Translation and validation of the Spanish version of the Chronic Illness Anticipated Stigma Scale (CIASS) in Colombian patients diagnosed with chronic illnesses
Objective: Determine the psychometric properties of the CIASS scale for Colombian patients living with chronic diseases. Method: A Spanish version of the scale was distributed to a sample of 230 patients (33.2% male, aged 18–98 years) diagnosed with chronic diseases. A confirmatory factor analysis w...
- Autores:
-
Trejos-Herrera, Ana María
Vinaccia, Stefano
Bahamón, Marly Johana
Alarcon-Vásquez, Yolima
Rodriguez Giraldo, Marjorie
Gaviria García, Gladys
Flórez Lozano, Karen
Earnshaw, Valerie A.
- Tipo de recurso:
- Article of journal
- Fecha de publicación:
- 2019
- Institución:
- Corporación Universidad de la Costa
- Repositorio:
- REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
- Idioma:
- eng
- OAI Identifier:
- oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/7340
- Acceso en línea:
- https://hdl.handle.net/11323/7340
https://doi.org/10.1080/18387357.2019.1704179
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/
- Palabra clave:
- Anticipated stigma
validation
psychometric properties
chronic disease
social stigma
- Rights
- openAccess
- License
- Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International
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dc.title.spa.fl_str_mv |
Translation and validation of the Spanish version of the Chronic Illness Anticipated Stigma Scale (CIASS) in Colombian patients diagnosed with chronic illnesses |
title |
Translation and validation of the Spanish version of the Chronic Illness Anticipated Stigma Scale (CIASS) in Colombian patients diagnosed with chronic illnesses |
spellingShingle |
Translation and validation of the Spanish version of the Chronic Illness Anticipated Stigma Scale (CIASS) in Colombian patients diagnosed with chronic illnesses Anticipated stigma validation psychometric properties chronic disease social stigma |
title_short |
Translation and validation of the Spanish version of the Chronic Illness Anticipated Stigma Scale (CIASS) in Colombian patients diagnosed with chronic illnesses |
title_full |
Translation and validation of the Spanish version of the Chronic Illness Anticipated Stigma Scale (CIASS) in Colombian patients diagnosed with chronic illnesses |
title_fullStr |
Translation and validation of the Spanish version of the Chronic Illness Anticipated Stigma Scale (CIASS) in Colombian patients diagnosed with chronic illnesses |
title_full_unstemmed |
Translation and validation of the Spanish version of the Chronic Illness Anticipated Stigma Scale (CIASS) in Colombian patients diagnosed with chronic illnesses |
title_sort |
Translation and validation of the Spanish version of the Chronic Illness Anticipated Stigma Scale (CIASS) in Colombian patients diagnosed with chronic illnesses |
dc.creator.fl_str_mv |
Trejos-Herrera, Ana María Vinaccia, Stefano Bahamón, Marly Johana Alarcon-Vásquez, Yolima Rodriguez Giraldo, Marjorie Gaviria García, Gladys Flórez Lozano, Karen Earnshaw, Valerie A. |
dc.contributor.author.spa.fl_str_mv |
Trejos-Herrera, Ana María Vinaccia, Stefano Bahamón, Marly Johana Alarcon-Vásquez, Yolima Rodriguez Giraldo, Marjorie Gaviria García, Gladys Flórez Lozano, Karen Earnshaw, Valerie A. |
dc.subject.spa.fl_str_mv |
Anticipated stigma validation psychometric properties chronic disease social stigma |
topic |
Anticipated stigma validation psychometric properties chronic disease social stigma |
description |
Objective: Determine the psychometric properties of the CIASS scale for Colombian patients living with chronic diseases. Method: A Spanish version of the scale was distributed to a sample of 230 patients (33.2% male, aged 18–98 years) diagnosed with chronic diseases. A confirmatory factor analysis was performed using unweighted least squares to determine the scale’s structural validity, Cronbach’s alpha was calculated to determine the scale’s reliability, and correlations with related constructs were calculated to determine the scale’s convergent validity. Results: Confirmatory factor analysis suggested that the factor structure of the scale was a satisfactory fit to the proposed theoretical model (χ2 = 3133.26, df = 526, root mean square error of approximation [RMSEA] = 0.082, P-Value = 0.00, CFI = 1.00, root mean square residual [RMR] = 0.11). The internal consistency of the scale was strong (Cronbach’s α = .815), indicating that the scale was reliable. We found that the discrimination index of CIASS scale items were high (r = .647–.870). Convergent validity was also supported, associations observed with lower coping and greater negative emotion scores. Conclusion: The CIASS scale is a valid and reliable instrument for the assessment of anticipated stigma in Colombian patients with chronic illnesses. |
publishDate |
2019 |
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv |
2019 |
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv |
2020-11-18T16:02:01Z |
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv |
2020-11-18T16:02:01Z |
dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv |
Artículo de revista |
dc.type.coar.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1 |
dc.type.coar.spa.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501 |
dc.type.content.spa.fl_str_mv |
Text |
dc.type.driver.spa.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/article |
dc.type.redcol.spa.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ART |
dc.type.version.spa.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion |
format |
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501 |
status_str |
acceptedVersion |
dc.identifier.uri.spa.fl_str_mv |
https://hdl.handle.net/11323/7340 |
dc.identifier.doi.spa.fl_str_mv |
https://doi.org/10.1080/18387357.2019.1704179 |
dc.identifier.instname.spa.fl_str_mv |
Corporación Universidad de la Costa |
dc.identifier.reponame.spa.fl_str_mv |
REDICUC - Repositorio CUC |
dc.identifier.repourl.spa.fl_str_mv |
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/ |
url |
https://hdl.handle.net/11323/7340 https://doi.org/10.1080/18387357.2019.1704179 https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/ |
identifier_str_mv |
Corporación Universidad de la Costa REDICUC - Repositorio CUC |
dc.language.iso.none.fl_str_mv |
eng |
language |
eng |
dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv |
Antonovsky, A. (1993). The structure and properties of the sense of coherence scale. Social Science & Medicine, 36(6), 725–733. Bartels, H., Pedersen, S., Van der Laan, B., Staal, M., Albers, F., & Middel, B. (2010). The impact of Type D personality on health-related quality of life in tinnitus patients is mainly mediated by anxiety and depression. Otology and Neurotology, 31(1), 11–18. Batista-Foguet, J., & Coenders, G. (2000). Modelos de ecuaciones estructurales (Modelos para el análisis de relaciones causales). Madrid: Editorial la Muralla. Bedi, M., & Devins, G. M. (2016). Cultural considerations for South Asian women with breast cancer. Journal of Cancer Survivorship, 10(1), 31–50 Berger, B. E., Kapella, M. C., & Larson, J. L. (2011). The experience of stigma in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 33(7), 916–932. Broersma, F., Oeseburg, B., Dijkstra, J., & Wynia, K. (2018). The impact of self-perceived limitations, stigma and sense of coherence on quality of life in multiple sclerosis patients: Results of a cross-sectional study. Clinical Rehabilitation, 32(4), 536–545. Carr, D. (2016). Patients with pain need less stigma, not more. Pain Medicine, 17(8), 1391–1393 Cohen, M., Quintner, J., Buchanan, D., Nielsen, M., & Guy, L. (2011). Stigmatization of patients with chronic pain: The extinction of empathy. Pain Medicine, 12(11), 1637–1643. Corrigan, P., Watson, A., & Barr, L. (2006). The self-stigma of mental illness: Implications for self-esteem and self-efficacy. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 25(8), 875–884. Demirci, S., Demirci, K., & Demirci, S. (2017). The effect of Type D personality on quality of life in patients with multiple sclerosis. Archives of Neuropsychiatry, 54(3), 272–276. Denollet, J. (2005). Standard assessment of negative affectivity, social inhibition, and Type D personality. Psychosomatic Medicine, 67(1), 89–97. Denollet, J., Sys, S., & Brutsaert, D. L. (1995). Personality and mortality after myocardial infarction. Psychosomatic Medicine, 57(6), 582–591. Dubayova, T., Krokavcova, M., Nagyova, I., Rosenberger, J., Gdovinova, Z., Middel, B., … Van Diik, J. P. (2013). Type D, anxiety and depression in association with quality of life in patients with Parkinson’s disease and patients with multiple sclerosis. Quality of Life Research, 22(6), 1353–1360. Earnshaw, V., & Chaudoir, S. (2009). From conceptualizing to measuring HIV stigma: A review of HIV stigma mechanism measures. AIDS and Behaviour, 13(6), 1160–1177. Earnshaw, V., Quinn, D., Kalichman, S., & Park, C. (2013). Development and psychometric evaluation of the Chronic Illness Anticipated Stigma Scale. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 36(3), 270–282. Earnshaw, V., Quinn, D., & Park, C. (2012). Anticipated stigma and quality of life among people living with chronic illnesses. Chronic Illness, 8(2), 79–88. Ebel, R. L., & Frisbie, D. A. (1986). Essentials of education measurement. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. Erkol İnal, E., Demirci, K., Doğru, A., & Şahin, M. (2016). Ankylosing Spondylitis patients with Type D personality have worse clinical status. Modern Rheumatology, 26(1), 138–145. Goffman, E. (1963). Stigma: Notes on the management of spoiled identity. New York, NY: Simon & Schuste. Hair, J., Anderson, R., Tatham, R., & Black, W. (1999). Análisis Multivariante. Madrid: Prentice Hall Iberia. Hermanns, M. (2013). The invisible and visible stigmatization of Parkinson’s disease. Journal of the American Association of Nurse Practitioner, 25(10), 563–566. Hinkle, D., Wiersma, W., & Jurs, S. (2003). Applied statistics for the behavioral sciences. Houghton: Mifflin. Hu, L., & Bentler, P. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1–55. Johnson, J. L., Campbell, A. C., Bowers, M., & Nichol, A. M. (2007). Understanding the social consequences of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: The effects of stigma and gender. Proceedings of the American Thoracic Society, 4(8), 680–682. Kilinç, S., & Campbell, C. (2009). It shouldn’t be something that’s evil, it should be talked about: A phenomenological approach to epilepsy and stigma. Seizure, 18(10), 665–671. Maffoni, M., Giardini, A., Pierobon, A., Ferrazzoli, D., & Frazzitta, G. (2017). Stigma experienced by Parkinson’s disease patients: A descriptive review of qualitative studies. Parkinson’s Disease, 12, 1–7. Merenda, P. (2006). An overview of adapting educational and psychological assessment instruments: Past and present. Psychological Reports, 99(2), 307–314. Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social. Análisis de Situación de Salud. Colombia. (2016). Retrieved from https://www.minsalud.gov.co/sites/rid/Lists/BibliotecaDigital/RIDE/VS/ED/PSP/asis-colombia-2016.pdf. Mols, F., & Denollet, J. (2010). Type D personality in the general population: A systematic review of health status, mechanisms of disease, and work-related problems. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 8(9), 1477–7525. Montero, P., Bermúdez, J., & Rueda, B. (2017). Adaptación al castellano de la Escala DS-14 («Type D Scale-14») para la medida de la personalidad tipo D. Revista de Psicopatología y Psicología Clínica, 22(1), 55–67. Morales, P. (2008). Estadística aplicada a las ciencias sociales. Madrid: Universidad Pontificia Comillas. Moret-Tatay, C., Fernández, J., Civera, C., Navarro-Pardo, E., & Alcover de la Hera, C. (2015). Psychometric properties and factor structure of the BRCS in an elderly Spanish sample. Anales de Psicología, 31(3), 1030–1034. Nejatisafa, A. A., Mozafari, S., Noorbala, A. A., Asgarian, F. S., Earnshaw, V. A., Sahraian, M. A., & Etesam, F. (2017). Psychometric evaluation of the Persian version of the Chronic Illness Anticipated Stigma Scale (CIASS). International Society of Behavioral Medicine, 24(4), 634–640 Newton, F., Mason, C., & Hunter, M. (2014). The role of resilience in adjustment and coping with chronic pain. Rehabilitation Psychology, 59(3), 360–365. Norekvål, T. M., Fridlund, B., Lunas, P., Nordrehaug, J. E., Saevareid, H. I., Wentzel-Larsen, T., & Hanestad, B. R. (2009). Sense of coherence – A determinant of quality of life over time in older female acute myocardial infarction survivors. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 19(5–6), 820–831 Nunnally, J. C. (1978). Psychometric theory (2nd Ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. O’Dell, K. R., Masters, K. S., Spielmans, G. L., & Maisto, S. A. (2011). Does Type-D personality predict outcomes among patients with cardiovascular disease? A meta-analytic review. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 71(4), 199–206. Pedersen, S. S., & Denollet, J. (2006). Is Type D personality here to stay? Emerging evidence across cardiovascular disease patients groups. Current Cardiology Reviews, 2(3), 205–213. Peltzer, K., & Pengpid, S. (2016). Anticipated stigma in chronic illness patients in Cambodia, Myanmar and Vietnam. Nagoya Journal of Medical Science, 78(4), 423–435. Phelan, S. M., Griffin, J. M., Jackson, G. L., Zafar, F. Y., Hellerstedt, W., Sthare, M., … Van Ryn, M. (2013). Stigma, perceived blame, self-blame, and depressive symptoms in men with colorectal cancer. Psycho-oncology, 22(1), 65–73. Quinn, D. M., & Earnshaw, V. (2011). Understanding concealable stigmatized identities: The role of identity in psychological, physical, and behavioral outcomes. Social Issues and Policy Review, 5(1), 160–190. Ryu, H., Sang-Ahm, L., Soyong, E., & Heung-Dong, K. (2015). Perceived stigma in Korean adolescents with epilepsy: Effects of knowledge about epilepsy and maternal perception of stigma. Seizure, 24, 38–43. Shi, Y., Wang, S., Ying, J., Zhang, M., Liu, P., Zhang, H., & Sun, J. (2017). Correlates of perceived stigma for people living with epilepsy: A meta-analysis. Epilepsy & Behaviour, 70, 198–203. Sinclair, V., & Wallson, K. (2004). The development and psychometric evaluation of the Brief Resilient Coping Scale. Assessment, 11(1), 94–101. Spadaro, G., Romano, A., & Mosso, C. (2017). Contributo alla validazione italiana del CIASS. Giornale italiano di medicina del lavoro ed ergonomia, 39(1), 49–55. Steinhardt, M., Mamerow, M., Brown, S., & Jolly, C. (2009). A resilience intervention in African American adults with Type 2 diabetes: A pilot study of efficacy. The Diabetes Educator, 35(2), 274–284. Strand, E., Zautra, A., Thoresen, M., Odegard, S., Uhlig, T., & Finset, A. (2006). Positive affect as a factor of resilience in the pain-negative affect relationship in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Journal Psychosomatic Research, 60(5), 477–484. Vaughn-Sandler, V., Sherman, C., Aronsohn, A., & Volk, M. L. (2014). Consequences of perceived stigma among patients with cirrhosis. Digestive Diseases and Sciences, 59(3), 681–686. Virués-Ortega, J., Martínez-Martín, P., Del Barrio, J. L., & Lozano, L. M. (2007). Validación transcultural de la Escala del Sentido de Coherencia (OLQ-13) de Antonovsky en ancianos mayores de 70 años. Medicina Clínica, 128(13), 486–492. Waugh, O. C., Byrne, D. G., & Nicholas, M. K. (2014). Internalized stigma in people living with chronic pain. Journal of Pain, 15(5), 550.e1–550.e10. Weiss, M., Ramakrishna, J., & Somma, D. (2006). Health-related stigma: Rethinking concepts and interventions. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 11(3), 277–287. Wilbers, L. (2015). She has a pain problem, not a pill problem: Chronic pain management, stigma, and the family – An autoethnography. Humanity & Society, 39(1), 86–111. World Health Organization. (2014). Noncommunicable diseases country profiles 2014. Switzerland: WHO Library Cataloguing-in- Publication Data. Young, W., Park, J., Tian, I., & Kempner, J. (2013). The stigma of migraine. PLoS One, 8(1), e54074. |
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Trejos-Herrera, Ana MaríaVinaccia, StefanoBahamón, Marly JohanaAlarcon-Vásquez, YolimaRodriguez Giraldo, MarjorieGaviria García, GladysFlórez Lozano, KarenEarnshaw, Valerie A.2020-11-18T16:02:01Z2020-11-18T16:02:01Z2019https://hdl.handle.net/11323/7340https://doi.org/10.1080/18387357.2019.1704179Corporación Universidad de la CostaREDICUC - Repositorio CUChttps://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/Objective: Determine the psychometric properties of the CIASS scale for Colombian patients living with chronic diseases. Method: A Spanish version of the scale was distributed to a sample of 230 patients (33.2% male, aged 18–98 years) diagnosed with chronic diseases. A confirmatory factor analysis was performed using unweighted least squares to determine the scale’s structural validity, Cronbach’s alpha was calculated to determine the scale’s reliability, and correlations with related constructs were calculated to determine the scale’s convergent validity. Results: Confirmatory factor analysis suggested that the factor structure of the scale was a satisfactory fit to the proposed theoretical model (χ2 = 3133.26, df = 526, root mean square error of approximation [RMSEA] = 0.082, P-Value = 0.00, CFI = 1.00, root mean square residual [RMR] = 0.11). The internal consistency of the scale was strong (Cronbach’s α = .815), indicating that the scale was reliable. We found that the discrimination index of CIASS scale items were high (r = .647–.870). Convergent validity was also supported, associations observed with lower coping and greater negative emotion scores. Conclusion: The CIASS scale is a valid and reliable instrument for the assessment of anticipated stigma in Colombian patients with chronic illnesses.Trejos-Herrera, Ana María-will be generated-orcid-0000-0002-2658-6535-600Vinaccia, StefanoBahamón, Marly Johana-will be generated-orcid-0000-0003-2528-994X-600Alarcon-Vásquez, Yolima-will be generated-orcid-0000-0001-6357-8908-600Rodriguez Giraldo, Marjorie-will be generated-orcid-0000-0003-4592-6256-600Gaviria García, GladysFlórez Lozano, KarenEarnshaw, Valerie A.application/pdfengCorporación Universidad de la CostaAttribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 Internationalhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Advances in Mental Healthhttps://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/18387357.2019.1704179Anticipated stigmavalidationpsychometric propertieschronic diseasesocial stigmaTranslation and validation of the Spanish version of the Chronic Illness Anticipated Stigma Scale (CIASS) in Colombian patients diagnosed with chronic illnessesArtículo de revistahttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1Textinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARTinfo:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersionAntonovsky, A. (1993). The structure and properties of the sense of coherence scale. Social Science & Medicine, 36(6), 725–733.Bartels, H., Pedersen, S., Van der Laan, B., Staal, M., Albers, F., & Middel, B. (2010). The impact of Type D personality on health-related quality of life in tinnitus patients is mainly mediated by anxiety and depression. Otology and Neurotology, 31(1), 11–18.Batista-Foguet, J., & Coenders, G. (2000). Modelos de ecuaciones estructurales (Modelos para el análisis de relaciones causales). Madrid: Editorial la Muralla.Bedi, M., & Devins, G. M. (2016). Cultural considerations for South Asian women with breast cancer. Journal of Cancer Survivorship, 10(1), 31–50Berger, B. E., Kapella, M. C., & Larson, J. L. (2011). The experience of stigma in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 33(7), 916–932.Broersma, F., Oeseburg, B., Dijkstra, J., & Wynia, K. (2018). The impact of self-perceived limitations, stigma and sense of coherence on quality of life in multiple sclerosis patients: Results of a cross-sectional study. Clinical Rehabilitation, 32(4), 536–545.Carr, D. (2016). Patients with pain need less stigma, not more. Pain Medicine, 17(8), 1391–1393Cohen, M., Quintner, J., Buchanan, D., Nielsen, M., & Guy, L. (2011). Stigmatization of patients with chronic pain: The extinction of empathy. Pain Medicine, 12(11), 1637–1643.Corrigan, P., Watson, A., & Barr, L. (2006). The self-stigma of mental illness: Implications for self-esteem and self-efficacy. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 25(8), 875–884.Demirci, S., Demirci, K., & Demirci, S. (2017). The effect of Type D personality on quality of life in patients with multiple sclerosis. Archives of Neuropsychiatry, 54(3), 272–276.Denollet, J. (2005). Standard assessment of negative affectivity, social inhibition, and Type D personality. Psychosomatic Medicine, 67(1), 89–97.Denollet, J., Sys, S., & Brutsaert, D. L. (1995). Personality and mortality after myocardial infarction. Psychosomatic Medicine, 57(6), 582–591.Dubayova, T., Krokavcova, M., Nagyova, I., Rosenberger, J., Gdovinova, Z., Middel, B., … Van Diik, J. P. (2013). Type D, anxiety and depression in association with quality of life in patients with Parkinson’s disease and patients with multiple sclerosis. Quality of Life Research, 22(6), 1353–1360.Earnshaw, V., & Chaudoir, S. (2009). From conceptualizing to measuring HIV stigma: A review of HIV stigma mechanism measures. AIDS and Behaviour, 13(6), 1160–1177.Earnshaw, V., Quinn, D., Kalichman, S., & Park, C. (2013). Development and psychometric evaluation of the Chronic Illness Anticipated Stigma Scale. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 36(3), 270–282.Earnshaw, V., Quinn, D., & Park, C. (2012). Anticipated stigma and quality of life among people living with chronic illnesses. Chronic Illness, 8(2), 79–88.Ebel, R. L., & Frisbie, D. A. (1986). Essentials of education measurement. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.Erkol İnal, E., Demirci, K., Doğru, A., & Şahin, M. (2016). Ankylosing Spondylitis patients with Type D personality have worse clinical status. Modern Rheumatology, 26(1), 138–145.Goffman, E. (1963). Stigma: Notes on the management of spoiled identity. New York, NY: Simon & Schuste.Hair, J., Anderson, R., Tatham, R., & Black, W. (1999). Análisis Multivariante. Madrid: Prentice Hall Iberia.Hermanns, M. (2013). The invisible and visible stigmatization of Parkinson’s disease. Journal of the American Association of Nurse Practitioner, 25(10), 563–566.Hinkle, D., Wiersma, W., & Jurs, S. (2003). Applied statistics for the behavioral sciences. Houghton: Mifflin.Hu, L., & Bentler, P. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1–55.Johnson, J. L., Campbell, A. C., Bowers, M., & Nichol, A. M. (2007). Understanding the social consequences of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: The effects of stigma and gender. Proceedings of the American Thoracic Society, 4(8), 680–682.Kilinç, S., & Campbell, C. (2009). It shouldn’t be something that’s evil, it should be talked about: A phenomenological approach to epilepsy and stigma. Seizure, 18(10), 665–671.Maffoni, M., Giardini, A., Pierobon, A., Ferrazzoli, D., & Frazzitta, G. (2017). Stigma experienced by Parkinson’s disease patients: A descriptive review of qualitative studies. Parkinson’s Disease, 12, 1–7.Merenda, P. (2006). An overview of adapting educational and psychological assessment instruments: Past and present. Psychological Reports, 99(2), 307–314.Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social. Análisis de Situación de Salud. Colombia. (2016). 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