0 Internacional (CC BY 4.0)© 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerlandhttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Barrios-Ulloa, AlexisCama-Pinto, DoraArrabal Campos, Francisco ManuelMartínez Lao, Juan AntonioMonsalvo, JoseHernández-López, AudomaroCama-Pinto, Alejandro2023-01-30T16:08:06Z2023-01-30T16:08:06Z2023Barrios-Ulloa, A.; Cama-Pinto, D.; Arrabal-Campos, F.M.; Martínez-Lao, J.A.; MonsalvoAmaris, J.; Hernández-López, A.; Cama-Pinto, A. Overview of Mobile Communications in Colombia and Introduction to 5G. Sensors 2023, 23, 1126. https://doi.org/10.3390/s230311261424-3210https://hdl.handle.net/11323/985210.3390/s230311261424-8220Corporación Universidad de la CostaREDICUC - Repositorio CUChttps://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/The deployment of 5G around the world continues to progress at a rapid pace, especially in North America and Asia. Its advantages and efficiency as a data transmission network have been widely demonstrated in different fields such as agriculture, education, health, and surveillance. However, this process does not have the same dynamics in Latin America, specifically in Colombia. The country is currently implementing actions aimed at facilitating the deployment of this technology in the short term, including pilot tests for the use of the radio spectrum, spectrum auctions, the planning of future auctions, and the review of spectrum caps. The results of this review allow us to conclude that despite the forecasts and the intentions of the Colombian government and mobile communication service operators, 5G in standalone mode will not be commercially available in Colombia before the end of 2023. The main failures in its deployment are related to the lack of available spectrum to support the ultrahigh-reliability and low-latency, enhanced mobile broadband, and massive machine-type communications scenarios, as well as the delay in the auction processes for its assignment.26 páginasapplication/pdfengMultidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)Switzerlandhttps://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/3/1126Overview of mobile communications in Colombia and introduction to 5GArtículo de revistahttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1Textinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARTinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85ColombiaSensors1. Ericsson. Mobile Subscriptions Outlook. Available online: https://www.ericsson.com/en/reports-and-papers/mobility-report/dataforecasts/mobile-subscriptions-outlook (accessed on 28 June 2022).2. 5G Americas. Latin America & Caribbean Statistics. Available online: https://www.5gamericas.org/resources/charts-statistics/latin-america/ (accessed on 28 June 2022).3. CRC. Tráfico de Internet Móvil en Colombia se Incrementó en 94.5% en Tercer Trimestre de 2021. Available online: https://www.crcom.gov.co/es/noticias/comunicado-prensa/trafico-internet-movil-en-colombia-se-incremento-en-945-entercer#:~{}:text=Enseptiembrede2021%2Cla,35%2C7 (accessed on 28 June 2022).4. Matinmikko-blue, M. Visions for 6G Futures: A Causal Layered Analysis. In Proceedings of the 2022 Joint European Conference on Networks and Communications & 6G Summit (EuCNC/6G Summit): 6G Visions (6GV) 2022, Porto, Portugal, 7 June 2022; IEEE: New York, NY, USA, 2023; pp. 535–540.5. Ahmed Solyman, A.A.; Yahya, K. Evolution of wireless communication networks: From 1G to 6G and future perspective. Int. J. Electr. Comput. Eng. 2022, 12, 3943–3950. [CrossRef]6. Vriendt, J.A. De Mobile Network Evolution. ITP 2015, 9, 10–16.7. Linge, N.; Sutton, A. The road to 4G. J. Inst. Telecommun. Prof. 2014, 8, 9–16.8. Hodara, H.; Skaljo, E. From 1G to 5G. Fiber Integr. Opt. 2021, 40, 85–183. [CrossRef]9. Pavia, J.P.; Lopes, D.; Cristóvão, P.; Sebastião, P.; Correia, A. The evolution and future perspective of security in mobile communications networks. In Proceedings of the 9th International Congress on Ultra Modern Telecommunications and Control Systems and Workshops (ICUMT), Munich, Germany, 6–8 November 2017; pp. 267–276.10. Mendoza, J.J.I.; Campoverde, M.J.I.; Lima, D.R.M.; Jumbo, R.M.S.; Conde-Zhingre, L.E. The 5G Mobile Network and Its Contribution Towards Smart Cities. Iber. Conf. Inf. Syst. Technol. Cist. 2022, 2022, 22–25. [CrossRef]11. MINTIC Colombia. PLan de Transición a Nuevas Tecnologías. Available online: https://mintic.gov.co/portal/715/articles-145550_plan_transicion_nuevas_tecnologias_20200624a.pdf (accessed on 28 June 2022).12. CCIT. Apagón 2G: ¿el fin de las “flechas”? Available online: https://www.ccit.org.co/datotic/apagon-2g-el-fin-de-las-flechas/(accessed on 28 June 2022).13. MINTIC Colombia. Plan TIC 2018-2022 El Futuro Digital es de Todos. Available online: https://www.mintic.gov.co/portal/604/articles-101922_Plan_TIC.pdf (accessed on 18 June 2022).14. TigoUne. Apagado de Red 2G. Available online: https://ayuda.tigo.com.co/hc/es/articles/5442277948947-Apagado-de-red-2GGeneral- (accessed on 28 June 2022).15. Claro Colombia. Claro Anuncia Modernización de su Red Móvil. Available online: https://www.claro.com.co/institucional/modernizacion-red-claro/ (accessed on 28 June 2022).16. Neagu, G.; Ianculescu, M.; Alexandru, A.; Florian, V.; Radulescu, C.T.Z. Next generation IoT and its influence on decision-making. ˇAn illustrative case study. Procedia Comput. Sci. 2019, 162, 555–561. [CrossRef]17. Ericsson. IoT Connections Outlook. Available online: https://www.ericsson.com/en/reports-and-papers/mobility-report/dataforecasts/iot-connections-outlook (accessed on 12 November 2022).18. IoT Analytics. State of IoT 2022: Number of Connected IoT Devices Growing 18% to 14.4 Billion Globally. Available online: https://iot-analytics.com/number-connected-iot-devices/ (accessed on 12 November 2022).19. GSMA. The Mobile Economy 2022. Available online: www.gsmaintelligence.com (accessed on 18 June 2022).20. DANE. Boletín Técnico: Indicadores Básicos de Tenencia y uso de Tecnologías de la Información y las Comunicaciones—TIC en hogares y personas de 5 y más años de edad Departamental 2019. Available online: https://www.dane.gov.co/index.php/estadisticas-por-tema/tecnologia-e-innovacion/tecnologias-de-la-informacion-y-las-comunicaciones-tic/indicadores-basicosde-tic-en-hogares (accessed on 20 November 2022).21. MinTIC Colombia. Boletín Trimestral de Las TIC cuarto trimestre de 2021. Available online: http://colombiatic.mintic.gov.co/60 2/articles-11128_archivo_pdf.pdf (accessed on 12 November 2022).22. Nikolic, I.; Galli, N. Patent pools in 5G: The principles for facilitating pool licensing. Telecomm. Policy 2022, 46, 29–30. [CrossRef]23. Nikbakht, H.; Wigger, M.; Egan, M.; Shamai, S.; Gorce, J.M.; Poor, H.V. An Information-Theoretic View of Mixed-Delay Traffic in 5G and 6G. Entropy 2022, 24, 637. [CrossRef]24. Yang, C.; Liang, P.; Fu, L.; Cui, G.; Huang, F.; Teng, F.; Bangash, Y.A. Using 5G in smart cities: A systematic mapping study. Intell. Syst. Appl. 2022, 14, 200065. [CrossRef]25. Barrios-Ulloa, A.; Cama-Pinto, D.; Mardini-Bovea, J.; Díaz-Martínez, J.; Ca26. GSMA. Brazil’s Multi-Band Auction: One of the Largest in the History of Mobile Communications. Available online: https://www.gsma.com/latinamerica/es/subasta-multibanda-de-brasil-una-de-las-mas-grandes-en-la-historia-de-lascomunicaciones-moviles/#:~{}:text=Larecientesubastamultibandade,enlagestióndelespectro (accessed on 27 June 2022).27. European 5G Observatory. The 5G Greek Auction Raised 372.3 Million EUR. Available online: https://5gobservatory.eu/the-5ggreek-auction-raised-372-3-million-eur/ (accessed on 27 June 2022).28. Belbase, K.; Tellambura, C.; Jiang, H. Coverage, Capacity, and Error Rate Analysis of Multi-Hop Millimeter-Wave Decode and Forward Relaying. IEEE Access 2019, 7, 69638–69656. [CrossRef]29. Aoudia, F.A.; Hoydis, J. Waveform Learning for Next-Generation Wireless Communication Systems. IEEE Trans. Commun. 2022, 70, 3804–3817. [CrossRef]30. Levanen, T.; Kaikkonen, J.; Nielsen, S.; Pajukoski, K.; Renfors, M.; Valkama, M. 5G new radio UL coverage with peak clipping. IEEE Veh. Technol. Conf. 2018, 2017, 1–7. [CrossRef]31. Peng, S.; Xue, W.; Decai, Z.; Ziyue, C.; Yao, G. Acquisition performance of B1I abounding with 5G signals. J. Syst. Eng. Electron. 2022, 99, 1–12. [CrossRef]32. Peña, J.E.A.; Bustamante, R.A.G. Radiopropagation Simulations in 28 GHz, 38 GHz and 60 GHz with 128 Elements Massive MIMO Array for 5G Networks. In Proceedings of the IEEE MTT-S Latin America Microwave Conference, Arequipa, Peru, 10–13 December 2018; pp. 16–18.33. Tervo, O.; Nousiainen, I.; Nasarre, I.P.; Tiirola, E.; Hulkkonen, J. On the Potential of Using Sub-THz Frequencies for Beyond 5G. In Proceedings of the 2022 Joint European 2022 Joint European Conference on Networks and Communications & 6G Summit (EuCNC/6G Summit), Grenoble, France, 7–10 June 2022; IEEE: New York, NY, USA; pp. 37–42.34. Badran, E.F.; Samara, M.; Ismail, N.E. Carrier frequency offset estimation for MIMO single-carrier FDMA system in wireless communication. Alexandria Eng. J. 2022, 61, 6907–6917. [CrossRef]35. MinTIC Colombia. Informe de Asignación-Espectro Para de Pruebas écnicas 5G. Available online: https://mintic.gov.co/micrositios/plan_5g//764/articles-162293_recurso_1.pdf (accessed on 15 July 2022).36. Alexandre, L.C.; De Souza Filho, A.L.; Sodre, A.C. Indoor Coexistence Analysis among 5G New Radio, LTE-A and NB-IoT in the 700 MHz Band. IEEE Access 2020, 8, 135000–135010. [CrossRef]37. Stevens, B.W.; Ray, J.; Daugherty, E.; Everett, J.S.; Yang, Y.; Younis, M.F. Cognitive Resource Analyzer for Cellular Network Ecosystems. IEEE Trans. Cogn. Commun. Netw. 2022, 8, 733–749. [CrossRef]38. Velez, V.; Pavia, J.P.; Rita, C.; Gonçalves, C.; Souto, N.; Sebastião, P.; Correia, A. System-Level Assessment of a C-RAN based on Generalized Space–Frequency Index Modulation for 5G New Radio and Beyond. Appl. Sci. 2022, 12, 1592. [CrossRef]39. Dey, P.; Masal, A.; Kaimalettu, S.; Milleth, J.K.; Ramamurthi, B. Reference signal design to mitigate co-channel interference in 5G OFDM systems with multiple numerologies. Phys. Commun. 2022, 53, 101653. [CrossRef]40. Sanchez, J.M. Mobile Revolution: From 2G to 5G. In Proceedings of the 2021 IEEE Colombian Conference on Communications and Computing, COLCOM 2021, Virtual, 26–28 May 2021; IEEE: New York, NY, USA; pp. 1–6.41. Shen, Y.; Bootsman, R.; Alavi, M.S.; De Vreede, L.C.N. A Wideband IQ-Mapping Direct-Digital RF Modulator for 5G Transmitters. IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits 2022, 57, 1446–1456. [CrossRef]42. Yi, Y.; Member, G.S.; Zhao, D.; Member, S. A 24–29.5-GHz Highly Linear Phased-Array Transceiver Front-End in 65-nm CMOS Supporting 800-MHz 64-QAM and 400-MHz 256-QAM for 5G New Radio. IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits 2022, 57, 1–17. [CrossRef]43. Hasan, M.M.; Islam, M.T.; Samsuzzaman, M.; Baharuddin, M.H.; Soliman, M.S.; Alzamil, A.; Abu Sulayman, I.I.M.; Islam, M.S. Gain and isolation enhancement of a wideband MIMO antenna using metasurface for 5G sub-6 GHz communication systems. Sci. Rep. 2022, 12, 9433. [CrossRef]44. Babu, K.V.; Das, S.; Naga, G.; Sree, J.; Patel, S.K.; Saradhi, M.P.; Tagore, M.R.N. Design and development of miniaturized MIMO antenna using parasitic elements and Machine learning (ML) technique for lower sub 6 GHz 5G applications. AEUE-Int. J. Electron. Commun. 2022, 153, 154281. [CrossRef]45. Cama-Pinto, D.; Damas, M.; Holgado-Terriza, J.A.; Gómez-Mula, F.; Calderín-Curtidor, A.C.; Martínez-Lao, J.A.; Cama-Pinto, A. 5G Mobile Phone Network Introduction in Colombia. Electronics 2021, 10, 922. [CrossRef]46. MinICT Colombia. Plan 5G Colombia-The Digital Future Belongs to Everyone. Available online: https://mintic.gov.co/micrositios/plan_5g//764/articles-162230_recurso_1.pdf (accessed on 16 June 2022).47. Ericsson. Ericsson Mobility Report November 2021. Available online: https://www.ericsson.com/4ad7e9/assets/local/reportspapers/mobility-report/documents/2021/ericsson-mobility-report-november-2021.pdf (accessed on 10 July 2022).48. GSMA 5G Spectrum, GSMA Public Policy Position. Available online: https://www.gsma.com/spectrum/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/5G-Spectrum-Positions.pdf (accessed on 12 November 2022).49. GSMA 5G and the 3.3–3.8 GHz Range in Latin America. Available online: https://www.gsma.com/spectrum/wp-content/ uploads/2020/11/5G-and-3.5-GHz-Range-in-Latam.pdf (accessed on 19 July 2022).50. Arrubla-Hoyos, W.; Ojeda-Beltrán, A.; Solano-Barliza, A.; Rambauth-Ibarra, G.; Barrios-Ulloa, A.; Cama-Pinto, D.; ArrabalCampos, F.M.; Martínez-Lao, J.A.; Cama-Pinto, A.; Manzano-Agugliaro, F. Precision Agriculture and Sensor Systems Applications in Colombia through 5G Networks. Sensors 2022, 22, 7295. [CrossRef]51. Congreso de la República de Colombia Ley 1341 de 2009. Available online: https://www.funcionpublica.gov.co/eva/ gestornormativo/norma.php?i=36913#:~{}:text=Establecequeapartirde,delaInformaciónylas (accessed on 1 July 2022).52. Congreso de la República de Colombia Ley 1978 de 2019. Available online: https://micrositios.mintic.gov.co/ley_tic/pdf/ley_tic_1978.pdf (accessed on 1 July 2022).53. ITU Economic Aspects of Spectrum Management. Available online: https://www.itu.int/dms_pub/itu-r/opb/rep/R-REP-SM. 2012-6-2018-PDF-E.pdf (accessed on 7 July 2022).54. MinTIC Colombia Plan Marco de Asignación de Permisos de uso del Espectro 2020–2022. Available online: https://mintic.gov. co/portal/715/articles-151433_recurso_1.pdf (accessed on 19 July 2022).55. MINTIC Colombia Resolución 0597 de 2014. Available online: https://www.minsalud.gov.co/Areadetrabajocolaborativo/ConectividadMinTIC/Normativa/Resolución597-renovaciónTMC.pdf (accessed on 9 November 2022).56. MINTIC Colombia Resolución 0598 de 2014. Available online: https://www.minsalud.gov.co/Areadetrabajocolaborativo/ConectividadMinTIC/Normativa/Resolución598-RenovaciónTMC.pdf (accessed on 9 November 2022).57. Agencia Nacional del Espectro Consulta Pública Sobre las Bandas Disponibles Para el Futuro Desarrollo de las IMT en Colombia. Available online: https://www.ane.gov.co/Documentoscompartidos/ArchivosDescargables/noticias/ConsultapúblicasobrelasbandasdisponiblesparaelfuturodesarrollodelasIMTenColombia.pdf (accessed on 9 November 2022).58. Comisión Reguladora de Comunicaciones Diaz-Granados, Julián-2011-Condiciones Regulatorias y de Mercado Operación Móvil Virtual Proceso Regulación de Mercados. Available online: https://www.crcom.gov.co/system/files/BibliotecaVirtual/CondicionesRegulatoriasydeMercadoOperaciónMóvilVirtual/124-documentosoporte.pdf (accessed on 10 November 2022).59. MINTIC Colombia Consulta en Línea Registro Tic. Available online: http://bpm-integraciones.mintic.gov.co:9000/Consulta_RTIC/ (accessed on 8 July 2022).60. CRC Información Internet Móvil. Available online: https://postdata.gov.co/información-internet-móvil (accessed on 13 July 2022).61. MinTIC Colombia Documento soporte y Consulta pública—Desarrollo de 5G en Colombia. Available online: https://www.mintic.gov.co/portal/715/articles-236811_documento_soporte_consulta_publica_desarrollo_5g_colombia.pdf (accessed on 16 July 2022).62. MinTIC Colombia Análisis Preliminar Sobre Proceso de Selección Objetiva para Asignación de Permisos de Uso del Espectro en Bandas IMT. Available online: https://www.mintic.gov.co/portal/715/articles-146624_resolucion_1322_20200727_soporte_tecnico.pdf (accessed on 16 July 2022).63. MINTIC Colombia Resolución 003209 de 2019. Available online: https://mintic.gov.co/micrositios/plan_5g//764/articles-162285_recurso_1.pdf (accessed on 14 July 2022).64. MINTIC Colombia Informe Manifestaciones de Interes Pilotos 5G. Available online: https://mintic.gov.co/micrositios/plan_5g//764/articles-162286_recurso_1.pdf (accessed on 14 July 2022).65. MINTIC Colombia Resolución 000638. Available online: https://mintic.gov.co/micrositios/plan_5g//764/articles-162287_recurso_1.pdf (accessed on 15 July 2022).66. ITU Setting the Scene for 5G: Opportunities & Challenges. Available online: https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Documents/ITU_5G_REPORT-2018.pdf (accessed on 15 July 2022).67. MINTIC Colombia Resolución 467 de 2020. Available online: https://normograma.mintic.gov.co/mintic/docs/resolucion_mintic_0467_2020.htm (accessed on 15 July 2022).68. MinTIC Colombia MINTIC Publica Para Comentarios el Nuevo Proyecto de Decreto que Actualiza los Topes de Espectro y Habilita la Asignación de Espectro Para 5G. Available online: https://mintic.gov.co/portal/inicio/Sala-de-prensa/Noticias/195456:MINTIC-publica-para-comentarios-el-nuevo-proyecto-de-Decreto-que-actualiza-los-topes-de-espectro-y-habilita-laasignacion-de-espectro-para-5G (accessed on 16 July 2022).69. MINTIC Colombia Documentos de Interés Plan 5G Colombia. Available online: https://mintic.gov.co/micrositios/plan_5g//764/w3-channel.html (accessed on 14 July 2022).70. Williams, L.; Sovacool, B.K.; Foxon, T.J. The energy use implications of 5G: Reviewing whole network operational energy, embodied energy, and indirect effects. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2022, 157, 112033. [CrossRef]71. 3GPP Release 17. Available online: https://www.3gpp.org/release-17 (accessed on 16 July 2022).72. Blind, K.; Niebel, C. 5G roll-out failures addressed by innovation policies in the EU. Technol. Forecast. Soc. Chang. 2022, 180, 121673. [CrossRef]73. Chiaraviglio, L.; Elzanaty, A.; Alouini, M.S. Health risks associated with 5G exposure: A view from the communications engineering perspective. IEEE Open J. Commun. Soc. 2021, 2, 2131–2179. [CrossRef]74. Lehr, W.; Queder, F.; Haucap, J. 5G: A new future for Mobile Network Operators, or not? Telecomm. Policy 2021, 45, 102086. [CrossRef]75. Jabbar, A.; Abbasi, Q.H.; Anjum, N.; Kalsoom, T.; Ramzan, N.; Ahmed, S.; Rafi-Ul-shan, P.M.; Falade, O.P.; Imran, M.A.; Ur Rehman, M. Millimeter-Wave Smart Antenna Solutions for URLLC in Industry 4.0 and Beyond. Sensors 2022, 22, 2688. [CrossRef]76. Belani, J.D.; Thakore, Y.B.; Kotak, N.A.; Borisagar, K.R.; Sedani, B.S. Performance Analysis of Various 5G Mobile Architectures. Int. J. Interact. Mob. Technol. 2022, 16, 94–106. [CrossRef]77. Liu, G.; Huang, Y.; Chen, Z.; Liu, L.; Wang, Q.; Li, N. 5G Deployment: Standalone vs. Non-Standalone from the Operator Perspective. IEEE Commun. Mag. 2020, 58, 83–89. [CrossRef]78. MinTIC Colombia Resolución 3078 de 2019. Available online: https://normograma.mintic.gov.co/mintic/docs/resolucion_mintic_3078_2019.htm (accessed on 20 July 2022).79. MinTIC Colombia Con 28,3 Millones de Conexiones, Gobierno Nacional Supera la Meta de Cobertura en 4G en el País. Available online: https://mintic.gov.co/portal/inicio/Sala-de-prensa/Noticias/208181:Con-28-3-millones-de-conexiones-GobiernoNacional-supera-la-meta-de-cobertura-en-4G-en-el-pais (accessed on 20 July 2022).80. Claro Colombia Tecnología 5G en Colombia: Ya Estamos en Pruebas. Available online: https://www.claro.com.co/empresas/sectores/noticias-interes/5g-colombia/ (accessed on 20 July 2022).81. Claro Colombia Innovación, Tecnología y Nuevas Redes 5G. Available online: https://www.claro.com.co/institucional/implementacion-de-tecnologia-5g/ (accessed on 20 July 2022).82. MinTIC Colombia Nuevo Piloto de 5G Mejorará la Atención Médica a Pacientes COVID-19 en el Hospital Militar en Bogotá”, Celebró la Ministra TIC, Karen Abudinen. Available online: https://www.mintic.gov.co/portal/inicio/Sala-de-prensa/Noticias/161637:Nuevo-piloto-de-5G-mejorara-la-atencion-medica-a-pacientes-COVID-19-en-el-Hospital-Militar-en-Bogota-celebrola-ministra-TIC-Karen-Abudinen (accessed on 20 July 2022).83. Military Hospital HOMIL and Movistar Present Second 5G Pilot. Available online: https://www.hospitalmilitar.gov.co/index. php?idcategoria=69906 (accessed on 19 March 2021).84. TigoUne Usos del 5G. Available online: https://comunicacionestigo.com/5g/?page_id=36 (accessed on 20 July 2022).85. 5G-MAG Pruebas de Transmisión 5G Basada en LTE en Colombia. Available online: https://www.5g-mag.com/post/lte-based5g-broadcast-in-colombia-id-tolú (accessed on 22 July 2022).86. Arora, S.; Sharma, N.; Bhushan, B.; Kaushik, I.; Ahmad, A. Evolution of 5G wireless network in IoT. In Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE 9th International Conference on Communication Systems and Network Technologies, CSNT 2020, Gwalior, India, 10–12 April 2020; pp. 108–113.87. Zhang, D.; Rodrigues, J.J.P.C.; Zhai, Y.; Sato, T. Design and Implementation of 5G e-Health Systems: Technologies, Use Cases, and Future Challenges. IEEE Commun. Mag. 2021, 59, 80–85. [CrossRef]88. Maraveas, C.; Piromalis, D.; Arvanitis, K.G.; Bartzanas, T.; Loukatos, D. Applications of IoT for optimized greenhouse environment and resources management. Comput. Electron. Agric. 2022, 198, 106993. [CrossRef]89. Barrios-Ulloa, A.; Ariza-colpas, P.P.; Hernando, S.; Quintero-linero, A.P.; Hoz-franco, E. De Modeling Radio Wave Propagation for Wireless Sensor Networks in Vegetated Environments: A Systematic Literature Review. Sensors 2022, 22, 5285. [CrossRef] [PubMed]90. Banco de la República Aislamiento Geográfico y Educación Rural. Available online: https://www.banrep.gov.co/es/blog/aislamiento-geografico-y-educacion-rural (accessed on 25 July 2022).91. Mineducación Colombia Educación Virtual o Educación en Línea. Available online: https://www.mineducacion.gov.co/portal/Educacion-superior/Informacion-Destacada/196492:Educacion-virtual-o-educacion-en-linea (accessed on 25 July 2022).92. Bucea-Manea-Toni¸s, R.; Kuleto, V.; Gudei, S.C.D.; Lianu, C.; Lianu, C.; Ili´c, M.P.; Păun, D. Artificial Intelligence Potential in Higher Education Institutions Enhanced Learning Environment in Romania and Serbia. Sustainability 2022, 14, 5842. [CrossRef]93. Kumar, P.; Thallapalli, R.; Akshay, R.; Sai, S.; Sai, S.; Srujan, S. State-of-the-Art: Implementation of Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality with the Integration of 5G in the Classroom. AIP Conf. Proc. 2022, 2418, 020069.94. UNDP La Percepción de Seguridad en Colombia, un Desafío Para la Construcción de paz. Available online: https://www.undp.org/es/colombia/la-percepción-de-seguridad-en-colombia-un-desafío-para-la-construcción-de-paz (accessed on 26 July 2022).95. Universidad de Antioquia Paradoja de adopción tecnológica en Colombia. Available online: https://udearroba.udea.edu.co/ blog/tag/alfabetizacion-digital/ (accessed on 27 December 2022).96. Iranpak, S.; Shahbahrami, A.; Shakeri, H. Remote patient monitoring and classifying using the internet of things platform combined with cloud computing. J. Big Data 2021, 8, 120. [CrossRef]97. Humayun, M.; Jhanjhi, N.Z.; Almotilag, A.; Almufareh, M.F. Agent-Based Medical Health Monitoring System. Sensors 2022, 22, 2820. [CrossRef]98. Xue, C.; Feng, Y.; Bai, F.; Liu, T. A Drip Irrigation Remote Control System Using 5G-IoT Technology. In Lecture Notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering; Xiang, W., Han, F., Phan, T.K., Eds.; Springer: Cham, Switzerland, 2022; ISBN 978-3-030-93479-8.99. Li, F. Intelligent Agricultural Monitoring System Based on Lot. In Proceedings of the IEEE 6th Information Technology and Mechatronics Engineering Conference, ITOEC 2022, Chongqing, China, 4–6 March 2022; IEEE: New York, NY, USA; pp. 652–655.100. Wang, L.; Jia, L.; Wang, J.; Zhou, Q. The Early-Warning and Inspection System for Intelligent Greenhouse Based on Internet of Things. J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 2021, 1757, 012151. [CrossRef]101. Ndiaye, L.; Diouf, S.; Gueye, K.; Ouya, S.; Mendy, G. Contribution to Improving the Conditions of Access to Very High Speed 5G Internet for Online Education in Developing African Countries. In Proceedings of the 2021 International Conference on Digital Age and Technological Advances for Sustainable Development, ICDATA 2021, Marrakech, Morocco, 29–30 June 2021; IEEE: New York, NY, USA; pp. 114–120.102. Huang, S. Innovative Practice of Music Education in the Universities in the Context of 5G Network. Comput. Intell. Neurosci. 2022, 2022, 3451422. [CrossRef] [PubMed]103. Wu, W.; Lu, B. Construction of Wireless Sensor Network Video Surveillance System for Multimedia Classroom Education and Teaching under 5G Communication Network. J. Sens. 2022, 2022, 6385391. [CrossRef]104. Cui, C.; Zhou, G.; Chen, C. Research on Intelligent Mobile Police Application Based on 5G Technology. In Proceedings of the 2022 IEEE International Conference on Electrical Engineering, Big Data and Algorithms, EEBDA 2022, Changchun China, 25–27 February 2022; IEEE: New York, NY, USA; pp. 426–429.105. Dai, C.; Zhang, C.Y.; Zhang, Y.X.; Liao, Y.Z.; Xiong, Y.L.; Yu, S.S. 5G + UAV Intelligent Tracking System Based on Beidou and Its Financial Evaluation. In Proceedings of the 2022 7th International Conference on Intelligent Computing and Signal Processing, ICSP 2022, Virtual, 15–17 April 2022; pp. 1107–1111.106. Humayun, M.; Jhanjhi, N.Z.; Almotilag, A. Real-Time Security Health and Privacy Monitoring for Saudi Highways Using Cutting-Edge Technologies. Appl. Sci. 2022, 12, 2177. [CrossRef]2613234G5GMobile communication networksMobile operatorsSpectrumColombiaPublicationORIGINALOverview of Mobile Communications in Colombia and Introduction to 5G.pdfOverview of Mobile Communications in Colombia and Introduction to 5G.pdfArtículoapplication/pdf5746598https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/ef3fb4cc-daef-4be7-afa1-d853c601fb6a/download3a05cbcb51b63ac5cf9a8ac53d8e221eMD51LICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-814828https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/57ce10be-f5a2-4a16-9687-6f9371f7bc56/download2f9959eaf5b71fae44bbf9ec84150c7aMD52TEXTOverview of Mobile Communications in Colombia and Introduction to 5G.pdf.txtOverview of Mobile Communications in Colombia and Introduction to 5G.pdf.txtExtracted texttext/plain112326https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/e2ed673c-07ab-4b8a-8623-c4aa8fce89c4/download5e60bba01066fda2f8a278044bc9e374MD53THUMBNAILOverview of Mobile Communications in Colombia and Introduction to 5G.pdf.jpgOverview of Mobile Communications in Colombia and Introduction to 5G.pdf.jpgGenerated Thumbnailimage/jpeg15433https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/ec5fa4d0-6c53-4877-8f31-2f3500bf7196/downloadd530b98914604c6cf80390d7178277dbMD5411323/9852oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/98522024-09-17 11:03:12.276https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/© 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerlandopen.accesshttps://repositorio.cuc.edu.coRepositorio de la Universidad de la Costa CUCrepdigital@cuc.edu.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 |