Linking organizational trust and performance through ambidexterity
Purpose – The literature provides mixed empirical evidence on the trust–performance relationship. The purpose of this paper is to shed additional light on this relationship, using organizational ambidexterity as an explanatory variable. Design/methodology/approach – A structural equation technique w...
- Autores:
-
Chams-Anturi, Odette
Moreno-Luzon, Maria D.
Escorcia-Caballero, Juan P.
- Tipo de recurso:
- Article of journal
- Fecha de publicación:
- 2019
- Institución:
- Corporación Universidad de la Costa
- Repositorio:
- REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
- Idioma:
- eng
- OAI Identifier:
- oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/5810
- Acceso en línea:
- https://hdl.handle.net/11323/5810
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/
- Palabra clave:
- Quantitative
Firm performance
Organizational ambidexterity
Organizational trust
Organic agro-food industry
- Rights
- openAccess
- License
- © Emerald Publishing Limited
| id |
RCUC2_990ab4c22e1d249f08b7c3e7e49d12da |
|---|---|
| oai_identifier_str |
oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/5810 |
| network_acronym_str |
RCUC2 |
| network_name_str |
REDICUC - Repositorio CUC |
| repository_id_str |
|
| dc.title.spa.fl_str_mv |
Linking organizational trust and performance through ambidexterity |
| title |
Linking organizational trust and performance through ambidexterity |
| spellingShingle |
Linking organizational trust and performance through ambidexterity Quantitative Firm performance Organizational ambidexterity Organizational trust Organic agro-food industry |
| title_short |
Linking organizational trust and performance through ambidexterity |
| title_full |
Linking organizational trust and performance through ambidexterity |
| title_fullStr |
Linking organizational trust and performance through ambidexterity |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Linking organizational trust and performance through ambidexterity |
| title_sort |
Linking organizational trust and performance through ambidexterity |
| dc.creator.fl_str_mv |
Chams-Anturi, Odette Moreno-Luzon, Maria D. Escorcia-Caballero, Juan P. |
| dc.contributor.author.spa.fl_str_mv |
Chams-Anturi, Odette Moreno-Luzon, Maria D. Escorcia-Caballero, Juan P. |
| dc.subject.proposal.eng.fl_str_mv |
Quantitative Firm performance Organizational ambidexterity Organizational trust Organic agro-food industry |
| topic |
Quantitative Firm performance Organizational ambidexterity Organizational trust Organic agro-food industry |
| description |
Purpose – The literature provides mixed empirical evidence on the trust–performance relationship. The purpose of this paper is to shed additional light on this relationship, using organizational ambidexterity as an explanatory variable. Design/methodology/approach – A structural equation technique was used to examine survey data obtained from 377 Spanish organic agro-food industries. Findings – The results obtained provide support to show that organizational ambidexterity has a mediating role in the relationship between organizational trust and firm performance, in the organic agro-food industry. Research limitations/implications – This study used a sample taken from only one industry and country. Future research could expand the model to other countries and industries. Practical implications – This study suggests that managers could use tools to enhance organizational trust that would help to improve firm performance, given that trust can cause employees to adopt behaviors related to ambidexterity. Therefore, managers can use trust as a mechanism to encourage more stable relationships, increase the transfer of existing knowledge, facilitate experimentation and express ideas to promote organizational ambidexterity, thus benefiting firm performance. Originality/value – This research paper offers a new insight into how ambidexterity affects the organizational trust-firm performance relationship. Even though there is growing theoretical importance given to the concepts of trust and ambidexterity, the empirical evidence that demonstrates how both variables are related to firm performance, especially in emerging sectors, is scarce. |
| publishDate |
2019 |
| dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv |
2019-09-22 |
| dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv |
2020-01-13T19:12:47Z |
| dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv |
2020-01-13T19:12:47Z |
| dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv |
Artículo de revista |
| dc.type.coar.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1 |
| dc.type.coar.spa.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501 |
| dc.type.content.spa.fl_str_mv |
Text |
| dc.type.driver.spa.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/article |
| dc.type.redcol.spa.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ART |
| dc.type.version.spa.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion |
| format |
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501 |
| status_str |
acceptedVersion |
| dc.identifier.uri.spa.fl_str_mv |
https://hdl.handle.net/11323/5810 |
| dc.identifier.instname.spa.fl_str_mv |
Corporación Universidad de la Costa |
| dc.identifier.reponame.spa.fl_str_mv |
REDICUC - Repositorio CUC |
| dc.identifier.repourl.spa.fl_str_mv |
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/ |
| url |
https://hdl.handle.net/11323/5810 https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/ |
| identifier_str_mv |
Corporación Universidad de la Costa REDICUC - Repositorio CUC |
| dc.language.iso.none.fl_str_mv |
eng |
| language |
eng |
| dc.relation.ispartofjournal.spa.fl_str_mv |
Personnel Review |
| dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv |
Altuntas, S. and Baykal, U. (2010), “Relationship between nurses’ organizational trust levels and their organizational citizenship behaviours”, Journal of Nursing Scholarship, Vol. 42 No. 2, pp. 186-194. Argyris, C. (1964), Integrating the Individual and the Organization, John Wiley and Sons, New York, NY. Arranz, N. and Arroyabe, J. (2012), “Effect of formal contracts, relational norms and trust on performance of joint research and development projects”, British Journal of Management, Vol. 23 No. 4, pp. 575-588. Benner, M. and Tushman, M. (2003), “Exploitation, exploration, and process management: the productivity dilemma revisited”, Academy of Management Review, Vol. 28 No. 2, pp. 238-256. Birkinshaw, J., Zimmermann, A. and Riasch, S. (2016), “How do firms adapt to discontinuous change? Bridging the dynamic capabilities and ambidexterity perspectives”, California Management Review, Vol. 58 No. 4, pp. 36-58. Camps, J. and Luna-Arocas, R. (2009), “High involvement work practices and firm performance”, International Journal of Human Resource Management, Vol. 20 No. 5, pp. 1056-1077. Cao, Q., Gedajlovic, E. and Zhang, H. (2009), “Unpacking organizational ambidexterity: dimensions, contingencies, and synergistic effects”, Organization Science, Vol. 20 No. 4, pp. 781-796. Cho, J., Chan, K. and Adali, S. (2015), “A survey on trust modeling”, ACM Computing Surveys, Vol. 48 No. 2, pp. 1-28. Colbert, A., Kristof-Brown, A., Bradley, B. and Barrick, M. (2008), “CEO transformational leadership: the role of goal importance congruence in top management teams”, Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 51 No. 1, pp. 81-96. Colbert, B. (2004), “The complex resource-based view: implications for theory and practice in strategic human resource management”, Academy of Management Review, Vol. 29 No. 3, pp. 341-358. Connelly, C. and Kelloway, K. (2002), “Predictions of knowledge sharing in Bangladesh”, MS thesis, Queen’s School of Business, Queen’s University, Kingston. Cook, J. and Wall, T. (1980), “New work attitude measures of trust, organizational commitment and personal need non-fulfilment”, Journal of Occupational Psychology, Vol. 53 No. 1, pp. 39-52. Costigan, R., Iiter, S. and Berman, J. (1998), “A multi-dimensional study of trust in organizations”, Journal of Management Issues, Vol. 10 No. 3, pp. 303-317. D’Souza, D., Sigdyal, P. and Struckell, E. (2017), “Relative ambidexterity: a measure and a versatile framework”, The Academy of Management Perspectives, Vol. 31 No. 2, pp. 124-136. Davis, J., Schoorman, F., Mayer, R. and Tan, H. (2000), “The trusted general manager and business unit performance: empirical evidence of a competitive advantage”, Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 21 No. 5, pp. 563-576. De Clercq, D., Dimov, D. and Thongpapanl, N. (2013), “Organizational social capital, formalization, and internal knowledge sharing in entrepreneurial orientation formation”, Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, Vol. 37 No. 3, pp. 505-537. De Jong, B., Dirks, K. and Gillespie, N. (2016), “Trust and team performance: a meta-analysis of main effects, moderators, and covariates”, Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 101 No. 8, pp. 1134-1150. Derbyshire, J. (2014), “The impact of ambidexterity on enterprise performance: evidence from 15 countries and 14 sectors”, Technovation, Elsevier, Vol. 34 No. 10, pp. 574-581. Dirks, K. (1999), “The effects of interpersonal trust on work group performance”, Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 84 No. 3, pp. 445-455. Fainshmidt, S. and Frazier, M. (2017), “What facilitates dynamic capabilities? The role of organizational climate for trust”, Long Range Planning, Vol. 50 No. 5, pp. 550-566. Fornell, C. and Larcker, D. (1981), “Evaluating structural equation models with unobserved variables and measurement errors”, Journal of Marketing Research, Vol. 28 No. 1, pp. 39-50. Fryxell, G., Dooley, R. and Vryza, M. (2002), “After the ink dries: the interaction of trust and control in US-based international joint ventures”, Journal of Management Studies, Vol. 39 No. 6, pp. 865-886. Fu, L., Liu, Z. and Liao, S. (2018), “Is distributed leadership a driving factor of innovation ambidexterity? An empirical study with mediating and moderating effects”, Leadership & Organization Development Journal, Vol. 39 No. 3, pp. 388-405. Fuoli, M., Van de Weijer, J. and Paradis, C. (2017), “Denial outperforms apology in repairing organizational trust despite strong evidence of guilt”, Public Relations Review, Vol. 43 No. 4, pp. 645-660. Gargiulo, M. and Ertug, G. (2006), “The dark side of trust”, in Bachmann, R. and Zaheer, A. (Eds), Handbook of Trust Research, Edward Elgar Publishing, Northampton, MA, pp. 1-422. Gaur, A., Mukherjee, D., Gaur, S. and Schmid, F. (2011), “Environmental and firm level influences on interorganizational trust and SME performance”, Journal of Management Studies, Vol. 48 No. 8, pp. 1752-1781. Ghoshal, S. and Bartlett, C. (1994), “Linking organizational context and managerial action: the dimensions of quality of management”, Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 15 No. S2, pp. 91-112. Gibson, C.B. and Birkinshaw, J. (2004), “The antecedents, consequences, and mediating role of organizational ambidexterity”, The Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 47 No. 2, pp. 209-226. Gualandris, J., Legenvre, H. and Kalchschmidt, M. (2018), “Exploration and exploitation within supply networks: examining purchasing ambidexterity and its multiple performance implications”, International Journal of Operations & Production Management, Vol. 38 No. 3, pp. 667-689. Guinot, J., Chiva, R. and Mallén, F. (2014), “Organizational trust and performance: is organizational learning capability a missing link?”, Journal of Management & Organization, Vol. 19 No. 5, pp. 559-582. Guinot, J., Chiva, R. and Roca-Puig, V. (2014), “Interpersonal trust, stress and satisfaction at work: an empirical study”, Personnel Review, Vol. 43 No. 1, pp. 96-115. Gulati, R. and Nickerson, J. (2008), “Interorganizational trust, governance choice, and exchange performance”, Organization Science, Vol. 19 No. 5, pp. 688-708. Hair, J., Black, W., Babin, B. and Anderson, R. (2014), Multivariate Data Analysis, 7th ed., Pearson New International Edition, pp. 1-734. He, Z. and Wong, P. (2004), “Exploration vs. exploitation: an empirical test of the ambidexterity hypothesis”, Organization Science, Vol. 15 No. 4, pp. 481-494. Heavey, C., Halliday, S., Gilbert, D. and Murphy, E. (2011), “Enhancing performance: bringing trust commitment and motivation together in organisations”, Journal of General Management, Vol. 36 No. 3, pp. 1-18. Hsu, C., Lien, Y. and Chen, H. (2013), “International ambidexterity and firm performance in small emerging economies”, Journal of World Business, Vol. 48 No. 1, pp. 58-67. Hu, L.T. and Bentler, P.M. (1999), “Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: conventional criteria versus new alternatives”, Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, Vol. 6 No. 1, pp. 1-55. Jansen, J., Simsek, Z. and Cao, Q. (2012), “Ambidexterity and performance in multiunit contexts: crosslevel moderating effects of structural and resource attributes”, Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 33 No. 11, pp. 1286-1303. Jansen, J., Van den Bosch, F. and Volberda, H. (2006), “Exploratory innovation, exploitative innovation, and performance: effects of organizational and environmental moderators”, Management Science, Vol. 52 No. 11, pp. 1661-1674. Jiang, X. and Li, Y. (2008), “The relationship between organizational learning and firms’ financial performance in strategic alliances: a contingency approach”, Journal of World Business, Vol. 43 No. 3, pp. 365-379. Junni, P., Sarala, R., Taras, V. and Tarba, S. (2013), “Organizational ambidexterity and performance: a meta-analysis”, The Academy of Management Perspectives, Vol. 27 No. 4, pp. 299-312. Katila, R. and Ahuja, G. (2002), “Something old, something new: a longitudinal study of search behavior and new product introduction”, The Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 45 No. 6, pp. 1183-1194. Katsikeas, C., Skarmeas, D. and Bello, D. (2009), “Developing successful trust based international exchange relationships”, Journal of International Business Studies, Vol. 40 No. 1, pp. 132-155. Kauppila, O. (2015), “Alliance management capability and firm performance: using resource-based theory to look inside the process black box”, Long Range Planning, Vol. 48 No. 3, pp. 151-167. Kenney, J. and Gudergan, S. (2006), “Knowledge integration in organizations: an empirical assessment”, Journal of Knowledge Management, Vol. 10 No. 4, pp. 43-58. Kortmann, S., Gelhard, C., Zimmermann, C. and Piller, F. (2014), “Linking strategic flexibility and operational efficiency: the mediating role of ambidextrous operational capabilities”, Journal of Operations Management, Vol. 32 No. 7, pp. 475-490. Kramer, R. (1999), “Trust and distrust in organizations: emerging perspectives, enduring questions”, Annual Review of Psychology, Vol. 50 No. 1, pp. 569-598. Krasman, J. (2014), “Do my staff trust me? The influence of organizational structure on subordinate perceptions of supervisor trustworthiness”, Leadership & Organization Development Journal, Vol. 35 No. 5, pp. 470-488. Krishnan, R., Martin, X. and Noorderhaven, N. (2006), “When does trust matter to alliance performance?”, The Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 49 No. 5, pp. 894-917. Kristal, M., Huang, X. and Roth, A. (2010), “The effect of an ambidextrous supply chain strategy on combinative competitive capabilities and business performance”, Journal of Operations Management, Vol. 28 No. 5, pp. 415-429. Lau, C. and Tan, S. (2006), “The effects of procedural fairness and interpersonal trust on job tension in budgeting”, Management Accounting Research, Vol. 17 No. 2, pp. 171-186. Lee, K., Kim, Y. and Joshi, K. (2017), “Organizational memory and new product development performance: investigating the role of organizational ambidexterity”, Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Vol. 120, pp. 117-129. Lee, K., Woo, H.G. and Joshi, K. (2017), “Pro-innovation culture, ambidexterity and new product development performance: polynomial regression and response surface analysis”, European Management Journal, Vol. 35 No. 2, pp. 249-260. Lee, S. and Rha, J. (2016), “Ambidextrous supply chain as a dynamic capability: building a resilient supply chain”, Management Decision, Vol. 54 No. 1, pp. 2-23. Levinthal, D.A. and March, J.G. (1993), “The myopia of learning”, Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 14 No. S2, pp. 95-112. Li, C. (2013), “How top management team diversity fosters organizational ambidexterity: the role of social capital among top executives”, Journal of Organizational Change Management, Vol. 26 No. 5, pp. 874-896. Lubatkin, M., Simsek, Z., Ling, Y. and Veiga, J. (2006), “Ambidexterity and performance in small-to medium-sized firms: the pivotal role of top management team behavioral integration”, Journal of Management, Vol. 32 No. 5, pp. 646-672. McEvily, B., Perrone, V. and Zaheer, A. (2003), “Trust as an organizing principle”, Organization Science, Vol. 14 No. 1, pp. 91-103. Malik, A., Singh, P. and Chan, C. (2017), “High potential programs and employee outcomes: the roles of organizational trust and employee attributions”, Career Development International, Vol. 22 No. 7, pp. 772-796. March, J. (1991), “Exploration and exploitation in organizational learning”, Organization Science, Vol. 2 No. 1, pp. 71-87. Mayer, R. and Gavin, M. (2005), “Trust in management and performance: who minds the shop while the employees watch the boss?”, Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 48 No. 5, pp. 874-888. Mayer, R., Davis, J. and Schoorman, F. (1995), “An integrative model of organizational trust”, Academy of Management Review, Vol. 20 No. 3, pp. 709-734. Menor, L., Kristal, M. and Rosenzweig, E. (2007), “Examining the influence of operational intellectual capital on capabilities and performance”, Manufacturing & Service Operations Management, Vol. 9 No. 4, pp. 559-578. Morabito, V., Themistocleous, M. and Serrano, A. (2010), “A survey on integrated IS and competitive advantage”, Journal of Enterprise Information Management, Vol. 32 No. 2, pp. 201-214. Moreno-Luzon, M.D., Chams-Anturi, O. and Escorcia-Caballero, J. (2018), “Organizational legitimacy and stakeholder trust in the organization: a feed-forward relationship”, in Díez-de-Castro, E. and Peris-Ortiz, M. (Eds), Organizational Legitimacy, Springer, Cham, pp. 283-299. Moreno-Luzon, M.D., Gil-Marques, M. and Chams-Anturi, O. (2018), “Quality and innovation in the organic agro-food sector: threats and opportunities of social and managerial innovation”, in Peris-Ortiz, M., Gómez, J. and Marquez, P. (Eds), Strategies and Best Practices in Social Innovation, Springer, Cham, pp. 47-64. Narasimhan, R. and Kim, S. (2002), “Effect of supply chain integration on the relationship between diversification and performance: evidence from Japanese and Korean firms”, Journal of Operations Management, Vol. 20 No. 3, pp. 303-323. Nielsen, B. and Gudergan, S. (2012), “Exploration and exploitation fit and performance in international strategic alliances”, International Business Review, Vol. 21 No. 4, pp. 558-574. Nielsen, B. and Nielsen, S. (2009), “Learning and innovation in international strategic alliances: an empirical test of the role of trust and tacitness”, Journal of Management Studies, Vol. 46 No. 6, pp. 1031-1056. Nunnally, J. (1978), Psychometric Theory, 2nd ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, NY. O’Leary-Kelly, S. and Vokurka, R. (1998), “The empirical assessment of construct validity”, Journal Operational Management, Vol. 16 No. 4, pp. 387-405. O’Reilly, C. and Tushman, M. (2013), “Organizational ambidexterity: past, present and future”, The Academy of Management Perspectives, Vol. 27 No. 4, pp. 324-338. Patel, P., Messersmith, J. and Lepak, D. (2013), “Walking the tightrope: an assessment of the relationship between high-performance work systems and organizational ambidexterity”, Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 56 No. 5, pp. 1420-1442. Podsakoff, P., MacKenzie, S., Lee, J. and Podsakoff, N. (2003), “Common method bias in behavioral research: a critical review of the literature and recommended remedies”, Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 88 No. 5, pp. 879-903. Prodescon, S. (2016), “Caracterización del sector de la producción ecológica española en términos de valor y mercado. España”, available at: www.mapa.gob.es/es/alimentacion/temas/produccionecologica/informecaracterizacionpecologica2015-definitivo-271216_tcm30-79359.pdf Puranam, P. and Vanneste, B. (2009), “Trust and governance: untangling a tangled web”, Academy of Management Review, Vol. 34 No. 1, pp. 11-31. Raisch, S. and Birkinshaw, J. (2008), “Organizational ambidexterity: antecedents, outcomes, and moderators”, Journal of Management, Vol. 34 No. 3, pp. 375-409. Rivkin, J. and Siggelkow, N. (2003), “Balancing search and stability : interdependencies among elements of organizational design”, Management Decision, Vol. 49 No. 3, pp. 290-311. Robinson, S. (1996), “Trust and breach of the psychological contract”, Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 41 No. 4, pp. 574-599. Salamon, S. and Robinson, S. (2008), “Trust that binds: the impact of collective felt trust on organisational performance”, Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 93 No. 3, pp. 593-601. Schweitzer, J. and Gudergan, S. (2011), “Contractual complexity, governance and organisational form in alliances”, International Journal of Strategic Business Alliances, Vol. 2 Nos 1-2, pp. 26-40. Simsek, Z., Heavey, C., Veiga, J. and Souder, D. (2009), “A typology for aligning organizational ambidexterity’s conceptualizations, antecedents, and outcomes”, Journal of Management Studies, Vol. 46 No. 5, pp. 864-894. Smith, K., Carroll, S. and Ashford, S. (1995), “Intra-and interorganizational cooperation: toward a research agenda”, Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 38 No. 1, pp. 7-23. Tan, H. and Lim, A. (2009), “Trust in co-workers and trust in organizations”, The Journal of Psychology, Vol. 143 No. 1, pp. 45-66. Tippins, M. and Sohi, R. (2003), “IT competency and firm performance: is organizational learning a missing link?”, Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 24 No. 8, pp. 745-761. Tushman, M. and O’Reilly, C. (1996b), “The ambidextrous organizations: managing evolutionary and revolutionary change”, California Management Review, Vol. 38 No. 4, pp. 8-30. Vanpoucke, E., Vereecke, A. and Wetzels, M. (2014), “Developing supplier integration capabilities for sustainable competitive advantage: a dynamic capabilities approach”, Journal of Operations Management, Vol. 32 No. 7, pp. 446-461. Wang, C. and Rafiq, M. (2014), “Ambidextrous organizational culture, contextual ambidexterity and new product innovation: a comparative study of UK and Chinese high-tech firms”, British Journal of Management, Vol. 25 No. 1, pp. 58-76. Whitener, E. (1997), “The impact of human resource activities on employee trust”, Human Resource Management Review, Vol. 7 No. 4, pp. 389-404. Zaheer, A., McEvily, B. and Perrone, V. (1998), “Does trust matter? Exploring the effects of interorganizational and interpersonal trust on performance”, Organization Science, Vol. 9 No. 2, pp. 141-159. Zahra, S., Yavuz, R. and Ucbasaran, D. (2006), “How much do you trust me? The dark side of relational trust in new business creation in established companies”, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, Vol. 30 No. 4, pp. 541-559. |
| dc.relation.citationendpage.spa.fl_str_mv |
973 |
| dc.relation.citationstartpage.spa.fl_str_mv |
956 |
| dc.relation.citationissue.spa.fl_str_mv |
4 |
| dc.relation.citationvolume.spa.fl_str_mv |
49 |
| dc.rights.spa.fl_str_mv |
© Emerald Publishing Limited Atribución 4.0 Internacional (CC BY 4.0) |
| dc.rights.uri.spa.fl_str_mv |
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ |
| dc.rights.accessrights.spa.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess |
| dc.rights.coar.spa.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2 |
| rights_invalid_str_mv |
© Emerald Publishing Limited Atribución 4.0 Internacional (CC BY 4.0) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2 |
| eu_rights_str_mv |
openAccess |
| dc.format.extent.spa.fl_str_mv |
10 páginas |
| dc.format.mimetype.spa.fl_str_mv |
application/pdf |
| dc.publisher.spa.fl_str_mv |
Emerald Group Publishing Ltd. |
| dc.publisher.place.spa.fl_str_mv |
United Kingdom |
| institution |
Corporación Universidad de la Costa |
| dc.source.url.spa.fl_str_mv |
https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/PR-07-2018-0239/full/html |
| bitstream.url.fl_str_mv |
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/32bb6ae9-7821-4844-91fa-2a436a2fb167/download https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/2f95db05-b48a-473c-8c99-bc77c0c267fd/download https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/4803bac8-dfaf-4a83-9774-c593435c22c9/download https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/cb0f0542-01a8-47ca-9883-2e8b4db32545/download https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/35cc2d35-6e5a-448f-82cf-8950a826a7f4/download |
| bitstream.checksum.fl_str_mv |
42fd4ad1e89814f5e4a476b409eb708c 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 449aa2fdf652500372fe04a91d860d44 90f5d597b09755829c8e15e168ab32a8 4ec5d1b55684ee5010af04b6bc04371a |
| bitstream.checksumAlgorithm.fl_str_mv |
MD5 MD5 MD5 MD5 MD5 |
| repository.name.fl_str_mv |
Repositorio de la Universidad de la Costa CUC |
| repository.mail.fl_str_mv |
repdigital@cuc.edu.co |
| _version_ |
1811760719785361408 |
| spelling |
Chams-Anturi, OdetteMoreno-Luzon, Maria D.Escorcia-Caballero, Juan P.2020-01-13T19:12:47Z2020-01-13T19:12:47Z2019-09-22https://hdl.handle.net/11323/5810Corporación Universidad de la CostaREDICUC - Repositorio CUChttps://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/Purpose – The literature provides mixed empirical evidence on the trust–performance relationship. The purpose of this paper is to shed additional light on this relationship, using organizational ambidexterity as an explanatory variable. Design/methodology/approach – A structural equation technique was used to examine survey data obtained from 377 Spanish organic agro-food industries. Findings – The results obtained provide support to show that organizational ambidexterity has a mediating role in the relationship between organizational trust and firm performance, in the organic agro-food industry. Research limitations/implications – This study used a sample taken from only one industry and country. Future research could expand the model to other countries and industries. Practical implications – This study suggests that managers could use tools to enhance organizational trust that would help to improve firm performance, given that trust can cause employees to adopt behaviors related to ambidexterity. Therefore, managers can use trust as a mechanism to encourage more stable relationships, increase the transfer of existing knowledge, facilitate experimentation and express ideas to promote organizational ambidexterity, thus benefiting firm performance. Originality/value – This research paper offers a new insight into how ambidexterity affects the organizational trust-firm performance relationship. Even though there is growing theoretical importance given to the concepts of trust and ambidexterity, the empirical evidence that demonstrates how both variables are related to firm performance, especially in emerging sectors, is scarce.Chams-Anturi, Odette-will be generated-orcid-0000-0002-8353-7326-600Moreno-Luzon, Maria D.-will be generated-orcid-0000-0002-8272-8550-600Escorcia-Caballero, Juan P.-will be generated-orcid-0000-0001-8425-0266-60010 páginasapplication/pdfengEmerald Group Publishing Ltd.United Kingdom© Emerald Publishing LimitedAtribución 4.0 Internacional (CC BY 4.0)https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Linking organizational trust and performance through ambidexterityArtículo de revistahttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1Textinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARTinfo:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersionhttps://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/PR-07-2018-0239/full/htmlPersonnel ReviewAltuntas, S. and Baykal, U. (2010), “Relationship between nurses’ organizational trust levels and their organizational citizenship behaviours”, Journal of Nursing Scholarship, Vol. 42 No. 2, pp. 186-194.Argyris, C. (1964), Integrating the Individual and the Organization, John Wiley and Sons, New York, NY.Arranz, N. and Arroyabe, J. (2012), “Effect of formal contracts, relational norms and trust on performance of joint research and development projects”, British Journal of Management, Vol. 23 No. 4, pp. 575-588.Benner, M. and Tushman, M. (2003), “Exploitation, exploration, and process management: the productivity dilemma revisited”, Academy of Management Review, Vol. 28 No. 2, pp. 238-256.Birkinshaw, J., Zimmermann, A. and Riasch, S. (2016), “How do firms adapt to discontinuous change? Bridging the dynamic capabilities and ambidexterity perspectives”, California Management Review, Vol. 58 No. 4, pp. 36-58.Camps, J. and Luna-Arocas, R. (2009), “High involvement work practices and firm performance”, International Journal of Human Resource Management, Vol. 20 No. 5, pp. 1056-1077.Cao, Q., Gedajlovic, E. and Zhang, H. (2009), “Unpacking organizational ambidexterity: dimensions, contingencies, and synergistic effects”, Organization Science, Vol. 20 No. 4, pp. 781-796.Cho, J., Chan, K. and Adali, S. (2015), “A survey on trust modeling”, ACM Computing Surveys, Vol. 48 No. 2, pp. 1-28.Colbert, A., Kristof-Brown, A., Bradley, B. and Barrick, M. (2008), “CEO transformational leadership: the role of goal importance congruence in top management teams”, Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 51 No. 1, pp. 81-96.Colbert, B. (2004), “The complex resource-based view: implications for theory and practice in strategic human resource management”, Academy of Management Review, Vol. 29 No. 3, pp. 341-358.Connelly, C. and Kelloway, K. (2002), “Predictions of knowledge sharing in Bangladesh”, MS thesis, Queen’s School of Business, Queen’s University, Kingston.Cook, J. and Wall, T. (1980), “New work attitude measures of trust, organizational commitment and personal need non-fulfilment”, Journal of Occupational Psychology, Vol. 53 No. 1, pp. 39-52.Costigan, R., Iiter, S. and Berman, J. (1998), “A multi-dimensional study of trust in organizations”, Journal of Management Issues, Vol. 10 No. 3, pp. 303-317.D’Souza, D., Sigdyal, P. and Struckell, E. (2017), “Relative ambidexterity: a measure and a versatile framework”, The Academy of Management Perspectives, Vol. 31 No. 2, pp. 124-136.Davis, J., Schoorman, F., Mayer, R. and Tan, H. (2000), “The trusted general manager and business unit performance: empirical evidence of a competitive advantage”, Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 21 No. 5, pp. 563-576.De Clercq, D., Dimov, D. and Thongpapanl, N. (2013), “Organizational social capital, formalization, and internal knowledge sharing in entrepreneurial orientation formation”, Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, Vol. 37 No. 3, pp. 505-537.De Jong, B., Dirks, K. and Gillespie, N. (2016), “Trust and team performance: a meta-analysis of main effects, moderators, and covariates”, Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 101 No. 8, pp. 1134-1150.Derbyshire, J. (2014), “The impact of ambidexterity on enterprise performance: evidence from 15 countries and 14 sectors”, Technovation, Elsevier, Vol. 34 No. 10, pp. 574-581.Dirks, K. (1999), “The effects of interpersonal trust on work group performance”, Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 84 No. 3, pp. 445-455.Fainshmidt, S. and Frazier, M. (2017), “What facilitates dynamic capabilities? The role of organizational climate for trust”, Long Range Planning, Vol. 50 No. 5, pp. 550-566.Fornell, C. and Larcker, D. (1981), “Evaluating structural equation models with unobserved variables and measurement errors”, Journal of Marketing Research, Vol. 28 No. 1, pp. 39-50.Fryxell, G., Dooley, R. and Vryza, M. (2002), “After the ink dries: the interaction of trust and control in US-based international joint ventures”, Journal of Management Studies, Vol. 39 No. 6, pp. 865-886.Fu, L., Liu, Z. and Liao, S. (2018), “Is distributed leadership a driving factor of innovation ambidexterity? An empirical study with mediating and moderating effects”, Leadership & Organization Development Journal, Vol. 39 No. 3, pp. 388-405.Fuoli, M., Van de Weijer, J. and Paradis, C. (2017), “Denial outperforms apology in repairing organizational trust despite strong evidence of guilt”, Public Relations Review, Vol. 43 No. 4, pp. 645-660.Gargiulo, M. and Ertug, G. (2006), “The dark side of trust”, in Bachmann, R. and Zaheer, A. (Eds), Handbook of Trust Research, Edward Elgar Publishing, Northampton, MA, pp. 1-422.Gaur, A., Mukherjee, D., Gaur, S. and Schmid, F. (2011), “Environmental and firm level influences on interorganizational trust and SME performance”, Journal of Management Studies, Vol. 48 No. 8, pp. 1752-1781.Ghoshal, S. and Bartlett, C. (1994), “Linking organizational context and managerial action: the dimensions of quality of management”, Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 15 No. S2, pp. 91-112.Gibson, C.B. and Birkinshaw, J. (2004), “The antecedents, consequences, and mediating role of organizational ambidexterity”, The Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 47 No. 2, pp. 209-226.Gualandris, J., Legenvre, H. and Kalchschmidt, M. (2018), “Exploration and exploitation within supply networks: examining purchasing ambidexterity and its multiple performance implications”, International Journal of Operations & Production Management, Vol. 38 No. 3, pp. 667-689.Guinot, J., Chiva, R. and Mallén, F. (2014), “Organizational trust and performance: is organizational learning capability a missing link?”, Journal of Management & Organization, Vol. 19 No. 5, pp. 559-582.Guinot, J., Chiva, R. and Roca-Puig, V. (2014), “Interpersonal trust, stress and satisfaction at work: an empirical study”, Personnel Review, Vol. 43 No. 1, pp. 96-115.Gulati, R. and Nickerson, J. (2008), “Interorganizational trust, governance choice, and exchange performance”, Organization Science, Vol. 19 No. 5, pp. 688-708.Hair, J., Black, W., Babin, B. and Anderson, R. (2014), Multivariate Data Analysis, 7th ed., Pearson New International Edition, pp. 1-734.He, Z. and Wong, P. (2004), “Exploration vs. exploitation: an empirical test of the ambidexterity hypothesis”, Organization Science, Vol. 15 No. 4, pp. 481-494.Heavey, C., Halliday, S., Gilbert, D. and Murphy, E. (2011), “Enhancing performance: bringing trust commitment and motivation together in organisations”, Journal of General Management, Vol. 36 No. 3, pp. 1-18.Hsu, C., Lien, Y. and Chen, H. (2013), “International ambidexterity and firm performance in small emerging economies”, Journal of World Business, Vol. 48 No. 1, pp. 58-67.Hu, L.T. and Bentler, P.M. (1999), “Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: conventional criteria versus new alternatives”, Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, Vol. 6 No. 1, pp. 1-55.Jansen, J., Simsek, Z. and Cao, Q. (2012), “Ambidexterity and performance in multiunit contexts: crosslevel moderating effects of structural and resource attributes”, Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 33 No. 11, pp. 1286-1303.Jansen, J., Van den Bosch, F. and Volberda, H. (2006), “Exploratory innovation, exploitative innovation, and performance: effects of organizational and environmental moderators”, Management Science, Vol. 52 No. 11, pp. 1661-1674.Jiang, X. and Li, Y. (2008), “The relationship between organizational learning and firms’ financial performance in strategic alliances: a contingency approach”, Journal of World Business, Vol. 43 No. 3, pp. 365-379.Junni, P., Sarala, R., Taras, V. and Tarba, S. (2013), “Organizational ambidexterity and performance: a meta-analysis”, The Academy of Management Perspectives, Vol. 27 No. 4, pp. 299-312.Katila, R. and Ahuja, G. (2002), “Something old, something new: a longitudinal study of search behavior and new product introduction”, The Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 45 No. 6, pp. 1183-1194.Katsikeas, C., Skarmeas, D. and Bello, D. (2009), “Developing successful trust based international exchange relationships”, Journal of International Business Studies, Vol. 40 No. 1, pp. 132-155.Kauppila, O. (2015), “Alliance management capability and firm performance: using resource-based theory to look inside the process black box”, Long Range Planning, Vol. 48 No. 3, pp. 151-167.Kenney, J. and Gudergan, S. (2006), “Knowledge integration in organizations: an empirical assessment”, Journal of Knowledge Management, Vol. 10 No. 4, pp. 43-58.Kortmann, S., Gelhard, C., Zimmermann, C. and Piller, F. (2014), “Linking strategic flexibility and operational efficiency: the mediating role of ambidextrous operational capabilities”, Journal of Operations Management, Vol. 32 No. 7, pp. 475-490.Kramer, R. (1999), “Trust and distrust in organizations: emerging perspectives, enduring questions”, Annual Review of Psychology, Vol. 50 No. 1, pp. 569-598.Krasman, J. (2014), “Do my staff trust me? The influence of organizational structure on subordinate perceptions of supervisor trustworthiness”, Leadership & Organization Development Journal, Vol. 35 No. 5, pp. 470-488.Krishnan, R., Martin, X. and Noorderhaven, N. (2006), “When does trust matter to alliance performance?”, The Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 49 No. 5, pp. 894-917.Kristal, M., Huang, X. and Roth, A. (2010), “The effect of an ambidextrous supply chain strategy on combinative competitive capabilities and business performance”, Journal of Operations Management, Vol. 28 No. 5, pp. 415-429.Lau, C. and Tan, S. (2006), “The effects of procedural fairness and interpersonal trust on job tension in budgeting”, Management Accounting Research, Vol. 17 No. 2, pp. 171-186.Lee, K., Kim, Y. and Joshi, K. (2017), “Organizational memory and new product development performance: investigating the role of organizational ambidexterity”, Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Vol. 120, pp. 117-129.Lee, K., Woo, H.G. and Joshi, K. (2017), “Pro-innovation culture, ambidexterity and new product development performance: polynomial regression and response surface analysis”, European Management Journal, Vol. 35 No. 2, pp. 249-260.Lee, S. and Rha, J. (2016), “Ambidextrous supply chain as a dynamic capability: building a resilient supply chain”, Management Decision, Vol. 54 No. 1, pp. 2-23.Levinthal, D.A. and March, J.G. (1993), “The myopia of learning”, Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 14 No. S2, pp. 95-112.Li, C. (2013), “How top management team diversity fosters organizational ambidexterity: the role of social capital among top executives”, Journal of Organizational Change Management, Vol. 26 No. 5, pp. 874-896.Lubatkin, M., Simsek, Z., Ling, Y. and Veiga, J. (2006), “Ambidexterity and performance in small-to medium-sized firms: the pivotal role of top management team behavioral integration”, Journal of Management, Vol. 32 No. 5, pp. 646-672.McEvily, B., Perrone, V. and Zaheer, A. (2003), “Trust as an organizing principle”, Organization Science, Vol. 14 No. 1, pp. 91-103.Malik, A., Singh, P. and Chan, C. (2017), “High potential programs and employee outcomes: the roles of organizational trust and employee attributions”, Career Development International, Vol. 22 No. 7, pp. 772-796.March, J. (1991), “Exploration and exploitation in organizational learning”, Organization Science, Vol. 2 No. 1, pp. 71-87.Mayer, R. and Gavin, M. (2005), “Trust in management and performance: who minds the shop while the employees watch the boss?”, Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 48 No. 5, pp. 874-888.Mayer, R., Davis, J. and Schoorman, F. (1995), “An integrative model of organizational trust”, Academy of Management Review, Vol. 20 No. 3, pp. 709-734.Menor, L., Kristal, M. and Rosenzweig, E. (2007), “Examining the influence of operational intellectual capital on capabilities and performance”, Manufacturing & Service Operations Management, Vol. 9 No. 4, pp. 559-578.Morabito, V., Themistocleous, M. and Serrano, A. (2010), “A survey on integrated IS and competitive advantage”, Journal of Enterprise Information Management, Vol. 32 No. 2, pp. 201-214.Moreno-Luzon, M.D., Chams-Anturi, O. and Escorcia-Caballero, J. (2018), “Organizational legitimacy and stakeholder trust in the organization: a feed-forward relationship”, in Díez-de-Castro, E. and Peris-Ortiz, M. (Eds), Organizational Legitimacy, Springer, Cham, pp. 283-299.Moreno-Luzon, M.D., Gil-Marques, M. and Chams-Anturi, O. (2018), “Quality and innovation in the organic agro-food sector: threats and opportunities of social and managerial innovation”, in Peris-Ortiz, M., Gómez, J. and Marquez, P. (Eds), Strategies and Best Practices in Social Innovation, Springer, Cham, pp. 47-64.Narasimhan, R. and Kim, S. (2002), “Effect of supply chain integration on the relationship between diversification and performance: evidence from Japanese and Korean firms”, Journal of Operations Management, Vol. 20 No. 3, pp. 303-323.Nielsen, B. and Gudergan, S. (2012), “Exploration and exploitation fit and performance in international strategic alliances”, International Business Review, Vol. 21 No. 4, pp. 558-574.Nielsen, B. and Nielsen, S. (2009), “Learning and innovation in international strategic alliances: an empirical test of the role of trust and tacitness”, Journal of Management Studies, Vol. 46 No. 6, pp. 1031-1056.Nunnally, J. (1978), Psychometric Theory, 2nd ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, NY. O’Leary-Kelly, S. and Vokurka, R. (1998), “The empirical assessment of construct validity”, Journal Operational Management, Vol. 16 No. 4, pp. 387-405.O’Reilly, C. and Tushman, M. (2013), “Organizational ambidexterity: past, present and future”, The Academy of Management Perspectives, Vol. 27 No. 4, pp. 324-338.Patel, P., Messersmith, J. and Lepak, D. (2013), “Walking the tightrope: an assessment of the relationship between high-performance work systems and organizational ambidexterity”, Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 56 No. 5, pp. 1420-1442.Podsakoff, P., MacKenzie, S., Lee, J. and Podsakoff, N. (2003), “Common method bias in behavioral research: a critical review of the literature and recommended remedies”, Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 88 No. 5, pp. 879-903.Prodescon, S. (2016), “Caracterización del sector de la producción ecológica española en términos de valor y mercado. España”, available at: www.mapa.gob.es/es/alimentacion/temas/produccionecologica/informecaracterizacionpecologica2015-definitivo-271216_tcm30-79359.pdfPuranam, P. and Vanneste, B. (2009), “Trust and governance: untangling a tangled web”, Academy of Management Review, Vol. 34 No. 1, pp. 11-31.Raisch, S. and Birkinshaw, J. (2008), “Organizational ambidexterity: antecedents, outcomes, and moderators”, Journal of Management, Vol. 34 No. 3, pp. 375-409.Rivkin, J. and Siggelkow, N. (2003), “Balancing search and stability : interdependencies among elements of organizational design”, Management Decision, Vol. 49 No. 3, pp. 290-311.Robinson, S. (1996), “Trust and breach of the psychological contract”, Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 41 No. 4, pp. 574-599.Salamon, S. and Robinson, S. (2008), “Trust that binds: the impact of collective felt trust on organisational performance”, Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 93 No. 3, pp. 593-601.Schweitzer, J. and Gudergan, S. (2011), “Contractual complexity, governance and organisational form in alliances”, International Journal of Strategic Business Alliances, Vol. 2 Nos 1-2, pp. 26-40.Simsek, Z., Heavey, C., Veiga, J. and Souder, D. (2009), “A typology for aligning organizational ambidexterity’s conceptualizations, antecedents, and outcomes”, Journal of Management Studies, Vol. 46 No. 5, pp. 864-894.Smith, K., Carroll, S. and Ashford, S. (1995), “Intra-and interorganizational cooperation: toward a research agenda”, Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 38 No. 1, pp. 7-23.Tan, H. and Lim, A. (2009), “Trust in co-workers and trust in organizations”, The Journal of Psychology, Vol. 143 No. 1, pp. 45-66.Tippins, M. and Sohi, R. (2003), “IT competency and firm performance: is organizational learning a missing link?”, Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 24 No. 8, pp. 745-761.Tushman, M. and O’Reilly, C. (1996b), “The ambidextrous organizations: managing evolutionary and revolutionary change”, California Management Review, Vol. 38 No. 4, pp. 8-30.Vanpoucke, E., Vereecke, A. and Wetzels, M. (2014), “Developing supplier integration capabilities for sustainable competitive advantage: a dynamic capabilities approach”, Journal of Operations Management, Vol. 32 No. 7, pp. 446-461.Wang, C. and Rafiq, M. (2014), “Ambidextrous organizational culture, contextual ambidexterity and new product innovation: a comparative study of UK and Chinese high-tech firms”, British Journal of Management, Vol. 25 No. 1, pp. 58-76.Whitener, E. (1997), “The impact of human resource activities on employee trust”, Human Resource Management Review, Vol. 7 No. 4, pp. 389-404.Zaheer, A., McEvily, B. and Perrone, V. (1998), “Does trust matter? Exploring the effects of interorganizational and interpersonal trust on performance”, Organization Science, Vol. 9 No. 2, pp. 141-159.Zahra, S., Yavuz, R. and Ucbasaran, D. (2006), “How much do you trust me? The dark side of relational trust in new business creation in established companies”, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, Vol. 30 No. 4, pp. 541-559.973956449QuantitativeFirm performanceOrganizational ambidexterityOrganizational trustOrganic agro-food industryPublicationCC-LICENSElicense_rdflicense_rdfapplication/rdf+xml; charset=utf-8701https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/32bb6ae9-7821-4844-91fa-2a436a2fb167/download42fd4ad1e89814f5e4a476b409eb708cMD52LICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-81748https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/2f95db05-b48a-473c-8c99-bc77c0c267fd/download8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33MD53THUMBNAILLinking organizational trust and performance through ambidexterity.pdf.jpgLinking organizational trust and performance through ambidexterity.pdf.jpgimage/jpeg62693https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/4803bac8-dfaf-4a83-9774-c593435c22c9/download449aa2fdf652500372fe04a91d860d44MD55TEXTLinking organizational trust and performance through ambidexterity.pdf.txtLinking organizational trust and performance through ambidexterity.pdf.txttext/plain1977https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/cb0f0542-01a8-47ca-9883-2e8b4db32545/download90f5d597b09755829c8e15e168ab32a8MD56ORIGINALLinking organizational trust and performance through ambidexterity.pdfLinking organizational trust and performance through ambidexterity.pdfapplication/pdf233864https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/35cc2d35-6e5a-448f-82cf-8950a826a7f4/download4ec5d1b55684ee5010af04b6bc04371aMD5711323/5810oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/58102024-09-17 10:47:34.918https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/© Emerald Publishing Limitedopen.accesshttps://repositorio.cuc.edu.coRepositorio de la Universidad de la Costa CUCrepdigital@cuc.edu.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 |